Police Jurisdiction Essay

Police Jurisdiction Essay
History of Police Agencies and their Jurisdictions Chelsea Peterson CJA/240 December 10, 2011
Professor Konopasek History of Police Agencies and their Jurisdictions The development of police
agencies can be followed back to the Early English colonial days. As time continued, so did the
improvements of the police agencies of law enforcement today. The first police department was
established in 1731 was the Boston Police Department. Within each police agency, they also have
their own jurisdiction of federal level, state, local, and private levels. The biggest protector of
America is the Department of Homeland Security that includes jurisdiction of the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each jurisdiction can overlap with one another, differ in priorities, incompatible technologies, and
turf issues can come into conflict (Schmalleger, 2009). State jurisdiction aids local and federal
agencies in crime fighting, emergency responses, and investigation activities. State agencies include
highway patrol or state police. Local levels of law enforcement patrol the local areas within towns
and cities to maintain order and investigate crimes. Local law enforcement includes campus police,
constables, sheriff departments, etc. The federal jurisdiction is in charge of the entire nation. Federal
level focuses more on drug and human trafficking, immigration, gun and drug smuggling, safety of
transportation, or any issues that crosses state lines and boarders. Then we have Homeland Security
that protects America from terrorist attacks. Federal agencies include the FBI, Department of
Justice, Homeland Security, and other federal agencies. "The FBI has primary jurisdiction for all
domestic counterterrorism investigations and intelligence operations, but the USA PATRIOT Act
and other post–9/11 homeland security measures emphasize the need for sharing national security
intelligence information among agencies at all levels as full partners (Schertzing, 2007, p.190)".
Homeland security began their operations of March 2003 with former Pennsylvania governor Tom
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Recruitment And Retention Of Police Officers
In recent years, recruitment and retention of police officers has been a pain point for many
departments across the nation. Odd and inflexible hours, uncompetitive pay, para–militaristic
organizational structures, and a negative public perception have all worked to diminish the pool of
applicants interested in careers in law enforcement. Add to the mix the sexist "brotherhood" police
culture, emphasis on masculinity and aggression, and the nearly non–existent opportunities for
advancement for women, and over half of the eligible workforce has been discouraged from even
considering a career in law enforcement. In 2013, women comprised just over 57% of the labor
force, but accounted for only 13% of sworn police officers (USDOL, 2013; Crooke, 2013). Not only
are women sorely underrepresented in the field of law enforcement, but those who are employed
experience discrimination at the hands of their supervisors and coworkers, and as a result, the
attrition rate for women is often much higher than that of their male counterparts. Departments
should pledge dedication to recruiting and retaining more female officers, as research indicates that
not only do females perform just as well as males in patrol positions, but they also have a unique set
of advantages to offer agencies when employed in law enforcement. In order to improve the
recruitment and retention of females into policing roles, departments must determine the biggest
deterrents for women who are considering the pursuit

Policing Functions
Policing Functions
Mathew Scherer
CJA/394
February 10, 2014
Mr. David Kurylowicz
Policing Functions
Law enforcement in the United States consists of local municipal, county, state, and federal
agencies. These agencies make up a very large and very complex enterprise. Throughout the United
States, there are almost 18,000 different law enforcement agencies at the local, county, state, and
federal levels. Along with the law enforcement agencies also comes private security industry that is
made up of over a million people. Each of these agencies have some similar characteristics in
common with each other, however to completely generalize a typical police department is very
risky.
Local organization level.
Local ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two agencies that come to mind when a person is thinking about the state levels of law
enforcement. These two agencies are either the State Police or the Highway Patrol. The State Police
have statewide policing powers for both traffic regulations and criminal investigations. The
Highway Patrol also has statewide authority, but they concentrate more on the traffic regulations and
non–traffic violations in their jurisdictions (Walker & Katz, 2008).
Federal organizational level.
The federal component of the law enforcement industry is relatively small but more complex than
generally recognized. In 2004 there were an estimated 105,000 full–time federal law enforcement
employees. This figure includes all personnel "authorized to carry firearms and make arrests." It
does not include military police, however (Walker & Katz, 2008).
Federal organizations consist of federal law enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) and the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Another federal organization is our
military law enforcement (Walker & Katz, 2008).
Seventeen federal law enforcement agencies employ 500 or more sworn officers. The U.S. Customs
and Border Protection is the largest with 27,705 full–time officers, followed by the Federal Bureau
of Prisons with 15,214 officers, and the Federal Bureau of Investigations with 12,242

Summary Of Jim Crow Policing By Bob Herbert
Summary and Analysis of "Jim Crow Policing" This article entitled "Jim Crow Policing", written by
Bob Herbert, is an opinionated article which aims to shed light on the alleged racist and xenophobic
behaviors of the New York Police Department. The article was published on February 1st, 2010,
almost 7 years ago, which is important to note because of the changing environment that New York
is as a whole. Herbert takes a stance against the NYPD, claiming that the officers of the department
have "no obligation to treat them (blacks, hispanics, other minorities) fairly or with any respect..."
He also states in his opening paragraph that some of the officers that are partaking in the harassment
are minorities themselves, and he calls that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It should be noted that no source was given for these statistics. Percentages for stops that yielded
weapons during the search were much less, according to Herbert's statistics. He says that weapons
were found on 1.1 percent of the black population that was stopped, 1.4 percent of the Hispanics,
and 1.7 percent of the whites. He notes that only six percent of the stops made resulted in an arrest
for "any reason." As his argument progresses, he starts to unravel some of his ideas regarding how
the stops made by the police department aren't a real crime–fighting tool, but rather "despicable,
racially oriented tools of harassment." He makes a majorly controversial claim that at the head of
these directions are New York's Mayor, Michael Bloomberg, and Police Commissioner Kelly, who
he described as "increasingly enthusiastic" in the way that they allegedly promote unconstitutional
stops on New York citizens. Herbert then begins to explain that not everyone stopped by the NYPD
during that time was frisked... rather, Hispanics, blacks, and whites were stopped and frisked 59.4
percent, 56.6 percent, and 46 percent respectively. He notes as well that whites were merely 16
percent of the people searched in the first place. Again, no source is given for these statistics.
The article then begins to transition into a more ethical debate, explaining that most of the
encounters with the police were degrading and frightening, and Herbert also claims that

How Did Sir Robert Peel Influence Policing
Antonio J Williams
CJS/241
Introduction to Police Theory and Practices
March 28, 2017 History of American Policing Analysis
The impact of Sir Robert Peel on American policing
Sir Robert Peel has had a profound impact on modern police tactics, and although he was British, he
also significantly influenced American policing as well. Some specific examples of Sir Robert Peel's
influence on American policing can be seen in the fact that badge numbers are issued to police
officers and then used for accountability and reference purposes, the police department strategy that
advocates focusing on quality interactions with the public instead of simply arrest numbers, and the
use of strategic beat officers to develop positive community relations. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The state level consists of organizations such as the state police and state troopers, the county level
typically consists of the county sheriff and associated county level police officers, and the local/city
level consists of city police. As the names of these various levels of law enforcement indicate, the
state troopers and associated state level police officers have jurisdiction and authority over highways
and state buildings. The county sheriffs, on the other hand, frequently operate the county jails and
also have jurisdiction and patrol authority over unincorporated areas in a county. Finally, the city
police force has jurisdictional authority over areas within the city limits and the city police will also
operate city jails (Adams,

History Of Police. The United States’ Early Policing Was
History of Police The United States' early policing was rooted in the ancient system of British
common law (Reppetto, 2010). The system depended heavily on watch groups and citizen
volunteers. The U.S. has taken up a lot of initiatives to reform its system of policing since the 1960s.
President Lyndon Johnson played an integral part to facilitate early reforms to policing. The primary
functions of police in the US include law enforcement, protection of property, and limiting of civil
disorder. Police force exercises its power within clearly defined territorial or legal areas of
responsibility. Police force is separate and different from the military since the former does not
engage in matters of territorial or state defense against ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Besides, the U.S. established its community policing organizations based on the Peelian principles
(Das & Verma, 2003). Most policing organizations have formulated the ethical behaviors expected
of the public and law enforcement based on these principles. Finally, modern technology has
necessitated the need to make sure that the community, the police, and law enforcement conform to
Peel's principles and other policing recommendations. Meanwhile, the policing organizations in the
United States have a special relationship with the U.S. government. Policing in the US is divided
into three distinct categories: local, state, and federal police. At least 18,000 local, state, and federal
departments take part in the nation's policing (Scaramella et al., 2011). The funding, powers, and
responsibilities of law enforcement agencies vary from one state to another. Federal police and
federal law enforcers play an integral part to enforce law at the national level. These law
enforcement agencies and federal police basically enforce federal law and have nationwide
jurisdiction. However, the U.S. Code limits these federal agencies to involve in investigations of
only those matters falling within the jurisdiction of the federal government. The country's
Department of Justice is charged with the responsibility to oversee most activities and duties of the
federal law enforcement agencies. Some of the agencies under DOJ

Evaluation Of The Nypd 's Performance Measurement System...
Performance measurement is a crucial method to understand the progress of an organization.
Regardless of an organization 's magnitude performance measurement has a way to measure its own
efficiency. It is also known for its regular measurement of results of evaluations, checking its
outcome and evaluating the service or program itself. This method is ideal for any organization
which is seeking to create transparency, show its efficiency and in New York City; New York City
Police Department (NYPD) is one of them. This paper will analyze the NYPD's performance
measurement system also known as compstat. This paper will show how this performance known as
comptat collects data, its area of interest, and frequency of data collection etc.
The purpose of the NYPD is to improve the "quality of life" in New York City. It is done by fighting
crime through the prevention of criminals in the city. But if the action of NYPD is being effective or
not is only possible to understand through the Compstat since it is a performance measurement
which is the computerized statistics. It also provides methods to acquire solutions when the crime
goes higher and lets NYPD know what approach is working in the best of the New Yorkers.
Moreover this performance measurement amplified the use of statistics and crime indicators as
measure and begins the notion of community policing and problem–solving. Stated by Katel (2008),
according to Bratton, "Police began gathering daily and hourly data on newly

Civil Rights Issues
The police cannot do everything expected of them by everyone. Unequal treatment on the basis of
race have been an ongoing issue for police since the 1960's civil rights movement. It became
apparent that through the course of the past 40 years, many critics, scholars, and policy makers
would begin to question discretionary powers of law enforcement officers in regards to brutality. As
citizens we put our trust in law enforcement officers to do the right thing by upholding and abiding
by the same laws they enforce to maintain order and keep peace within our society. Public servants,
especially law enforcement officers, are obligated to live up to a higher ethical and intellectual
standard than those expected of the general public, which is why there is growing concern about
brutality, excessive use of force, discrimination, and racial profiling by those who are sworn to serve
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sergeant Koon and three other officers then beat him mercilessly with their batons to ultimately
subdue King. This incident was taped by a man living nearby and the footage caused an uproar in
the Los Angeles African–American community once it was released to the public. Long before this
incident, there were many complaints in Los Angeles and many other cities across the country about
racial profiling and abuse by police. After the acquittal of the four officers involved in the Rodney
King beating, the worst single episode of urban unrest erupted on April 29, 1992 that left the city
with over 50 dead several thousand injured and over one billion in property damage. In August of
1992 the United States Department of Justice, which filed federal civil rights charges against the
four officers, found two of the men guilty while the other two were acquitted. King was awarded
$3.8 million in the civil trial for injuries he

Characteristics Of An Effective Leader
The author (Cronkhite) listed several traits that are associated with leadership (Cronkhite, 2013, p.
331): Communication Skills Decisiveness Emotional Control Flexibility Industriousness Integrity
Intelligence Interpersonal Skills Intuition Motivation Persistence Responsibility Self–Confidence
Sincerity Supportiveness Vision As any department continues to grow and evolve, as to the
command level must grow and evolve as leaders. It should be important to ask a few questions. Do
you want to become an effective leader? How is your mindset? Are you truly developing future
leaders? Do you see yourself for what you can be, but what you are? How is your connectivity with
your department? Connectivity doesn't equate to the need of everyone liking you, there should be
harmony with each other, but a layer of respect. A quote that I heard at a leadership training class
recently, stated, " As leaders of cops you don't have to like anyone that works for you, but you better
love them all" (H. D. Crisp, personal communication, February 9, 2016). These are all the traits that
encompass great leaders, don't wait to you become the Administrator or Chief to start thinking like
one! However if you more focused on the process that you must to complete for the day and the
time your going home, your mindset as well as your communication level is not right. Don't get
caught up where you are, focus on where you want to be. Stop looking in the rearview

Coll 148 Outline Essay
Raymond W. Kelly Outline
Callistus Wong
COLL 148
August 5, 2013
Professor Joy Harrison
DeVry University
Raymond W. Kelly Outline
I. Introduction A. Raymond W. Kelly New York City Police Commissioner B. Background: To
become a good leader/role model C. Raymond W. Kelly is the current New City Police
Commissioner and a former Colonel in the United States Marine Corps. Kelly has been apart of the
New York City Police Department for over 40 years. Kelly is a primary candidate for replacing
Janet Napolitano for Director of Homeland Security. D. Raymond Kelly is a great role model and
leader to follow for my career field
II. Policing and Security Management A. My career field is Security Management because ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Commissioner Kelly established a new global intelligence program that help drove down crime by
40% around the city. – NYPD New York's Finest (unknown) (Retrieved on Aug 7, 2013) B. –
Nelson, J. (1998) B. Raymond Kelly has outstanding leadership and knowledge on Policing 1.
Leadership is a key to teamwork and developing vital life skills. – Prive, T. (2012) 2. Security
Management requires a skill to identify possible threats or future threats to personnel and other
things.
V. My leadership and success traits are good listener and not to give up A. Ability to delegate and
communicate Levitz, N (unknown) (Retrieved on Aug 7, 2013) 1. I have learned that I need some
more self–confidence in my works. – Sherfield, Robert M., and Patricia G. Moody (2011) 2. These
strengths can help me become a better leader for others to follow. 3. My plans to employ my
strengths is by using my strengths to strengthen my weakness so I can develop better learning and
studying skills. B. Area of weakness are self–confidence, commitment, and creatively. – Sherfield,
Robert M., and Patricia G. Moody (2011) 1. Positive changes need to strengthen weakness is to
work on my weakness with others so I can strengthen them.
VI. Conclusion A. Raymond W. Kelly is my role model and leader because he has great leadership

The Dangers Of Racial Profiling In Law Enforcement
"Racism isn't about how you look, it's about people assigning meaning to how you look." –Robin
D.G. Kelley. Racial profiling has been used for centuries around the world. From the Mongols in
300 B.C.E., to modern day soccer moms, this method of discrimination is widespread. Racial
discrimination dates back a long time, but has deep roots in Western culture. Modern racial profiling
began in the 1970's when law enforcement wanted to identify drug dealers, and was implemented in
the 80's by the DEA (drug enforcement agency) to intercept drug couriers on highways. This
procedure led to shortcuts such as stopping people of a certain race, often a certain age group of
black or Hispanic males. Officers would inspect the car, and search for more incriminating
evidence. By the 90's, these stops became routine for law enforcement officers. Racial profiling
should be filtered out of law enforcement practices for three key reasons: it harms trust of law
enforcement within communities, it increases unwarranted targets on minorities, and finally it
increases civilian use of racial profiling. Obviously, racial profiling is not used by every police
officer, in every city, of every state. Officers do not ALL use this method as a way of recognizing
crime. In a review of body and dash cams, racial profiling is not used as we all believe. However,
this definitely does not excuse the fact that hundreds if not thousands of officers fall back on this
practice, and therefore, increases the

Drug Enforcement Administration ( Dea )
Introduction I have chosen to research and write about to the Oro Valley Police Department in Oro
Valley, Arizona and the Federal agency called the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). I will
explain the history of each agency, where these agencies have their jurisdiction, the types of crimes
they investigate and describe the similarities and differences between the Oro Valley Police
Department in Oro Valley, Arizona and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
History
The Oro Valley Police Department (OVPD) has kept the peace since 1974. In 1983, Oro Valley was
home to approximately 1,500 residents and the land area was only 4.5 square miles, since then Oro
Valley has grown to approximately 44,000 residents spread out over 36 square miles. The OVPD
has grown from five commission officers to over hundred commission officers. The OVPD is
known for being one of the safest cities in the state of Arizona. From 1974 until now they have
written their mission statement and qualities they want for the town of Oro Valley. Their mission
statement is "We, the members of the Oro Valley Police Department, are dedicated to providing
excellent service through partnerships that build trust, prevent crime and promote a safe
environment to enhance the quality of life." The OVPD has a vision to "Seek Excellence, Remain
Vigilant, Involve Community, Enforcement: SERVICE". Before the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) was established, drug enforcement was handled between two federal

The Case Of Terry Vs Ohio
Ever since 1968 and the Supreme Court case of "Terry vs Ohio" was settled, stop and frisking
policies have been used by police everywhere in the United States. However, lately the use of this
tactic, especially in New York, has raised the questions of whether or not these stop and frisks are
actually helping as well as the question of whether or not these supposed random stops are unbiased.
There have been a great number of arguments for the continuation of stop and frisk policies as well
as the cease of such tactics to lower the crime rate in cities. In New York, these concerns were first
brought to light in the late 1990's. Throughout this decade, the huge decrease in crime rates had
been credited to the fact that NYPD had taken the stop and frisk policies very seriously. However,
"near the end of the decade there were repeated complaints of harassment of minority communities"
(Gelman). The people of New York were complaining that the NYPD were stopping people and
treating people differently based on their ethnic background, which brings up the bigger and more
disturbing question; Were the police stopping minorities based on racial bias? To better look at the
history of the practice of stopping and frisking and how it evolved into what it is today, it would be
best to more fully define when it is ok for police officers to stop and frisk people. According to the
4th Amendment, it is constitutional for police officers to detain and search people if there is

Homeland Security Research Paper
The fight against terror has been an on going issue in the world for centuries. There is always
someone or some group trying to bring harm to a nation or a group of people formed by their hatred.
In America, the battle is fought on the home front, in the air, and on the water throughout the world
with different intelligence agencies. With every agency grouping together to keep this nation safe it
has made big differences. It is the job of every American to keep a watchful eye for those who
threaten the future of the country. Grouping all levels of law enforcement is important to the success
of homeland security. Throughout this paper, I will be focusing on three agencies that plan a major
role in the success of defending our nation's frontline. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The policy agency has 315 sworn in officers and 152 civilian employees ("Our Mission," n.d.). With
Washington DC only a few miles away, this police department is the closet to protecting against
attacks to the nation's capital. Even though this is a small department, its patrols that consist of three
sections is very important to enforcement of crime. Another key to fighting against threats is special
enforcement anti crime unit. Even though Alexandria Police Department does not play a direct role
in the homeland security mission, they are so close that there could be times when defense of the
country starts in

History of Law Enforcement Systems
London had the first police force which was established in 1829. The rule of law existed in the
thirteenth century England. Maintenance of order, police abuse, and the rule of law also existed in
the thirteenth–century England. There are many different types of agencies like county sheriff, city
police, FBI highway patrol and more.FBI is more for a higher rank and they get paid more than just
a regular city police. Recruiting better qualified people to serve as police .Each of these different
types of authorities have their own responsibilities; the first police force was under the control of
democratically elected officials. There are many police in the world. In fact the very first police
force was formed in 1829 in. Without police in the world there will be so much chaos all over.
Polices is always down talked because of many different reasons and people feel that the only thing
that they are good for is harassing people but polices jobs are to help people and they can be very
helpful . There are systems that existed before the thirteenth century that was made for protecting
citizens. There is a system called the frankpledge system that required that groups of ten families,
called tithing's, agree to uphold the law, keep order, and bring violators to a court. Everybody that
was males who is above the age of twelve years old is apart of the frankpledge system. England
developed a system in which individuals were chosen within each community to take charge of

Police Functions And Units Of The United States
Police Functions & Units
Stephanie Miranda
In the United States of America, the police have functions and specific units to coordinate those
functions. The role of the police has become important throughout the years with the increase of
crime. The police are responsible for enforcing criminal law, maintaining law and order, and
investigating crimes. The law and the constitution is where one's safety and liberty comes from,
meaning that the police are the ones making the primary decisions involving the law while
enforcing them.
There are approximately 20,000 agencies in the United States of America, that consist of state and
local police agencies. Many of these police agencies are loosely connected to each other. (Maguire,
2002) Police agencies are organized in a bureaucratic structure, having the administration of the
departments characterized by tasks, duties, qualifications, rules and regulations, and a hierarchy of
authority. (Police Organization, 2015) Having this form of organization allows for a more efficient
structure. Many police departments are organized in a quasi–military model, making it seem like
they are an institution with a war type of mission. (Bittner, 2012) This military model led to the
preference for a hierarchical bureaucracy that is based on a chain of command and personnel ranks.
Having this type of model plays an important role in the structure of modern policing.
There are three different types of law enforcement agencies within

The Law Enforcement Profession Essay
The Law Enforcement Profession
Abstract
In order to understand comptemporary law enforcemment, we should recognize the conditions that
impact our profession. It is agreed upon by many scholars that major changes in law enforcement
occur every five years. Policing is sometimes characterize"... like a sandbar in a river, subject to
being changed continuously by the currents in which it is immersed..." (Swanson,
Territo and Taylor, p. 2). However, in recent years some major changes have occurred in a shorter
time period.
Innovations in law enforcement
During the past two decades, I have observed major changes in the viewpoint of society towards
police officer's as the symbol of trust and dignity, the technological advances of ... Show more
The results of an investigation disclosed that the McDuffie's death may have been caused by police
instead of an accident. After being indicted and found not guilty by an all white jury, riots broke out
in black neighborhoods, especially Liberty City resulting in arson and looting that left 18 persons
dead and more than 300 injured. This catastrophe forced the Miami Police
Department to reexamine and revise their use of force policies and procedures
(CQ Researcher, p. 645). The Jeffrey L. Dahmer Case characterize a situation when the police fail to
properly handle a call of a suspicous nature. Dahmer was charged with murdering at least 15 young
males. On May 27, 1993, two Milwaukee citizens reported a naked young male in the middle of the
street bleeding and unable to stand. The boy name was Konerak Sinthasomphone, a 14 year of
laotain boy.
Dahmer was able to persuade the officer that the boy was a live in lover. The boy was later slain by
Dahmer in his apartment after the officers left the scene. A storm of portest came from the minority
and homosexual communities accused the officers of displaying racial prejudice. The officers were
also criticized for dismissing the incident as "a boyfriend–boyfriend thing" (CQ Researcher, p.
637).
One of the most celebrated cases in recent times was the beating of a black motorist by several
white police officers in Los Angeles. It stirred nationwide concern about police brutality. On March
3, 1991, Rodney Glen

Black Lives Matter Movement: Case Study
Considering the financial environment and condition of Ferguson, Missouri city officials faced a
series of constraints both financially and politically. Although following the death of Brown, there
was little to no change in the make–up of the city council members, the police chief and several
police officers left the department. In addition to this loss of much needed staff, protests lead by
members of the Black Lives Matter movement continued to lead a growing number of protests
throughout the city. As previously mentioned, Missouri's Governor, Jay Nixon approved the joining
of forces for Missouri State Highway Patrol, St. Louis County Police, and St. Louis Metropolitan
Police. This collaboration included an additional 5,000 hours of training ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to Guilford (2014), "even as the number of adult residents fell 11% between 2010 and
2013, fines collected by the city's court system surged 85%, hitting $2.6 million [in 2013]". As
previously stated, these fines were collected to serve as a source of revenue; however, the way in
which they were collected have proved to be racially and economically charged. Brendan Roediger,
a professor at the Saint Louis University School of Law and supervisor of a local civil advocacy
clinic, believes the source is not to "actually incarcerate people because it costs money, so [instead]
they fine them ... Ferguson's court sometimes hears as many as 300 cases per hour" (CITE qz.com).
His estimation is based on the court's ability to process charges at a rate of 12 second per case
(CITE Governing.com). ArchCity Defenders, a nonprofit lawyer group, found this to be true stating,
"[that] the Ferguson Municipal Court often starts hearing cases a half–hour before the official
scheduled start time, and locks the doors five minutes after the court officially opens. Those who
miss their hearing are then charged with failing to appear, while missing court flat–out will likely
result in an arrest warrant" (CITE qz.com). Guilford (2014) asserts that "this practice explains why
Ferguson Municipal Court issued 24,532 warrants and heard 12,018 cases in 2013, averaging out to
1.5 cases and three warrants per every household in Ferguson". Furthermore, when looking at these
practices as they apply to the Black community, nearly nine–tenths (4,632) of vehicle stops in
Ferguson involve Black drivers, compared to that of the 686 White drivers (CITE qz.com). Of these,
Black drivers were almost twice as likely as White drivers to be searched and

The United States
The United States was constructed into a democratic society, therefore establishing the power of
American citizens. Once the rights and protections of Americans were authorized, the citizens
needed the government to insure them, which often comes by law enforcement. Law enforcement
agencies are a major component of the criminal justice system, which enforces the law and provides
the community with protection. However, in some cities law enforcement has been unable to ensure
consistent protection for citizens, due to lack of resources. The budget cuts in California dating back
to 2008 are still negatively affecting cities in the state. For example, Oakland Police Department cut
back on traffic stops, drug investigation, property crime, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
My first observation was Chief Jordan's demeanor and how observant he was. Over the years of
policing, being attentive becomes apart of you even if you're in safer areas like your home. We soon
began our ride along and Chief Jordan grabbed all his equipment and checked the computers for
calls. He drove a ford truck that didn't indicate that he was Oakland PD. Once we began conducting
patrol duties, we went to central Oakland, which was beat nineteen in district three. I noticed that his
computer screen never stopped notifying him of calls. Unfortunately, I didn't understand the
numbers police officers use to define a crime or actions ensuing, but Chief Jordan translated for me.
In addition, Chief Jordan and I witnessed officers proceeding two different traffic stops and one car
accident. Chief Jordan responded to calls and request from citizens while helping his fellow officers
on other beats. However, he put my safety first, so he didn't place me in any situation that could
harm me. During that evening, I believe Chief Jordan provided a visible presence to discourage
crime and bear comfort within the community. Although Chief Jordan and Oakland P.D. are doing
there best to serve the community, the lack of resources are holding them back. Too many officers
are going from emergency to emergency which is lowering the amount of citizens being aided.
The force has roughly lost 230 officers

Police Brutality
Police Brutality Did you know that Police brutality is the intentional use of excessive force, usually
physical, but potentially also in the form of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by a
police officer? Despite major improvements in police practices (since 1981) reports of alleged
police misconduct and abuse continue to spread through the nation. Police Brutality still goes on
around the world today with improvements of enforcing police brutality in police departments.
There have been several shocking incidents in the United States and the rest of the world which left
the public in shook. The public has many different views of the police, but the police are out to
serve the public in a professional way twenty four ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What we do know, from experts and police officers alike, is that the media portrayal of police
brutality is often significantly different from reality (The Extent of Police Brutality Is
Exaggerated)." When you are working in the police world, things happen very quickly. The police
academies around the nation teach their officers how to properly handle things when officers need to
your force. There have been many times officers disobey the department's rules and handle things
incorrectly. When things don't go properly that's when you have a big chance of police brutality
occurring. "In Houston in July 1998, Pedro Oregon was shot during a drug raid on his home. He was
an unarmed Mexican national. The police officers were fired following protests from the Hispanic
community (Police Brutality Is A Serious Problem)." Shootings occur frequently because the police
suspect they have a weapon and feel they are in harm. As a police officer you want to protect your
life along with the others you're working with. "Many of the people allegedly kicked or beaten by
police were not criminal suspects but people who had simply questioned police authority or had
minor disagreements with officers," Amnesty International said in a 1996 report "Police Brutality
and Excessive Force in the New York City Police
Department." "Nearly all the victims in the cases of deaths in

Theory And Practice Of Crime Prevention
Activity Space
Michael Pace
University of Cincinnati
Theory and Practice of Crime Prevention
CJ 7070
Dr. Pamela Wilcox
October 21, 2015
Introduction
Crime events have the propensity of occurring in our daily routine activities. In order for a crime
event to occur there must be three elements: a motivated offender, a potential target or victim, and
lack of guardianship (Wilcox, 2015). Evaluating my own activity space, I was able to determine my
nodes and paths. By analyzing my nodes and space, I was able to establish a hot spot, which created
a place where criminal activity was prevalent. Using the Routine Activity Theory and Offender
Search Theory I was able to understand crime is prevalent in this area not only because of the
motivated offender but also because of the lack of guardianship, and pro–criminal social and
environmental factors, which contribute to a continuous encouragement of criminal activity.
My Activity Space
I live in a small coastal town called Toledo, Oregon. The town has about 3,500 people and is located
approximately four miles east of Newport, Oregon. I live in a single story wood built home nestled
in a remote section of a neighborhood. The places I frequent on a regular basis in my community is
my work (Toledo Police Department; Toledo Oregon), my wife's work (Fred Meyers; Newport
Oregon), and my kids school (Newport High School). Schneider (2015) classifies the places where
anyone frequents on a regular basis as a node.
I will

Rationale , Pros and Cons of the Dual Law Enforcement System
The Criminal Justice System
"The judicial system of the United States is unique in so far as it is actually made up of two different
court systems, the Federal Court System and the State Court System". ( United States Courts).
"The U. S. Constitution created a governmental structure for the United States known as Federalism.
The Constitution gives certain powers to the federal government and reserves the res for the states..
The Constitution states that the governments is supreme with regard to those powers expressly or
implicitly delegated to it, the states remain supreme in matters reserved for them". (United States
Courts).
"The Federal Court System refers to two types of courts, an Article III court, thes courts were
derived from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intermediate appellate courts (in many states and not all states 0 and the highest state are called by
various names. Unlike federal judges, most state judges are not appointed for life, but, either they
are elected or appointed, ( or a combination of both for a certain number of years). They are courts
with limited jurisdiction. They are Probate Courts, Family Courts Traffic Courts, Juvenile Courts,
Small Claims Courts and Municipal Courts". (United States Courts).
"The State Trial Courts of general jurisdiction are the main Trial Courts in the State system. These
Courts are Circuits Courts, Superior Courts of common pleasand even in New York, Supreme
Courts. In certain cases, these courts can hear appeals from trial courtsof limited jurisdiction. The
State Courts include Intermediate Appellate Courts and Supreme Courts". (United States Courts).
"The Department of Homeland Security was created by the Homeland Security Act, 2002 after the
terrorist attach on the World Center New York City , September 11, 2002. It grew out of the Office
of Homeland Security established by President George W. Bush" . ( Answers.com). "The
components of the Department of Homeland Security are; The Customs and Border Protection,
Federal Emergency Management Agency, The Transportation Security Administration, The U S
Citizenship and Immigration

History of Police Essay
History of Police
History of Police
The role of police officers is very significant to American history. Police work toward protecting
citizens' rights and helping America become the land of the free. The United States of America is
built from the U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights and police play a major role in making sure American
rights are met. Evolution has changed many of American history for the better; policing is part of
those changes. As new issues in society arise, police must change and adapt to protect and serve the
public.
Early American policing strategies were based on the British model. Law enforcement was not
organized until 1200 A.D. offenders were pursued by an organized posse. If offenders were caught
they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New technology and social reform for policing happened in the twentieth century. This brought
about the first woman police officer. The invention of automobiles, telephones, and radios was also
developed, which helped police officers in a major way. Automobiles allowed police a quick
responds and allowed them to serve bigger areas. Radios allowed better communication between
police officers. Telephones allowed better communication between officers and civilians. Teddy
Roosevelt help promote the first call box system, which is compared to the 911 system used today;
also he helped organize the FBI, one of the most famous government agencies. The history of
policing is divided into four periods. The political era (1840s–1930) was the first, police agencies
were more concerned with the interest of powerful politicians. The second era (1930s–1970s) police
were more concerned with solving traditional crimes. Today the third period is used in
contemporary policing, which deal with community policing. Last is the homeland security era,
which grew after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack. All levels of law enforcement agencies
have devoted more time and effort for homeland security after the attack.
A variety of police agencies to enforce the law is created by local, state, and federal law
enforcement. Federal law enforcement agency is "A U.S government agency or office whose
primary functional responsibility is to enforce

Police Officers And The Police Officer
Blake Burton
Comp II
11/16/2014
In 2002 alone, large state and local law enforcement agencies, those with 100 or more officers,
received more than 26,000 citizen complaints about officers' use of force. Among those complaints
only eight percent had sufficient evidence of the allegation to justify disciplinary action against the
subject officer (U.S. Department of Justice). These incidents occur frequently but what truly
happens is never very clear. Witness reports don't hold up with evidence, the victim has their
recollection of what happened and the police officer has another. There is no concrete way to hold
police accountable for their actions unless there is hard evidence to prove them guilty. This allows
officers to use excessive force and not face any penalization from their department or in court. On
Saturday, August 9, 2014 an unarmed 18–year–old male, Michael Brown, was fatally shot by Darren
Wilson, a Ferguson police officer. There were a handful of witnesses but no concrete evidence on
what happened. The police officer, Darren Wilson, claims Brown pinned him in his vehicle and was
in fear for his life as they struggled over his gun. Wilson has told authorities that during the scuffle,
Brown reached for the gun. He goes on to say the gun went off twice in the car, one hitting Brown
while the other missed. Multiple forensics test show that Brown's blood was on the gun, on Officer
Wilson's uniform as well as the interior door panel which supports Officer Wilson's

Effectiveness of Sobriety Checkpoints
Briana Purifoy
Effectiveness of Sobriety Checkpoints
Special Problems in Criminal Justice
Dr. Stone
December 1, 2010
Abstract A good theoretical basis exists for believing that properly conducted sobriety checkpoints
and campaigns, may reduce drunk driving, and data from multiple checkpoint programs support this
belief. The courts have upheld the constitutionality of checkpoints, opposing those who believe
them to violate the fourth amendment. Each year, more deaths result for alcohol–related automobile
accidents than any other cause. Sobriety checkpoints, along with media coverage and cooperation
from multiple groups, are a necessity to reduce the amount of drunk driving in America.
Introduction For many years, the law enforcement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sobriety checkpoint programs are defined as procedures in which law enforcement officers restrict
traffic flow in a designated, specific location so they can check drivers for signs of alcohol
impairment. If officers detect any type of incapacitation based upon their observations, they can
perform additional testing, such as field sobriety or breath analysis tests (Greene, 2003). To this end,
agencies using checkpoints must have a written policy as a directive for their officers to follow.
Agencies normally choose locations for checkpoints from areas that statistically reveal crashes or
offenses (Green, 2003). Officers stop vehicles based on traffic flow, staffing, and overall safety.
They must stop vehicles in an arbitrary sequence, whether they stop all vehicles or a specified
portion of them. Checkpoints offer a visible enforcement method intended to deter potential
offenders, as well as to apprehend impaired drivers. Sobriety checkpoints must display warning
signs to approaching motorists.
Used to deter drinking and driving, sobriety checkpoints are related more directly to educating the
public and encouraging designated drivers, rather than actually apprehending impaired drivers. They
offer authorities an educational tool. Education and awareness serve as a

The Stop-Question and Frisk Program
The black or white, either–or and this or that misconceptions that are common in conversations with
children seems to be arising over the Stop and Frisk Law in New York City. It has long been an
issue of debate over whether it is a form of practicing racial profiling since its implementation.
Arguments between advocates and critics of the law appear to be so incompatible that people are
simply taking sides rather than trying to push the discussion forward. Frankly, supporters and
protestors of the practice have established their opinions with incomplete information and lack of
adequate critical reasoning. While those in favor have failed to admit to the apparent existence of
racial profiling, those who are against the law only focus on racial profiling and do not participate in
the broader discussion of whether or not it actually brings safety to the city. The conversation might
be able to move forward if both sides were to emphasize on the most crucial issue of whether safety
trumps civil rights.
The Stop–Question–and–Frisk Program, more commonly known as "stop and frisk" or 250s,
authorizes police to stop and question pedestrians and frisk them for weapons or other contrabands.
This practice is based on the decision of the United States Supreme Court form the case of Terry v.
Ohio. The holding establishes that if there is reasonable suspicion that the person may be dangerous
or armed, police can stop him or her without violating the Fourth Amendment, which prohibits

British Model Of Policing : The History Of British Policing
History of British Policing
The United States Police model traces back to the British Model of Policing. Originating in the
1200s, British law enforcement started as organized posses. At the time if a man heard a victim cry
out he joined the posse and helped track the criminal. Typically, leaders called shire reeve (county
leaders) or comes stabuli (mounted officers) led the efforts. The world sheriff traces back to shire
reeve and constable back to comes stabuli. Small numbers of mounted officers were employed
which meant that there were not numerous enough to handle everything handled by today's law
enforcement. This system created many feuds among competing posses. Public executions, often
including torture, were common, but trials were rare.
Law enforcement continued to develop as cities and towns relied on bailiffs, or "watchmen." Bailiffs
maintained a night watch to detect fires and spot thieves. However, the bailiffs were still too few in
numbers to handle most emergencies, but they could wake up a sleeping population to assist. Larger
cities continued to expand night watch into day wards. Finally, in 1285 the Statute of Winchester
codified British practices. The statute officially created the watch and wards, mandated the draft of
eligible men to serve, criminalized citizens disregarding another citizen's outcry, and required
citizens to maintain weapons in their homes.
The night watch and day ward continue to work until 1720 when there was a period of

Why Tollbooths Should Be Abolished
Taxation without Representation: Why Tollbooths Are Defective
Imagine an average, ordinary individual is driving down the Interstate and out of nowhere a
tollbooth appears, then another, and another. This person realizes that paying tolls is expensive but
necessary in reaching a destination. This is an everyday example that people run into when going to
major cities or in some cases when driving to work. In 1938 Congress passed the idea of the toll
roads network. This is so that states can collect money from your driving to help repair roads. The
average rate of tolls extends from seventy–five cents to a dollar and fifty cents. Even though taxes
are the leading cause for road maintenance, states are still putting tollbooths up. While ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Usually we find tollbooths on highways, so there are no worries of paying to drive through a detour.
However, this leads to people finding different routes and wasting time to get to their destinations.
While they drive down roads they naturally would not use, they find them to be in unstable
condition since the state is focusing mainly, if not solely, on the highways that make profit.
Tollbooths are constantly making their main roads to be the primary priority of the state. By law,
tollbooths are not permitted to be placed on old interstate highways, only when a new expansion is
built can a tollbooth be placed. This leads to more unmaintained roads and more potential damage to
civilian vehicles making them

Policing In America Research Paper
Abstract
This Capstone Final Project is based on research related to the implementation of 21st century
policing within the Westborough Police Department. The research will begin by evaluating the
history of policing in America, the demographics of the Town of Westborough and the police
department, the president's task force on 21st century policing report, and finally, which
recommendations would be useful in Westborough and what has worked in other communities
across the country. This paper will provide a summary of the research findings.
The Capstone Project: A Summary of Findings
The History of Policing in America
The development of policing in America was modeled after the policing system in England. It
started out in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is key to the stability of our communi¬ties, the integrity of our criminal justice system, and the
safe and effective delivery of policing services. In light of recent events that have exposed rifts in
the relationships between local police and the communities they protect and serve President Barack
Obama signed an executive order establishing the Task Force on 21st Century Policing. The
President charged the task force with identifying best practices and offering recommendations on
how policing practices can promote effective crime reduction while building public trust ( Office of
Community Oriented Policing Services,

The New York City Police Department Essay
Introduction
In the 1990s, the growth of violent crime reached its all–time high in New York City. In response to
the number of high murder rates in the 1990s, the New York City Police Department realized that
their efforts to reduce crime were ineffective. The local news reported that New Yorkers were afraid
to wear their jewelry in public. Some reported they had to sprint to the subway exit to avoid
victimization when the door opened. The New York City Police Department decided to implement a
practice of Stop, Question, and Frisk. This practice became known as Stop –and– Frisk (Bellin,
2014). Stop–and Frisk was a method in which an officer stopped a pedestrian and asked them a
question, and then frisked them for any weapon or contraband (Rengifo & Slocum, 2016). By the
late 1990s, stop–and frisk became a common practice implemented by New York City Police
Department (Bellin, 2014). The framework of Stop–and–Frisk started in 1968 in a case known as
Terry v. Ohio. This was a landmark case that gave law enforcement the constitutional limitations by
the United States Supreme Court to stop and search individuals in street encounters for weapon or
contraband (Rengifo & Slocum, 2016). In 1996, the Attorney General, Eliot Spitzer opened an
investigation to assess the effectiveness of Stop–and–Frisk on the minority communities in New
York City. The assessment involved looking at 175,000 stop–and–frisk forms from 1998 to 1999.
During the assessment, a report indicated a

Stop-and-Frisk Research Paper
Stop–and–Frisk: Cleaning up the Streets, or Racial Profiling at its Finest?
Taryn Konkler
Introduction to Law Enforcement
Professor Michael Glendon
Imagine innocently walking down the street in a city you've lived in your whole life, when all of a
sudden you hear the dreaded "woop woop" and see those flashing red and blue lights. The police.
They interrogate you, ask your whereabouts, and finally, they "frisk" you. Of course, they find
nothing; they rarely do when they search people. Although it's wrong and demoralizing, you know
it's something you'll have to get used to as an African American living in New York City.
The stop–and–frisk was implemented after the Terry v. Ohio case, which ruled ... Show more
The statistics show that to be an African American or Hispanic in New York you are more than
twice as likely to get stopped as a white or Asian person. Studies of reports show that 15,000 or 30%
of stops are deemed unconstitutional; and those are just the ones that are reported, imagine all of
those that go unreported. Imagine all of those people who were victimized just because of the color
of their skin. The stop–and–frisk procedure was once a good thing that helped clean up the streets,
but now it's becoming an epidemic of racial profiling, and teaching racism and intolerance to anyone
who is a victim or witness of these stops.
"There's no evidence that the stop–and–frisk is lowering or suppressing homicide rates in NYC.
Murders have dropped steadily in 1990," says Chris Dunn, spokesperson for the NYCLU. He's
saying that stop and frisks have nothing to do with the drop in homicides, statistics show that in
2002 97,296 people were stopped and there were 587 homicides, the numbers in 2012 were 685,724
and 532. With almost a 600% increase in stops there is no reason that we should only have 55 less
homicides. There is a reason though; police are stopping people simply because they're a minority.
Or perhaps it's because they are wearing a hoodie in the summer or shorts in the winter, which is
cause for reasonable suspicion. This leads to distrust for law

Racial Profiling In New York City
For years, researchers have attempted to study everything pertaining to the racial profiling
phenomenon as studies revealed that it does happen in the State of New York, which is the home for
millions of people of different races and diverse cultural backgrounds. Fagan and Davies (2000)
argued that part of the situation might be derived from the Broken Windows Theory; which is in
essence the belief that disorderly behavior in neighborhoods will eventually lead to more serious
crimes. Research evidence and statistics showed that the police activity in the New York City area
was a demonstration of a pattern of hostile policing methods. However, the investigational facts
proved that police does not only focus on disorderly people in certain areas, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Fox to his officers in which he condones racial profiling (Attrino, 2016a). This email was
anonymously sent to the ACLU and it clearly suggests that racial profiling could be used for the
benefit of the department as long as it is impartially applied. For most people, this statement is just a
contradiction because it is impossible to make racial biased decisions and be fair at the same time.
According to Attrino (2016b), Wyckoff Mayor Kevin Rooney said that he firmly believes that none
of the Wyckoff police officers participated in racial profiling practices as the department's objective
is to protect and to serve their citizens. If the ACLU determines that the email is legitimate after
their analysis, chief Fox may end up getting fired. Also, the police department will be subjected to a
series of assessments as racial discrimination is prohibited under state and federal

The Problem Of Racial Profiling
In the Justice System there are a lot of flaws that affect many people of color, and from past history,
it has shown how these practices can lead to very unfortunate events, one of these practices is racial
profiling. Racial profiling is when law enforcement uses race and ethnicity as grounds to determine
if someone, typically of color, is guilty of doing something illegal. Racial profiling is a major
problem in this country, this as well affects many citizens that are mainly of color because law
enforcement usually sees them as targets, and it is important to improve and fixed this issue because
there are many tragic incidents that have been caused of racial profiling. One major problem with
the Justice System is that law enforcement use racial profiling affecting many people of color on a
daily basis. Racial profiling is when law enforcement believe that certain groups are more likely to
commit a crime rather than other groups. This is a major problem because in many cases there are
very tragic incidents and as NAACP stated, " Mr. Garner's tragic death shows that for communities
of color, including women and LGBT people of color, immigrants and low income communities,
racial profiling has been and continues to be a constant reality of life, often with tragic and deadly
consequences," (45) Explains how racial profiling has become an everyday basis to minorities
affecting them in many ways and unfortunately ends with death occasionally. Racial profiling is a
huge dilemma

Historical Development of Law Enforcement Essays
Since 27 B.C. law enforcement has been used by humans as a means to defend property and keep
peace. Law enforcement has been changing ever since it was created. It will keep changing for the
greater good of the community as long is there is a continual need for law enforcement.
According to REAL POLICE. (N.D.) Para 5, the first organized police force was created by the
great nephew of Julius Caesar, Gaius Octavius in 27 B.C. These men were called Vigiles. The
Vigiles were armed with wooden clubs and small swords. They were formed to perform two duties,
fight fires in the city and arrest law breakers. The prefect of the Vigiles became a powerful man. He
had the ability to judge and sentence lawbreakers.
In 1200 A.D., English ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New York used bells to communicate with other officers out of voice range. There were ten different
bell codes used by the New York police. Also, New York replaced drafted citizens with paid watch
standers in 1658. REAL POLICE. (N.D.).
Research by Schmalleger (2005) shows that in 1829, the world's first modern police force was
formed. Sir Robert Peel selected 1,000 men to wear a uniform and patrol the streets. These
uniformed men were called Bobbies. The new police were founded on two principles, one, belief
that it was possible to discourage crime, and two, practice of preventive patrol. To this day, Bobbies
still patrol the streets of England.
Law enforcement was almost non–existent in the American West during the late 1800's and early
1900's. Outlaws ruled the land with few worries about law enforcement. Only the bravest men
would attempt to police the west. Some of these brave men were self appointed law–men, men like
Charles Lynch, a former Virginia farmer, and Wyatt Earp. These brave men were called Vigilantes
and they tracked down criminals in the west. With out them the west would have been to violent for
the expansion of the country. Schmalleger (2005).
Women began involvement with police work in 1845. They were assigned as matrons in the New
York Police Department. In 1893, the Mayor of Chicago appointed Marie Owens as the first woman
to have the title "policeman". She was a widow of a Chicago police

Organizational Management and Operations
CJA 484
February 2, 2014
Nicholas Barbella
The subject to describe is policing organizations at various levels. The author will identify, compare,
and contrast the policing function at the local, state, and federal organizational levels (CJA/484 –
Criminal Justice Administration Capstone). The author will analyze how the organizational,
management, administration, and operational functions at the local, state, and federal levels are
similar or different and why (CJA/484 – Criminal Justice Administration Capstone). The leadership
characteristics and responsibilities pertaining to each organizational level will be identified (CJA –
Criminal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many universities and college campuses opt out of government agency officers and choose to have
private security of their choice." Private security firms include private agencies security personnel,
which is privately employed by the firm as part or full–time employees. The roles and
responsibilities of these officers are patrolling and providing protection at public and private
housing complexes, office complexes, malls, gaming officers and investigators, loss prevention
specialists, patrol services, and armored patrol services. Different from police agencies the private
security agencies focus on more than crime they deal with property, consumer satisfaction, and
personal assets. The private police organizations can ban people from establishments, fire
employees, and pursue prosecution in criminal courts. Also included in private security is the red
light and speed enforced cameras designed to ticket people caught speeding and running red lights
Walker & Katz, (2008).
State law enforcement agencies consist of three categories: state investigative agencies, highway
patrols, and state police. State police have statewide police powers for criminal investigations and
traffic regulation. Highway patrol officers have the right to arrest non–traffic violators within their
jurisdiction and enforce traffic regulations statewide. State law enforcement

Use Of Excessive Force During The Civil Of Los Angeles Essay
king had 11 fractures and other injuries resulting from the beating. King, now a victim of excessive
force was released without being charged, and the four officers were indicted by the grand jury. A
year later, the four officers were acquitted of the excessive force used on Rodney king. The
community response was to protest that escalated to another riot in Los Angeles. The Governor
declared a state of emergency and called the National Guard to assist local law enforcement to
regain control, in all 13,500 guards patrol the streets of Los Angeles. What resulted from the riots
was a commission looking into LAPD's use of excessive force; the commission was led by Warren
Christopher, this is now known as the Christopher commission. The commission uncovered many
issues in the LAPD, many recommendation were made but one stood out more than the rest and it
was to remove the creator of the first SWAT team Daryl gates.
Norm Stamper noticed that military rank titles were culturalized into civilian policing. "I hoped to
encourage a department wide dialog on the principles of a "democratic," less militaristic police
force. And since language structures reality, I was convinced that our military nomenclature stood
between us and the community."(Stamper, N, 2005) He was given two months to try it out. San
Diego is where stamper practiced a demilitarized policing, and pushed forward community policing
in this county in the state of California. Community policing derives from the broken

Police Brutality in America
Police Brutality in America
The Police Department was established to control order and promote good conduct for the civilians
in their community. Since the beginning, the police department has been scrutinizing for taking the
law into their own hand to restore order. In most cases the individuals affected by brutality is the
minorities. Even though the people are happy with the police present in their community, one
incident can change the way the community feels towards the Police. Consequently, the higher the
crime rate in your community, the likely hood you will suffer from police brutality. Studies have
shown that police brutality is and will be a part of your community. In some cases, the officer or
officers will be acquitted of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Gray, 4) To compare to the Rodney King beating, a New York 22 year old resident born in West
Africa, was shot at 42 times by four New York City uncover police officers. Unfortunately, 19 of
those bullets hit Amadou Diallo killing him. Diallo was returning home in the Bronx, from his job in
Manhattan. From his doorway the four police officers open fire when Diallo went to get his wallet
out of his back pocket. The officers believed he was pulling out a gun. All four officers, who were in
plainclothes, said they approached Mr. Diallo because they thought he fit the description of a man
wanted in a rape case. The officers faced prosecution on second–degree murder and other charges
but were acquitted by a jury in Albany. The trial had been moved because of concerns over pretrial
publicity. (Buckley, 5) Police brutality breaks a community into pieces and converts them stay
within their ethnicity. Tearing a community apart not only affects the economics of that community,
but adds to the crime that already exists. Police strategies and roles are intertwined with the
economic development that surrounds a community. (HoSang, 6) Dave Harvey, an Urban Theorist
states, "The expansion of global capitalism and the mobility of capital has increased economic
competition between different regions within the U.S. As cities and regions vie with one another to
establish identities as safe, investment–friendly consumer centers, containment of

17th Century Sheriffs
By the 17th century, northern colonies formed a system which took inspiration from English
policing. At the time, the sheriff was the highest form of a law enforcement official. Sheriffs started
out having many jobs which include collecting taxes and supervised elections. Despite having many
jobs, sheriffs were not paid a salary (but were paid fees with each arrest) and stayed inside their
office. In cities, town marshals were the main law enforcement officers. They were given help by
constables and night watchmen. In 1631, the first night watch was created by the city of Boston.
They formed a constable position in 1634. In the south, there was little law and order, and was the
responsibility of a citizen.
The South: Slave Patrols and Codes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a crime spree occurred they used a practice called the "posse comitatus, which means "power of
the country". This law meant that no man above the of 15 could refuse to serve as a member of a
legally constituted posse. The posse is similar to vigilantism, which was popular in the Old West due
to lack of professional law enforcement. The Federal Judiciary Act of 1789, was created the office
of the U.S. marshal and gave the marshals power to call upon the militia for assistance, a power
which was made possible by the federal posse comitatus legislation in 1792. In 1861, Congress
passed a law empowering the president to call upon the militia or regular army to enhance law
enforcement when it was extremely needed. In 1879, Congress passed the Posse Comitatus Act,
forbidding the use of the military to enforce civilian law except where specifically authorized by
law. The use of military in the Old West stopped near the end of the 19th century. In 1823, Stephen
Austin hired bodyguards to protect fellow "Texicans" from Native Americans and Bandits. They
were named the Texas Rangers in 1835. In 1845, Texas Rangers became the first U.S. state police
agency when Texas was admitted to the Union. Scotland native and former detective, Allan
Pinkerton, created a detective agency in Chicago in 1850. By, the 1880s, his national detective
agency had offices in nearly two dozen cities.

The New York Police Department
Citizens of the nation will frequently claim that it is the responsibility of the government or states to
safeguard its citizens and uphold the constitution. But what are the citizens supposed to do when
these two fundamental philosophies suddenly are set in opposition with each other? In New York,
the stop–and–frisk law is designed to protect its citizens, and yet it is taking away their
constitutional rights. Although in some instances this method is deemed legal, the New York Police
Department has adapted the process into one that stems from criminal profiling. Thus, the two
ideologies clash in their views. The right–wing emphasizes how much the violent crime rate has
declined. However, the left–wing refutes by asking the vital ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Following the case, New York decided on a provision authorizing police to stop, question and frisk
people on the streets (NYCLU). This became effective in 1971. To further the policy the NYPD
created "UF–250" which forced officers to detail reasons for the stop itself. The policy was mainly
used by the Street Crime Unit. With the development of the SCU came concerns and problems. For
example, there was a drastic loss of training and observation of stops along with the emphasis on the
number of stops. Prior to the expansion of the SCU there was a certain level of supervision by
mentors that greatly affected how the policy was practiced. The scope of the SCU allowed for broad
training. Having smaller numbers allowed an increased possibility for each officer to have a more
experienced officer with them, however, with the expansion of the SCU an increase in the number
of officers followed. Many citizens in general believe that there is a certain quota that police officers
may stand by, this is the same idea that led inexperienced officers to make excessive stops in order
to meet the numbers for the unexpressed quota. Because of a federal law suit against the SCU it was
disabled. This also required the NYPD to modify "UF–250," which took away the extensive
explanation of why the officers pulled people over and replaced them with boxes including
descriptors. A long with this new addition to the policy, as

Police Jurisdiction Essay

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Cynthia Smith

More from Cynthia Smith (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Police Jurisdiction Essay