Nt 2

Nt 2
nt 2 – Applications of Engineering Components
P3=Describe the operation of one seal, one type of packing and two different types of bearing, giving a typical application for each one.
Task 1
A seal used in a vehicle A head gasket is a seal mechanically made to fill in space between two or more mating surfaces, generally to stop leakage
going from or into the joint objects while it is under compression. This type of gasket (head gasket) sits between the engine block and the cylinder
head in an internal combustion engine. The cylinder is used to make sure the maximum compression and avoiding of leakage is succeeded of the
coolant engine oil into the cylinders as such it is the most critical sealing used in the automobile and in any engine, As part of the combustion chamber
components. This type of gasket is made up of three layers of steel. The contact faces are usually coated with a rubberish coating such as Viton that
fits nicely with the cylinder block and the cylinder head while the thicker centre layer is left bare. A gasket is mainly used in car engines they are also
used in different locations in the car to fill the gaps between many things and not losing the oil. But in this case, it is used between the engine block
and the cylinder.
A type of packing in a car is a shaft collar
The shaft collar is a simple type of packing in an automobile, but it is very important to the machine. This component is found in many places like
transmission and is mostly thought to
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Case Study Of Weald And Downland Open Air Museum
Weald and Downland open air museum is the place that provides ancient buildings and lifestyle of the British in countryside areas. The oldest building
is more than 600 years in age(Wealddown.co.uk, 2014) Therefore, many places for visiting in this museum but the most attractive construction for the
civil engineers is the grid shell. The Downland grid shell was built as a workshop for the museum and let the workmen to fix their houses or to study
their own projects. Grid shell was made by timber to form in a triple sandglass shape without column and beam. The important fact about the
Downland grid shell is it is noted to be the first twice–layered lumber grid shell in the UK.(Harris et al., 2003)This would mean that grid shell must be
unique and difficult to form the shape. In this essay I will explain about material for building grid shell and construction steps with some engineer
knowledges. Grid shell is the structure that has a property like a shell shape. This would mean that grid shell must obtain only compression force and
the force is allowed to pass through the arch of the grid shell. The benefit of geometric shape of grid shell is it provides stability to the structure.
Therefore grid shell can stand itself without any supports(Paoli, 2007). In order to accomplish the grid shell client(museum) had to consult with
architecture and engineering company. After thatoak lath were used to be the frame of this grid shell. According to Eurocode 5, Design of Timber

Investigating The Friction Of A Sliding Block With And...
Introduction
Friction is a force that is directed against the direction of motion. It usually acts to slow down the moving object. In some occasions, this force can be
useful such as in the case where vehicles are making turns. In these cases, the frictional forces provide the needed force to stay on the track. In this
experiment, we used a force sensor and a computer to determine the friction of a sliding block with and without different masses on it.
Procedure
Description of setup
We connected the force sensor to the labquest, and from the latter to the computer. A string was then tied to the hook on the woodblock and the other
end to the force sensor's hook. Photo below. The range switch on the force sensor was set to 10N. After this, the logger pro was launched and the setup
was zeroed. To zero the setup, there had to be no tension in the string; then we hit the Р¤ looking button to zero.
Outline of technique
It was necessary to know the mass of the woodblock throughout this experiment. So, its mass was weighed and recorded in the table below. A 1 kg
mass was then, placed on the top of the woodblock. From here, we were ready to pull the force sensor and see what results we get on the graphs. A
small force was applied to the force sensor and then pulled hard enough to set the system in motion. The pulling was continued for some time and it
was done steadily and at the same pace. Various other massed were tested and the resulting frictions that they produced are recorded

Paper About Magnet
I have always been coming up with crazy ideas on to build stuff. Most people would just look at me and shake their head. This project is based on
one of those more crazy ideas. Most people don't understand the awesome capabilities of magnets. This paper will discuss the research of magnets
and the hopefully I will be able people the awesome things magnets can do. What I Knew The day where I got the most brilliant idea happened on
a cool fall afternoon, I had just gotten home from school, throwing my bags on the ground. I carefully race down the stairs without trying to make
too much noise, before my mom yells at me and gives me a job to do. After picking out a movie that I haven't seen in a while, I close the door and
turn off the lights, letting the setting sun be the only light in the room. I walk over and get cozy on the couch as the movie begins to start. A little
over half way into the movie my mother comes down and tells me to walk down and water the sheep and a neighbors pasture. I sigh, pause, and get
up and start to walk down the road. As I'm walking my mind begins to wonder like it always do. In the movie there is a superhero that uses MagLev
(Magnetic Levitation) to move super–fast. I knew it used magnets to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What does the future of engineering look like and is this possible? The first one is my more formal question, and the one that started this project.
The second question is more of the personal type. As a man of science (what I like to call myself) I always want to learn new things and push
limits to new limits and then break those so call limits. Plus I hate it when I'm told no or that's not possible. The great Walt Disney himself said
"Nothing is impossible, the word its self says I'm possible." By the time this is over I want to have learned a lot and that just from my research, but I
really hope I have an answer to my question and know if this is

Blackwood Ballistic Pendulum
Experiment 6:
September 18, 2013
Jamal Wright
Zachary Floyd
Christopher Wilson
Experiment 6
Jamal Wright, Zachary Floyd, Christopher Wilson
Abstract Our goal of this experiment is to determine muzzle velocity by two methods: 1) employing uniform linear motion relations, the kinematic
equations; 2) using the principles of conservation of energy and momentum. In this paper, we aim to validate the law of conservation of momentum. We
do so by comparing results from two experiments conducted with a single ballistic launcher/pendulum apparatus.
Hypothesis: The initial velocity of a ballistic pendulum can be determined using the law of conservation of momentum. Momentum ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the ball hits the ground then y = H (since the positive y axis points downward.) By measuring the distance of fall and using that acceleration due
to gravity, g, the time of flight t = Tflight, can be calculated with the following transformed kinematic equation:
Tflight = sqrt(2H/g)
The muzzle velocity, vmuzzle, (also the intitial velocity – vx0) of the ball after being fired is horizontal. From a measurement of the range, R, and
using the time of flight, the muzzle velocity can be determined
Vmuzzle = Ravg/Tflight
The second method requires the determination of the muzzle velocity from the principle of conservation of momentum. The momentum of the ball just
before it collides with the pendulum must equal the momentum of the ball and the pendulum just after the collision, pi = pf. To expand on this we see:
Mvmuzzle + MV = (m + M)V,
Where m is the mass of the ball, M is the mass of the pendulum and V is the velocity of the ball and the pendulum together. Note: the velocity of the
ball and the pendulum, v, is initially zero. In order to find the velocity of the ball and the pendulum just after the collision we will use the principle of

conservation of energy. Neglecting friction at the point of support of the pendulum, the gravitational potential energy must equal the kinetic energy of
the ball and the pendulum at the bottom of the

Motion Down an Incline Essay
Lab 1, problem 3: Motion Down an Incline
Shaoren Yuan
October 5, 2013
Physics 1301W, professor: Dr. Zudov, TA: David
Abstract
The processes of a cart rolling up and returning back along a track were recorded, and the processes (motion of the cart.) were described as equations.
Also, we calculated the accelerations of every stage (aup, adown and ahighest). Then the relationship among aup, adown and ahighest was concluded.
Finally, the acceleration was measured and was proved from data.
Introduction
If there is a car launched from the bottom of an incline and it goes up until reaching the highest point, then it reverses its direction. To ensure the safety
under this circumstance, the accelerations of every stage need to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the net force of the block was mg*sinОё and pointed down along the track.
The free–body diagram is as following:
Since no friction acted on cart, aup=adown=ahighest=–g*sinОё.
Procedure:
The thickness of two blocks together (H) was measured, and the length of the track (L) was recorded. Then the two wood blocks were put on the
desk, and one end of the track was set on the blocks to make the incline. Meanwhile, the angle between the track and the desk, Оё, was calculated
(technically, sinОё was measured according to sinОё=H/L). Next, we marked 30cm on the one side of the track by using tapes, which was applied
to determine the distance in the Motion Lab&VideoRECOREDER. After that, the distance and height of the camera was adjusted to a proper position
to make sure record the motion well. According to the video effect from computer, the best position for observation was about 40cm height above the
desk, and 80cm away from the track. Then we put the cart with the compressed spring on the lower end of the track. After that, we fixed the track in
case that the track would move or vibrate when the cart started. Then the spring of the cart was released and the time was recorded simultaneously.
After the cart returned back, before it collided the end of the track, we then stopped it and finished recording. Next, the data

Building Construction
Building Construction
Related to the Fire Service
Chapter 1: Building Construction & Fire Service
The building variables that FF must consider: Age of building – age in itself is not a hazard but an indication of potential hazards Fire protection
systems – first line of defense in a building Occupancy of the building – often affects fire behavior...each occupancy has different hazards & fuels, and
the structural components are subjected to different temperatures, heat release, & duration. Fire/fuel loads – weight of combustibles per sq ft...can be
used to determine the total heat release Type of construction Configuration – refers to a buildings general shape or layout Access & exposures ... Show
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& the International Code Council (ICC)
National Fire Protection Association
The five types of building construction are:
Type I – the least combustible building type and considered to be "fire–resistive". The two most common methods of constructing Type I buildings are
by using reinforced concrete or a protected steel frame. The structural members (walls, floors, columns, beams, and roof) are constructed of
non–combustible or limited combustible materials that have a specified fire resistance.. These non–combustible materials are defined by the building
code that is adopted. The primary fuel load is composed of the contents of the structure. Bearing walls, columns, & beams a fire–resistance rating of
3–4 hrs Floor construction 2–3 hrs Floor construction 1–2 hrs Partitions usually 1–2 hrs
Type II – is similar to type I in construction. Theses buildings are considered "non–combustible or limited combustible" construction. The structural
members are allowed to be at a lower fire rating than type I buildings. Type II Construction can be either protected or unprotected. In unprotected
construction, the major components are noncombustible but have no fire resistance. Unprotected steel is the most common characteristic in
unprotected, noncombustible construction the sub classifications: 222 & 111, have structural components with one or two

University of Nairobi Bsc. Civil Engineering Degree...
17/07/2012 University of Nairobi – Degree Programmes University of Nairobi A world–class univ ersity committed to scholarly excellence Search
Website Quick Links Faculties/Schools/Institutes About UON Academics Admission Student Life Research Contact Us Home > Academics > Degree
Programmes > Degree Information > Degree Regulation A–Z List of UON Departm ets a b c d e f g h ijklmn o p q r s t u v w x y z B.sc. (civil
Engineering) Degree Code: F16 Duration: 5 Faculty/School/Institute offered: SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Regulations Introduction General
Regulations Course Outline Course Description Further Information Entry Requirements Course Description FIRST YEAR OF STUDY –
SEMESTER I FCE 101 – Communication Skills (45 hrs) For... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Number systems, codes, arithmetic and logic operations: Computer number systems and computer codes, arithmetic operations and computer logic
operations, introduction to binary number representation, positive and negative numbers, arithmetic operators and examples, one's–and
two's–complement, binary subtraction, addition, multiplication, division, real numbers (floating point), strings, arrays. Applications software:
Introduction, software packages, selection of software (factors to consider), wordprocessors (e.g. Wordstar), spreadsheets (e.g. Lotus), report generators
(e.g. Harvard Graphics), accounting packages (e.g. Dac Easy). Computer graphics (e.g. CAD packages e.g. Autocad), (to be covered through laboratory
exercises). Application Software : Packages: wordprocessing, spreadsheets, database management, mathematical programming, statistics (tabulations
and regression), project management. Software developments: knowledge–based systems (A.I.) FCE 181 – Chemistry IA (45 hrs) Inorganic
Chemistry: Solubility, precipitation, ion–exchange, nitrification and denitrification, oxidation–reduction reactions, absorption, characteristics and
significance of some salts and elements (ammonia, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, silicates, chlorine, oxygen, ozone, carbon, etc.) Physical Chemistry:
Ions in solution, ionization energy, chemical energetics and bonding, chemical equilibrium, reaction kinetics. SEMESTER II FCE 104– Elements of

Frictional Force Lab
The labs was about sliding surfaces and frictional force. The measurements were in Newtons. There was different sliding surface, table top, waxed
paper,paper towel, fine paper and coarse sand paper. You will have to measure with a spring scale. You will have wood blocks to slide over the five
surface. You will have to do it 3–4 times and average it. The main thing is learned is how the sliding surfaces creates frictional force.
In 4.1 you will have 5 different surfaces, you will have to slide the block over each surface 4 times the the spring scale reading newtons. After when
you are all you will have to average the number you got. Like for table top trail 1(.75) trail 2(.75) trail 3( 1) trail 4(,75) add them up and divide by three
0.81(N). The average for waxed paper was 0.43(N), for paper towel 0.37(N), fine sand paper 1.56(N) and coarse ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
You will double the area and keep the weight safe, than triple the area and keep it the weight the same. Last but not least when you four times the
area and keeps the weight the same. When you double the area and same weight what will happen to the friction. Same as triple and four times the
area and keep the weight the same. I said increase because I thought if you add more the friction will add a tiny bit more. Every area of the block
came out to be 2(N). So the friction stay the same, the sliding friction does not depend on the area. Overall , we learned sliding surface and frictional
force. Also when you slide the blocks over different surfaces. The force can stay the same, increase and or decrease the numbers. Took aremeasurement
and meade two bargraphs, one was in lab 4.1 how the forces increase or decrease. In graph 2 4.2, you had to graph the averages of the overall forces.
For example you will mark the depend and impend variable. Then graph the table top and the coarse sand paper 1 block 2 block 3 block and 4

Essay about Magnetic Field and Instructor Explanation
Grade Details There are 2 pages in this exam: Page: 1 2 1. Question: (TCO 4) A body moving with an acceleration having a constant non–zero
magnitude must experience a change in: Your Answer: Speed acceleration velocity CORRECT weight Instructor Explanation: Remediation: Knight,
Chapter 1.6 Points Received: 6 of 6 2. Question: (TCO 4) A ball is dropped from a 250 foot building. How long before the ball hits the ground? Your
Answer: 2.025 sec 3.95 sec CORRECT 4.62 sec 15.62 sec Instructor Explanation: Remediation: Knight, Chapter 2.5 Points Received: 6 of 6 3.
Question: (TCO 4) A bullet is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grades for essay questions, and comments from your instructor, are in the "Details" section below. Question Type: # Questions: # Correct: Multiple
choice 25 23 Grade Details There are 2 pages in this exam: Page: 1 2 1. Question: (TCO 4) Convert 22ВєC to Kelvin. Your Answer: 22 K 72 K 299 K
CORRECT 482 K Instructor Explanation: Remediation: Knight, Chapter 16.3 Points Received: 6 of 6 Comments: 2. Question: (TCO 4) Which of the
following is the coldest temperature? Your Answer: 356 K CORRECT 201В
єF 91ВєC 652ВєR Instructor Explanation: Remediation: Knight, Chapter
16.3 Points Received: 6 of 6 Comments: 3. Question: (TCO 4) The water coolant in a car engine that carries hot water from the engine block to the
radiator is an example of cooling by: Your Answer: conduction convection CORRECT radiation transfer Instructor Explanation: Remediation: Knight,
Chapter 17.8 Points Received: 6 of 6 Comments: 4. Question: (TCO 4) A gas occupies

The Coefficient Of Friction And The Deceleration Of An Object
Research Question
How is the coefficient of friction between two surfaces related to the deceleration of an object? Introduction
Besides for the fact that friction is a drag (pun intended), humans have utilised this motion opposing force, to its greatest potential. One of the most
prevalent things, though generally perceived as overused, the automobile, could be considered the epitome of friction utilization. The principles of
friction applies to everything, especially that to that of a car 's tires. Suppose if they were perfectly smooth, and to make matters worse, the road was
perfectly smooth as well, the vehicle would keep moving forward when the driver attempted to stop, due to Newton's law of inertia. For this reason,
tires are designed with raised tread to maintain a high degree of friction, gripping the road tightly and dispersing water when the roadway is wet.
Friction is quite fundamental, seemingly elemental, the automobile is riddled with friction usage. From the friction caused by tyres to the friction in
the car, making it possible to drive at all. The В¬capabilities do not end there, but with possibly the most underrated use of friction, a match, something
any Neanderthal would have appreciated. [6]
Friction in Bitumen and Sandpaper
This experimental investigation endeavours to replicate the friction caused by different surfaces of a road. Therefore this experimental investigation
requires similar surfaces to be compared. Bitumen can vary in the amount

Essay on Homework #3 Solutions
Physics 221 Summer 2012
HOMEWORK #3
Due Monday July 2, 2012
1
James Bond (90 kg), outп¬Ѓtted with perfectly matching skis and skiware, is at the top of a steep slope that a secret spy like him can easily handle.
He lets himself go from rest and smoothly slides down the h = 15 m high hill. A big parking lot lies at the bottom of the hill. Since the parking area
has been cleared of snow, the friction between the ground and the skis brings our hero to a halt at point D, located at a distance d = 12 m from point C.
The descent can be considered frictionless. Take the potentialenergy to be zero at the bottom of the slope. (a) What is the mechanical energy of James
Bond at points A and D? (b) Determine the speed of Bond at position B... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A bullet of mass 10.0 g is п¬Ѓred into the block and embeds in the block. The block rises a height of h = 5.00 cm. (a) Draw a п¬Ѓgure showing the
initial and п¬Ѓnal positions of the block. (b) What was the speed of the bullet? (c) How much thermal energy is generated in the block? (d) If the
bullet stops in a distance of 4.00 cm inside the block, estimate the force of friction. SOLUTION : (b) The problem consists of two stages. The п¬Ѓrst
stage is from before to after the impact. The second stage is from just after the impact to the п¬Ѓnal position. In the п¬Ѓrst stage, the linear momentum
is conserved. In the second stage, the energy is conserved. Let us denote the initial speed of the bullet as v0 . So: pbefore = pafter mv0 = (m + M ) v
(4) M +m v0 m M y=0 Then using the conservation of energy of the combined mass rising to height h after the impact: 1 (M + m) v 2 = (M + m) gh 2
в‡’ v = 2gh (a)
L L y=h
(5)
Substituting v from eq. 5 into eq. 4 and solving for v0 : v0 = m+M m 2gh = 2.00 kg + 0.0100 kg 0.0100 kg 2 9.80 m/s2 (0.0500 m) = 199 m/s
(c) Assuming no sound generated in the impact, all the energy lost will turn into heat energy. The heat energy generated is equal to the diп¬Ђerence

between the energy before the impact

Gold Ring Production : The Oldest Gold Artifacts
Shawn Hawk ENGS 003 11 August 2014 Gold Ring Production Gold has been coveted for as long as it has been known about. Its brilliance and
beauty have driven people mad. The oldest gold artifacts date to 6000 B.C. from an Eastern European civilization. From there gold is found
throughout the great empires. In about 5000 B.C. it is believe to have been first fashioned into Jewelry by the Sumerians. From there golden
jewelry has held a special place in most cultures. The most common form of gold jewelry was the ring, a symbol for engagement, a symbol of
power, and symbol of love. One of the biggest book series of the 20th century is about a Golden Ring. In The Lord of the Rings many people are
driven mad by the beauty and power that the ring has. This beauty and power has been seen in rings in pop culture. Granted there is no golden ring
that can turn the wearer invisible and destroy civilization, as we know it; however, rings are still very important. Rings have stayed in the Zeitgeist
because of aggressive marketing they have received. One of the biggest songs of the 2000s was about putting a ring on it. While marriage has changed
significantly since the inception of the engagement ring the tradition surrounding the ring has not changed as much. As a result the market for gold
rings shows no sign of slowing. Before gold is fashioned into beautiful rings it has to be mined from the Earth. In modern mining most gold comes
from what are called load deposits.

Friction Lab Report
Friction Lab
Formal Report
Tayado Langley
12/10/14
Period 1
Abstract
This experiment was created in order to enhance our understanding about the causes of friction. This was achieved by testing the friction on various
surfaces. The first thing I did was gather the materials ( a bottle , some blocks of wood , string and surface materials.) Then I attached the string to
the block of wood and the bottle. We then began to add water in the bottle until it began to move. Our results led us to believe that the smoothest paper
was wax paper and the roughest was sand paper.
Before beginning to do this experiment it is crucial to first understand what is really happening to the block of wood. The block of wood is being ...
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The results of this experiment depends on the three factors ( the surface area, the mass of the water and the bottle, and the mass of the block ) . The
smoothness of the surface area and the mass of the wooden block will determine how much water is need to be added to the bottle in order to make
the block move.
Conclusion
Friction is the force that resists relative motion between two objects that are in contact and tribology is is the science and engineering of interacting
surfaces in relative motion. After the completion of the friction lab I found out that my hypothesis that the amount of friction depends on three factors (
the surface area, the mass of the water and the bottle, and the mass of the block ) was correct. I conducted the experiment properly and obtained results
that matched my

Hanger Times Gravity
Normal force is the force the surface exerts on an object and since the hanger was not on the ground the normal force is 0. The normal force is
mgcosОё because if the surface was flat the normal force would be equal to the force of the object (mg), but since the wooden block was on an
inclined plane I had to account for the angle. To find the coefficient offriction I first found the tension in the string. I did this by using the top equation.
Sine the Fn is 0 I was left with tension (Fy) minus the mass of the hanger times gravity = mass times acceleration (Fy – mg = ma). I knew that the
hanger was moving at constant speed, so the acceleration was 0. Since the acceleration was zero I was left with tension minus the mass of the hanger
times gravity(9.8) which means the tension equals the mass of the hanger times gravity ( Fy = 9.8 x .037 Tension = .363N).
Fy – 0 – 9.8(.037) = .037(0)
I then substituted values into the second equation. Fx = .363 ( Tension) and 1.06124sin(29.5В°) = .523 . mg = 9.8 x .10829 = 1.06124 Fn =
1.0624cos(29.5) = .924 a = 0 ( moving at constant speed) –.363 – Ој(.924) + .523 = 0 Ој = .173 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I made the tension and the Ff (force of friction) negative because they were opposing the block's motion. To find the angle I used trig identity. Trig
identity is two equations that can only be used if an object is moving at constant speed or on the verge of moving. Since the block was traveling at
constant speed I could use Ој = tanОё or Оё = inverse tangent of Ој. I found Ој so I did the inverse tangent of it and found that the angle that the block
would slid down at constant speed with no outside forces was

Lab Report : Newton 's Laws Dillon Harper 06 / 27
Lab Report 5Newton's LawsDillon Harper 06/27/15
Objective: During this lab Newton's Law of static and kinetic friction was studied. The static and kinetic frictional coefficients were found for a block
while sliding down a track through experimental trials.
Theory: In most experiments with tracks there is usually a cart involved to discount the frictional force. In this experiment a block is used because the
surface area of the block has a larger frictional force with the surface of the track that can be measured. Fictional force is the force that resists the
sliding of the block down the plane of the track. Therefore, this force is in the opposite direction of motion and parallel to it. When a force F is
applied there is a static frictional force that comes into play. The static frictional force is seen to be fs and the maximum amount of static friction is
found by the equation below: Eq. (1)
If the force is seen to be less than fs,max in any circumstance then the object that has the force applied to it will not move due to its equilibrium. Static
friction is represented by the following equation.
Eq. (2)
If the force is greater than ОјsN then the object that has that force on it will begin to move in the direction of the force. On the other hand kinetic
friction is described by the equation below.
Eq. (3)
In this equation Ојk is the coefficient of kinetic friction and fk is the kinetic friction.
In most

The Physics of Roller Coasters Essay
The Physics of Roller Coasters
The roller coaster has its beginnings in Russia where during the 1600's. People crafted sleds out of wood and built hills made of ice blocks. The hills
had sand at the bottom to help slow down the sleds so they would not crash when they reached the bottom of the hill.1 Over time, the roller coaster has
become more complex. They now are taller, faster and are designed out of different materials like wood and steel. Althoughroller coasters are fun and
exciting, the questions, what allows them to twist and turn, go up and down hills at a fairly good speed? Why do they not fall off of the track when it
goes through a loop? The answer to these questions and others about roller coasters lies in the application ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then as the coaster begins its decent down the first hill, the energy is converted back into kinetic energy as the train is pulled toward the Earth by
gravity. Gravity is the traditional source of power for roller coasters that accelerates the train as it goes on its hilly, twisty journey.3 Gravity is a unit of
acceleration, that is always present, that causes free–falling objects on Earth to change their speed at a rate of approximately 10 m/s (32ft/s) every
second.1 So, as the train goes down the hills of the track it has a positive acceleration giving it the necessary potential energy to "climb" the next hill,
make a turn, or travel through a loop.
Also, as the train goes down the hills and loops, it experiences a free fall effect.
This occurs when an object falls and is not inhibited by other objects2 (314–315). As the train goes down the hill, the coasters' mass causes it to
accelerate faster than the people in the car. During the free fall stages of the ride the train does not exert any pressure on the riders or the track
causing the riders to feel momentarily weightlessness. This is why the train has wheels on the bottom of the track and the passengers of the train have
some sort of restraining device to hold them into their seats.3 So, as the train goes down the hill it is actually falling, causing the velocity of the train
to increase due to the

Sir Isaac Newton 's Laws Of Motion
Introduction
Sir Isaac Newton 's laws of motion are three laws which provide relationships between the forces acting on a physical body and the motion of the
body. They were first compiled by Sir Isaac Newton in his work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published on July 5th, 1687. These
laws of motion are composed of three laws: Inertia, F=ma, and equal and opposite forces. These laws explain and give reasons for the motion of all
objects. In everyday life friction is all around us. In this experiment the effects of friction will be studied, and friction is the resistance that one surface
or object encounters when moving over another. Friction is caused in part by Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia. The law of inertia states that an
object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by a force. It also states that an object in motion will continue to travel at the same speed and in the
same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
1.1Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
A balanced force is when forces cause no loss of speed on an object, for example a car encountering the same force of wind resistance as its force of
acceleration will continue to travel at the same speed. If a force is unbalanced, the car would either slow down if wind resistance increased or
acceleration decreased and it would speed up if wind resistance decreased or acceleration increased.
1.2Gravity
Gravity is another factor affecting friction. Gravity, Newton said, is a force

Ancient Egyptian Pyramids Architecture
The Ancient Egyptian pyramids are engineering marvels that continue to astonish both past and modern day historians and scholars with its incredible
architectural feats. Behind the magnificent creations was a group that employed their knowledge of advanced mathematics and building techniques to
create such an impressive subject of wonder. The mystery involving the work needed physically to produce this structural behemoth remains a popular
topic of discussion between historians and engineers who seek to unlock the secrets of the pyramids' architecture. Arguments have been made that
different types of rollers, ramps, and even poles have been used to move the material that the pyramids are made of. However, by using the process of...
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Moreover, the pyramids boasted several other astronomical and geographical equivalents in its architecture: The Great Pyramid's sides were
aligned with each cardinal direction, with the North side facing true north with only 3/60th degree of error. There was also a possibility that the
pyramids could be used as a sort of astronomical calendar as well. The spring equinox was marked when no shadow was cast by the Great Pyramid
due to its latitude and angle (Crystalinks). In order to build these massive structures, there were several possible techniques employed to lift,
transport, and place the large limestone blocks that the pyramids were comprised. The most probable method of transit being that the Egyptians
pulled the materials on sleds of cedar wood along oil or water dampened sand or rails (Baldridge 1). Other theories discussed included the conjecture
of John D. Bush (1977), who assumed that the blocks were rolled using cut–out circular segments. For the purpose of lifting the blocks, a complex
system of levers utilizing counterweights and ramps were most likely used (Baldridge 1996); however, arguments can be made for the use of one
large ramp wrapping around the Great Pyramid (Hadingham p 51) as performed by Mark Lehner, an archaeologist. While several theories of
construction of the pyramids have been made, a notable theory was found in an engineer's belief that circular wedges surrounding the blocks were used

Aircraft Hydraulic Systems
I. LANDING GEAR SAFETY DEVICES
Most airplanes with a retractable landing gear have a gear warning horn that will sound when the airplane is configured for landing and the landing
gear is not down and locked. Normally, the horn is linked to the throttle or flap position, and/or the airspeed indicator so that when the airplane is
below a certain airspeed,configuration, or power setting with the gear retracted, the warning horn will sound. Accidental retraction of a landing gear
may be prevented by such devices as mechanical downlocks, safety switches, and ground locks. Mechanical downlocks are built–in components of a
gear retraction system and are operated automatically by the gear retraction system. To prevent accidental operation of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What happens is that atomic hydrogen found in such substances interacts chemically with the high tensile steel in the gear, causing the affected areas
to transform chemically into a brittle alloy with a risk of fracturing. "The only way to counteract hydrogen embrittlement is to remove the affected
component and bake it in a special oven at 375 F for 23 hours," Lind tells AMT. "This allows the hydrogen atoms to migrate to the surface and then
escape."
Maintenance best practices
When damaged aircraft landing gear comes into the shop, it costs more to overhaul than landing gear that has been maintained properly. Here is what
you can do to keep your landing gear costs down. The first step is lubrication. It may sound simple, but insufficient lubrication during regular usage
causes unnecessary wear–and–tear in many of the system's components. "Lubrication is critical to the movement of all articulated parts and joints of
landing gear," says Lind. "Proper lubrication ensures smooth functioning, less friction and wear, and the appropriate transfer of forces throughout the
gear during use. Lubrication is key to keeping out water, de–icing fluid, and other corrosion–causing substances. Make no mistake; corrosion is a real
problem for landing gear." Before you lubricate, be sure to check the aircraft's manual to find out what substances you can and cannot use. "In some
cases, using the

Physics-Bridge Project Essay
Humans have tamed steel, stone, lumber, and even living vegetation, all in effort to reach the people, places, and things that we desire. Although the
concept of bridges is as simple as a tree falling across a creek, bridge design and construction requires very serious ingenuity. Artists, engineers, and
architects pour vast resources into bridge construction so that they can reshape our daily environment for the better. When building bridges you'll need
help from BATS which are the key structural components of bridge construction such as beams, arches , trusses, and suspensions. Various
combinations of these four technologies make it possible for numerous bridge designs, ranging from some bridges as simple as beam bridges, arch
bridges, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The truss design, which is a variant of a triangle, creates both a very rigid structure and one that transfers the load from a single point to a
considerably wider area. After being used for 2000 years of architectural use, the arch continues to feature prominently in bridge designs. Its
semicircular structure elegantly distributes compression through its entire form and diverts weight onto its two abutments, which are the components
of the bridge that directly take on the pressure being exerted onto the bridge. The tensional forces in arch bridges are virtually negligible. That is
because the natural curve of the arch and its ability to dissipate the force outward greatly reduces the effects of tension on the underside of the arch.
The greater the degree of curvature, the greater the effects of tension on the underside of the bridge. If you build a big enough arch, the tension will
eventually overtake the support of the bridges natural structure. While there is a fair amount in variety in arch bridge construction, the basic structure
of every arch bridge is the same. For example there is Roman, Baroque and Renaissance which are all architecturally different they all have the same
basic structure. It is the individual arch itself gives its namesake bridge its strength. An arch made of stone doesn't need a mortar. In fact the ancient
Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that are still standing today and are made

The ?Гє Of The Shoe : Open Inquiry Lab
The Ој of the Shoe: Open Inquiry Lab
Lily Steele, Oct 26, 2014. AP Physics Block 1 Odd
Introduction:
The coefficient of friction, or the Ој, is a scalar value which is equivalent to the ratio of the force of friction (FF) between two surfaces to the normal
force (FN) which pushes two surfaces together. Each set of surfaces has a different Ој, as it depends on the particular materials. Basically, the Ој
increases as it becomes more difficult for objects to move against each other. When a large amount offorce is required to move two surfaces against
each other (and therefore a large amount of friction is produced), the Ој will be much larger than when a small amount of force is required. For
example, the Ој of ice on a smooth metal would be very low, while the Ој of rubber on rough wood would be much higher.
The coefficient of kinetic friction, or the Ојk, is equal to FF/FN while the materials are in motion, sliding across the other surface. In this case, the FF
on each object is exerted in the direction opposite to the direction of its motion. The values of Ојk vary greatly between different combinations of
objects. Most dry materials have values of Ојk between .3 and .6, and in some rare cases values as low as .04. Wet materials have even more varied
values of Ојk – for example, waxed wood on wet snow has a Ојk of .1, while ice on ice has a Ојk of .03, and joints inside of the human body, which
have very little friction as they move against each other, have values of Ојk around .003.

Roller Coasters Essay
Roller Coaster
For many people, there is only one reason to go to an amusement park: the roller coaster. Some people call it the "scream machine," with good reason.
The history of this ride reflects a constant search for greater and more death–defying thrills.
How does a roller coaster work?
What you may not realize as you're cruising down the track at 60 miles an hour is that the coaster has no engine. The car is pulled to the top of the
first hill at the beginning of the ride, but after that the coaster must complete the ride on its own. You aren't being propelled around the track by a
motor or pulled by a hitch. The conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy is what drives the roller coaster, and all of the kinetic ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For many people, there is only one reason to go to an amusement park: the roller coaster. Some people call it the "scream machine," with good reason.
The history of this ride reflects a constant search for greater and more death–defying thrills.
How does a roller coaster work?
What you may not realize as you're cruising down the track at 60 miles an hour is that the coaster has no engine. The car is pulled to the top of the
first hill at the beginning of the ride, but after that the coaster must complete the ride on its own. You aren't being propelled around the track by a
motor or pulled by a hitch. The conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy is what drives the roller coaster, and all of the kinetic energy you
need for the ride is present once the coaster descends the first hill..
Once you're underway, different types of wheels help keep the ride smooth. Running wheels guide the coaster on the track. Friction wheels control
lateral motion (movement to either side of the track). A final set of wheels keeps the coaster on the track even if it's inverted. Compressed air brakes
stop the car as the ride ends.
Wooden or steel coaster: Does it make a difference?
Roller coasters can be wooden or steel, and can be looping or nonlooping. You'll notice a big difference in the ride depending on the type of material
used. In general, wooden coasters are nonlooping. They're also not as tall and not as fast, and they don't

How Does The Roughness Of A Surface Affect The Coefficient...
Discussion Questions: Answer the Testable Question.– How does the roughness of a surface affect the coefficient of static friction and the coefficient
of kinetic friction for a block of wood, and how do these coefficients compare with each other?
From the 'Results' section above, as the roughness of a surface increases, the coefficients of friction for the block of wood increases. This can be
concluded as the surfaces used in order of lowest roughness to highest roughness were the white surface, wooden surface and lastly the sandpaper
surface had coefficients of friction increasing in the same order. For instance, to compare the static coefficients of the first trial of each surface in
order of roughness, 0.20< 0.32. Therefore, corresponding with the coefficients of static friction, the coefficients of kinetic friction also increases as the
roughness of the surface increases. In conclusion, from the data collected, the observation was that as the roughness of a surface increases, the
coefficient of static friction and the coefficient of kinetic friction for a block of wood will increase.
In terms of the variables in this experiment, what type of relationship was being tested?
In this experiment, the relationship of the variable force of friction and the coefficient of static and coefficient of kinetic friction are being tested. From
the formula:Ојk=(Ff,k)/Fn, and Ојs=(Ff,s max)/Fn, the coefficients of friction are equal to the force of friction divided by the normal

The National Curriculum For Primary Education
Why does England have a National Curriculum for primary education? To what extent does the National Curriculum 2014 for English, mathematics or
science reflect current theories of teaching and learning?
The National Curriculum prescribes what should be taught in both primary and secondary state schools and is set out by the Department of Education.
It and when. It is organised into four blocks called 'Key Stages', with KS1 and KS2 in primary schools (Department for Education, 2013). There are
twelve subjects, classified in to 'core' and 'other foundation' subjects, each set out in a programme of study. The programmes of study also contain
'attainment targets' for each subject (House of Commons, 2009). Unlike other countries the National ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, it intended to improve the coherence within the curriculum and provide objectives for attainment at different stages ofschool (DES, 1987).
Subsequently, the National Curriculum for England was introduced in1989. Its intention was to standardise the content taught across schools and to
raise standards so that England could compete with other countries academically (Kelly, 1994).
Since the inception of the National Curriculum there have been several initiatives to change the content, format and guidance within it. In 1998, the
National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies, aimed at primary education, were launched by the Labour Government (House of Commons, 2009). They
were introduced to help teachers set "appropriately high expectations" and increase the percentage of children receiving a level 4 by the time they left
primary school (The National Numeracy Strategy, 1998). In 1993 and 1999 there were major reviews of the NC resulting in the reduction of
prescribed content (Roberts, 2014). Additionally, The Independent Review of the Primary Curriculum by Jim Rose was published in 2009, which led
the way for the changes being introduced to the new NC in 2013 (Rose, 2009). Performance has been a major incentive behind reviewing the NC at
various stages. In the document, Reform of the National Curriculum in England (2013) it states:

Wilson College Physics Chapter 9
Wilson, College Physics, 6th Edition Chapter 9 Exercises MC = Multiple Choice Question, CQ = Conceptual Question, and IE = Integrated
Exercise. Throughout the text, many exercise sections will include "paired" exercises. These exercise pairs, identified with red numbers, are
intended to assist you in problem solving and learning. In a pair, the first exercise (even numbered) is worked out in the Study Guide so that you
can consult it should you need assistance in solving it. The second exercise (odd numbered) is similar in nature, and its answer is given at the back
of the book. 9.1 Solids and Elastic Moduli Use as many significant figures as you need to show small changes. 1.MC The pressure on an elastic body is
described by... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(d) 26.MC For the pressure–depth relationship for a fluid [pic] it is assumed that (a) the pressure decreases with depth, (b) a pressure difference
depends on the reference point, (c) the fluid density is constant, (d) the relationship applies only to liquids. (c) 27.MC When measuring
automobile tire pressure, what type of pressure is this: (a) gauge, (b) absolute, (c) relative, or (d) all of the preceding? (a) 28.CQ (Figure 9.27
shows a famous "bed of nails" trick. The woman lies on a bed of nails with a cinder block on her chest. A person hits the anvil with a sledgehammer.
The nails do not pierce the woman's skin. Explain why. see ISM 29.CQ Automobile tires are inflated to about [pic] whereas thin bicycle tires are
inflated to 90 to [pic]–at least three times as much pressure! Why? see ISM 30.CQ (a) Why is blood pressure usually measured at the arm? (b)
Suppose the pressure reading were taken on the calf of the leg of a standing person. Would there be a difference, in principle? Explain. see ISM
31.CQ (a) Two dams form artificial lakes of equal depth. However, one lake backs up 15 km behind the dam, and the other backs up 50 km behind.
What effect does the difference in length have on the pressures on the dams? (b) Dams are usually thicker at the bottom. Why? see ISM 32.CQ Water
towers (storage tanks) are generally

Friction Lab
Friction is the resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another and it is created when two surfaces move or attempt to move across each
other. Friction is a non–conservative force, which is defined as a force that does not store energy. The fact that friction is a non–conservative force
means that the kinetic energy involved in friction is transferred into thermal energy (heat). One of the method is using a spring balance which was
used in the actual lab and is done by pulling a spring balance connected to a block and slowly increase the force until the block begins to slide. The
other method that was used in this lab used a tilted plane. In this method, a block was placed on the plane and then the angle of the plane was ... Show
After the lab materials were gathered, the wooden block by itself and with the various other weights was weighed and recorded. After recording the
weight of the objects we proceeded to use a protractor to measure the angle at which the block moved on the plastic surface and that angle was
recorded (Repeated 3 times). Next, the 200–gram weight was placed on the wooden block and was slowly pulled using the digital scale until it moved
on the plastic surface and the force in which it moved was recorded using the calculator (Repeated 3 times). After recording the previous results, the
200–gram block was taken off and then the 500–gram weight was placed on top of the block and the same method used previously was repeated. In
order to find the kinetic friction force, the block was once again placed on the plastic surface with a 200–gram weight and was pulled across the
surface at a constant rate instead of until it moved and the data from the digital scale was recorded (Repeated 3 times). Next, the 200–gram weight was
removed and the 500–gram was weight was placed on top of the block and the same method used previously was repeated. This entire procedure was
then repeated for the remaining surfaces for the block to slide across which were zinc, fine sandpaper, and

M16CAB Research Investigation
The application of reinforced soil structures for highway infrastructure M16CAB Research Investigation Beghal Rasool (4096005) 2014/2015 Coventry
University Faculty Of Engineering and Computing Department Of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Building Table of Contents 1.0Introduction1 1.1
Basal reinforcement(Embankment)2 1.2 Retaining wall3 2. Method of construction4 2.1 Method of construction for embankment4 2.2 Consideration
failure zone for embankment4 2.3 Method of construction for Retaining wall4 2.4 Consideration of failure modes for Retaining wall4 3. Comparison
criteria4 3.1Advantages of the types of geosynthytic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure2.4.a: Bearing capacity failure for retaining wall Failure principles for retaining walls are similar to those for embankment when bearing
capacity of the foundation is insufficient to carry the load pf soil block and facing wall failure will occur. Sliding out at the base Sliding failure will
occur when the friction between the reinforced soil and sub grade is low and the retaining wall can simply slid side way. Figure2.4.b: Sliding failure.
Overturning Overturning is the most common failure mode for retaining wall. The horizontal earth pressures behind wall exceed the capacity of
geogrid to restrain. The wall will rotate forward pivoting on its base. Figure2.4.c: Overturning failure. Using anchor in retaining wall will help to
reduce the thickness of reinforcement by introducing the anchor which can provide with a good passive resistance. Figure 2.4.d: Anchor used to
provide passive

Strength of Materials 4th Ed. by Ferdinand L. Singer
Simple Stresses
Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the resisting area or Пѓ = Force / Area. It is the expression of force per unit
area to structural members that are subjected to external forces and/or induced forces. Stress is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic
deformation of a body. Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress. Normal stress develops when a force is applied
perpendicular to the cross–sectional area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be tensile stress and compressive
stress develops when the material is being compressed by two opposing forces. Shear stress is developed if the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Solution 110
wofkim@yahoo.com ^^
Problem 111 For the truss shown in Fig. P–111, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and DF. The crosssectional area of each member is 1.8 in2.
Indicate tension (T) or compression (C).
Solution 111
wofkim@yahoo.com ^^
Problem 112 Determine the crosssectional areas of members AG, BC, and CE for the truss shown in Fig. P–112 above. The stresses are not to exceed
20 ksi in tension and 14 ksi in compression. A reduced stress in compression is specified to reduce the danger of buckling.
Solution 112
wofkim@yahoo.com ^^
wofkim@yahoo.com ^^

Problem 113 Find the stresses in members BC, BD, and CF for the truss shown in Fig. P–113. Indicate the tension or compression. The cross sectional
area of each member is 1600 mm2.
Solution 113
Problem 114 The homogeneous bar ABCD shown in Fig. P–114 is supported by a cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at E, a vertical
cable at C, and a smooth inclined surface at D. Determine the mass of the heaviest bar that can be supported if the stress in each cable is limited to
100 MPa. The area of the cable AB is 250 mm2 and that of the cable at C is 300 mm2.
wofkim@yahoo.com ^^
Solution 114
wofkim@yahoo.com ^^
Shearing Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by

Correlation Between Wood And Aluminum Surfaces And Their...
This experiment examined the relation between wood and aluminum surfaces and their friction. The coefficient of static and kinetic friction can be
derived from the experiments with the use of a horizontal Atwood's machine and a Super Pulley. The static friction was tested by setting up an
equilibrium with the hanging mass and the frictional force. Three tests were conducted with increasing additional mass on the friction block. An
unbalanced force was required to test for the coefficient of kinetic friction. This is possible through solving for the acceleration of the unbalanced
force. The total mass of the system is constant through all four of the tests, but different masses were added to the hanging mass so that the
acceleration would have a variety of different accelerations to accurately solve for the kinetic friction. As a result, our coefficient of static and kinetic
friction are Ојs = 0.26 В± 0.02 and Ојk = 0.30 В± 0.01 respectively.
Introduction
According to Collin College, the coefficient of static and kinetic friction are Ојs = 0.30 and Ојk = 0.20 respectively. However, the lab material has
worn out over time, so their coefficient of frictions may be different from the regular coefficient of friction. The purpose of this experiment is to
determine the coefficient of kinetic and static friction between aluminum and wood in the lab. These were determined with the use of a horizontal
Atwood's machine
The test conducted on a horizontal Atwood's machine was accomplished by

Why Be Concerned About Cyber-Security?
Why Be Concerned about Cyber–Security?
Introduction
Cyber security became ever more crucial for global business and modern society. We are living in a data–centric world in which information
technology and associated communications ' systems as well as networks that provide goods and services permeate every facet of our lives. This
creates the safeguard of our digital assets and activities within cyberspace of critical importance, whether for individual life experience or a prosperous
and sustainable society. But the challenge to understand cyber risk and deliver effective and accessiblesecurity becomes harder as technology continues
to rapidly evolve and our systems become ever more complex. We are increasingly dependent upon such... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the same time, individuals are also the victims of a wide range of cybercrimes and cyber nuisances such as spam, phishing, and computer fraud.
Because today's technologies generating cyber risks makes it very difficult to fight potential attackers in advance, the adoption of technical and
procedural protective measures becomes a crucial element in ensuring security.
Similarly, for more than two decades, businesses and governments worldwide have struggled to understand the nature and scale of the cyber threat
facing them, and to develop appropriate responses to tackle it. In many cases, the strategies adopted to manage and mitigate these risks have included
heavy investment in information assurance. Despite this investment, the view of many professionals is that a persistent adversary will still get through
most organisations' defences. Countering the threat of attack on critical information assets and systems has emerged as a key priority for our federal
government and other governments worldwide. Similarly, private sector corporations are taking the risk of cyber attacks with increasing seriousness,
in part as a response to a series of high–profile attacks from banks to online retailers to ISPs. Against this background, attention is increasingly
switching to deterring such attacks before they take place. This focus is especially prevalent among governments, which have the necessary

Analysis Of Studio 8 Discussion
Studio 8 Discussion
The coefficient of static friction between brass and different materials were experimentally determined by observing slip angels. A brass block was
placed at the top of different ramps made of rubber, wood, sandpaper, and Teflon. Once the angle of the ramp was raised high enough the block began
to slip, the angle at this point was measured. Static friction reaches a maximum at the slip angle, thus allowing the block to slip. Vector components,
Newton's second law, and the equation fs= Вµsn, can be used to derive the equation Вµs = tan(Жџ); the static coefficient of friction equals tan(Жџ) of
the slip angle. The ramp material and its respective slip angles were rubber 50o, wood 22o, sandpaper 25o, and Teflon 180; all angles had

Overview Of Americans Essay
Chapter 1: Overview of ETA CARS ETA Ascon Group ETA ASCON Group is primarily a Contracting firm in the U.A.E. with expertise ranging from
Civil Construction to Electro Mechanical, Elevator Engineering and Facilities Management. Since its inception in 1973, the firm has numerous
landmarks in the Emirates that stand as a testimony to the firm's engineering capabilities. The company is a part of Al Ghurair Group of Companies,
who are the most revered and leading business house in the United Arab Emirates. ETA ASCON has enumerable divisions in every sector related to the
construction industry like Joinery and Interiors, Low Voltage Switchgear Panels, Elevators, Structural Steel fabrication, Composite Aluminum
Cladding, Facility Management,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disc brakes are a less complex but more effective design of braking. Drum Brakes : It is a type of brake where the friction is caused by a set of shoes
or pads that press against rotating drum shaped part called brake drum. Two types of drum brakes are – Single leading edge (1 actuator) and Double
Leading Edge (2 actuators). The advantage of using disc brakes over drum brakes is that they have better stopping performance including resistance
to brake fade caused by overheating of brake components and are able to recover quickly from immersion. Even though asbestos is mostly used,
today's brake pads are made out the following 1.Organic 2.Semi–Metallic 3.Metallic 4.Ceramic In a car, when the brakes are pressed, it transmits the
force from the driver's foot to the brakes through a fluid. Since the actual brakes require a much larger force than the driver could apply with his
leg, the car must also multiply the force of the driver's foot. It does this in two ways: Mechanical Advantage (leverage) Hydraulic Force
Multiplication. In a hydraulic system, force applied at one point is transmitted to the other by an incompressible fluid. The fluid used is mostly an oil
of some sort and the force applied is usually multiplied in order to make reduce work done. To facilitate a hydraulic system, mostly cylinders and
valves are used. Some common examples of hydraulic systems are Brakes, cranes, lifts, log cutters, hydraulic pumps etc.

The Effects Of Static Frictional Force On The Motion Of...
8.0 Discussion
8.1 Analysis of Results
By analysing the data obtained from the experiment, two main trends were identified. Excluding surface B (desk), the first trend observed showed that
the amount of static frictional force resisting the motion of the wooden block was substantially greater when the object was placed on a rough surface,
as opposed to when it was placed on a smooth surface.
This is understood through the numerical data compiled in Table 7.1, which indicates that surface A (tiles)– considered to be the smoothest surface in
the experiment – only had a friction coefficient value of 0.2401, whilst surface C (wood) – considered to be the roughest surface – indicated a much
higher coefficient value of 0.432. These results were found to correspond with almost all surfaces tested, with surface D (carpet) found to have the
second lowest coefficient value of 0.2477, and surface E (bitumen), being found to have a much higher static friction coefficient value – similar to that
of wood – of 0.4233. This trend is further visualised in Graph 7.2, where the gradient line of Ff (rise) over Fn (run) represents the coefficient of
friction of each material– the steeper the gradient, the higher the coefficient value. Excluding surface B, the results gathered from the more rigid
surfaces in the experiment ( C & E) are seen to form steeper gradients when plotted on the graph than the results gathered by the smooth surfaces (B
&D), hence signifying that rougher materials

World War II as a Time of Opportunities for American...
World War II as a Time of Opportunities for American Women
World War II was the catalyst that changed the opportunities available to women and eventually the way they were regarded as a viable workforce.
Suddenly women throughout the United States were pushing themselves to their limits to support the war effort. Women were fulfilling jobs and
responsibilities that many previously believed to be impossible for their gender. Opportunities were opened in steel plants, ammunition factories, and
even the United States military. As the war progressed the number of male workers declined dramatically. Society had no choice but to turn to the
mothers, sisters, and daughters of our nation for help. The results for each woman varied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
jobs like teaching, civil service. Men worked in manufacturing and dominated the professions. Women did clerical work, or worked on the lower
scale in a factory, or worked as domestics in other people?s homes.? (Dr Strom and Wood, pg. 1) More married women were at work in the 1930?s
than in the 1920?s but they held the lowest paying jobs.
Society at this time did not view women as equals and the pay they received reflected this attitude. ?In 1939 male teachers made an average salary of
$1,953 while female teachers were paid a mere 1,394; male social workers averaged $1,718 while their female counterparts received a salary of $1,442.
There was an expectation that women worked until they married then their husband would support the family.? (Chafe, pg. 63) This attitude was seen
in the salaries women throughout America received prior to and during the early part of the war in small communities and the United States
Government.
Even when faced with a shortage of man power most factories were reluctant to place women into physically demanding jobs and even more reluctant
to pay them a salary equal to their male counterparts. Two businesses that employed such tactics were the Chemical Plant and the Arsenal built in
Huntsville, Alabama in 1941. Originally known as Redstone Ordnance Plant it was renamed the Redstone Arsenal in February 1943. It produced items

World War Two Essay example
World War Two
On June 18, 1812, President Madison of the United States and Congress declared war on Great Britain. On June 25, the French emperor, Napoleon
Bonaparte led his army in Europe across the Nieman River into Russia.(1) Although these two events were thousands of kilometers apart they were
directly connected to each other. To some extent, the Americans declared war in protest against measures that were part of Britain's effort to defeat
Napoleon with the use of blockades. There are many interesting aspects to the War of 1812, including the fact of why it even happened. Britain and the
United States had more reasons to remain friends than to start a war. The intent of this essay is to examine American and British objectives... Show
The Twelve Congress, which received Madison's war message proved to be dominated by a group of young men known as the 'War Hawks'.(5) These
men were chiefly from the west and south who resented the injuries inflicted on the United States by Great Britain during the War for Independence,
and were seeking retribution.(6) Like many other Americans, they believed the manifest destiny of the United States was to control all of British North
America.
This American dream of major conquest of North America was made clear in a speech given by Congressman Richard Johnston of Kentucky "I shall
never die contented until I see her [Britain] expulsion from North America, and her territories incorporated with United States."(7) Mr. Felix Grundy
concurred with Mr. Johnston by stating "I am willing to receive the Canadians as adopted brethren;... I therefore feel anxious not only to add the
Floridas to the south but the Canadas to the north of this Empire..."(8) America now had their major objective for the war and despite objections by
New England and New York, war was declared by a slim margin on June 18,1812.
Logically this war was a serious threat to Canada, since it was only in North America that the U.S. could hope to defeat the British. Geographically, the
struggle

Friction Lab
This lab was a about surface area and friction. How an object could be pulled along different surface areas and then their might be different outcomes.
The labs will also explain surface area with frictional force. Some surfaces could be much rougher than others. Bar graphs were also made to compare
the differences between the different forces. Scales were used to see how much force in newtons it would take for the block to be moved across the
surface. The surfaces that were being tested were tabletop, coarse sandpaper, fine sandpaper, wax paper, and a paper towel.
In lab 4.1, "What A Drag!", a single block of wood would be drug across different surface areas. On the smoothest surface, the waxed paper, a wooden
block only took 0.75 N of force to cross the wax paper. Another block of wood took 0.94 N to be dragged across the tabletop and the paper towel. On
the fine sandpaper, the block of wood took only 1.56 N of force. And the coarse sandpaper took 1.63 N of force. The wax ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Every time another block of wood that would be added to make the mass greater, the average force would get bigger and bigger. On the paper towel,
when two blocks were dragged across the 27 inches of paper towel, the amount of force was 1.71 N. When three blocks were put on, the amount of
force was about 2.46 N. And when four blocks were added on, the amount of force was 2.92 N. As anyone could tell, when the mass of an object
increases, the weight of the object will increase. That conclusion happened to all of the surfaces; each time another block was added, the weight
would increase making the force greater when being drug across the surface. The average force of the tabletop with four blocks being drug across was
2.29 N, the wax paper had an average of 1.66 N, the fine sandpaper had an average 6.71, and finally the coarse sandpaper had an average force of 6.33

Fundamentals of Building Construction: The Concrete
What is concrete? Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water,
aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is
normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts
with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water
helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Concrete is one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pre–stressed concrete is a solid structure whereby stretched reinforcement bars surrounded by concrete. The purpose is to increase the capability of the
beam to carry a much greater load with the same amount of concrete and reinforced bars.
Ready–mix concrete is a concrete that is manufactured in a factory. The quality of ready–mix concrete is ensured because the concrete has been graded.
Precast concrete is a concrete structure that is manufactured in a factory. The precast concrete will be transported to a construction site. Precast
concrete saves man power, therefore less workers are needed in the construction site. It also saves time and cost, thus the construction can be
constructed in time. Precast concrete has also a better quality comparing to site cast concrete structure.
Terrazzo is a flooring material made by grinding and polishing a concrete. The concrete consists of chips of marble or granite in different size and
color. Terrazzo often used as decorative flooring patterns because it has various color and texture.
Urbanite is used to refer to pieces of concrete from demolition sites. It can be used to create a walkway by recycling the concrete pieces.
Reinforced Concrete Basically, reinforced concrete is a type of concrete in which metal bars or wire is embedded to increase its

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