ETHICAL CHALLENGES JOYCAROLYNE MUIGAI NTC/302 5/26/2020 INTRODUCTION Ethics in business is mainly concerned with the good or bad actions and behaviors that often take place in the world of business Ethical challenges have often resulted from lack of a clear and distinctive description of norms that ought to be used Business ethics hence help economists to think productively along moral dimensions on matters regarding policy problems Ethics could be a complex aspect in business as it influences all aspect of business as it provides the most adequate action that ought to be taken. Ethics causes huge conflicts as morality may not be clearly definitive and situations in many cases greatly vary (Nuseir & Ghandour, 2019). 2 Ethics in intellectual property Intellectual property rights is a socio-economic tool that create some form of monopoly for firms to charge a price for their innovations For many innovative firms, it is a timely and expensive to come up with new innovations for the market yet other competitors in the market will attempt to copy new design of products launched. Firms have however, taken advantage of intellectual property rights by asking for high prices for products Intellectual property rights are a tool that protects innovators from losing their innovations to counter-feighting firms in the market. However many have leveraged this property rights to put high prices on their products to maximize their profits from their innovations (Sonderholm, 2018). 3 Policy statement on Ethics in intellectual property To ensure easy and right access of new innovated products, it is important to come up with an ethical way to reduce exploitation by firms. Firms can take up he differential pricing strategy that has in the past been articulated to be of great influence and guarantees the firm’s profitability Through differentia; pricing, the protected innovation can be offered at different prices based on the socio-economic demographics of the area. A product can be offered at a cheaper price at a low-earning area while it is offered at different price at a different location (Sonderholm, 2018). 4 Corruption index Corruption is seen as legal complication that is often manifested in the absence of controls over power Corruption in business could come in many ways but it is always some grease payment paid to expedite decision or transactions Connection are as well viewed as to have an effect on business processes as they have a negative connotation regardless of their informality. In many business ventures, corruption has been indicated to grow over time and is often seen in terms of exchange of favors for the sake of expedition of certain process to take a shorter time without necessarily having to undergo the require stipulated process (Samuel, 2019). 5 Policy statement in corruption index Transparency is key in business processes hence all actions need to be accounted for As a way to reduce the corruption index and subsequ.

1. ETHICAL CHALLENGES
JOYCAROLYNE MUIGAI
NTC/302
5/26/2020
INTRODUCTION
Ethics in business is mainly concerned with the good or bad
actions and behaviors that often take place in the world of
business
Ethical challenges have often resulted from lack of a clear and
distinctive description of norms that ought to be used
Business ethics hence help economists to think productively
along moral dimensions on matters regarding policy problems
Ethics could be a complex aspect in business as it influences all
aspect of business as it provides the most adequate action that
ought to be taken. Ethics causes huge conflicts as morality may
not be clearly definitive and situations in many cases greatly
vary (Nuseir & Ghandour, 2019).
2
Ethics in intellectual property
Intellectual property rights is a socio-economic tool that create
some form of monopoly for firms to charge a price for their
innovations
For many innovative firms, it is a timely and expensive to come
up with new innovations for the market yet other competitors in
the market will attempt to copy new design of products
launched.
Firms have however, taken advantage of intellectual property
rights by asking for high prices for products

2. Intellectual property rights are a tool that protects innovators
from losing their innovations to counter-feighting firms in the
market. However many have leveraged this property rights to
put high prices on their products to maximize their profits from
their innovations (Sonderholm, 2018).
3
Policy statement on Ethics in intellectual property
To ensure easy and right access of new innovated products, it is
important to come up with an ethical way to reduce exploitation
by firms.
Firms can take up he differential pricing strategy that has in the
past been articulated to be of great influence and guarantees the
firm’s profitability
Through differentia; pricing, the protected innovation can be
offered at different prices based on the socio-economic
demographics of the area. A product can be offered at a cheaper
price at a low-earning area while it is offered at different price
at a different location (Sonderholm, 2018).
4
Corruption index
Corruption is seen as legal complication that is often manifested
in the absence of controls over power
Corruption in business could come in many ways but it is
always some grease payment paid to expedite decision or
transactions
Connection are as well viewed as to have an effect on business
processes as they have a negative connotation regardless of
their informality.

3. In many business ventures, corruption has been indicated to
grow over time and is often seen in terms of exchange of favors
for the sake of expedition of certain process to take a shorter
time without necessarily having to undergo the require
stipulated process (Samuel, 2019).
5
Policy statement in corruption index
Transparency is key in business processes hence all actions
need to be accounted for
As a way to reduce the corruption index and subsequently put a
stop to it, it is important to ensure that processes are made as
clear and transparent as possible.
All relevant employees and officers ought be held accountable
and responsible for all activities mandated to them.
Strict policies as well need to be implemented to discourage and
curb avenues of extortion of favors
Reducing and subsequently curbing corruption may not be easy
but it is a worthy measure in an attempt to mitigate any risks
associated with corruption and guarantee transparency (“Ethics
and corruption”, (n.d.)).
6
Major religions
Studies indicate that there is a strong link between religion and
ethical standards
People tend to share different beliefs both religiously and even
culturally which may as well determine how certain business
processes may be handled.
Just like morals, certain beliefs are not relative to everyone
hence there may be a need to compromise in order to ensure that
everyone is accommodated

4. Based on one’s cultural or religious beliefs, one may have
different interpretations of policies, measure and processes set
up in business hence all people within the organization ought to
be equally considered (Tota & Shehu, 2018)
7
Policy statement for ethical issues in major religions
For the functionality of the firm, all persons within the
organization ought to be equally considered.
As way of ensuring that all major religions are covered, policy
measures undertaken to facilitate productivity within the
business environment ought to be mutually neutral or otherwise
create an aspect of compromise for equal inclusion of all
parties.
In business today, organizations are made up of religious and
culturally diverse people. All persons relevant to the business
ought to be equally considered and included within the firm
(Tota & Shehu, 2018).
8
CONCLUSION
There are a number of issues that are likely to face the
management and other employees within the firm, however to
guarantee productivity and a conducive work environment, it
may be important to consider the diversity of the work force
Similarly, accountability and upholding all stipulated business
process and policies should be a priority in facilitation of
business processes.
Regardless of the differences in views of morality, there may be

5. certain attributed that can be upheld in business to promote
business ethics in order to facilitate productivity and
accountability within the organization (Nuseir &
Ghandour, 2019)
9
REFERENCES
Ethics and corruption | Introduction to business. (n.d.). Lumen
Learning – Simple Book
Production. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introbusinesswm
open/chapter/reading-ethics-and-corruption/
Nuseir, M. T., & Ghandour, A. (2019). Ethical issues in modern
business management. International Journal of Procurement
Management, 12(5). DOI: 10.1504/IJPM.2019.102153
Samuel, K. (2019). Corruption as a challenge to global ethics:
the role of Transparency International. Journal of Global
Ethics, 10(2), 231-
237. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2014.935982
Sonderholm. (2018). Ethical Issues Surrounding Intellectual
Property Rights. Philosophy
Compass, 5(12). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-
9991.2010.00358.x
Tota, I., & Shehu, H. (2018). The Dilemma of Business
Ethics. the Procedia: economics and finance, 3, 555-559. DOI:
10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00195-5
Chapter 18
1. Integument
2. Chlamydia trachomatis
3. Keratitis
4. Helminthic
5. Onchocerca
6. River blindness

6. 7. Trachoma
8. Epidermis
9. Cellulitis
10. Lymphangitis
11. Dermolytic
12. Keratin
13. Coagulase
14. Sebum
15. Conjunctiva
16. Immune privilege
17. Acne
18. Comedo
19. Impetigo
20. Accutane
21. Staphylococcus aureus
22. Streptococcus pyogenes
23. Staphylococcal scalded skin
24. syndrome
25. Desquamation
26. Myonecrosis
27. Clostridium perfringens
28. Gas gangrene
29. Carbuncle
30. Folliculitis
31. Necrotizing fasciitis
32. Chickenpox
33. Shingles
34. Varicella
35. Viremia
36. Encephalopathy
37. Dermatophytes
38. Smallpox
39. Macular
40. Papular
41. Vesicular
42. Pustular

7. 43. Variola virus
44. Variolation
45. Vaccine
46. Rubeola
47. Exanthema
48. ELISA
49. Teratogenic
50. Congenital
51. Erythema infectiosum
52. Papillomas
53. Roseola
54. Plantar warts
55. Molluscum contagiosum
56. Leishmaniasis
57. Eschar
58. Bacillus anthracis
59. Protozoan
60. Cutaneous
61. Mycoses
62. Tinea
63. Propionibacterium acnes
64. Trichophyton
65. Microsporum
66. Epidermop
Chapter 19
1. Central nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system
3. Meninges
4. Blood-brain barrier
5. Cerebrospinal fluid
6. Petechiae
7. Neisseria meningitidis
8. Opsonizing antibody
9. Pneumococcus
10. Vaccine
11. Streptococcus pneumoniae

8. 12. Haemophilus influenzae
13. Listeria monocytogenes
14. Cryptococcus neoformans
15. Cold enrichment
16. Meningoencephalitis
17. Arthroconidia
18. Coccidioides immitis
19. Coccidiomycosis
20. Aseptic meningitis
21. Group B streptococcus
22. Neonatal meningitis
23. Streptococcus agalactiae
24. Escherichia coli K1
25. Naegleria fowleri
26. Primary Amoebic
27. Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
28. Acanthamoeba
29. Arbovirus
30. West Nile virus
31. Viral encephalitis
32. JC Virus
33. Herpesvirus
34. Progressive Multifocal
35. Leukoencephalopathy
36. Postinfection encephalitis
37. Spongiform encephalopathy
38. Toxoplasma gondii
39. Toxoplasmosis
40. Prion
41. Subacute sclerosing
42. panencephalitis
43. Transmissible spongiform
44. encephalopathies
45. Bovine spongiform
46. encephalopathy (BSE)
47. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

9. 48. (CJD)
49. PrP
50. Hydrophobia
51. Zoonotic
52. Rhabdovirus
53. Rabies
54. Human Diploid Cell Vaccine
55. (HDCV)
56. Infantile paralysis
57. Poliomyelitis
58. Bulbar poliomyelitis
59. Picornavirus
60. Tetanospasmin
61. Intoxication
62. Exotoxin
63. African Sleeping Sickness
64. Trypanosomiasis
65. Trypanosoma brucei
66. Sabin vaccine
67. Salk vaccine
68. Botulism
69. Clostridium botulinum
70. Tetanus
71. Lockjaw
72. Clostridium tetani
Chapter 20
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
4. Arteries
5. Veins
6. Capillaries
7. Systemic infection
8. Atherosclerosis
9. Viremia

10. 10. Fungemia
11. Bacteremia
12. Septicemia
13. Endocarditis
14. Endotoxic shock
15. Bubonic plague
16. Pneumonic plague
17. Endemic reservoirs
18. Tularemia
19. Rabbit fever
20. Burkitt’s lymphoma
21. Infectious mononucleosis
22. Monospot test
23. Erythema migrans
24. Lyme disease
25. DEET
26. Hemorrhagic fever
27. Dengue
28. Yellow fever
29. Marburg
30. Lassa fever
31. Ebola
32. Brucellosis
33. Q Fever
34. Cat-scratch disease
35. Trench fever
36. Rocky Mountain Spotted
37. Fever
38. HGA
39. HME
40. Malaria
41. Sporozoite
42. Merozoite
43. Macrogametocyte
44. Microgametocyte
45. Sporogony

11. 46. Quinine
47. Anthrax
48. Edema factor
49. A-B toxin
50. Kaposi’s sarcoma
51. Virus load
52. CD4 T cell
53. Retrovirus
54. Reverse transcriptase
55. Leukopenia
56. AZT
57. Western blot
58. ELISA
59. Protease inhibitor
60. Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
61. Fusion inhibitor
62. Adult T-Cell leukemia
63. Hairy-cell leukemia
64. HAART
65. Ixode
Running head: POWERS, GOVERNANCE AND ETHICS
2
POWERS, GOVERNANCE AND ETHICS 2
JoyCarolyne Muigai
NTC/302
5/26/2020
Introduction
There is a profound question on how the world ought to be

12. run in matters regarding ethics. Firms and countries are often in
great debates on governance as each has an infinite number of
ways in which each thinks matters to do with governance such
as decision-making ought to carried out. This has hence
destabilized the political economics and cooperation between
states in global governance. Countries and firms have often
leveraged their rising powers to maximize power which
manifests itself in social practices within the society and
influences global norms. Rising states have attempted to
influence global norms to uphold their ethics (Gaskarth, 2015).
Comparison between Pepsi in the US and China
Pepsi
Pepsi is one of the largest beverage-making firms not only
in the United States of America but also has extended its
business boundaries across different locations around the world.
Despite the firm being widely renowned, over the years the firm
has showcased rather negative attributes in its daily business
operations. Pepsi has suffered a great deal as in the past, some
of its officials have attempted to steal its trade secrets and sell
it to some of the firm’s greatest rivals that occupy the same
market share (Cohn, 2018).
In the past many firm’s have attempted to try and gain one
of Pepsi’s most dearly held trade secret which is its beverage
recipe in an attempt to gain an edge. Firms have tried to
approach Pepsi’s highest-ranking officials to have them do their
dirty work and obtain the beverage recipe. At the time that the
few executive officers had finally had the chance to sell the
recipe, most of the competitors thought that it was a bait from
Pepsi to lure them into a trap some certain gain in the market
share (Cohn, 2018).
Pepsi has over the years been guarding its trade secrets
with extensive computer security and running background
checks on its employees to ensure that none of its staff can be
compromised into leaking some of the crucial documents that
could contribute to the firm’s downfall upon landing in the
hands of its competitors. Employees are made to sign non-

13. compete and no-disclosure agreement forms that prevent them
from working with Pepsi’s competitors else they will be victims
of theft of intellectual property (Cohn, 2018).
China
For many, China is a real threat to the United States and
other global states in the world. China has over the years been
growing at a rather fast rate as especially the US is greatly
feeling the pressure. Despite its growth, China has been in great
violation of treaties that it had initially committed to adhering
to. China entered the World Trade Organization in 2001, but has
since been attributed to be responsible for the supply of
weapons of mass destruction to liberal nations such as Libya,
Iran, and Pakistan among others (Gaskarth, 2015).
China has been further been alleged to be responsible for
the numerous cyber-attacks launched on firms in the West and
governments as well. This has brought about numerous high
territorial disputes in the international politics just about
enough to cause a great war. China has hence been articulated
to be a great threat to global order and governance. Being a
non-European nation as described by the book, and of different
cultural backgrounds, China has been articulated to be of
marginalized moral strength making it rather difficult to
governable due to its military power (Gaskarth, 2015).
Conclusion
Pepsi has been articulated to be quite incisive in following
guideline to uphold their code of business ethics. Often falling
victim of attacks from competitors, Pepsi has often come on top
and further ensured that unlike China it follows business ethics
hence easy to attain governance. Japan on the other hand it a
threat to the well-being of global governance as since time in
history has been attributed to the root of wars and battles in
global politics.
References
Gaskarth, J. (2015). Rising powers, global governance, and
global ethics.

14. Routledge. https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Lk
qhBgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Rising+Powers,+Global+
Governance,+and+Global+Ethics+&ots=DhkFPGJB-
Z&sig=I3Ca4bOk06GWSVJ72R1uQjcZT5o&redir_esc=y#v=one
page&q&f=false
Cohn, M. (2018, July 26). Pepsi did right thing; some don't,
experts say. The Baltimore
Sun. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2006-07-07-
0607070074-story.html