Lab Practical Study Guide

Lab Practical Study Guide
LAB PRACTICAL 2
* Skin * Comprised of all 4 main tissue types * Epithelial * Connective * Muscular * Nervous *
Part of the integumentary system * Function: * Protection * Body temperature regulation * Vitamin
D synthesis * Sensation to touch, pressure, pain and temperature * 2 main regions: * epidermis * 5
strata * corneum * top layer, cornified layer, layers of dead cells and soft keratin * lucidum *
granulosum * spinosum * basale * deepest layer, contain melanocytes ... Show more content on
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irregular shape * Exceptions: * Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the
fetus * Umbilical artery carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta * Pulmonary
artery brings deoxygenated blood away from heart * Pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood to the
heart * Heart * Atrium = receives blood * Ventricles = generates force to propel blood through circ.
System * Av valves separate atrium and ventricle * Right atrium and right ventricle = tricupsid valve
* Left bicupside valve * 2 systems * pulmonary = low pressure, too and from lung * systemic =
high pressure, to and from rest of body
* Pulmonary System * Return blood from the body to the right atrium, low in oxygen * Arrives in 2
large veins * 1) superior (upper) vena cava * 2) inferior vena cava * right atrium contracts and sends
deoxy blood to right ventricle * passes through right AV valve tricupsid * right ventricle contacts
and sends blood to lungs via pulmonary artery * passes through pulmonary valve * right ventricle
powers the movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation * blood that returns to the left
atrium from lungs *
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Anatomy of Thorax Mcqs
Anatomy of the Thorax MCQ and Spotter
Hint: Cross section: Which artery (vein also indicated)?
The correct answer is: Internal thoracic artery
Click on the correct name for this structure:
The correct answer is: Descending aorta
Click on the correct name for this structure
The correct answer is: Rib: head
The correct answer is: Pulmonary artery
The correct answer is: Sternum: xiphoid process
The correct answer is: Posterior intercostal artery
The correct answer is: Brachiocephalic artery
The correct answer is: Vertebra: articular facet
The correct answer is: Rib: angle
The correct answer is: Descending aorta
The correct answer is: Sternum: angle (of Louis) (BUMP)
The correct answer is: Left subclavian artery
The correct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
False chordae tendineae
Left superior lingular tertiary bronchus
Anterior–medial basal bronchopulmonary segment of left inferior lobe

Left atrium
Atrioventricular (AV) node
N.B. AV is based on the left side of the heart when you dig into the pulmonary veins!
Costal cartilage: 3rd
Right anterior tertiary bronchus
Coronary sinus LOOKS LIKE IN LEFT ATRIUM BUT IS IN RIGHT ATRIUM!
Left apical–posterior tertiary bronchus
Cristae terminalis
END OF THE CHORDAE TENDINADAE?
NOTE MUSCULI PECTINATI ARE IN RIGHT ATRIUM
Right middle secondary bronchus]]
#.
This is the opening of which vessel
Coronary sinus
Right upper secondary (eparterial) bronchus
Sternum: manubrium
Sternum: manubrium
Aortic arch
Left

Cardiovascular System Essays
The cardiovascular system, which consists of the heart and blood vessels, is the circulatory systems
in our body. The major function of the system is transportation; the heart is the system pump and the
blood vessels are the delivery routes. The heart transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and
other substances vital to the body's homeostasis to and from the cells by using the blood as a
medium.
The heart is a cone–shaped organ approximately the size of a fist with an apex and a base. It is
located within the mediastinum or medial cavity of the thorax. The heart is enclosed within a double
walled pericardium, a fibroserous sac. The pericardium has a superficial fibrous pericardium and
deep two–layer serous pericardium. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Left ventricle pumps the blood into the aorta, where the blood is supplied to the body tissues by the
systemic arteries.
Heart valves ensure one way blood flow through heart. The atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between
the atria and the ventricles prevents the back flow of blood in to the atria while the ventricles
contract. Chordae tendinae anchor AV values to papillary muscles. The left AV valve, the mitral or
bicuspid valve consists of two cusps of endocardium. The right atrioventricular valve, the tricuspid
valve, has three cusps. The second sets of valve are the semilunar valves. The pulmonary semilunar
valves lie between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. Aortic semilunar valves lie between
ventricle and the aorta. Semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricle.
The hearts function as a double pump that serves two circulations. The pulmonary pump in the right
side of heart is provided for the gas exchange in the body, and the systemic circulation in the left
side provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues. The functional blood to the heart is
provided by the coronary arteries. Right coronary artery supplies the heart through the posterior
interventricular and marginal artery branches; and the left coronary artery supplies the heart via
anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery. The myocardium is drained by great, small,
and middle cardiac veins which

Pa 7
PA 7 – Johnford
1. TOPIC: Lymphatic Systems Assists in Fluid Circulation
A. How are lymph capillaries structurally and functionally SIMILAR to blood capillaries?
ANSWER: The structures between the two are similar in a way that they look like a web or roots,
and they both function to collect and return blood to the heart from the blood cycle (1 p. 399).
B. How are lymph vessels structurally and functionally SIMILAR to veins which carry blood.
ANSWER: The lymph vessels and the veins both have valves that are one way, and allow the blood
to return to the heart. The valves looks like gateways for the blood flow (1 p. 372 and 399).
C. Describe why normal blood flow through the cardiovascular system absolutely depends on a
healthy lymphatic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
339, 401, 525).
C. Describe and explain the differences in CELL composition between the 3 primary body fluids:
blood, intercellular (AKA interstitial) fluid, lymph.
ANSWER: The cell composition of blood composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
where all except the WBCs perform their functions within the blood only which involves transport
and coagulation for platelets. While the interstitial fluid like water within the spaces between cells.
Lymph is just like leaked blood that is collected by the lymphatic system but cleansed of any foreign
or waste materials because of lymph nodes (6, 5, 1 p. 400 ).
3. TOPIC: Lymph Vessels
A. Compare and contrast afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels. Describe in one way in which they
are similar and one way they are different.
ANSWER: The afferent lymphatic vessels are one way vessels where lymph can access the lymph
node while efferent lymphatic vessels are where the lymph can exit the lymph node, however
because of the numbers of efferent vessels than afferent vessels; there is some traffic within the
node. They are similar in a way like they have valves to prevent backflow like one way road or a
when you drive through a car wash (1 p. 402).
B. Given that lymph vessels carry under very low pressure, they require assistance in moving
lymph, especially vessels below the level of the heart which must move lymph upwards against
gravity. The 2 mechanisms which

The Circulatory System And The Human Body Essay
Breath of life
Composed of various systems, the human body exists as a complex and sophisticated machine that
carries out intricate tasks, crucial for life. The most vital of these is the circulatory system. The
combination of the heart, lungs, arteries, and veins make up this highly important system.
Transporting nutrients and oxygen to tissues and organs, while also discarding waste products
remain the main purpose. Three separate systems, the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and systemic all
work together with the sole intention of circulating blood and nutrients through the body. Through
the beating of the heart, circulation to the lungs, and transportation of oxygen rich blood throughout
the body, each human being has the ability to inhale and exhale effortlessly, while our body works
efficiently to complete the essential task of the circulatory system. The circulatory system works in a
cycle that repeats itself sixty to one hundred times a minute. A single complete heartbeat makes up
one cardiac cycle (Toro).
Functioning as a rapid delivery system, bringing molecules of nutrients and oxygen to each cell, and
enabling the diffusion process are the roles of the circulatory system. Through blood vessels, moved
by the internal pump, the heart, blood carries molecules of nutrients and oxygen. In both systemic
and pulmonary circuits, veins move blood towards the heart, while arteries transport blood away
from the heart. Also entitled the blood circulatory system, the

"A patient comes in with a hot inflamed toe, how does the...
Portfolio Task: Module 1
"Effective study skills are the sole foundation of a sound education".
Study skills or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to
success in school, considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning throughout
one's life. Study skills are fundamental to academic competence. Effective study skills are
associated with positive outcomes across multiple academic content areas and for diverse learners.
Study skills improve the competences associated with acquiring recording, organizing, remembering
and using information. These skills also contribute to success in both employment and non –
academic settings. Studying is often an individual activity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into
the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The
average adult's lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air–filled sacs that are surrounded
by capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries
into the arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste–rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide
into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale.
The diaphragm's job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the
lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the
diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is
pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.
The cardiovascular system is part of the larger circulatory system, which circulates fluids throughout
the body. The circulatory system includes both the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
The cardiovascular system moves blood throughout the body, and the lymphatic system moves
lymph, which is a clear fluid that's similar to the plasma in blood.
Blood contains nutrients from the foods you eat and oxygen from the air you breathe. It also

Body Systems In Relation To Energy Metabolism Essay
P4– Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the
body.
Energy is the strength and ability that is required in order to perform physical or mental activities.
There are different forms of energy these consist of: magnetic, kinetic, heat, light, gravitational,
chemical, sound, electrical, elastic and nuclear.
The law, conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy within a system remains
constant at all times, although energy within the system can be changed from one form to another.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed. The law of conservation of energy
states that when energy is being used, it's not being used up instead it's being transformed from ...
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The network of alveoli, bronchioles and bronchi is also known as the bronchial tree.
Gas exchange is when oxygen is delivered from the lungs to the blood stream and carbon dioxide is
taken out of the bloodstream and into the lungs. Gas exchange occurs within the lungs between the
alveoli and capillaries which are in the walls of the alveoli. The walls of the alveoli share a
membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide move freely between the
respiratory system and the bloodstream. Oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells, which travel
back to the heart. At the same time, the carbon dioxide in the alveoli are exhaled out of the body.
The thorax is similar to an airtight box that holds the bronchial tree, lungs, heart, and other
structures. The top and sides of the thorax are formed by the ribs and attached muscles, and the
bottom is formed by diaphragm which is a large muscle. The chest walls form a protective cage
around the lungs and other contents of the chest cavity.
The diaphragm separates the chest and the abdomen as well as this it has a large role in breathing.
The diaphragm moves down when we breathe in which expands the chest cavity making room for
air to enter through the nasal cavity or mouth. When we breathe out the diaphragm moves upwards,
forcing the chest cavity to reduce in size and pushing the gases in the lungs up and out of either the
nose or mouth.
Oxygen is required by cells to allow various

A Case Study On ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME At Sacred
Heart...
St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500
School of Health Sciences
A
Case Study
On
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
At
SACRED HEART UNIT
Submitted by: Mark Ayson Macasaddu BSN–3B(PBL G1)
Submitted to: Mr. Donald Paloma, RN, MSN
INTRODUCTION
Acute coronary syndrome is a term used for any condition brought on by sudden, reduced blood
flow to the heart. Acute coronary syndrome symptoms may include the type of chest pressure that
you feel during a heart attack, or pressure in your chest while you 're at rest or doing light physical
activity (unstable angina). The first sign of acute coronary syndrome can be sudden stopping of your
heart (cardiac arrest). Acute coronary syndrome is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your doctor will probably order several tests to figure out the cause of your chest pain. These tests
may include a blood draw to check your cholesterol and blood sugar levels. If you need these tests,
you 'll need to fast to get the most accurate results. Your doctor will tell you if you need to fast
before having these tests, and for how long.
Your doctor may also want to perform imaging tests to check for blockages in your heart and the
blood vessels leading to it
Tests and diagnosis
If you have signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome, your doctor may run several tests to
see if your symptoms are caused by a heart attack or another form of chest discomfort. If your
doctor thinks you 're having a heart attack, the first two tests you have are:

Electrocardiogram (ECG).This is the first test done to diagnose a heart attack. It 's often done while
you 're being asked questions about your symptoms. This test records the electrical activity of your
heart via electrodes attached to your skin. Impulses are recorded as "waves" displayed on a monitor
or printed on paper. Because injured heart muscle doesn 't conduct electrical impulses normally, the
ECG may show that a heart attack has occurred or is in progress.
Blood tests. Certain heart enzymes slowly leak into your blood if your heart has been damaged by a
heart attack. Emergency room staff will take samples of your blood to test for the

The Most Common Forms Of Abdominal Trauma
INTRODUCTION
Introduction:
According to the latest information from the WHO (World Health Organization) and CDC (Center
of Disease Control), more than nine people die every minute from injuries or violence, and 5.8
million people of all ages and economic groups die every year from unintentional injuries and
violence. The burden of injury is even more significant, accounting for 12% of the world's burden of
disease (Cannon et al., 2014).
Penetrating abdominal trauma, including low and high velocity injury mechanisms, represents one
of the most common forms of abdominal injuries admitted to emergency department (Cothren et al.,
2009).
Evaluation of the abdomen in potentially injured patients remains one of the greatest challenges
faced by surgeons. None of the current diagnostic modalities available to the trauma surgeon are
completely accurate. All of the available techniques, including DPL, sonography, CT, and
laparoscopy, have advantages and disadvantages (Pham et al., 2009).
The word abdomen is derived from the Latin abdere, to hide, and the termination, omen, which may
be a contraction of omentum or omen in the sense of presage (insight was said to be gained by the
ancients during inspection of the abdominal contents). The term has been attributed to Celsus, and
first appeared in the English literature in 1541 in a translation of Galen's "Terapeutyke," as
l'abdomen (Beggs & Thomas ,2012).
Decision–making in abdominal trauma revolves around determining

Annotated Bibliography On Vascular Access Essay
Vascular Access
Usually, accessing vascular structures is done through a needle to puncture the vessel
percutaneously, followed by a wire introduced through the needle to secure the vascular access. The
needle is then removed and a sheath is advanced over the wire. Vascular sheaths are hollow
structures with a built in diaphragm to prevent bleeding. Catheters are then placed into and out of
the sheath with a minimal loss of blood.11
Access to the Cardiovascular System
Femoral arterial and venous access is traditionally the method of choice in infancy. The right and/or
the left groins may be used. This port of access provides advantage of being away from the thoracic
region for ease of catheter manipulation away from the radiographic cameras surrounding the child's
thorax. Umbilical arterial and venous access can be used in newborn babies up to 7 days of age.
Other alternative route for arterial access includes: carotid artery, brachial artery, and axillary artery.
On the other hand, alternative venous access includes: internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, axillary
vein, and transhepatic venous access. Alternative vascular access (ARVA) is occasionally required
due to the lack of femoral vascular patency or the need to position the catheter at a particular
trajectory not provided through the traditional femoral access. The use of ARVA is safe and effective
for performing a wide variety of interventions across. In addition, its use may improve the results of
selected

Cardiovascular Disease Is The Leading Killer For Both Men...
Chest Pain Cardiovascular disease is the leading killer for both men and women among all racial
and ethnic groups in the U.S. Chest pain is defined as a general term for any dull, aching pain in the
thorax, usually referring to that of acute onset, which is often regarded as being myocardial in origin
unless proven otherwise (McGraw–Hill n.d.). Chest pain is a warning to seek medical attention and
can be caused by many reasons. The subjective complaint of chest pain can vary depending on the
patient's cultural background. The use of the "PQRST" mnemonic can help assess and differentiate
chest pain. Assess the following characteristics: (P) Provokes: What causes pain? What makes it
better or worse? (Q) Quality: Describe the symptoms. (R) Radiates: Where in the body does the
symptom occur? Does the pain radiate? (S) Severity: How severe is the pain on a scale of 1–10? (T)
Time: When did it start ? (Budassi–Sheehy). Serious causes for chest pain include: Acute Coronary
Syndromes (ACS): New onset angina, accelerating or crescendo angina and prolonged angina or
coronary insufficiency, non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST elevation
myocardial infarction (STEMI). The typical features of cardiac chest pain are 1.) located under the
breastbone or at least some of the pain is situated in this area, 2.) other features include provocation
by exercise or stress and 3.) relief by rest or nitroglycerin. If all three features are present the patient
is

Heart Review Sheet 30
R E V I E W S H E E T 30 Anatomy of the Heart
Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart
1. An anterior view of the heart is shown here. Match each structure listed on the left with the
correct letter in the figure. g j r u b k d n a 1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. left atrium c a b
o
4. left ventricle 5. superior vena cava 6. inferior vena cava 7. ascending aorta 8. aortic arch 9.
brachiocephalic artery 10. left common carotid artery 11. left subclavian artery 12. pulmonary trunk
13. right pulmonary artery 14. left pulmonary artery 15. ligamentum arteriosum 16. right pulmonary
veins 17. left pulmonary veins 18. right coronary artery 19. anterior cardiac vein t s w x v 20. left
coronary artery 21. circumflex artery 22. anterior ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They contain intercellular junctions that link adjacent cells both
electr
electronically and mechanically, effectively allowing the muscle muscle fibers to act as one.
203
Review Sheet 30
Dissection of the Sheep Heart
13. During the sheep heart dissection, you were asked initially to identify the right and left ventricles
without cutting into the heart. During this procedure, what differences did you observe between the
two chambers? The left ventricle is think and solid as it pumps blood through the body, the right
walls are thinner
When you measured thickness of ventricular walls, was the right or left ventricle thicker?
the left
Knowing that structure and function are related, how would you say this structural difference
reflects the relative functions of these two heart chambers? the left ventricle is responsible for
systemic circulation, it is larger because it needs to

force blood through the entire body and meets resistance. R side only does pulmonary, where it
meets less res 14. Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the atria venticles ; AV valves prevent
backflow into the
. Using your own observations, explain how the operation of the semilunar valves The AV valve is
close during compression so blood is forced from the heart.
differs from that of the AV valves.
The semilunar closes the heart so the chambers can fill.
15. Compare and contrast the structure of the right and left

Outline The Structure Of The Cardiovascular System
1. Outline the structures of the cardiovascular system
The transporting of blood through the whole body is done by the cardiovascular system. This one
continuum of blood vessels and arteries and is used to transport blood away from the heart and veins
transport the blood back toward the heart. Capillaries are used to transport blood to tissues cells and
the exchanging site for nutrients, gases and wastes. The heart is also a part of the cardio vascular
system Approximately the size of a person's fist the heart is a Hollow cone shaped, Weighs
approximately 300g, 2/3 left of the median plane And is located in the bony thorax between the
lungs. The pointed apex of the heart is pointed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm. The
heart consists of the myocardium which is the middle muscle layer of the heart. The endocardium
which is the inner most layer of the heart and The Pericardium is a double layer of serous membrane
with serous fluid in between. It protects the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures the
pericardium which a visceral inner and partial outer layer of the heart.
2. Give a brief overview of the normal function of the cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system also consists of the heart which its main function is to pump blood. The
heart which is dived into for chambers two atrium and two ventricles. The right atrium is supplied
with blood for the inferior and superior vena cava and the blood is then filtered through the

Unit 5 Health and Social Care Essay
Unit 5 P4, M1 and D1
This essay will explain the physiologies of the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system and
how they work in the metabolism of energy in the body.
The respiratory system
The respiration system is the process of supplying oxygen to the cells so that cells can metabolise
energy. The main functions of the respiratory system are to maintain oxygen supply to cells, to
remove water from the body, and to remove carbon dioxide from the body.
It is divided into four sections, three of which are under the 'external respiration'. These are
breathing, gaseous exchange and blood transport. The respiratory system is the internal of tissue
respiration carried out inside the body cells.
Breathing happens in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system is the process of the heart pumping the blood around the body through
blood vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries. The main functions of the system are to transport
materials to and from the cells around the body, to assist in temperature, to keep the levels of fluid in
the body at the correct level, to distribute heat around the body and to defend the body. This system
is the heart, which is a muscle that pumps blood around the body through arteries, veins and
capillaries. Blood transports oxygen to the body cells which helps them to metabolise energy in the
body. During this process the blood is also getting rid of any waste products of respiration, carbon
dioxide and water. Blood also helps to supply heat, hormones, nutrients, salts and urea around the
body. The heart is placed in between the lungs which is protected by the rib cage and is the size of a
fist.
Energy
Energy can be transformed but cannot be got rid of. There are lots of forms of energy but chemical
energy is the most common form of energy. Energy is a chemical bond that combines atoms or
molecules with each other. When the new bond is formed between to atoms the energy helps the
formation. The energy that helps is normally heat energy but can also be light or electrical. When the
bond is broken atoms get realised as does the energy in the bond.
Energy is used for circulating blood around the body as well as a lot of other things

Anatomy Of The Pulmonary, Coronaries And Veins
Anatomy Of The pulmonary, Coronaries and aorta arteries
Gross anatomy
The heart and great vessels are roughly in the middle of the thorax, being surrounded laterally and
posteriorly by the lungs and anteriorly by the sternum and the central part of the thoracic cage. The
heart acts a twofold, self–modifying suction and pressure pump, the parts of which work in union to
push blood to all parts of the body. The right half of the heart (right heart) gets ineffectively
oxygenated (venous) blood from the body via the SVC and IVC and pumps it through the
pulmonary trunk to the lungs for oxygenation. The left half of the heart (left heart) gets well–
oxygenated (arterial) blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pushes it into the aorta for
circulation to the body (Fig.1) (Moore and Dalley, 2006).
Fig.1. The heart and great vessels (Quoted from Shah, 2005)
I– Anatomy of pulmonary arteries:
The lungs get blood by means of two sets of arteries: pulmonary arteries and bronchial arteries.
Deoxygenated blood goes through the pulmonary trunk which separates into a left pulmonary artery
that enters the left lung and a right pulmonary artery that enters the right lung. Return of the
oxygenated blood to the heart happens by method of the four pulmonary veins which deplete into
the left atrium (Tortora and Nielsen, 2012). The fundamental divisions of the trunk are the right and
left pulmonary arteries. The right pulmonary artery goes in front of the

A Life In Circulation Summary
In William Harvey's "A Life in Circulation" by Thomas Wright, he proposed the theory of the heart
and circulation of the blood. His theory represents an original and direct challenge to the traditional
views on the functions of the heart and motion of the blood that existed in the Roman times. On
May 18th, 1636, William Harvey gave an anatomical lecture at the University of Altdorf to prove his
debatable theory of the circulation of the blood. As he entered the theatre, there was a dissection
table and many anatomical instruments disbursed across the table. His audience consists of a
mixture of people, the president of the University and high ranking professors in the front and the
general public in the back of the auditorium. William Harvey is well known in the medical
institution. He is the author of Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus
which translates to Anatomical Exercises Concerning the Motion of the Heart and the Blood in
Living Creatures and now is referred to as Du Motu cordis. This book proposed Harvey's theory of
the heart. Although some young anatomist were open to his ideas, many opposed. Harvey's
presentation at the university is to gain approval for his theory, specifically the professors with
"prestigious medical and anatomical faculties". In his lecture, Harvey describes how the heart
distributes blood through the body. Blood is pumped out through the aorta, into the arteries
distributing throughout the body which provides

Cerebral Blood
Measuring the cerebral blood volume has always been a focal point of several neuroimaging studies
in order to get a better understanding of the varied structure–function relationships within the human
brain. Being one of the most complicated structures in the human body, the brain sits inside our
head, protected by the skull and is made up of billions of neurons. The Cerebrum, cerebellum, and
the brain stem, which turns into the spinal cord, are the three parts of the brain which are responsible
for carrying out actions, thoughts, and maintaining hemostasis. (4) The cerebrum is divided into four
parts: the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and the occipital lobe. While the frontal lobe is
involved in one's consciousness and thinking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Doppler ultrasound is a way to measure the peak systolic and diastolic velocities. Resting peak
velocities in both common carotid and internal carotid arteries decrease as individual ages. If a
stenosis is present, then the internal carotid velocity increases relative to the normal values. To get
an estimate of the blood flow, researchers use Doppler and B–mode ultrasound measurements. (3)
By examining the blood flow at the bifurcation ridge in the carotid artery, we could determine few
key features of the blood that is being delivered to the brain via the carotid arteries. Nearly two–
thirds of the entire flow, enters the internal carotid artery and the velocity of the blood in the
proximal internal carotid artery is usually higher on the wall next to the bifurcation.

Essay about Describing the Human Respiratory System
Describe the Human Respiratory System
Question 1:
Complete the table below by describing the structure and function of each part of the respiratory
system listed.
Structure
Function
Nose
The nasal root is the top of the nose, forming an indentation at the suture where the nasal bones meet
the frontal bone. The nose filters air with hairs and mucus, and moisturises and warms the air.
Pharynx
The pharynx (throat) is a mucosa–lined, muscular tube with three regions nasopharynx, oropharynx,
and laryngopharynx.
The nasopharynx functions in respiration only; the others serve both respiratory and digestive
functions. The pharynx contains tonsils, which act as part of the body's defense system.
Larynx
The larynx (voice ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and alveoli which have thin walls through which
gas exchanges are made with pulmonary capillary blood are respiratory zone structures.
Alveoli
The alveoli are located in the respiratory zone of the lungs, at the distal termination of the alveolar
ducts and atria.
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. Alveoli are moist and the oxygen dissolves into moisture. They
have very thin walls as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuses across the walls (shorter distances
improve diffusion rate). Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood, and carbon dioxide moves
from the blood to the alveoli.
Question 2:
Describe the function of each of the following protective mechanisms of the respiratory system in
your own words:
Mucus
Mucus is a slippery liquid commonly found in the nose and throat. Mucus protects epithelial cells in
the lungs.
Cilia

Cilia are organelles that are found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are tiny hairs in the nasal passage. The
function of the cilia in the respiratory system is to filter out dust. The cilia moves back and forth to
keep foreign matter out.
Epiglottis
The epiglottis is a thin flap in the oesophagus. It is the top part of the Larynx. It closes to stop food
from going down the trachea, and opens to allow breathing.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body. It can bend a bit, but resists
stretching. Its main function is

Need For A Transport System In A Multi-Cellular Organism
Sarah Awolesi – 159804 M2 – Explain the need for a transport system in a multi–cellular organism
The Heart The heart is a hollow muscle organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system by
contractions and dilation. There may be four chambers in humans with two atria and two ventricles.
The heart is responsible for providing the body with blood that has been resupplied with oxygen so
that the body can continue to function which is a continuous process. On the right side of the heart,
the right atrium, the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body, the blood passes through the
tricuspid valve into the right ventricle and then is pumped through the pulmonary valve into the
pulmonary artery which takes the deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen.
This oxygen–rich blood comes back to the left atrium of the heart through the pulmonary veins. The
blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle which pumps the blood out through the
aortic valve into the aorta. This is the main artery that takes this oxygen–rich blood to all the
different parts of the body. Once the body has used all the oxygen from the blood, it is pumped back
into the right side of the heart, and the process continues.
Within the heart, there is a partition called the septum that divides the two sides of the heart and
prevents the oxygenated blood and the deoxygenated blood from mixing. With every heartbeat, the
valves in the heart open to allow the blood to flow

Vertebral Trauma Paper
Trauma to the Neck and Thoracic regions presents the highest rates of mortality in trauma patients.
Mortality from PNT originates from exsanguinating hemorrhage and 24 hours delay in the diagnosis
of visceral injuries being the esophageal injuries the most lethal of all (1). Surgeons have learned
surgical fundaments of trauma management from military experience probably since the dawn of
human history (3), but also, we know that it is difficult to draw conclusions for civil trauma
management from studies with military settings. Since World War I when most patients were
managed expectantly, mortality was reported approximately 11% the principal causes were
exsanguination and airway obstruction (4). Dr. Fogelman in 1956 proposed early neck exploration
for penetrating neck injuries lowering mortality rates to 6%. This concept leads to an early surgical
therapy and neck exploration for suspected vascular injuries. Based on these experiences mandatory
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its origin is located in the superior mediastinum so they referred this area as Zone I, being defined
bellow the jugular notch. Zone II was described between the latter and the angle of the mandible and
Zone III up to the base of the skull. This was illustrated in one of the most utilized figures in trauma
literature (Figure 1). The impact of this division in surgical practice was such that trauma surgeons
easily adopted it as the classification of PNT until today, despite a fundamental anatomical error:
Zone I of the "Neck" actually lies inside the Thorax, not in the neck itself. A classification originally
used for carotid trauma was used to classify the vast array of penetrating injuries to the neck, a use
for which it was not designed in the first

Heart Anatomy And Blood Pressure
Heart Anatomy and Blood pressure
The heart is a very wonderful and the hardest working organ in our body. It constantly pumps
oxygen and nutrient–rich blood throughout your body to maintain life in it. Every time when the
heart beats, it pumps blood through the system of blood vessels, which is called the circulatory
system. These vessels are muscle–elastic tubes that deliver blood to every part of the body.
Blood does many important processes in our organism, such as transporting oxygen from the lungs
and nutrients to the tissues of the body, removes the waste products from the tissues, including
carbon dioxide.
When blood with a small amount of oxygen arrives into the lungs, it gets rid of carbon dioxide and
replaces it with oxygen. When blood enriched with oxygen it goes back to the heart through the
pulmonary veins. After it leaves the lungs, it arrives to the left atrium. When the left atrium shrinks,
the rest of the blood in it is pushed through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.
Then, when the left ventricle shrinks, in order to circulate throughout the body, blood quits through
the aortic valve into the aorta. The thoracic aorta provides blood to the thorax and the abdominal
aorta provides blood to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It made out of an inflatable rubber cuff. A sphygmomanometer shows us the pressure of that cuff. As
we already know, when the heart is beating the blood goes through the arteries and the pressure
increases, it's called systolic pressure. When the heart's ventricles are getting ready for another beat,
the pressure decreases and it's called diastolic pressure. When the cuff's pressure is the same as the
arterial systolic pressure, blood starts to go past the cuff and makes sounds, which are heard by
stethoscope. Then, the pressure of the cuff gets recorded. This sound, that blood is making won't
stop until the pressure of the cuff will be less than the arterial diastolic

Symptoms And Treatment Of Chest Pain
Chest Pain Chest pain is defined as a general term for any dull, aching pain in the thorax, usually
referring to that of acute onset, which is often regarded as being myocardial in origin unless proven
otherwise (McGraw–Hill n.d.). Chest pain is a warning to seek medical attention and can be caused
by many reasons. Serious causes for chest pain include: Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS): New
onset angina, accelerating or crescendo angina and prolonged angina or coronary insufficiency, non
ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
Typical features of cardiac chest pain is 1.) located under the breastbone or at least some of the pain
is situated in this area, 2.) other features include provocation by exercise or stress and 3.) relief by
rest or nitroglycerin. If all three features are present the patient is said to have typical angina. If two
of the three features are present the patient is said to have atypical angina and if only one of the
three features are present the patient is said to have non–anginal chest pain (Continuing Medical
Implementaiton 2013). Chest pain or chest discomfort is the most common presenting complaint
that brings patients into the ER everyday. During the physical exam, palpate and inspect the skin for
color, temperature, skin turgor and capillary refill using the fingertips and the back of hand, as
arterial insufficiency may cause cold extremities in a warm environment and is abnormal. Inspect

Compare And Contrast The Cardiovascular System And The...
The cardiovascular system and the circulatory systems work hand in hand. The main functions of
the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the
body, protect the body by white blood cells against foreign microbes and toxins, and platelets for
blood clotting and regulate body temperature, pH fluid, and water content of cells. It's a closed
system, and the main organs associated with the cardiovascular system is the heart and the blood
vessels. The heart is located in the thorax, between the lungs, and is about the size of your fist. It's
only function is to pump blood. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs,
where gas exchange occurs, and the left side of the heart

Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology
(P4) Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the
body
In this task I am going to discuss the three systems involved in energy metabolism in the body.
The chemical equation for cellular respiration is:
C6H12O6 + O2 = E + CO2 + H2O
OR
Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
In order to release energy we need glucose which is a simple carbohydrate that is produced after
digestion of food and we also need oxygen. Once the food has been broken down it then needs to be
transported throughout the body. For this reason, there are three systems involved in cellular
respiration. These three systems are known to be the digestive, respiratory and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The millions of alveoli create a large surface area important for gaseous exchange to take place.
These surfaces are permeable due to the thin and moist walls of the alveoli and the blood capillaries.
The hairs in the nose act as filters and as air passes through the nasal cavity it helps to warm up the
air before it enters the lungs.
Gaseous exchange takes place in the millions of alveoli located in the lungs. These alveoli are
surrounded by blood capillaries so that the oxygen is able to pass from the alveoli into the
bloodstream so it can then be carried by the red blood cells throughout the body. Similarly, the
carbon dioxide from the bloodstream is able to pass through into the alveoli so it can then be
exhaled. This process is made possible due to the concentration gradient of the gases across the gas
exchange surfaces.
Circulatory System
One of the main functions of the circulatory system is transportation in the body. This system is
made up of the heart, blood and blood vessels; such as the arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood itself
is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Plasma is responsible for
carrying dissolved nutrients such as glucose and also waste materials including carbon dioxide. The
red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen as they contain haemoglobin. Therefore the
circulatory system has an important

Fissure Essay
Fissural development varies greatly and could range from a complete fissure (lung surface to lung
hilum) to an absent fissure, at the opposite end of the spectrum. High resolution computed
tomographic scan series have reported a prevalence of a partial of total incompleteness of the
oblique fissure on the right as 64–87% and on the left with 50–70%. (5),(6),(7)
Areas of incomplete fissures show fusion of pulmonary parenchyma of the two adjacent lobes.
Incompleteness of fissures may complicate anatomical lung resection, such as lobectomy, as a neo–
fissure must to be developed and carefully sealed to avoid postoperative air leak with its risk of
associated complications. Further, lobar fusion has significant implications for pulmonary ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The phrenic nerve branches are located deep within the muscle of the diaphragm. Merendino et al
described the consistent course of the phrenic nerve in 1954 (11). Thorough knowledge of it's
anatomy required to allow for safe surgical incisions in the diaphragm (12). There are three
muscular branches on each side, anteromedial, posterolateral, and anterolateral. The posterolateral
branch gives off a dorsomedial branch to the crura.
Vagus nerve
Left and right vagus nerves enter the respective superior mediastinum posterior to the
sternocalvicular joint and brachiocephalic vein. The right vagus crosses the subclavian artery
posterior to the right sternoclavicular joint where it gives off the right recurrent laryngeal nerve,
which in turn loops around the artery to ascend upwards. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve then
reaches the tracheoesophageal groove posterior to the common carotid artery. This nerve is rarely
damaged during thoracic surgical procedures but may be torn in a malignant decortication. Within
the thorax, the vagus nerve travels posteriorly in the superior mediastinum then posteromedial to the
right brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava. It passes behind the pulmonary hilum where it
assists in the formation of the pulmonary plexus. On leaving the pulmonary plexus the

The Trapezius Muscle Essay
The trapezius muscle:
– Origin: it has an extensive origin from the base of the skull to the upper lumbar vertebrae.
– Insertion: it inserts on the lateral aspect of the clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine.
– Nerve supply: It is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve.
– Action: It functions mainly as a scapular retractor and elevator of the lateral angle of the
scapula[19].
The rhomboids muscles:
The rhomboids, consisting of the major and minor muscles.
– Origin: the major and minor muscles originate from the spinous processes of C7 and T1 and T2 to
T5, respectively.
– Insertion: They insert on the medial aspect of the scapula.
– Nerve supply: The dorsal scapular nerve innervates the rhomboids.
– Action: and retract and elevate the scapula. [19]
The levator scapulae muscle:
– Origin: originates on the transverse processes of the cervical spine.
– Insertion: inserts on the superior angle of the scapula.
– Nerve supply: Innervation is from the third and fourth cervical spinal nerves.
– Action: The levator scapule elevates the superior angle, resulting in upward and medial rotation of
the scapular body[19].
The serratus anterior muscle:
– Origin: it takes origin from the bodies of the first nine ribs and the anterolateral aspect of the
thorax
– Insertion: it inserts through three portions from the superior to the inferior angle of the scapula.
– Nerve supply: Innervation is by the long thoracic nerve, and nerve injuries here often manifest as a
winged scapula.
–

Bright-Blood Sequences
2.2.2 Bright–Blood Sequences
Gradient echo sequences are typically bright–blood sequences. They have fast acquisition time and
hence can be used to obtain physiological information such as myocardial function, velocity and
blood flow measurements. They are sensitive to metal artifacts and inhomogeneities in the magnetic
field. [3] [5]
Steady State Free Precession (SSFP) is a variation of gradient echo/bright–blood imaging where the
RF pulses are repeated every TR (repetition time) with no spoiler gradients.[] Spoiler gradients
eliminate the transverse residual magnetization that may remain at the end of a pulse sequence [6].
SSFP provides better contrast between the myocardium and blood (Figure 2(b)). It has short
acquisition time and hence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The abnormalities that can be visualized in an MRI are dilation of the left ventricle (LV), wall
thickening due to partial replacement of myocytes with fibrotic tissue and increase in end–diastolic
volume. [7]
Dilation of LV can be identified using CMR by assessing the ventricular volume and the systolic
function. CMR can also characterize tissue which enables quantification of fibrotic tissue. This
provides a measure of the severity of the disease and if viewed along with gadolinium (Gd) dye
contrast, also allows differentiation between ischemic and non–ischemic cardiomyopathy. [7]
3.1.2 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
CMR can be used to determine the extent of hypertrophy of myocardium and hence distinguish
between regional and global hypertrophy. During late gadolinium–enhancement CMR, images are
taken 10–15 minutes after the administration of the dye. This technique can be used for detection
and quantification of fibrosis at the interventricular septum. [8]
3.1.3 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
In this type of cardiomyopathy, the wall of the RV is replaced by fibrotic tissue. CMR is used for
assessing the right ventricular volume and the systolic function. It can also be used to characterize
tissue which enables identification of fibrotic or fatty tissue in the RV.

In What Ways Does Blood Maintain Homeostasis
Bio 202
Instructor Deborah Rhoden
Chapter 19–21 essay
List the ways that blood helps maintain homeostasis in the body. Blood helps preserve homeostasis
in numerous ways. One way blood preserves respiration is through transportation. Blood transports
gases such as oxygen to the cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs where the lungs rid the body of the
carbon dioxide. Blood transports needed nutrients to the cells from the digestive tract. Blood helps
to maintain homeostasis by means of riding the body of waste by transporting waste to the kidneys
where the waste is then expelled out in the form of urine.
Homeostasis is also, maintained by way transportation of processed and regulatory molecules by the
blood. In explanation of the transportation of processed molecules is when the body is capable of
producing numerous substances throughout the body that is then transported by blood to other body
parts. Example of transportation of processed molecules is the transportation of vitamins. During
transportation of regulatory molecules in when the blood transports hormones and many regulating
enzymes from one are in the body to another area. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without preservation of body temperature homeostasis would be compromised. Blood drives warm
blood from the inside of the body, to the external part of the body where heat is freed, is one of
many ways throughout the body that is used in the efforts of temperature regulation.
The blood also helps in the protection against invaders in the body that intend to do harm by playing
a part in the immune system. The blood also, acts as a role of a refurbishing. When a person is cut
the body natural response is to start clot formation to stop bleeding, which is the beginning step back
to

The Circulatory System And The Human Body Essay
Composed of various systems, the human body exists as a complex and sophisticated machine that
carries out intricate tasks, crucial for life. The most vital of these is the circulatory system. The
combination of the heart, lungs, arteries, and veins make up this highly important system.
Transporting nutrients and oxygen to tissues and organs, while also discarding waste products
remain the main purpose. Three separate systems, the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and systemic all
work together with the sole intention of circulating blood and nutrients through the body. Through
the beating of the heart, circulation to the lungs, and transportation of oxygen rich blood throughout
the body, each human being has the ability to inhale and exhale effortlessly, while our body works
efficiently to complete the essential task of the circulatory system. The circulatory system works in a
cycle that repeats itself sixty to one hundred times a minute. A single complete heartbeat makes up
one cardiac cycle (Toro).
Functioning as a rapid delivery system, bringing molecules of nutrients and oxygen to each cell, and
enabling the diffusion process are the roles of the circulatory system. Through blood vessels, moved
by the internal pump, the heart, blood carries molecules of nutrients and oxygen. In both systemic
and pulmonary circuits, veins move blood towards the heart, while arteries transport blood away
from the heart. Also entitled the blood circulatory system, the cardiovascular system

Functions Of The Cardiovascular System
Unit 1 – Assignment 2: Cardiorespiratory System
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is an extremely complicated network of three main parts the blood, the
heart and the blood vessels. Basically the job of the cardiovascular system can be explained in two
parts, the first is to remove by products from tissues and the second is to deliver nutrients to the
body. The heart is situated right in the very centre of the cardiovascular system, the heart summed
up is simply a four chambered pump that dispenses blood to the arteries. The human body is made
up of arteries and veins, the function of the arteries is just to bring nutrients and oxygenated blood to
the heart and it is there where the cycle is consistently in a continuously circuit, the cycle happens
thousands of times a single day.
The Heart: An interesting fact about the human heart that most people do not know is that the heart
is actually a muscle, it is around the size of a human adult's fist. The heart is made up of two sides
and four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. You can find the two atria
on the top of the heart, they gather their blood from various parts of the body. The heart has two
ventricles which can be found at the bottom of the heart, the function of these two ventricles is
simply to pump blood away from the heart which then in turn produces blood for the rest of the
human body. Although the heart has two ventricles this does not mean that they both

Air From Inhaling
The pathway of air from inhaling to exhaling: Inhalation: the process by which air is drawn into the
lungs a) The diaphragm is pulled down (contracts) b) The ribcage is pulled up c) The ribcage is
pushed out d) The lungs inflate with air (like blowing up a latex balloon) Exhalation: the process by
which air is pushed out of the lungs a) The lungs deflate (removing the air from a balloon) b) The
ribcage is pulled in c) The ribcage is pulled down (like a window shade) d) The diaphragm is pushed
up (relaxes) If you have had a cold or suffered from allergies, you know what it feels like to have
trouble breathing. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is of an oval shape, the extremities of the oval being directed upward and downward. The upper
extremity is formed by the diaphragm which extends as a dome over the abdomen, so that the cavity
extends high into the bony thorax, reaching on the right side, in the mammary line, to the upper
border of the fifth rib; on the left side it falls below this level by about 2.5 cm. The lower extremity
is formed by the structures which clothe the inner surface of the bony pelvis, principally the Levator
ani and Coccygeus on either side. These muscles are sometimes termed the diaphragm of the pelvis .
The cavity is wider above than below, and measures more in the vertical than in the transverse
diameter. In order to facilitate description, it is artificially divided into two parts: an upper and larger
part, the abdomen proper; and a lower and smaller part, the

Air From Inhaling
Discuss the pathway of air from inhaling to exhaling.
The journey of the breath begins when the air is drawn into the nostrils (sometimes the mouth) The
motion of taking a breath is made possible by the diaphragm. The diaphragm contracts, which
causes a vacuum in the thoracic cavity.
The air is pulled into the nostrils and continues its journey by being drawn through the nasopharynx,
the oral pharynx and into the glottis.
As the vacuum created by the diaphragm continues, the air is pulled into the trachea and down into
the lungs. The breath of air leaves the trachea and is drawn into the two branches of the bronchi.
Like meeting a fork in the road, the breath of air splits and some goes to the left lung and some to
the right lung. These two branches, branch off even more into bronchioles and our breath of air finds
its way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Capillaries in the alveoli diffuse the dissolved oxygen into the blood by entering the red blood cells
and joining with the hemoglobin. This oxygenated blood is carried to the heart and from there
distributed via the circulatory system to the body.
But what about the rest of our breath of air...? The blood returns back to the lungs to pick up a fresh
supply of oxygen and to expel carbon dioxide from the blood stream. The alveoli are busy
exchanging the carbon dioxide that the blood has diffused by reversing the process of what
happened with the oxygen. This gas exchange only happens in the alveoli.
When the contraction of the diaphragm has stopped the vacuum, the lungs with their bronchial
apparatus, return to their normal relaxed state. This relaxation expels the remaining air. The expelled
air carries away the carbon dioxide that was exchanged in the alveoli and continues on the reverse
course of our journey up the trachea through the glottis, the oral and nasopharynx, and out the
nostrils or mouth.

Explain The Basic Process Of The Respiratory System
Explain the basic process of the respiratory system from initial respiration through gas exchange.
➢ Inhaled air enters the nasal cavity, where it is cleaned, warmed and humidified on its way through
the pharynx.
➢ After leaving the pharynx, air enters the ;larynx, where two pairs of ligaments, together with the
mucosa covering them, forms the vestibular and vocal folds. These folds help prevent foreign
particles, including food, from entering the lower respiratory system.
➢ Air next enters the trachea, which divides into two primary bronchi. As the bronchi enter the
lungs they continue to divide into smaller bronchi, and ultimately into terminal bronchioles.
➢ Each terminal bronchiole divides repetitively to form respiratory bronchioles, alveolar

The Main Functions Of The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system:
The function of the cardiovascular system is to circulate blood through a large network of vessels
that run throughout the body. This provides each cell with nutrients and oxygen and also helps to
dispose of waste products which is a main purpose of the cardiovascular system.
Blood rich with oxygen leaves the heart via the arteries and also helps to deliver nutrients and
oxygen to body cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy and in exchange the cells release
waste products such as water and carbon dioxide. Veins then carry these waste products, which are
carried in oxygen poor blood, back to the heart. The heart then pumps this blood to the lungs where
carbon dioxide is both unloaded and exhaled and fresh oxygen is inhaled. The cycle begins again
once the oxygen rich blood is carried back to the heart.
The cardiovascular system as well as circulating oxygen around the body also helps to regulate our
body temperature. Thermoregulation is the process that ensures our body temperature remains
constant. Our body temperature can be affected by different environments we may be in like the
weather, participation in physical activity and also if you have an illness. It is essential that our body
temperature stays moderately constant because of the fact that vast changes in the body's
temperature can affect the body's ability to function properly. In order to keep our body temperature
as constant as we can, blood vessels vasodilate or widen to

Benefits Of Dissecting A Cat
1. Introduction: What is dissection? Dissection is the "process of disassembling and observing
something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the functions and
relationships of its components" (Dissection). The term is most often used concerning the dissection
of plants and animals, including humans. Comparative anatomy is the investigation of similitudes
and contrasts in the life structures of various species. It is firmly identified with transformative
science and phylogeny. Comparative anatomy has gradually and long been utilized as evidence for
evolution; it indicates that various organisms share a common ancestor. Dissection of cats in an
anatomy class is a common occurrence and believed to be a great learning mechanism for students.
Schools and education systems utilize the availability of a cat because they are vertebrates and
include a great amount of similarity in structures as humans, as students learn the anatomy and
physiology of the human body. Advantages of dissecting a cat include a sensory factor that a visual
study is unable to provide. A fact of being a human is that a great many people recall things they can
touch or work on accomplishing more than they recollect data that they examined. By analyzing a
creature in individual and touching it, the material encounters can give a general, better learning
background that may help them in future classes if science or medical sciences will be examined. I
hold the belief that the

Pro 's And Con 's Of A Fast Food Diet
Keana Douglass English 5–6 16 Feb 2015 Period 4 Pro's and Con's of a Fast Food Diet More than
one–third of the U.S adults and children are obese or overweight due to high calorie intake from
unhealthy diets and fast food products. High calorie intake is the hefty amount of more calories that
you should consume in a days time. Obesity is the condition of being grossly fat or overweight. As
well as an imbalance of the amount of energy that is taken in from drinking and eating and energy
spent on metabolism and physical activity. If more people would worry about their health, then there
would be less obesity and overweight rates in the U.S and foreign countries. Fast foods are made
tasty, "stable", and cheap. They are made to have a long shelf life. They also are rigged with a lot of
trans fatty acids and oils. According to a new study, fast food is the cause of an obesity epidemic.
Cheap food has a stronger link hold to obesity. Many people settle for less when it comes to fast
food, only because it means they don't have to put much effort into cooking a home healthy meal,
but what they do not consider is the disadvantages that a fast food diet has in store for them. Fast
foods have a reputation for being relatively low cost, quick, and easy. The easier the convenience the
easier the consequences comes with it. Such consequences are diabetes, obesity, overweight, etc.
More little disadvantages are that fast food products are high in calories, sodium, and fat.

Case Study Essay
Case Study #5
Heart & Neck Vessels, Lungs & Thorax
Mrs. Lee, 80 year old Asian American female
Admitted to the medical–surgical unit with a chief complaint of "breathing problems". She speaks
broken English & requests that her daughter be allowed to stay with her. She is on nasal cannula
oxygen & sitting up in bed. At this time, she seems slightly short of breath, but is not in acute
distress. You note that she is pale & has a petite frame. Her ankles are swollen. Her daughter tells
you that she has been complaining of feeling more tired in the evenings & "unable to catch her
breath". While at home, she has been sitting up either in an easy chair or in bed with three pillows.
Her daughter states that Mrs. Lee has not had to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. What additional questions should you ask regarding this patient's chief reason for seeking care?
Chest pain, dyspnea (especially on exertion), orthopnea, cough, fatigue, cyanosis or pallor, edema,
nocturia, history of cardiac problems, family history of cardiac problems, cardiac risk factors, &
current medications.
3. After completing the health history, you prepare for the physical examination. What steps should
you include in your assessment?
Inspection, palpation, percussion, & auscultation of lung sounds, heart sounds, & adventitious
sounds.
4. What should you keep in mind, regarding this patient's age, when assessing her neck veins?
View the right internal jugular vein when measuring jugular venous pressure. With aging, the aorta
stiffens, dilates, & elongates, resulting in decreased pulsations on the left side. In addition, use
caution when palpating & auscultating the carotid artery. Pressure in the carotid sinus may cause a
reflex slowing of the heart rate.
5. Describe how you would assess her heart sounds.
Explain to her (through her daughter as necessary) what you will be doing. You might want to
explain that t takes extra time to listen to her heart & that just because you listen for a long time
does not indicate there is a problem. Move your stethoscope in inch–long increments, in a Z pattern
across the chest, from the base of the heart, across & down, then over to the apex. Although heart
sounds are generally lower in pitch,

Heart and Right Atrium
The heart is a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the blood vessels to various parts
of the body by repeated, rhythmic contractions. It is found in all animals with a circulatory system,
which includes the vertebrates.
The adjective cardiac means "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek καρδιά, kardia, for
"heart". Cardiology is the medical speciality that deals with cardiac diseases and abnormalities.
The vertebrate heart is principally composed of cardiac muscle and connective tissue. Cardiac
muscle is an involuntary striated muscle tissue specific to the heart and is responsible for the heart 's
ability to pump blood.
The average human heart, beating at 72 beats per minute, will beat approximately 2.5 billion ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. thus, only in birds and mammals are the two streams of blood – those to the pulmonary and
systemic circulations – permanently kept entirely separate by a physical barrier.
In the human body, the heart is usually situated in the middle of the thorax with the largest part of
the heart slightly offset to the left, although sometimes it is on the right, underneath the sternum.
The heart is usually felt to be on the left side because the left heart is stronger . The left lung is
smaller than the right lung because the heart occupies more of the left hemithorax. The heart is fed
by the coronary circulation and is enclosed by a sac known as the pericardium; it is also surrounded
by the lungs. The pericardium comprises two parts: the fibrous pericardium, made of dense fibrous
connective tissue, and a double membrane structure containing a serous fluid to reduce friction
during heart contractions. The heart is located in the mediastinum, which is the central sub–division
of the thoracic cavity. The mediastinum also contains other structures, such as the esophagus and
trachea, and is flanked on either side by the right and left pulmonary cavities; these cavities house
the lungs.
The apex is the blunt point situated in an inferior direction. A stethoscope can be placed directly
over the apex so that the beats can be counted. It is located posterior to the 5th intercostal space just
medial of the

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