ICT Role in E-Government Implementation in Zimbabwe

Discuss the Role of the ICT (Information Communication...
QUESTION: 1
Discuss the role of the ICT (Information Communication Technology) in implementing the E
Government in Zimbabwe.
INTRODUCTION
Our country is experiencing a new industrial and technological revolution which is bringing about a
significant, fast and extensive transformation of society and industry. The result of this revolution is
that there is now a rapid increase in the processes of production and the transmission of goods and
services produced. The ICT revolution is also encouraging new goods and services, changing the
nature and organisation of work, replacing materials, resources, energy and land with information
and knowledge as the principal factors of production. HISTORY OF INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has improved the service quality in business globally. The advent of ICT has empowered
consumers to identify, customize and purchase at the same time for example tourism products and
the support of globalization industry. One can enquire bills on line and pay for groceries online
again which has increased the service quality in business. E–Government
The implementation of e–government strategies focusing on applications aimed at innovating and
promoting transparency in public administrations and democratic processes, improving efficiency
(allocation of resources, public goods) and strengthening relations with citizens. This type of e–
government has improved the service quality in government sector as many government
departments are now computerized. In addition the e–government connects citizens of different
social, academic, political and cultural backgrounds. By so doing it builds external interactions
especially between Zimbabwe and other countries in the global world. The e–government uses the
ICTs in various ways such as to make the government more accountable, transparent and effective,
maintenance of law and order in the country as well as in the facilitating in the electoral processes.
One challenge that Zimbabwe faces in governance is the lack of engagement and communication
between holders of public office and their constituents. This is fundamentally
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E-Governance: E-Services from Citizens Perspective
e–governance: e–Services from Citizens Perspective |
Problem Statement
Bangladesh is a small developing country with millions of people living under poverty. There is a
scarcity of resources with high demand of services in the public sector. So, there is no alternative
than to find more cost–effective ways to ensure these service deliveries. The digital (or e–)
revolution holds the potential to increase the quality of citizen services and increase accountability,
transparency and efficiency. Bangladesh in recent times, takes various initiatives to benefit from
ICT. However, the effectiveness of this initiatives and its' impact on present service delivery
scenario and citizens experience – the end user of such initiatives are yet to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The establishment of a secure government internet and central database for more efficient and
cooperative interaction among governmental units; 2. Web–based service delivery; 3. The
application of e–commerce for more efficient government transaction activities; and 4. Digital
democracy for transparent accountability of government.
E–governance has been defined more broadly by Gatner (2000). He says that e–governance is the
continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation and governance by
transforming internal and external relationships through technology, the internet and the media.
Thus, he has given four–phase model of e–governance: 1) Information – Presence: E–governance
means being present on the web, providing the public with relevant information. 2) Interaction –
Intake processes: The interaction between the government and the public is stimulated by various
applications. 3) Transaction – Complete transactions: The complexity of technology is increasing,
but customer value is also higher. Complete transactions can be done without going to an office –
e.g., online services for income tax, property tax, renewal of licenses, visa and passports and online
voting. 4) Transformation – Integration and exchange: All information systems are integrated and
the public can get services at one virtual counter.
Research Question and Objectives
The aim of this study is to examine the status of

E-Government Essay
Feng expressed that a major obstruction to e–government is the absence of fund for capital in–
vestment in new innovation. West noticed that the capacities of government workplaces to place
administrations on the web and to utilize innovation for just effort are hampered by spending
contemplation's. At long last, the aggregate cost, including the high cost of frame–works equipment
and support, programming projects, preparing and training, are dependably observed as real
boundaries restraining offices and governments from utilizing the advances. 4.2.2. Organizational
The execution of e–government is not an unadulterated technical issue only, yet rather an au–
thoritative issue. Organizational difficulties include: Top administration support, Resistance to
change to electronic ways, Collaboration and Lack of qualified work force and preparing. 4.2.2.1.
Top administration support The execution of e–government needs the support from the pioneers and
top administra–tion of government for fruitful usage. Top administration support alludes to the
guaran–tee from pioneers to acknowledge, support and embrace the e–government frameworks and
applications. Along these lines, it assumes a huge part in the selection and execution of e–
government . Truth be told, leadership is one of the primary ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The e–government framework can be actualized effectively if qual–ified staff are accessible to play
the part of begin and build up the e–government frame–work. As a rule, it is vital to concentrate on
education and training programs for im–provement the advance of e–government ventures. In any
case, training is a central essen–tial as the rate of progress increments and new innovations,
rehearses and aggressive models show up. The full financial advantages of ICT rely on upon a
procedure of train–ing and learning skills, which is still at an imperative stage for all

Role Of E Governance On Administrative Efficiency And...
Role of E–governance in administrative Efficiency and Combating Corruption Abstract:
Administrative efficiency and Corruption have been the matter of growing interest for any
Government of a country. Increasing efficiency and decreasing corruption are very much important
for good governance and better development of a country. Because organization's effectivity,
productivity, depends on administrative efficiency. The objective of this paper is to find out the role
of E–governance in Administrative Efficiency and Combating Corruption. It will provide ideas in
which factors should be emphasized to ensure administrative efficiency and to battle against
corruption with the weapon of E–governance. Keywords: e–Governance, Administrative efficiency,
Corruption, development etc. Introduction: Developing countries like Bangladesh always faces
some problems like lack of administrative efficiency and corruption in various level of society. E–
governance can be an important tool to fight against it. The preliminary objective of e–governance
is to provide better services and information to the citizens of a country. It has also plays an
important role to fight against corruption along with providing services. So, now a–days, to increase
administrative efficiency and to ensure quality service to the people no one can ignore the
importance of E–governance. E–governance also can helps to reduce of corruption. Objective of the
Study: The main objective of this study is to examine the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of E Governance
Best Practices of E–Governance in India: Opportunities and Limitations
Abstract
E–governance or electronic governance is about the use of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) by government at all level to provide services to the public, communication and
information exchange between all the organisation/agencies of government. It's become an
important part of government system to achieve the economic and the quality of life. Major goals of
e–governance are to provide better service delivery to the citizens, transparency and accountability,
improved efficiency within government, empowering the peoples through information, saving time
through the provision of a single window. The main focus to improve public services in an efficient
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It helps in improving the quality of services. It gives citizens the choice of when to interact with the
government (available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week), from where to interact with the government
(service centre) and how to interact with the government (internet, fax, e–mail, telephone). The
primary work of the G2C is make government and citizens friendly to each other.
2. G2B (Government to Business):–
In G2B, various e–governance tools are used to help the business community which aims to
provides goods and services and to internet with the internet. The main purpose is to cut red tape,
save time, reduce cost end to create more clear business environment when dealing with the
government. The initiatives of the G2B can be exchange such as licensing, permits, but Goods and
revenue collection. They can be promotional and facilitative such as trade, tourism and investment.
These measures are taken to provide pleasant environment to businesses to promote them to perform
more effectively.
3. G2G (Government to

To What Extent Should E-Cigarettes Be Strictly Regulated...
Should E–cigarettes be strictly regulated by the government?
In the 1960's something out of the ordinary came about in the American market. It was when
electronic cigarettes were created, they were not very known until twelve years later. Electronic
cigarettes are called e–cigarettes which are operated nicotine inhalers (Neporent). In today's world,
many people under the age of 18 use e–cigarettes. That's why I think the government should
increase the restrictions on e–cigarettes.
The food and drug administration has control over e–cigarettes since 2011 and they haven't been
regulating e–cigarettes yet. They have only issued a letter "to electronic cigarette distributors
warning them to see's making various unsubstantiated

The Effect Of Imperialism And The Scramble Of Africa
Germany's lead on Imperialism and the scramble of Africa began during the late 1880's. Countries
were able to take advantage of Africa, mainly because of their beneficial tributes (1). Specifically, in
1885 Germany colonized the region of the African Great Lakes, which is now known to be
Tanzania. Today, Tanzania largest religion group, according to the Association of Religious Data
Archives are "Christian (54.76%) and Muslim (31.62%)" (2). This shows how the first movement of
colonization and imperialism left a mark as now the largest religious group in Tanzania is
Christianity, adapted from the Germans. The Christian popularity is mainly composed of Roman
Catholics and Protestants. All of these groups, have had some influence in varying ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Africa were mainly, hunters, so they used agriculture to their full advantage. However, Africa's
resources were left untouched by the natives, so this gave easy access to the imperialists. Germany
was in desperate need of fuel, before imperialism started, which was available in Africa. Gold and
diamonds were (and still) the two most valuable resources, which were abundant in Africa, "The
discovery of diamonds and rich gold deposits brought... European settlers" to Africa" (5). So, when
imperialists came to German E. Africa, they took all of their available land. For all of the citizens in
German E. Africa who needed the money had to work as slaves. In fact, most of them were forced to
work for the German imperialists. There was a discrimination pattern of labor recruitment. While
immigrants were skilled and paid relatively high. African migrants were unskilled and low paid,
"Earning about 1/9 of the wage of white men" (6). Specifically, German E. Africans were forced to
plant peanuts, cocoa and other cash crops. Imperialism destroyed German E. Africa's economy and
depleted their resources. After Imperialism, exportation of raw materials caused shortage in
resources. So, German E. Africa was then a more dependant on an industrialized economy. By the
end of Imperialism, the natives were put to work as cheap labour. Which affected their health since,
most of them were restless, exploited, weren't taken at their free will and the Germans took

Essay on Facilitating Diffusion of E-governent Services
1 Introduction
E–government has the potential to improve greatly the delivery of public services, making them
easier to access, more convenient to use, more responsive, more transparent and so on. It also has
the potential to free up resources in the public sector by delivering services more efficiently.
Therefore governments are keen to push their citizens to use online services to deliver public
services more efficiently and faster with lower cost. For instance U.K. government, in February
2010, announced a new strategy for the public sector aimed at simplifying and standardizing ICT
across the public sector to enable interoperability and data sharing while providing flexibility and
efficient services that will deliver savings of over £ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2 E–government literature
Electronic government can be defined as an ever–increasing and pervasive use of information and
communication technologies in the context of the Information Society, which more and more affects
the public sector; the importance of this development is increasingly acknowledged in many
countries around the world and experiments are being conducted at all levels of government – local,
regional, national and European – to improve the functioning of public services concerned and to
extend their interaction with the outside world (Vassilakis et al, 2006). This new way of operating
services based on
In the diffusion of public services to the citizens literature
There are several reasons behind spreading the ICT concept within the society but
3 E–services in The U.K.
Delivering e–services by the U.K. government was announced for the first time in 1994 by
launching open.gov.uk website. This was the first attempt by British government to facilitate usage
of governmental services for the citizens (E–government Factsheet, 2010). Since then, the British
government tried to develop a virtual network to make all its services easier to access by introducing
more online portals. In 2007 they decided to centralise their services into two so called "supersites";
direct.gov and businesslink.gov.uk. First web portal aimed to give information to the citizens and
second one is designed to help businesses. To have a better

E-Government Essay
HUONG HAAND KEN COGHILL
E–Government in Singapore – A Swot and Pest Analysis
HUONG HA Department of Management, Monash University, Australia
Huong.Ha@BusEco.monash.edu.au KEN COGHILL Department of Management, Monash
University, Australia Ken.Coghill@BusEco.monash.edu.au ABSTRACT
This paper aims to review and evaluate the vision, the objectives and the strategic framework of e–
Government in Singapore. Rapidity, Reliability, Efficiency, Cost–effectiveness, Customer–
orientation and Accessibility are the main guidelines for the development of egovernment in
Singapore in order to provide quality services to users in the digital economy. There are five thrusts
and six programs of egovernance in Singapore. The development of e–Government ... Show more
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104
ASIA–PACIFIC SOCIAL SCIENCE REVIEW
HUONG HAAND KEN COGHILL
E–Government in Singapore
The Vision of E–Government E–Government is defined as the use of information technology, in
particular the Internet, to deliver public services in a much more convenient, customer–oriented,
costeffective, and altogether different and better way. [Holmes, 2001 cited in Hughes (2003: 182)]
The concept of e–Government is enhanced by the vision of the Singaporean government, which is to
become a world leader in e–Government and to better serve the community and the nation (IDA
2004). The Singaporean government has engaged e–Government to re–examine(s) the organising
principles of bureaucracy and governance, re–define(s) the objectives and deliverables of
government and re–deploy(s) the resources available. (Mahizhnan and Andiappan 2002: 250)
It is not only the addition of an "e" to the word "government" (Khaw 2002: 3) that has caused e–
Government to flourish. The government has had to challenge itself and to change the ways it thinks
and operates in order to continually develop, sustain and improve the operational processes of the
public services (IDA 2000). The Objectives of e–Government Due to advanced technology and the
high level of investment in Research & Development (R&D) since the 1980s, Singapore has gained
a reputation as a regional technology–hub and has nurtured an ambition to become the world

Promoting E Governance : An Era Of Information Exchange
Promoting e–Governance through Right to Information Akashdeep Singh – Reseach Scholar,
Department of Laws, Panjab University Chandigarh.
Abstract e–Governance initiatives and Right to information (RTI) have been implemented for subtle
change in global attitudes. Across the world, these two initiatives with information and
communication technologies (ICTs) have ushered an era of information exchange; changing
political, economic, and social structure forever. e–Governance and right to information (RTI) are
being recognised as potential tools of empowerment. Right to information Act 2005 has been
enacted with a view to promote openness, transparency and accountability in public administration.
To achieve these objectives it is very important that the RTI Act should provide right to citizens to
ask for matters pertaining to governmental functioning through on line. Hence, this paper highlights
the use of e–governance as a tool for efficient functioning of the Act. It also discusses that a
government which operates in greater secrecy is more prone to corruption as compared to a
government which operates in greater openness.
Key words: e–Governance, Right to Information, Information and communication Technologies,
Public Information, Transparency
Introduction
The Right to Information Act which gave the citizens of India access to records of the Central
Government and State Government was thought to be one of the most revolutionary pieces of
legislation in modern

E Email And Its Effects On The United States
E–authentications E–authentications refers to government website users logging into one site using
their credential and being able to have use multiple e–government services. As seen in the vertical
and horizontal stages of e–government a person would only have to log in once to get the benefit of
multiple services. However, systems that use common credentials and share information will have
privacy risks. One issue the Federal Government face in providing e–authentication services as it
provides, manages and is a relying party of identity documents. In regards, to issuing documents the
Federal Government is able to control the behavior of citizens. For instance, if a person were to
board a flight they would need to present photo ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Federal Government has to deal with a wide range of group such as non–profit organizations as
well as multinational governments. This means it also has to deal with a wide range on transactions.
Due to the wide range of group that will be using e–authentications it is almost sure to say that there
will be privacy implications when sharing data within the Federal Government. For instance, users
log into a site using e–authentication they may enter a common identifier. This will lead to different
system linking together and soon to the creation of a profile for the user (Holden & Millett, 2005).
Private Impact Analysis. To try to stop the leakage of data and the incidental sharing of data the E–
Government Act of 2002 required federal agencies to conduct privacy impact analysis ("PIA") of
their information system. The PIAs looks at how data collected by the Federal Government is
handled. It observes whether the handling of data is compliant with federal regulations regarding
privacy. Moreover, it looks at the risk of taking in data, managing data, and disseminating data when
using their information system. Lastly, it allows agencies to look for improved methods of handling
data. These PIAs are helpful when converting paper based systems into electronic systems as well as
when making changes to an existing system. Furthermore, they should be conducted early in the life
of an information system to create a system that mitigates privacy concerns (Holden & Millett,

The Pros And Cons Of E-Government Worldwide
2.3 E–Government Worldwide
Residents of a country interact with their government in various ways, from paying taxes to
applying for a driving license. In Jersey, most of the government services are traditionally used
through interaction with a person at one of the government offices or through the post office. The
process involves a lot of paper work that requires manpower in order to process the documentation.
With people in the UK working an average of 39.2 hours per week, the time during Monday to
Friday is very limited and very valued. As there is a lot of inefficiency of paper based
communication with government agencies this can be seen as one of the main factors behind
implementation of e–government in many other countries.
Countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore the government need to reprioritise the e–government agenda. Utilising the information
already collated and the information available the points that need to be considered are as follows
for significant

E-Governance: the Present and the Future
1.0 What is E–Governance? eGovernance is about redefining the vision and scope of the entire
gamut of relationships between citizens and government. By doing so, it attempts to rework the
socio–political setting of our civilization. E–Government is the use of IT & communication
technologies, to deliver public services in a much more convenient, customer–oriented, cost–
effective and altogether different and better way. But it has to be noted that it is not all about
technology, but to use it as a facilitator to modify, and in turn make our processes better.
2.0 Prerequisites of eGovernance in India
Evolution of E–governance is a highly complex process requiring provision of hardware,
networking, and software and re–engineering of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It will involve better services to the citizens through single point delivery mechanism and will
involve areas like:
Targeted towards Avenues
Transports Issue of driving licenses, Vehicle registrations, pollution control, etc.
Registrations Property transfers & registrations
Education Various education schemes for distance & online learning
Certificates Issue of certificates, Passports, ration cards, payment of Bills, Taxes, etc.
Health and Medical Facilities National repository of patient health & Medical knowledge
The spirit behind G2C services will encompass all the services that the Government is delivering to
its citizens.
4.2 CONSUMER TO GOVERNMENT (C2G)
C2G will mainly constitute the areas where the citizen interacts with the Government. It will include
areas like election when citizens vote for the Government; Census where he provides information
about himself to the Government; taxation where he is paying taxes to the Government.
4.2.1 E–Democracy
The e–democracy is an effort to change the role of citizen from passive information giving to active
citizen involvement. In an e–democracy the Government will be informing the citizen, representing
the citizen, and encouraging the citizen to vote, consulting the citizen and engaging the citizen in

Disadvantages Of E-Administration
The reality of today's world is that ICTs have become an increasing feature in all spheres of our
lives be it private or public. The sphere of public administration has not escaped this reality, as the
adoption of ICTs in my view has been a creature of policy transfer from the private sector and
developed countries.
The notion of e–administration is rather expansive in its orientation and has often times been used
interchangeably throughout the literature with e–government. According to Radu and Pokowski
(2014) it "refers to any of a number of mechanisms which transform what in a traditional office are
paper processes into electronic processes in order to create paperless office". For other authors, it
implies the application of electronic media for the management of the internal public organization
(Ntulo and Otike, n.d.). In defining e–government Gordon (2002) cited by Signore, Chesi and
Pallotti (2005) defined the concept as the use of ICT to improve the process of government. Radu
and Pokowski (2014) contend that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The World Bank (2002) cited in Ntulo and Otike (n.d.) has outlined a number of benefits of e–
administration. Firstly, it empowers citizens to be active participants in the decision making process
through the gathering of information. Secondly, it can be argued that the process of information
gathering for the citizens and the public are condensed. Thirdly, it fosters greater responsiveness of
government departments and agencies given the fact that information on government activity is
freely available. Fourthly, the effective streamline and implementation of e–administration afford
greater opportunities for service delivery to clients and facilitate better interaction between business
and state actors. Finally, it affords greater levels of convenience to the public and empowers citizens
through access to

Raul E. Quesada. Professor Kennedy. Texas Government. 26
Raul E. Quesada
Professor Kennedy
Texas Government
26 February 2017
Word Count: 1718
The Texas Constitution
A constitution is consisted of four major functions that apply to constitutions all around the United
States. Separation of powers is one of the major functions which is the formality of the three
branches of government. The three branches of government are the legislative, judicial, and
executive branches. Each have their own appliance to the constitutions of the vast United States, and
each have their own influences as well to the different constitutions across the U.S. Another major
function of a constitution is the division of federal and state powers throughout the U.S. This
division of federal and state powers is usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Texas Government must remain in the confines of the Texas Constitution which ultimately
means to follow the four major functions. These four major functions define a constitution and its
meaning therefore leaving the Texas Government with the same predicament and views, due to the
same principles they both share within each other. Regardless of the sudden changes in current laws
and policies the Texas Constitution must remain with its natural basics that a constitution settles in.
Even though many of these policies effect the current Texas Constitution, there is at least one of
these policies that do not very well effect it in a large manner. The policy that least effects the Texas
Constitution is the separation of powers function where laws are made. The reasoning behind this is,
Texas's Constitution passes and applies different laws for its state unlike than other constitutions
around the country. The difference in lawmaking in a Texas Constitution and another constitution is
the process of the law and whether it is passed or accepted for the state itself. Laws always differ
between states and constitutions and it depends on the constitution to identify if it is accepted or
passed. Just like how Brandon Mulder states in his news information upon Texas, "Most of the
marijuana–related bills, however, are not poised to gain majority support in

The Implementation Of E Government
Analysis
As the largest developed country, The United States has the most advanced national e–government
infrastructure in the world. It also has a a long history and culture in democratic government
structures and the capitalist economic system. As a result, the US government has taken three
principles in the implementation of e–government strategy. First is a citizen–centered, rather than
bureaucracy–centered. The other two is results–oriented and market–based, actively promoting in–
novation (source: www.firstgov.gov). In short, the implementation strategy of e–government in the
US is market–based with the aim of serving and supporting citizens' specific requirements, which is
assessed by clear and specific results.
Policy environment is an important consideration in the United States, in order to understand the
strategy of e–government implementation. A complete set of laws related to the development of e–
government is already in place, including the Privacy Act, the Computer Matching and Privacy
Protection Act, the Electronic Freedom of Information Amendments, the Computer Security Act, the
Critical Infrastructure Protection, the Government Paperwork Elimination Act, and the Electronic
Government Act (Relyea, 2002).
However, if we take China as an example of developing countries, the first e–government
implementation project in China began in 1994. According to the 11th Report of the Statistic of
China National Network Development (RSCNND) by China National Network

Analysis: Should The Government Regulate E-Cigarettes
Should the government regulate E–cigarettes?E– Cigarettes are bad for you and cause harm to your
body. E–cigarettes can kill you or you child if the get ahold of the "juice." The E–cigarettes can last
up to 72 hours and with one cigarette it will only up to five minutes or shorter. Even though some
people may think that they are better for you but they are actually wrong the "Juice" makes
people/kids think that they are not harmful because of the name of what the "juice" is called. Almost
480,00 died because of cigarettes/ one regular cigarette.
E–Cigarette can cause harm especially to your lungs. The lungs are a important part of your body.
The lungs are a respiratory system allowing the oxygen in the air to be taken into the body, to get

Key Goals Of The Dissertation Essay
The main goal of the dissertation that is to collect data from appropriate sources was accomplished
by selecting the proper case studies and people surveyed. However, working in steps for achieving
the goal makes the task easier in collecting data. For examples, problems are analyzed first then all
the arrangements and correspondence were arranged with the people involved in data collection. In
addition to that, we have also considered several case studies of successful and unsuccessful
projects around the world in the diverse field, which involves e–governance whether in government
business or private ventures. This aided in appearing alternate points of view on the parts of e–
government hones. The specialist then investigated the execution and reported results on the
performance of these ventures in these nations. The second target was achieved by consider–ing
challenges confronted amid the implementation procedure of each of the administration ventures.
The specialist mostly determined the difficulties from the disappointment variables of the three
unsuccessful e–government ventures that were an understudy. The third goal was accomplished by
distinguishing and formatting the achievement elements for the very best venture (utilizing cross
case examination).
Investigation of the similarity and differences on achievement variables of the six ventures task was
made. The examination then considered the comparable achievement variables in deciding the basic
achievement

Disadvantages Of E Governance
E–Governance
The 'E' means Electronic (Information and Communication Technology). Governance means a
systematic process by which Public and Corporate Organizations are controlled.
E–Governance is the application of ICT in the Governance process with the aim to protect the
interest of different stakeholders.
E–government and innovation can provide significant opportunities to transform public
administration into an instrument of sustainable development. The strategic objective of E–
governance is to support and simplify governance of all parties – Government, Citizens and
Businesses. All the parties need to work as an interlinked team and are supported with social media
tools which ultimately results in Good Governance.
E–Governance involves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The strategic objective as mentioned (Heeks 2001) clearly demonstrates that social media can help
to achieve a Good Governance needed for overall economic development.
The objectives of e–governance are similar to the objectives of good governance. Good governance
can be seen as an exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to better manage
affairs of a country at all levels, national and local.
Types of E–Governance
E–governance can take place in different forms with a broader aim of improved governance through
improved transparency and disclosure.
Government to Government (G2G):
Governments use e–governance for better co–ordination and reporting, administrative functioning,
staff management between departments, organizations and back office operations for managing the
overall governance systems.
It improves operational efficiency for municipal agencies and helps in economies of cost. Gone are
the days when files used to move physically through a messenger for reviews and approvals.
In theory, there are currently four major levels of e–government in municipal governments:
The establishment of a secure and cooperative interaction among government

Implementation of E-Government in Malaysia
QUESTION 3
E–government refers to multi–dimensional communications that provide services to the public
through the use of information communication technology (ICT).
Discuss the rationale for implementing E–government in Malaysia. The implementation of
electronic government started since the initiation of Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) by the
Malaysian government. The status of e–government implementation in Malaysia is widely discussed
as to the potential of e–government implementation towards the public and businesses. The e–
government initiative launched the country into the Information Age. It will improve the
government operates internally as well as how it delivers services to the people of Malaysia. It seeks
to improve the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As one of the Multimedia Super Corridor Flagship Applications, the development and
implementation of the chip based Bankcard began in 2000 with the Malaysian Electronic Payment
System (1997) Sdn. Bhd. (MEPS) at the helm working together with domestic banking institutions.
Bank Negara Malaysia served as the lead agency whose primary function is to facilitate the
implementation. The Bankcard will spur the vision of promoting electronic payment in the country.
Initially the Bankcard will contain three payment applications namely: 1. ATM 2. E–Debit 3. MEPS
Cash
The use of Bankcard encourages cashless payment transaction for various sectors e.g. retail, vending
machines, car parks and transport and closed community to leverage on Bankcard to use MEPS
Cash as the mode of payment. It also encourages participation of business venture in undertaking
merchant acquiring business.
Under this initiative of implementing multiple payment applications onto a single smart card, the
domestic banking institutions pioneered the chip based electronic purse during the Commonwealth
Games (SUKOM) in September 1998. The full implementation of the PMPC project (ATM, e–Debit
and MEPS Cash) commenced in early 2001. In August 2002, several domestic banking institutions
began their pilot rollout by issuing the Bankcard to their staff and the public. On 28 February 2003,
the Bankcard was officially launched.
Smart School
The Smart School

Compare And Contrast The Rend And Lea Model
The Layne and Lee (2001) and UN and ASPA (2002) models have no big differences. Emerging and
enhanced stages of UN and ASPA model is similar to catalogue of the Layne and Lee model.
Interactive and Transactional stages has the similarities of the transaction stage of the Layne and
Lee model and the last model of UN and ASPA model covers the both of Vertical and Horizontal
integration. Schelin (2003) model has the attributes of the both models proposed by Layne & Lee
and UN & ASPA. Yildiz (2007) criticized that "such models may not be applicable to e–government
development in developing countries, because they have a chance to learn from the e–government
success and failures of developed countries".
Coursey and Norris (2008) noted that there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Governments start just publishing basic information and statistic and improve gradually up to
seamless delivery of government information and services, e–participation, e–democracy,
governmental transformation or some combination of above. But these models do not reveal that
how development occur and how long (time) it needs to complete stages. On the other hand, these
models do not tell how government overcomes the various barriers faced (financial, legal,
organizational, political, less usage etc.); further their findings posit that technology is not likely a
primary barrier to e–government, government gain experience. Organizational and political factors
are likely to significantly affect e–government application development, performance and adoption
(Coursey & Norris, 2008). The models assume that governments will increasingly adopt e–
government. But it is obvious that technology adoption will not occur sans barriers (money, staff,
infrastructure, trust, culture and others). Different governments have different problems, for instance
money will be a barrier to a small government but it will not be a problem to a wealthy government.
Hence, present study will not pay more attention regarding these development stages/phases which
form models. Accordingly, technology adoption and acceptance theories and critical factors which
address the ongoing

The Implementation And Survey Anal Ysis Essay
In this chapter, I will analyze and interpret results of the implementation and survey anal–ysis done
in the previous section. In view of the current speculations, this study tried a few hypotheses
identified with the definition of e–governance, hindrances and effectively execution.
All the more particularly, concerning all examination addresses most of the discoveries for this
study upheld the existing writing. The hugest finding was the significance of change in utilization of
ICT to diminish advanced contrasts, to decrease defilement and to enhance the standard of living of
the general population.
This concentrate likewise highlighted the significance of comprehension the restrictions of creating
nations to actualize e–government. This study gives an establishment from which encourage studies
might be directed.
As to the meaning of e–governance a few likenesses and dissimilarities were found of the cases
studied and the responses analyzed, which are presently examined. Both case studies specified that
all around the use of classified information and communication technologies (ICT) bolster e–
governance to provide services to the citizens.
They additionally reflected that information and communication technologies (ICT) builds and
improves the efficiency and accountability of the staff in departments where these services have
been used. E–governance and information and communication technolo–gies (ICT), upgrades the
viability of e–governance.
Every one of these findings

Technology Has Changed Bureaucracy Reform
According to Jane Fountain, e–government or the governing with the use of technology has changed
bureaucracy reform. She looks at the changes over the course of two presidencies one the Clinton
Administration in the 1990's and the other the Bush Administration in the 2000's, as well as the state
level. The Clinton Administration occurred at the same time as the expansion of the internet and the
World Wide Web. With this administration came additional reforms, such as virtual agencies. These
allowed citizens more access to information, visibility on what was going on in government and
increased interaction with government agencies. These new innovation, such as paying your taxes
with a credit card online and online customer service, lead

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Electronic Governance
E–Governance or electronic governance is the use of technology in order to have a better
relationship with the customers (citizens of the nation). It uses information and communication
technology (ICT) to build up their capacities to provide improved access to information about the
working of the government to the citizens. In simple words, it is the medium through which easy
communication can take place between the government and the citizens of an economy through
internet, mobiles, local area network etc. It is very important for citizens to be up–to–date about the
latest rules and regulations and changes that take place. It is basically the use of ICT by different
sectors of the economy with the motive of public participation in the decision ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
 Citizen awareness.
 Reduced corruption and other malpractices.
 Improved efficiency due to citizen awareness.
 Easy accessibility.
 Creation of jobs for the better implementation of this sector.
 Faster and better planning by the businesses by being aware of the updated government rules.
 Availability of authentic statistical date for planning and forecasting.
 People have become more punctual in paying off their fines as they don't have to wait for hours in
queues.
Disadvantages of E–Governance
 Government cannot assume that all the people in a nation have access to internet or are literate
enough to use technology, which in some cases can be a big drawback if a large section of the
economy does not have the ability to access the initiatives under E– governance.
 Lack of privacy for the government due to increased transparency.
 System incapability and internet downtown.
 Takes time and money for the design and implementation.
COMPONENTS OF E–GOVERNANCE
 Technological component with Electronic dimension.
 Social component with Egalitarian dimension.
 Cultural component with Ethical dimension.
 Political component with Enactment dimension.
 Service component with Empowerment

Recent Developments Of Public Administration
Recent Developments in Public Administration
Introduction
The role of public administration has changed over time. Public administration is a very broad field
where public management and public policy are the aspects of governance. Changes are often seen
in the field of public administration like technological, political, and globalization are factors that
opens a new direction for change. Recent changes in the field of public administration include E–
governmental and technological change and globalization, which leads us to some future
innovations in the field of public administration. This paper will also discuss some new challenges
facing public administrators. In conclusion it provides ways to overcome challenges, and cope up
with recent changes and developments in the field of public administration.
Important changes/issues
E–government and Technological change (cyber security)
In simple terms, when we talk about e–government, we mean the easy accessibility to serve citizens
with the use of technology. Technology has advanced in many shapes and form, which has opened
the doors for the government to respond to citizens in a timely manner. For citizens, they can make
the use of services provided online to save time and money. For example, Motor Vehicle
Administration, where citizens can renew and apply for new driver's license and pay online with the
help of advanced technology.
There are more collaborative efforts being used between private and public organizations

Edward Estlin's The Enormous Room
Of course, every poet has their beginnings. Edward Estlin's life began on the 14th of October in
1984 in Cambridge, Massachusetts to well–educated and liberal parents, and Rebecca Haswell
Clark. The biggest influence that Cummings had as a child was from his mother, who always
encouraged him to write poetry and she helped ingrain into him a love for literature too. Cummings
went to Harvard Later after graduating from Harvard he volunteered to serve in France in the
Norton–Harjes Ambulance group where he was later imprisoned for suspicion of treason because of
the letters he wrote that were suspected of espionage and treason. During his jail time, he writes an
autobiographical novel, The Enormous Room which was published in 1922. His father

Case Analysis: Case: E-Government In Mexico
. Case: E–Government in Mexico
3.1. General Situation
Although Mexico encompasses a big territory (15th largest worldwide), the population distribution
of 124 million (11th biggest worldwide) is very irregular throughout the state (Mendoza, 2010, p.
45; US Government, n.d.). Mexico is constituted as a federal republic with a democratic
representative government (OECD, 2005, p. 23). In economic terms, Mexico is classified as an
emerging economy that has implemented strong economic and political reforms in the last 30 years,
but still exhibits strong social inequality and a high income inequality (Bonina, 2012, p. 25;
DePersio, 2015). Added to this, Mexico is also battling corruption by improving government
transparency and increasing anti–corruption efforts (OECD, 2005, p. 15). Furthermore, Mexico is
undergoing a process of modernisation reforms in the public administration in which E–government
plays a major role (Bonina, 2012, p. 31). However, due to a lack of sufficient technological
infrastructure within the country, a deficient technological education, low wages for most people,
and a great digital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Improvement efforts should be primarily focused on fighting the digital divide in the population to
achieve more digital inclusion. This would not only reduce social inequality, but would also increase
the efficiency of E–government overall, since more people would be able to access its services
online. Other efforts should be directed towards improving legal, regulatory and budgetary
inflexibility in their framework to facilitate the further implementation of E–government
applications. New laws on how to protect and secure data must be constituted to ensure the viability
of E–government in the future. Lastly, the empowerment of the citizens should be addressed more
directly and attributed a higher priority. Ultimately, E–government should lead to the empowerment
of citizens in all branches of public

Evolution of E-Governance in India
THE ROLE OF ONE STOP GOVERNMENT PORTAL IN E–GOVERNANCE OF INDIA
Abstract
This paper on One Stop Government Portal starts with the need for deviation from conventional
method of offering govt. services physically to offering it virtually. It talks about the consequences
of introduction of e–governance with reference to one–stop govt. portals in India and the way
people perceived its services. It also mentions the way in which these services can be enhanced in
order to reach the maximum people effectively. Further, the one stop government portals can be
used as a platform to develop Unique Id system for the citizens of India. Thus, the paper throws
light on an era of internet that attempted to change the government services in a country ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main objective was to avoid the rework performed by Indian citizen to stand in queues just for
getting an application form. This was a vexing situation for both the govt. officials and citizens of
India. The work would be easier and life would be better if this application form was made available
on internet. This provided a start–up idea for the concept of govt. portals in the country. Although,
other objectives were also defined but the
2. The real usage: These services were meant to ease the pressure off the citizens of India. However,
there was a difference in a way majority of people perceived these services. For many, it was just a
new technology which they felt was far beyond their reach. For some, the security feature was
hindering in the process of taking initiative to use the e–governance services. There were also issues
regarding literacy, although the portals were meant to be multi–lingual, the initial services were
launched in English which was a major factor for not reaching many citizens in India. Hence all
these factors led to decline in the numbers expected to use the e–governance services in India.
3. THE BACKBONE: THE ONE STOP PORTAL INITIATIVES IN INDIA
1. India, like other countries also started adopting the mega e–governance projects with reference to
one platform solution. The Government approved the National

Ict And The New Public Management Principles Long Term Action
With the coming of information era, people has changed their lifestyle by using Internet and
communication technology. ICT has made the process of providing health services, transport
system, dealing with governance issue and delivering information in an efficiency way. First and
foremost, since the1980s, the liberalization and privatization of transport services has been fiercely
discussed in many European countries and concluded with new combinations of public–private
arrangements(Weber et al., 2014).this contribution of diminish role in public sector is from the New
Public Management principles long term action. Since more than twenty years we can observe a
shift in the European that a stronger part now private sector provided in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Secondly, in the health services, information used commonly online with register, making an
appointment and searching for the general symptom. Using national health services in UK, much
more easier to get access with the doctor and no need to queue in a long line. According to Datta
(2011), Four in five Internet users search the Web for health information. With the convenience of
IT brings, patients can known how the pain caused and which medicine can choose. However, Datta
(2011) also claims that health information online is also faced with to varying levels, incomplete,
incorrect, oversimplified, and misleading.
Last but the most important part is that ICT brings efficiency to governance and may also led to an
IT revolution in not only public services but also government. Automation makes massive work
done by computers which released human beings from simple work. IT system is critical for
contemporary government organizations. According to Dunleavy (2006,p.10), there are four main
causes:
'The importance of initially paper–based and later electronic information systems in constituting
modern bureaucracies as a socio–technical system;
The impact of IT on the organizational structure of 'machine bureaucracies' especially;
The pervasive importance of IT for the contemporary tasks of government;
Why most policy changes and public management reforms now focus in their timing and scope on
shifts in IT and information

The Impact Of Modern Technology On Modern Public Sector
The government 's ability to provide it makes it ultimately more reliable and trustworthy.
The second, it is gaining access to an information, which increases the transparency of the
government and brings a positive message to the public, contributing to increase mutual trust; and
the third, but certainly an important aspect, is the involvement of the public in a dialogue. In my
opinion, participation is the key to the Government's credibility. The question is, if all these
possibilities provided by the modern technology are equally effectively utilized in the modern public
sector?
Welch, Hinnant, and Moon (2005) express the concern about the one way dissemination of
information by E–Governments, instead of encouraging the dialog with the public. However they
argue that there could be a variety of reasonable explanations of this one–way approach. Some of
them: technology is not developed yet enough to provide convenient to–ways interaction; it can
increase the workload on planning and requires a lot of structural and organizational changes, which
can take more time to adjust, they also suggest that "it may be that managers are correct: citizens
want ease of service and information first and interaction second". (p. 387) Thus the first stage of E–
Government implementation was focused on the convenient services' delivery. And Government had
succeeded in making a lot of interaction accessible and comfortable for citizens, which certainly
contribute to its efficiency and may

Information Security Policies
1. Introduction
Public sector always play a major role in the development and growth of the economic mostly in the
developing nations, but when modern facilities like information and communication technologies
(ICT), are applied it will improve the public sector greatly and contributes to better services
processes that can address citizens as well as government services. Also, information technology
(IT) has become a real force in the process of transforming our social, economic and political life's,
there is little chance for nations or regions to progress without the incorporation of information
technology. Furthermore, corporate governance deal with different people who are united as one
entity with the power and authority to direct, control and rule organization.(Ruin,2001).
Obviously, information system in Zanzibar and most developing nations like Kenya are facing
serious challenges. These include: government policy, non–availability of fund, inadequate
infrastructure and inadequate skill.
1.1 GOVERNMENT POLICY
Information security policy is challenging in non–industrialize nations because of mismatch
between the current and the future system owing to the huge gap in physical, cultural, economic and
different other contexts between the software designer and the place the system is being
implemented. (Heeks,2002).
Also, documentation policy is a problem, because many factors which could allow individuals to
access the services effectively is not recognized, that is, the

Estonia 's Voluntary Cg Recommendations
Estonia's voluntary CG recommendations suggests that atleast half of the supervisory board
members should be independent. State–owned enterprise (SOE) board members are selected
through non–centralised process with members of the supervisory board nominations split between
Ministry of finance and ministry having the ownership rights. The law in Estonia calls for maximum
5 and 3 year terms for supervisory and management boards for both public listed companies and
SOE. In Estonia, good corporate governance is promoted with a mix of both legal and institutional
mechanisms. The Commercial Code (CC) has been the primary legislative piece for corporate
governance in Estonia which has been amended on several occasions since its adoption way back in
1995.Estonian Financial Supervision Authority (FSA) exercises the main regulatory and
enforcement powers for the listed companies. FSA has autonomous competence and a separate
budget though it is an agency of the Bank of Estonia. FSA was brought into existence as a result of
the Financial Supervision Authority Act in 2001. FSA has two boards – supervisory and
management board and the functions are similar to the ones listed above. Estonia published its first
voluntary CG code whose main function is to enhance corporate governance and transparency
through improved reporting systems by listed companies.
With this under–development by its side, newly formed government took a bold decision with a
technology focused future throwing the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of E-Payment In Nigeria
E–PAYMENT; CHALLENGES AND EXPECTATIONS IN NIGERIA PUBLIC SECTOR
INTRODUTION
Trade generally involves the exchange of goods and services for corresponding abstract value like
money. [1] Money is been used as an abstract way to represent value and a system for making
payments. Development brought about new abstract ways to represent value, [2] this progressive
trend started from the barter through bank notes, payment order, cheques and later on credit cards
which climaxed to the electronic payment system. A payment system is one used for the transfer of
money. The emergence of computers and information systems brought about other alternate
electronic payment systems such as debit cards, credit cards, Internet banking and e–commerce
payments. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various risks associated with carrying huge sum of money, such as threat from armed robbers, fraud,
thefts and others.
Improves the quality of financial reporting system in the public sector.
Realization of an economy with a more efficient financial transaction system by government. Types
Of e–Payment
Dankwambo [3] identified that there are two types of e–Payment in the Nigerian context, which
includes:
1.End–to–End Processing Here, all the processes from approvals to the receipt of value by the
beneficiary are completed electronically.
2.Manual e–Payment or use of Mandate. It is the combination of manual and electronic process
where the infrastructures present cannot support the End–to–End processing. Challenges of e–
Payment in Nigeria.
The glitches militating against e–Payment as registered by Sumanjeet [4] mostly rotate around.
Integrity: to determine that transmitted financial information is unaltered in transit.
Non–repudiation: to determine that each party has a non– deniable evidence of receipt.
Confidentially: to ascertain that transactions are safeguarded from potential

Analysis Of Plato's Democratic Government
It is interesting to demonstrate components and elements of Plato's idea of a Democratic
government. Plato's democracy was a governement for the people because all were welcome to
participate, if interested. The government's structure was split into groups including the ekklesia,
boule, etc. Today, I am a part of the National Society of Collegiate Scholars (NSCS), and
organization here at Temple University. NSCS demonstrates some of the components found in
Plato's democratic government. This paper will examine the connection between Plato's Democratic
government and the NSCS and at Temple.
Plato describes the structural shift from Oligarchy to democracy and NSCS demonstrates that
structural shift ever since I became the president. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The structure includes and Ekklesia and a boule. The Ekklesia also known as the assembly are the
individuals interested in participating. The boule is the selected group who decides what is being
discussed. In NSCS, the general members would be Plato's Ekklesia and the E–board would be the
boule. Because we decide what is discussed in our general body meetings. Every other week, myself
and the E–board get together and discuss upcoming events, meetings, and volunteering. At the
actual general body meetings, we discuss the topics we've selected beforehand and open the floor
for anyone to speak. The member has numerous opportunities to voice their opinions and
suggestions.
Finally, freedom of speech is an important aspect within the democratic government and in NSCS it
is also important. The democratic government is for the people so it only makes sense that the
people have the freedom to express themselves. According to Plato, "Freedom: Surely you'd hear a
democratic city say that this is the finest thing it has, so that as a result it is the only city worth
living in for someone c who is by nature free" (562 c–d). Freedom is considered a privilege to some
individuals because not everyone has the freedom of speech. Moreover, it is important for them to

Essay about The Role of Humanism in the Poems of E.E....
It can be said that poetry is very much like its poet, seeing as they both contain two different sides:
one that is seen while taking your very first glance and another that can only be unearthed and
understood through the study of its underlying influences. So it is not unusual that in order to gain a
complete and comprehensive outlook on a poem, one must first study nonfiction sources to see the
motivation and purpose behind each chosen word. E.E. Cumming's works, a notable World War I
era poet of the modernist movement, were heavily affected by the hatred and atrocities of warfare,
which is seen in the way that his resentment towards humanity grows within this period, and thusly
reflects in the poems he created around this time. One of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
What gives the largest intimation as to the complete message of Cummings' poem is the clearly
evident satirical tone that Cummings' often uses when the subject matter of his poem is something
that disgusts him. Cummings' writes,
Humanity i love you/ because you would rather black the boots of/ success than enquire whose soul
dangles from his/ watch–chain which would be embarrassing for both/ parties... (Cummings 1–5)
Here, Cummings' basically, with much added sarcasm, says he loves how humanity would rather
shine and maintain a rich aristocrat's shoes rather than think of the many commoners who are under
his beck and call. Such a habit of subjecting a person to the members of the higher class is not an
action deserving praise, which outlines the use of satire within this first example Cummings uses.
Cummings continues in another stanza with the use of his sardonic speech. "Humanity i love you
because/ when you're hard up you pawn your/ intelligence to buy a drink ..." (Cummings 9–11).
Such a statement chastises humanity for degrading themselves to drinking and defiling their
intelligence when they are having a hard time, which further contradicts the "Humanity i love
you..." he uses to begin each statement. Both these devices of using capitalization for emphasis of
the word "Humanity" and of the cynical tone depicted in the word choice both make up the theme of
this poem: that ultimately, the fortunate are irreverent and that society's

Public Sector Reform Around The World
In recent times, there has been a new proclivity towards public sector reform around the world
primarily driven by citizens, who are placing new demands on their governments for quality,
efficiency, accountability, transparency and better service delivery. Today, globally, the success of
any government is increasingly benchmarked based on social inclusion and citizens' participation in
governance.
Advances in recent years have created an unprecedented case for change in the ways in which
public services work. There is a greater focus on effectiveness, efficiency and accountability and far
more demanding citizens who expect an increasingly high level of service delivery, comparable to
what they get from the private sector. At the same time, in a climate of budgetary pressures and, in
the drive for greater efficiency, government organizations are expected to do more for less.
Traditional government, originally built on principles of the industrial society is no longer able to
face all the complex demands and problems of the information society, with the trends towards
decentralisation and intertwining activities [8].
On the other hand, basic values, such as integrity, legitimacy and accountability remain important.
Governments are expected to adhere to core values, such as protection of civil and political rights,
equal opportunities and equal treatment for all [35]. The principles of good governance [36] –
openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and

Digital India
DIGITAL INDIA
Digital India
A programme to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy
DIGITAL INDIA
What is Digital India?




Digital India is a Programme to prepare India for a knowledge future.
The focus is on being transformative – to realize IT + IT = IT
The focus is on making technology central to enabling change.
It is an Umbrella Programme – covering many departments.
 It weaves together a large number of ideas and thoughts into a single, comprehensive vision so
that each of them is seen as part of a larger goal.
 Each individual element stands on its own. But is also part of the larger picture.
 It is coordinated by DeitY, implemented by the entire government.
 The weaving together makes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
services to all GPs
This should be long term vision for POs
DIGITAL INDIA
Pillar 4. e–Governance: Reforming Government through Technology

Government Business Process Re–engineering using IT to improve transactions Form
Simplification, reduction
Online applications and tracking, Interface between departments

Use of online repositories e.g. school certificates, voter ID cards, etc.
Integration of services and platforms – UIDAI, Payment Gateway, Mobile Platform, EDI
 Electronic Databases – all databases and information to be electronic, not manual
 Workflow automation inside government
 Public Grievance Redressal – using IT to automate, respond, analyse data to identify and resolve
persistent problems – largely process improvements
 To be implemented across government – critical for transformation.
DIGITAL INDIA
Pillar 5. eKranti – Electronic Delivery of Services
 Technology for Education – e–Education  Technology for Farmers
Real time price information
All Schools connected with broadband
Online ordering of inputs
Free wifi in all schools (250,000)
Online cash, loan, relief payment with mobile
Digital Literacy program banking MOOCs – develop pilot Massive Online Open
Courses
 Technology for Health – e–Healthcare
Online medical consultation
Online medical records
Online medicine supply
Pan–India exchange for patient

Pros And Cons Of E-Government System
III. R
ESULTS
/F
INDINGS
A total of 2 wards were visited and a survey or research was conducted with the citizens and the
responsible authorities
3
in the counselor ofce. These wards consisted of ward no 23 and 41. On the visit to the wards, it was
learned that the existing systems had some aws in them. The citizens had to face problems regarding
simple queries they wanted to know the solution to. The interaction between the query servicing
authority and the normal citizen was not efcient. No direct access to information was given to the
citizens. Complaint servicing was manual which led to an unnecessary overhead in the counselor
ofce staff as people had to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
V. C
ONCLUSION
In this paper, concepts of e–governance, communication mechanism, grievance redressing have
been discussed. This paper discusses about the pros and cons of e–governance implemented at
ward–level.
This may put a positive impact on the society. And may help in attacking the cons of the existing e–
government system. By implementing a system that would be able to deal with such cons effectively
would be benecial.
As everything is digital and online, it is most probable that the system might fall victim to phishing
and hacking attacks.
Frauds and cyber attacks might occur frequently if the security is breached.
As the whole system is online, you can have access to the system from anywhere, and anytime.
This paper implies the need of designing a system which would be efcient and capable of dealing
with the cons of the existing systems. By implementing such a system, it would ease the process of
e–governance. By putting such an interactive system online it would also be benecial for a citizen
by reducing overhead. Also, automation of

ICT Role in E-Government Implementation in Zimbabwe

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