e-Government and e-Governance

Master of Development Management
DM 218 Information Technology Management

ASEAN’s e-Readiness
Are We Ready for the Networked World?
As part of its efforts to prepare the states
of Southeast Asia for the information age and
competitively position them in the global new
economy, the ten-member Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) launched
the ASEAN e-Readiness Survey
Digital Philippines
www.digitalphilippines.org April 2002

Digital Philippines
www.digitalphilippines.org April 2002

The initiatives of government agencies and
departments to use ICT tools and
applications, Internet and mobile devices to
support good governance, strengthen
existing relationships and build new
partnerships within civil society, are known as
eGovernment initiatives. As with e-
commerce, eGovernment represents the
introduction of a great wave of technological
innovation as well as government reinvention.
(Graham and Aurigi, 1997).
Valentina (Dardha) Ndou (2004) University of Shkoder, Albania

eGoverrnment represents a tremendous
impetus to move forward in the 21st
century with higher quality, cost effective
government services and a better
relationship between citizens and
government (Fang, 2002).

Many government agencies in
developed countries have taken
progressive steps toward the web and ICT
use, adding coherence to all local activities
on the Internet, widening local access and
skills, opening up interactive services for
local debates, and increasing the
participation of citizens on promotion and
management of the territory (Graham and
Aurigi, 1997).

In recent decades researches are focused on
conceptualization of e-Government and
e-Governance concepts. In the dynamic and
customer-oriented culture, the traditional public
services do not meet the consumers’ demands;
the government institutions are bureaucratic and
therefore often inefficient. The benefits of
technological innovations allow overcoming the
inefficiency, to achieve optimal governance
results, providing new opportunities for NGO,
businesses and public institutions interaction,
governance transparency, clearer decision-
making.
Diana Saparniene (2013) Siauliai University, Lithuania

e-Government and e-governance are the
strategic aims of public governance
modernization clearly reflected in today's
public administration reforms. Information
Communication Technologies (ICT) in
nowadays is of great importance in all facets
of Public administration. e-Government and
e-Governance has become an integral part of
public administration reforms around the
world.

e-Government
Restricted Use
Paradigm Shifts in the Public Sector

The advent of the Internet, digital
connectivity, the explosion and use of e-
commerce and ebusiness models in the
private sector are pressuring the public sector
to rethink hierarchical, bureaucratic
organizational models. Customers, citizens
and businesses are faced every day with new
innovative e-business and e-Commerce
models implemented by the private sector and
made possible by ICT tools and applications,
are requiring the same from governmental
organizations.

Osborne and Gaebler (1992) referred to
citizens as customers for governments, since
governments need to empower rather than
serve, to shift from hierarchy to teamwork and
participation, to be mission oriented and
customer focused, and to focus on prevention
rather than cure. Governments worldwide are
faced with the challenge of transformation and
the need to modernize administrative practices
and management systems (Tapscott, 1996).
Recently, the public sector has began to
recognize the potential opportunities offered by
ICT

What is e-Government?
“The use by the Government of web-based
Internet applications and other information
technologies, combined with processes that
implement these technologies, to:
a) enhance the access to and delivery of
Government information and services to the
public, other agencies, and other
Government entities or
b) bring about improvements in Government
operations that may include effectiveness,
efficiency, service quality, or transformation;”
(US 2002 E-Government Act [U.S. Congress, 2002].)

“e-Government refers to the use by government
agencies of information technologies that have the ability to
transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other
arms of government.
These technologies can serve a variety of different
ends:
a.better delivery of government services to citizens
b.improved interactions with business and industry
c.citizen empowerment through access to information,
or more efficient government management.
The resulting benefits can be less corruption, increased
transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, and/or
cost reductions”
(World Bank, 2004; AOEMA Report)

e-Government emerged as a concept and
practice in the 1990s, in documents – in 1993.
It was US document National Performance
Review by Al Gore under the Clinton
administration (M. Yildiz, 2007). Nowadays
mostly used e-Government conception is
defined by the OECD as “the use of
information and communications technologies,
and particularly the Internet, to achieve better
government” (The e-Government Imperative,
2003).

This definition focuses attention on why countries
are implementing e-government rather than on the
ICT tools themselves. The e-government goes
beyond the simple exercise of putting information and
services online, and can be used as a powerful
instrument to transform the structures, process and
culture of government and make it more efficient and
user-oriented. There are three main domains of e-
Government: a) Improving government processes b)
Connecting citizens c) Orientation to stimulation of
economy E-government’s initiatives are focused on
electronic public services
e-Government

e-Government
• e-Government is a narrower discipline dealing with
the development of online government services to the
citizen and businesses such as e-tax, e-
transportation, e-procurement, e-participation
amongst others.
• e-Government is the transformation of internal and
external public sector relationships, through
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in
order to optimize government service delivery and
citizen participation. Digital society is a society or
community that is well advanced in the adoption and
integration of digital technology into daily life at home,
work and play.
Rupak Chakravarty (2015) Pajab University

Although implementation of e-
government helps to create new, more
effective governance and administrative
processes, e-Government does not solve
the problems of corruption and
inefficiency, does not provide effective
and accountable governance. It is clear
that e-government cannot be seen as
traditional government based on the use
of ICT in its activities.

Principles of e-Government
When supported by an effective e-
governance institutional framework, it will
improve the internal workings of the public
sector by:
 reducing financial costs and transaction times
so as to better integrate workflows and
processes
enable effective resource utilization across
the public sector agencies aiming for
sustainable solutions
United Nations E-Government Survey 2012

The United Nations e-Government
Survey 2012 explores the inter-linkages
between e-Government and sustainable
development efforts. While presenting e-
Government development rankings for
2012 it analyses how governments of the
world are employing e-Government
policies and programmes to support
efficiency, effectiveness and inclusiveness
as the parameters of sustainable
development efforts worldwide.

Assessing the global e-Government
development through the initiative
“Benchmarking e-Government: Assessing
the United Nations Member States” in
2001. Since then, there has been
increasing evidence through public policy
formulation and implementation that e-
Government, among others, has played an
effective enabling role in advancing
national development.

• Very High EGDI (More than 0.75)
• High EGDI (Between 0.50 and 0.75)
• Middle EGDI (Between 0.25 and 0.50)
• Low EGDI (Less than 0.25)
World e-Government Rankings

With an average of 0.8368, the
top 25 countries are far ahead
of the rest of the world (world
average of 0.4721). One of the
primary factors contributing to
a high level of e-government
development is concurrent
past and present investment in
telecommunication, human
capital and provision of online
services.
The Republic of Korea
has retained the top
spot in 2014 with its
continued leadership
and focus on e-
Government innovation.
Australia (2nd) and
Singapore (3rd) have
both improved their
rankings considerably
over their 2012
performance.
very high EGDI” with index values in
the range of 0.75 to 1.00

• Some 62 countries (32 per cent) falls in the
middle range, with ranked as high-EGDI (between
0.5 and 0.75).
• There is a considerable opportunity for countries
with high-EGDI and middle EGDI to continue to
advance their e-government development. With
clear strategies, smart investment in ICT
infrastructure, continued investment in primary,
secondary and tertiary education, as well as
through radical transformation in offering online
public services, governments can achieve more to
follow the upward trend.

Keywords in e-Government
o Better processes and systems aimed at more
efficiency, effectiveness, inclusion and sustainability
oInclusiveness as parameters of sustainable
development efforts worldwide
o Social equity and inclusion possible if institutional
barriers to citizen inclusion are removed and
opportunities for their participation through ICTs are
equitably distributed
United Nations E-Government Survey 2012

Important Dimensions of e-Government
1. Scope and Quality of Online Services
based on the 4 stages of E-Gov i.e. emerging presence,
enhanced presence, transactional presence and
connected presence
2. Development Status of Telecommunication
Infrastructure
estimated internet users, number of mobile subscribers,
number of fixed internet subscription, number of fixed
broadband facilities
3. Inherent Human Capital
adult literacy rate, combined primary, secondary and
tertiary gross enrolment ration

• 74 countries (38 per cent) ranked as
middle-EGDI (between 0.25 and 0.5)
• e-government services are increasingly
delivered through mobile devices.
middle-EGDI (between 0.25 and 0.5)

State of e-Government
in the Philippines
• UN Report 2012
– Moved 10 steps down in the world ranking from 78th in
2010 to 88th in 2012
– Rank 5th among South East Asian countries
– Lower in all 5 parameters (e-participation, e-Government,
human capital, online service and infrastructure) compared
to Singapore and all parameters of Malaysia except for
human capital
– As compared to other regional countries, the Philippines is
higher in e-Government, human capital, online service but
lower in e-participation and infrastructure
• UN Report 2015
- middle-EGDI (between 0.25 and 0.5)

low-EGDI (less than 0.25),
consists of 32 countries
The Limitations in ICT infrastructure and
human capacity pose the greatest challenge,
particularly in low-EGDI countries with
constraints of public resources. In low-EGDI
countries, there is a shift towards
intermediary channels, such as kiosks and
postal offices, having bigger roles in
facilitating access and driving usage of e-
government services to disadvantaged and
vulnerable groups

• Low adult literacy rates in some middle-
EGDI and low-EGDI countries, coupled
with little education or low average years
of schooling, pose a challenge that will
prevent these countries from making
significant advancements in eGovernment
development.

• The indicators of the e-Government
development index has led to a world
average of 0.4721 (2015) as compared to
0.4406 in 2010. This show that countries
in general have improved their online
service delivery to cater to citizens’ needs.

e-Government
eGovernment is measured in terms of: 1)
government effectiveness in promoting the
use of ICTs; 2) availability of online
government services; 3) extent of
Government websites, and, 4) business
Internet-based transactions with
government. Singapore is the global leader
in e-Government with Estonia in fifth place
(see Table 3). Hong Kong and Taiwan are
tied at seventh place and the US is tied
with Denmark at ninth overall. India is at
33rd, ahead of 5 other ASEAN countries in
the study. Among ASEAN countries, the
Philippines is ranked 57th behind Thailand
(41st) and Malaysia (45th), and ahead of
Indonesia (62nd) and Vietnam (65th).
www.digitalphilippines.org

In the ASEAN study, Thailand and the Philippines are ranked
similarly given their similar levels in PC and Internet penetration in
government, the use of Internet for providing citizen services, internal
work processing and ecommerce development. Upon closer inspection
of the rankings of Thailand and the Philippines in the various studies, it
can be inferred that Thailand’s internal ICT e-government infrastructure
is better evolved. But the Philippines has implemented more Frontline e-
Government websites.
www.digitalphilippines.org

Philippines is 95th in UN e-Government
Survey 2014
In the recent e-Government survey of the
United Nations among its 193 member countries,
South Korea ranked number 1 with best initiatives
specifically on online public service delivery, e-
participation of its constituents, collaborative
governance, mobile delivery, digital inclusion and
open government data.
Philippines is not lagging behind as it ranked
95th among these countries worldwide with best e-
government initiatives and 54th in terms of citizen
participation

Philippine e-Government Master Plan
Objective
Build a blueprint of the future e-Government
Master Plan that will lead to the innovation of
government work processes, better public
service to both business and citizens and
promote citizen participation
Subject
Infrastructure, G2G, G2C, G2B
Time Period
2013-2016
Budgetary Requirements
$266.840 M

Taxonomy of e-Government
G2E Government to Employees
G2G Government to Government
G2B Government to Business
G2C (Government to Citizen)

The implementation of e-government
lasting for several decades has resulted in
changes in public sector functions, in relations
between the government and the citizens, and
in every citizen’s conception of the different
role of government in society. T. A. Ho (2002,
p.) described e-government as a "paradigm
shift ... transformation in the government’s
philosophy and organization”, as a leap from
e-government to e-governance (D. Petrakaki,
2010).

• e-Governance is generally considered as
a wider concept than e-government, since
it can bring about a change in the way
citizens relate to governments and to each
other.
• e-Governance can bring forth new
concepts of citizenship, both in terms of
citizen needs and responsibilities. Its
objective is to engage, enable and
empower the citizen.”

What is e-Governance?
e-Governance is the public sector’s
use of information and communication
technologies with the aim of improving
information and service delivery,
encouraging citizen participation in the
decision-making process and making
government more accountable,
transparent and effective.
UNESCO (www.unesco.org)

More attention is being paid to analyzing the
concept of e-Governance is the implementation of
Good Governance principles, (transparency,
openness, accountability, and the ability to
interact with participants, etc.), putting less
emphasis on the traditional concept of e-
Government, or sometimes merging the
boundaries between e-Government and e-
Governance. This is determined by increased
government attention to the expression of
democratic processes, external relations of
governance, and new forms of organization

e-Governance
• e-Governance is a broader topic that deals
with the whole spectrum of the relationship
and networks within government regarding
the usage and application of ICT.
• e-Governance is the development,
deployment and enforcement of the
policies, laws and regulations necessary to
support the functioning of a Knowledge
Society as well as of e-Government
Rupak Chakravarty (2015) Pajab University

"e-Governance is the use of information
and communication technologies in public
administration in order to improve the
information and public service,
encouraging the citizens’ participation in
the decision-making processes and
making the government more accountable,
transparent and effective" (L. Budd, L.
Harris, 2009).

UNESCO (2007) stated the following
objectives of e-Governance:
a) to improve the internal organizational
processes of the government;
b) to provide information and services better;
c) to increase the government’s transparency in
order to prevent corruption;
d) to reinforce political reliability and
accountability; e)to promote democratic
activity through public participation and
consultation

The Philippines has recently identified five
key reform packages where information and
communications technology (ICT) will play a
key role: job creation through economic
growth, anti-corruption through good
government, social justice and basic needs,
education and youth opportunity, and energy
independence and savings (Patricio, 2004)
Introducing e-Governance
in the Philippines
Vicente D. Mariano (2006) University of the Philippines, Philippines

e-LGU Project
E-LGU aims to enable LGUs to use ICT in
their operations to provide better public service.
The of bringing e-governance into the Project
LGUs, has six components:
1. LGU-IT Resources and E-Governance
Readiness Survey (LGU-IT Resources, 2004);
2. Electronic Governance Seminar for LGU
Executives (Electronic Governance Seminar,
2004);
3. Information Systems Development Planning
(Information Systems, 2004).

4. Formulation of Data Standards for Local
Governance (Data Standards, 2004);
5. Establishment of LGU Web Presence
(Web Presence, 2004); and
6. Application Systems Installation and
Users Training (Application Systems,
2004

e-Participation
e-Participation is the generally accepted term
referring to "ICT-supported participation in
processes involved in government and
governance". The processes may refer to all
types of public services and policy decision
making. For United Nations Public Administration
Network (UNPAN) is the promotion of the citizen
participation the cornerstone of socially inclusive
governance. groups, etc.
Susanne & Peter Sonntagbauer (2014)

The aim of all e-Participation activities
should be the improvement of the citizen´s
access to information and public services and
the promotion of citizen´s participation in the
policy decision making which impacts the
well-being of the society and the individual”

A more detailed definition from Macintosh
(2004) sees e-Participation as "the use of
information and communication technologies to
broaden and deepen political participation by
enabling citizens to connect with one another and
with their elected representatives”. It has to be
stated, that this definition includes as well as those
of UNPAN all stakeholders in democratic decision-
making processes, as for instance citizens, civil
servants, political parties, interest groups, etc.

It has to be stated, that this definition
includes as well as those of UNPAN all
stakeholders in democratic decision-making
processes, as for instance citizens, civil
servants, political parties, interest groups, etc.

e-Participation Index (EPI)
For United Nations Public Administration
Network (UNPAN) the e-Participation index
(EPI) is a measure which focuses on “the use
of online services to facilitate provision of
information by government to citizens (“e-
information sharing”), interaction with
stakeholders (e-consultation” and
engagement in decision-making processes
(“e-decision making”)”

As such it includes the capacity and the
willingness of the government to encourage its
citizen to participate in the decision making process.
A country’s e-Participation index value totally reflects
how useful these features are and how well they
have been deployed by the government compared
to all other countries. The purpose of this measure is
not to prescribe any particular practice, but rather to
offer insight into how different countries are using
online tools to promote interaction between citizen
and government, as well as among citizens, for the
benefit of all.

Telecommunication Infrastructure
Index (TII)
According to the United Nations the
telecommunication infrastructure index is based on
six primary indices, which represent the ICT
infrastructure of a country, as for instance PC’s/1000
persons, internet users/1000 persons, telephone
lines/1000 persons, online population, mobile
phones/1000 persons and TV’s/1000 persons. Data
are collected form the UN International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the UN
Statistics Division, supplemented by the World
Bank.

Online Service Index (OSI)
The OSI takes into consideration the
country´s websites, including the nation
portal, e-services portal and e-participation
portal, as well as the websites of the
related ministries of education, labor,
social services, health, financial and
environment

e-Democracy
e-Democracy refers to online activities
of governments, elected representatives,
political parties and citizens for democratic
processes. This includes political or
current affairs discussion and online
consultation between representatives and
their constituents. public addresses.

EIU Democracy Index
The Democracy Index is an index compiled by the
Economist Intelligence Unit, that measures the state
of democracy in 167 countries, of which 166 are
sovereign states and 165 are United Nations member
states. The index is based on 60 indicators grouped
in five different categories, as for instance electoral
process and pluralism, civil liberties, functioning of
government, political participation, and political
culture. In addition to a numeric score and a ranking,
the index categorizes countries as one of four regime
types, as for instance full democracies, flawed
democracies, hybrid regimes, and authoritarian
regimes

The index was first produced for 2006,
with updates for 2008, 2010, 2011, and
2012. The index values are used to place
countries within one of four types of
regimes, as for instance:
a) Full democracies
b) Flawed democracies
c) Hybrid regimes and
d) Authoritarian regimes.

Philippines - World Rankings - Democracy index
Democracy Index 2015: Democracy
in an age of anxiety
World Data Atlas

• The Philippines ranked 95th out of 186
countries in the Corruption
Perceptions Index for 2015

The Philippines can now be
considered a global leader in automated
elections. The configuration of almost
100,000 VCMs in just over one month;
the recruitment, hiring and training of
more than 45,000 field technicians in less
than three months; the largest broadband
global area network (BGAN) deployment
in the world; setting up a call center with
more than 700 operators in one month;
setting up the most complex
telecommunications infrastructure for the
private election network integrating all the
telecommunication companies in the
Philippines and foreign satellite providers
in less than three months; and setting up
three data centers in one month.
Automated Elections

Evolution of e-Governance in the Philippines
1971 The National Computer Center (NCC)was established by EO 322
1978 NCC was designated as the primary agency in government with the
responsibility of directing IT use for national development and rationalizing
computerization in the country
1994 Creation of the National Information Technology Council (NITC) by EO 190
the highest planning and policy advisory body of IT matters
1998 Government launched IT21
Electronic Commerce Promotion Council (ECPC) was created EO468
2000 Enactment of e-commerce Act
Government Information System Plan (GISP) was approved and adopted
as a framework of all computerization effort
2002 Merging of NITC and ECPC to form Information Technology and Electronic
Commerce Council (ITECC) EO 264.
2003 e-Procurement Act
2004 Creation of Commission on Information and Communications Technology
(CICT)
2011 Data Privacy Act
2012 Cybercrime Prevention Act

1. RA 8792 – “Philippine e-Commerce Law”(2000)
2. RA 9184 – “Government Procurement Reform Act
“(2003)
3. EO 810 -"Institutionalizing the Certification Scheme
for Digital Signatures and Directing the Application
of Digital Signature in e-Government Services”
(2011)
4. RA10173 “Data Privacy Act of 2011”
5. RA 10175 “Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012”
Laws and Regulations Currently
Employed in the Philippines

e-Government or
e-Governance?
Some Issues and Concerns

Susanne Sonntagbauer, Peter Sonntagbauer
(2014) Forecasting E-Participation Success
http://www.cellent.at/fileadmin/Dateiliste/Bil
der/Content/Publikationen/Forecasting_E_Par
ticipation_Success_final.pdf

Saparniene, Diana (2013) from E-
Government toe-Governance Siauliai
University, Lithuania
http://www.nispa.org/files/conferences/2013
/papers/201306191000380.Saparniene.pdf?fs
_papersPage=6

Valentina (Dardha) Ndou (2004) E –
Government for Developing Countries:
Opportunities and challenges. The Electronic
Journal on Information Systems in Developing
Countries. EJISDC (2004) 18, 1, 1. University
of Shkoder, Albania

Vicente D. Mariano (2006). Introducing e-
Governance in the Philippines. University of
the Philippines, Philippines Co

Emmanuel C. Lallana, PhD Patricia J. Pascual
Edwin S. Soriano (2002). e-Government in the
Philippines: Benchmarking Against Global Best
Practices

e-Government and e-Governance

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