“How Can We Understand The World In Which We Find...

“How can we understand the world in which we find...
"How can we understand the world in which we find ourselves?" In The Grand Design, a 2010 book
written by theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow, two authors claim that
they have found a philosophical approach – Model Dependent Realism (MDR) – as the solution to
this fundamental question of philosophy. Combining the ideas raised from methodology of
mathematics and Physics, MDR leads a possible path to reconcile the uncertain nature of modern
science and the idealistic pursuit of absolute truth – perhaps the theory of everything (TOE).
According to Hawking and Leonard, Model Dependent Realism "is based on the idea that our brains
interpret the input from our sensory organs by making a model of the world. When such a ... Show
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"According to the traditional conception of the universe, objects move on well–defined paths and
have definite histories," Hawking writes, "We can specify their precise position at each moment in
time."
The advent of modern physics, however, suggests that although such model explains everyday
observations, it fails to account for the behaviors of particles in a subatomic level. One of the most
famous is the Observer's Effect, according to which one can never determine a photon's path and
detect its existence at the same time, because while detecting its existence one has to collide it with
another particle and thus making it go to a certain direction. Therefore, when not detected, a light
beam behaves like a wave that goes to numerous possible paths simultaneously – the light is at the
same time going through path A and non–path A.
As the pluralistic view of MDR generates a freedom in explaining the reality, it also makes it
difficult for one to decide which model to choose. If several models of a set of events are offered,
one may ask, then what makes a more preferable model? According to Hawking, there are three
keys for a good model:
1. Occam¬¬'s Razor
2. Comprehensiveness
3. Preciseness and specificity
Occam's Razor means refers to simplicity when applied to qualitative principles. For instance, as
one looks at a pen, close his eyes, opens it again, and he sees the pen again, Occam's Razor makes it
more
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Reflection Paper
From the early moments of my childhood, I remember seeing my parents go to Russian Orthodox
Church a lot. They would explain to my younger brother and me what was right and what was
wrong from the religious perspective. On my 4th birthday, my grandma gave me the Bible for kids
as a present, and I remember my mom reading it to me before going to bed. Back then it was just
another interesting story that happened somewhere very far away. And yet mom would always find a
way to tell these stories in such a manner so they translated really well into the reality we were
living in. The more I grew up the more I realized that there was something missing in the big picture
of my understanding of the world. I saw a lot of suffering that was happening everywhere, death,
natural disasters, and I thought there must be a reason for all of it. Otherwise, the God does not care
about any of us. I started to look for the answers everywhere: in the philosophical and religious
books, movies, wise counsel from the people who lived a long life. I could not find the truth in
church because the whole purpose of its existence with all its rules and restrictions, its idea of God
who is something or someone out there, separate from us, and the only being that knows all the
answers, was totally alien to me; mainly so due to my unwillingness to accept the fact of transferring
all the responsibility for everything one does to someone else. I believed it to be a weakness to
acknowledge one's bad thoughts and deeds as something natural, as an external influence of the evil
spirits. For me, it sounded like people who agreed with this concept simply wanted to escape the
punishment for what they had done, choose an easy way out.
One day one of my friends gave me a book about Buddhism. I did not know a lot about this religion
back then so I accepted the book with an intention to read it out of pure curiosity. I found that a lot
of concepts of Buddha's teachings are very similar to those that we have in the Bible. However,
there were significant differences that made me look at my whole life from a completely different
angle; for example, the notion that all our suffering comes from within us not without. I had never
thought about this before.

Uncle Tungsten Summer Reading Assignment
Uncle Tungsten Summer Reading Assignment General Overview Uncle Tungsten is Oliver Sacks's
description of his early life filled with the logic, excitement, and anomalies of chemistry. In the
beginning, Oliver Sacks is fascinated with metals and their properties, largely influenced by his
Uncle Dave, who is better known as Uncle Tungsten. He asks Uncle Tungsten, his parents, and
many others, questions about anything that intrigues him typically with chemistry in mind.
Throughout his boyhood, he is constantly learning and studying everything dealing with chemistry
including the important men and women (heroes) that contributed to this field. As he matures, his
interests jump from metals to light bulbs, chemical reactions, Humphry Davy, photography, the
elements and their discoveries, Dalton, Mendeleev, and other chemists, electricity, fluorescence, and
radioactivity. Oliver Sacks also writes of some difficult times in his boyhood, including his exile to
Braefield, a boarding school, during the WWII, beginning in 1939. Sacks's house was near London,
which was expected to be bombed, so he left along with his brother Michael. During this time in his
life, he felt abandoned by his family, tortured by his all–powerful headmaster, and bullied by his
classmates. It was at this time in his life that he discovered that chemistry would always be
something he could hold on to, and it remained his life force until he turned 14. Sacks's entire family
was strictly of medical background

A Very Brief Biography of Albert Einstein
To become a scientist is not an easy path. You start from zero and have to start making people
believe in you. That is one of the hardest task you have to do as a scientist but along come other
task. You have to go through a lot of experiments and trial and error. People may start believing your
thoughts and equations. The fact that they believe them does not make you a scientist until you can
prove your theory. Albert Einstein for decades had the best thoughts but was not consider a scientist
until he had physically proved his theory.
Albert Einstein was considered a middle–class Jew. He was born March 14, 1879 in Württemberg,
Germany. Albert Einstein family relocated to Munich, Germany and he began to go to school there.
When he was a going to school things that got his attention were math, science and music. Even
though he was interested in those subjects he dropped out of school 1894 as, many teens do. Then
relocated himself in Switzerland in 1902 were he ended up going back to school. When he began
going to school there he started to take a science course. Einstein father passed away thinking his
son was a disgrace to the family.
Albert Einstein was a ladies man he would play his violin at ladies lunches and cocktail parties.
Although, he was a ladies man he fell in love with the only girl in his physics class. During these
times many parents opposed to their child marriage and Albert Einstein parents were one of them.
His parents were against that marriage

Brief History Of Time By Stephen Hawking
For the second semester book report I chose to read A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking.
Before I started reading I knew what I signed up for. A lot of math, science and complicated stuff
that sometimes makes my head hurt. Nonetheless A Brief History of Time is about the history of
science, history of how the universe began and how the journey of finding the theory for everything
has been going. He talks about some of the theories that may help with finding the theory like the
black hole theory, general relativity, quantum mechanics, imaginary time, string theory and many
more. He also mentions the belief that people have that god created the universe, that God created
everything.
The book starts with Stephen Hawking talking about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Greek astronomer named Ptolemy agreed with Aristotle theory and made a model that provided a
decent accurate system for predicting the places where heavenly bodies in the sky were located. His
model was accepted and adopted generally. But then a simpler model made by a Polish priest,
Nicholas Copernicus was suggested. His idea was that the sun was still at the center and that the
earth and the planets moved in circular orbits around the sun. Two astronomers took this idea
seriously Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei and they started publicly supporting the Copernican
theory. The death of the Aristotelian/Ptolemaic theory came in 1609 when Galileo started to look at
the sky with a telescope. When he looked at Jupiter he saw that it was by a lot of small satellites or
moon that orbited around it. Johannes then changed Copernicus's theory a bit by suggesting that the
planets move in ellipses instead of circles. An explanation came when Isaac Newton published his
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia mathematica in 1687. In it he provided a theory of how bodies
move in space and time. He also made the complicated mathematics needed to analyze those
motions. Then questions were raised like whether the universe had a beginning in time and whether
it is limited in space.
Edwin Hubble in 1929 made an observation that the galaxies are moving rapidly away from us like
the universe is expanding. Then he thought that the universe was really close

Analyzing Scientific Argumentation On The Conflict
Resolving The Conflict 1. Need To Elucidate Scientific Argumentation When a subject matter is
described as beyond logic, it is not meant illogical or that it completely lacks the usage of
argumentation of any kind. If that would have been the norm, Shri Vallabhacharya would not have
argumentatively defended the atomism of Jiva against the heterodox discipline propounded by
Jainism in 'Chit Prakran' of shastrarth prakran nibandha (ि.दी. वन. शभ.प्र.कभररकभ.53) and
elsewhere. Bhagwad Gita states man who is of a doubting nature perishes (संशयात्मा विनश्यवि–4/40 )
. Here doubt means lacking faith and not lacking curiosity or questions which on the contrary tend to
enhance the virtue of a learner. Similarly, when scriptures state something ... Show more content on
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Between the firing electrons and the wall there was a frame deployed to obstruct the passage of
electrons with two slits that allowed them to pass. Electrons, being particles should hit directly
behind the slit, producing particle like behaviour. Something like this– However, the electrons
instead produced wave pattern, which is only possible when a single electron passes through both
the slits. Some of the electrons even hit the area directly behind the barrier. Something like this–
This showed that electrons have wave–particle duality like the Light and it exists in a 'superposition'
which is a state of potential innumerable possibilities of existence. However, what further astounded
the physicists was when a detector was placed to measure the passage of electrons to learn how it
passes through both slits; the electrons immediately collapsed their wave function and reverted to
particle like behaviour. Physicists then decided to act smart and switched on the detector once the
electron had passed through the slit. But it seemed somehow the electrons knew that it was being
detected and it immediately switched to particle like behaviour by adopting the passage from one of
the either slit. In a nutshell, every time the electron was measured, it dropped its superposition and
wave function. What stumps the physicists is the fact that what exactly counts as 'measurement' that
leads the electrons to change their course. There are no concrete

The Controversy In Quantum Physics Circles
Quantum physics is mind–bending, counterintuitive, and close to impossible to understand. It's so
complicated that a theory saying our reality is just one of an infinite web of infinite timelines is one
that's actually simpler than what most quantum physicists believe. That neat–and–tidy explanation is
known as the many–worlds interpretation, and it has caused plenty of controversy in physics circles.
In the 1950s, a student at Princeton University named Hugh Everett III was studying quantum
mechanics. He learned about the Copenhagen interpretation, which says that at the very, very
smallest level–what we mean when we say quantum–matter exists not just as a particle and not just
as a wave, but in all possible states at once (all of those states ... Show more content on
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According to Everett's theory, in this timeline, the object is a particle, but there's another timeline
where it's a wave. Even more baffling, this implies that quantum phenomena aren't the only things
that split the universe into separate timelines. For everything that happens, every action you take or
decide not to take, there are infinite other timelines–worlds, if we may–where something else took
place. That's the many–worlds interpretation of quantum physics. It may not seem like it, but it's
actually simpler than the Copenhagen interpretation–it doesn't strike an arbitrary line between the
quantum world and everything else, because everything behaves in the same way. It also removes
randomness from the picture, which helps the math work out nicely.
Not all physicists subscribe to this theory–a recent poll found that the majority are Copenhagen all
the way–but a growing minority do. Sean Carroll, for one. He explains that many objections to the
theory arise because people come at it from a classical physics point of view. "In classical
mechanics...it's quite a bit of work to accommodate extra universes, and you better have a good
reason to justify putting in that work," he writes. "That is not what happens in quantum mechanics.
The capacity for describing multiple universes is automatically there. We don't have to add

The Origin Of Life : Intelligent Design Vs. Materialistic...
Marquel Gray
Prof. Heather Clark
7/22/13
Eng.111–60A
The origin of life: Intelligent Design vs. materialistic naturalism
The origin of life has been questioned by men for thousands of years. Scientist have studied the
universe extensively and developed various theories to answer questions related to the origin of life.
Questions like, how did life begin? Is the universe the result of chaotic chance or intelligent design?
How did life on earth come to be? These are some of the many questions scientist work hard to
solve, but what does their research tell them? Let's start with the well–recognized theory of
evolution. Evolution, a theory made famous by Charles Darwin; is the process in which an organism
changes over time via adaptation, mutation and gene isolation. According to an article by
evolutionary biologist Richard Lenski (2012), "There exists no other scientific explanation that can
account for all the patterns in nature, only non–scientific explanations that require a miraculous
force, like a creator." Looking at the millions of fossils dated to be thousands, hundreds of
thousands, millions and billions of years old; this theory seems solid. According to an article, by bio
technician Brian Thomas (2011), a discrepancy about a time period known as the Cambrian
explosion; dated to be about 800 million years ago, has been around as early as Charles Darwin. In
this article he presents the evidence that an abundance of species said not to appear until

Dark Matter Amanda Lucas Comparison
"The bravest of individuals is the one who obeys his or her conscience". The strongest of minds
follow their own interpretation of reality, not what others would force upon them. These people
would go against reality even if it seems foolish or impossible to achieve an outcome they desire. In
the novel Dark Matter by Blake Crouch, the characters Jason Dessen and Amanda Lucas both
illustrate that their strength and courage originate from being able to trust themselves and defy
others. Jason dessen is a professor of physics who was brought into a different reality by a parallel
universe version of himself, Jason tries to defy the odds by returning to his home world. Amanda
Lucas is the psychologist for the velocity Laboratory, she goes against her co–workers to free Jason
dessen because she is frightened that her co–workers killed Jason's friends to keep their operation
hidden. The strongest minds are the ones who interpret their own ideal reality, this is demonstrated
by Jason Dessen striving to return home after staring down his possible oblivion, and Amanda
freeing Jason from Velocity Laboratories even if it means defying the operation. Jason ... Show more
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Jason Dessen has seen death in many forms which frightens him and hinges his beliefs on getting
home, but by having hope of his return Jason is both brave and successful. Amanda had the firm
belief her co–workers were undergoing nefarious tasks, thus she used her moral belief to gain the
audacity to defy them. The novel Dark Matter teaches readers the importance of standing up for
one's desires even if it seems impossible. Whether it is a desire to protect those who are in need or a
more personal desire both Jason and Amanda illustrate with enough courage nothing is

A Break With The Past: An Analysis
Steven Weinberg said, "After you learn quantum mechanics, you are never really the same again."
After reading through Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 in In Search of Schrodinger's Cat, this quote absolutely
makes sense. Quantum Mechanics has greatly changed my general perception of a classical particle,
especially with the wave–particle duality. Aside from learning that a particle can exhibit wave–like
behaviors and particle–like behaviors, there were other interesting circumstances that quantum
mechanics brought to my attention in the subject's rich history.
After reading the first paragraph in the section of the book entitled "A Break with the Past" it
correlates to my initial reaction of finding out that Bohr's model of the atom is not true. This ...
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These scientists either did not agree on fellow colleague's findings or just did not like each other,
which I thought was hilarious. When Heisenberg received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1932, he was
very disgruntled that his colleague's Born and Jordan did not recieve a Nobel Peace Prize and even
more angry that Heisenberg received one before them. He made the comment that, "Heisenberg
didn't even know what a matrix was until he (Born) had told him, and writing to Einstein in 1953 'in
those days he actually had no idea what a matrix was. It was he who repeated all the rewards of our
work together, such as the Nobel Prize." Not only does this show that that some of the scientists
were greedy, but also it shows that they were very concerned about concepts and theorys behind
quantum mechanics. Schrodinger was another scientist that had a temper behind him. Schrodinger's
hurdle was the fact that he did not understand how the electrons were moving between energy states,
referring to when electrons move to the next highest unoccupied orbital. When he was working on
defining what quantum mechanics actually entailed, he made the statement "damned quantum
jumping." This was interesting because even the brightest of scientists wants to scream when
experiments or theories do not go as

Essay about Informative Speech Scientists Einstein and...
Informative Speech Scientists Einstein and Heisenberg A. Introduction
My Speech is about the scientists who had the main influence on our current time and have shaped
our contemporary view of the world (Also called in Theology the "Zeitgeist").
I have chosen two of them who were in many ways just opposites. One is extremely famous and the
other is almost unknown except to specialists. The most famous is of course Albert Einstein. He has
significantly altered our view of the world with his Theory of Relativity.
The other one is not so well known, his works are commonly are associated with Einstein instead.
His name is Heisenberg. He worked mainly in Quantum Physics and was responsible for the
development of the Principle of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He would just learn what interested him. He spent hours with thought experiments like how would it
be to ride on a beam of light?
This sounds very foolish and naturally many people at that time thought the same. But it had a
concrete background in the scientific circles of the later 19th century. They had begun to measure
the speed of light and that is were it all started.
But to understand the issue we have to go back a bit to Issac Newtown who was revolutionary
scientist and discovered the law of gravity and the basics of the laws of physics. These were not
revolutionary, but revolutionary was the ability to get a mathematical grasp on it so they could
calculate.
Newtown made it possible to calculate the path of a bullet. Very important for the military.
He made an interesting observation. When you take a ball in your hand and throw it, the ball will
have a certain speed while it is moving away from you. But if you see somebody in a train throwing
a ball the speed of the ball adds up to the speed of the train. This does not seem to be the case if you
are yourself in the train throwing that ball. The ball moves away with the same speed as it did when
you performed the same thing on the earth.
The Speed of the ball is dependant on the viewpoint. Depends from where you measure it. This is a
kind of Newtownian Relativity. The speed of an observed incident – like a flying ball – depends on
your own speed.
If you are throwing

Self Reflection
"Mommy, why can't we catch the water?" I think that was one of my earliest questions about the
world. It was sometime before kindergarten, maybe even before preschool. A time when I didn't
even know what science was, but I was thinking about it. About the what, the how, and the why. I
knew that I drank water, that I used it to wash my hands, and that it flowed. And yet I couldn't take it
at face value – I was familiar with it, but did not understand it. My first memory of curiosity, the
first of many. I feel that, over the years, I've amassed a plethora of questions. Some were answered,
some I unraveled myself, and some I still hold unanswered. Especially in recent years, many have
been followed by my classmates complaining "This won't be on the test! Stop worrying!" If there
was something I did not understand, I would reach out to anyone who could help me. A hunger for
explanation combined with an open–minded and wide–eyed view on the world made my interests
volatile. I found myself hopping between topics, one day reading about event horizons and
singularities, the next day watching an animation on the photoelectric effect, and another day spent
arguing with friends about how evolution worked. Nearly anything that had an article written about
it could have piqued my interest and inspired an investigation. Of course I could not always absorb
all the information some sources had to offer, between specialized jargon and some already complex
ideas, but just being aware that I

An Adventure of the Quantum Universe in Alice in...
The novel, Alice and Quantum Land, by Robert Gilmore is an adventure in the Quantum universe.
Alice, a normal teenage girl, goes through quantum land and understands what quantum is and how
it works. The quantum world is a difficult one to understand, as its nature is one of complex states of
being, natures, principles, notions, and the like. When these principles or concepts are compared
with the macro world, one can find great similarities and even greater dissimilarities between the
world wherein electrons rule, and the world wherein human beings live. In Alice in Quantumland,
author Robert Gilmore converts the original tale of Alice in Wonderland from a world of
anthropomorphic creatures into the minute world of quantum mechanics, and ... Show more content
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All in all, this idea is one of the more significant ideas in the book.
Moreover, the principle of superposition states that if the world can be in any configuration, any
possible arrangement of particles or fields, and if the world could also be in another configuration,
then the world can also be in a state which is a superposition of the two, where the amount of each
configuration that is in the superposition is specified by a complex number. Superposition is a
principle of quantum theory that describes a challenging concept about the nature and behavior of
matter and forces at the sub–atomic level. The principle of superposition claims that while we do not
know what the state of any object is, it is actually in all possible states simultaneously, as long as we
don't look to check. It is the measurement itself that causes the object to be limited to a single
possibility. In the novel, the mechanic mentions to Alice the Schrodinger experiment. This
experiment was analogous to superposition in the macro world. Schrodinger's experiment was to put
a cat, flask of poisonous glass, and a mechanism to break the flask should substance decay in a
closed box. Mechanic then stated that the substance may or may not decay, therefore, "according to
the rules of quantum physics you would have a superposition of states, in some of which the decay
would have happened and in others it would not. Of course,

Werner Heisenberg's Influence On The World Of Physics
Germany is a country that is filled with the most fascinating inventions that change the views of
those in the world. Multiple physicist have embarked on the creation of these inventions that were
created through multiple theories. Those like the air bag, aspirin, and the automobile were all
invented by german inventors throughout theories that involved physics. These inventions pushed
the world's knowledge to create new age technology that we all are dependent on. Werner
Heisenberg was a major influence to the world of Physics since the beginning of his childhood to
the cease of his existence.
To starts with, Werner Heisenberg was born on December 5,1901 in Wȕrzburg, Germany. This
became the year of urban population growth that included ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Martin Heisenberg became a researcher. During his times as a researcher, he had studied and
developed multiple theories on the human body describing every piece of the human body right
down to the cells that make up every living organism. Martin Heisenberg had earned the roles as
neurobiologist and geneticist before his retirement in 2008. A year before Martin Heisenberg was
born, Jochen Heisenberg was welcomed into the family of the Heisenbergs. During his times as a
child, he had also been greatly inspired by his father, Werner Heisenberg, and pursued the
occupation of being a Physicist. Specializing in nuclear physics, Jochen studied multiple points in
the make up of atoms. As described in a Nuclear Science and Engineering course specifically
Applied Nuclear Physics "It covers basic properties of the nucleus and nuclear radiations; quantum
mechanical calculations of deuteron bound–state wave function and energy; n–p scattering cross
section; transition probability per unit time and barrier transmission probability. It also covers
binding energy and nuclear stability; interactions of charged particles, neutrons, and gamma rays
with matter; radioactive decays; and energetics and general cross section behavior in nuclear
reactions". During this time, Jochen Heisenberg was able to study the life of nuclear material and
waves that may be a catastrophic essential that we can use for future energy uses like powering
water flow, our homes, cities, maybe even a whole planet. Furthermore, major theories and
achievements may not have been accomplished without the work of Werner

Physics : Physics Of Physics
n the early 20th century it was discovered that particle such as the electron could be in two locations
simultaneously . The behaviour of these particles is governed by quantum mechanics, a set of
outlandish physical laws. Laws that allow these particles to be in an infinite number of states at a
time, allowing them to be be in an infinite number of locations with an infinite range of
characteristics simultaneously. However, can this observed behaviour be applied to actual people? It
seems strange to think that I am in many places at one time but I will be exploring the implications
of this if this is the case.
The purpose of physics has always been to explain what the world does and how it does it. We need
a theory that describes the whole world we see around us but quantum mechanics does not always
do that. We use classical mechanics or Newtonian mechanics to describe the behaviour of all
everyday objects. However, none of newtons laws can be applied to subatomic particles. Particles
such as the electron behave completely differently to things that are immediately visible to us.
Realism is a feature of classical mechanics and it assumes that all things exist, have physical
properties, have causes and effects and behave logically.
Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics assumes that there are particles which have specific
positions and momentums and interact with each other through forces whose strength depend on the
position and momentum of particles. Our

How Did Albert Einstein Impact The World
Albert Einstein and his Effect on the World
"We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them."
(Collected Quotes) This is a quote from one of the most influential minds in science of the 20th
Century. Albert Einstein was named "Person of the Century" by Time Magazine in 1999. (Mastin)
Albert Einstein was so influential to the world that his name has become synonymous with genius.
(Isaacson) He worked on many things in the field of physics that changed the way people think
about the world as well as working on social issues of the time such as working with pacifist, anti–
war organizations and helping Jews escape persecution during the Holocaust.
Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity made major contributions to the field of physics. The Theory
of Special Relativity states that the speed of light is the same for all observers regardless at what
speed that observer is moving. (Mastin) His Theory of Special Relativity comes mostly ... Show
This theory supposes that gravity is a warpage in the fabric of space time. (Mastin) This theory is
considered one of the pillars of modern physics. (Mastin) This theory replaces Newton's Law of
Gravity which had been accepted previously as being correct. It proposes the existence of black
holes, the bending of light and wormholes. (Mastin) The existence of black holes is important to the
field of physics because it is speculated that all galaxies revolve around super massive black holes.
A year after publishing his original paper he added the concept of the cosmological constant which
works as an anti–gravity force. (Mastin) This force prevents the universe from collapsing on itself.
(Mastin) At the time people just thought of it as a mathematical fix and Einstein considered it his
"greatest blunder"(Mastin) Recent work in physics shows that this might be an answer to the
problem of dark

Quantum Mechanics And Its Effect On An Extremely Small Level
Megan Griffin
Quantum Mechanics Quantum mechanics is an account of how things rendition on an extremely
small level. "Protons, Neutrons, and electrons are not balls of matter, but more like little
concentrations of energy. According to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, if we look at or
measure the position of an electron, then other crucial information about it is lost. Also, at the
moment we observe it, it basically gives that electron a position and identity in the realm of the
natural" (Berge). In other words, our observations can alter the experiment and aid the changes as
they explain the results. "Quantum mechanics is just as scientifically provable as Newton physics,
but makes less sense to our intuitive rational minds." (Ford). In science, things we perceive as
particles sometimes act like waves. In return, things we view as waves sometimes act like particles.
For example, when people consider electrons and light, they determine electrons as particles and
light as waves. Although this is accurate, under some circumstances electrons act as a wave or light
acts as a particle. "In an experiment, if you take light and shine it on two slits that are close together,
each slit acts like it admits its own beam of light. If a screen is behind it you will see a pattern of
dark spots and light spots. You can predict this based on the fact that light is a wave. If you take the
light away and do the same thing with a beam of electrons, they do the same thing.

Causality, Hume, and Quantum Mechanics Essay
Causality, Hume, and Quantum Mechanics
It is my intention, in the course of this essay, to take the work of David Hume and reapply it to
causality using quantum mechanical theory.
When I refer to causality, I am referring to the belief that events have a relationship of action "A"
causing action "B" where "A" is considered to be the final cause of "B." I also refer to the belief that
we can know and understand these causal relationships and thusly know how the system works.
This is a concept that I do not agree with. This "mechanistic causality," I feel, is a category of the
mind.
I wish to make it clear, before I begin, that I am not questioning the idea that cause/effect
interactions do occur in reality. I am, however, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of saying, "I dropped the egg, it broke because of that action," one would say or think, "The
event of the egg breaking is an event preceded by an acceleration downward toward the floor. That
event is preceded by a slip of my hand, or some external force. The event of the slip is preceded by a
distracting thought and/or a moistening of my hand from contact with a wet surface, or by neither
event. The event of the distracting thought being preceded by a memory of meeting an attractive
person and/or having too much coffee, or by neither event. The event of the moist hand being
preceded by failing to wipe the counter properly and/or inadequate drying of my hands, or by
neither event." To be thorough, each of these strings of events would have to be traced back through
each branch and go back until one finally reaches the beginning of each string of events, the
beginning of the universe, if there is one.
But even this examination of events is not sufficient to describe all that goes on in this event. Each
portion of the "causal mechanism" is divisible within itself into internal causes.
Take the slip of the hand as an example. Some internal firing of neurons resulted in the slip of the
hand. To be thorough, we

Physics, Love, and Richard Feynman Essay
Physics, Love, and Richard Feynman
Introduction
Physics. Love. These two words sum up the entities that Richard Feynman held most important
throughout his entire life. An extraordinary individual, Feynman was able to combine an incredible
mind with an incredible personality to achieve ends bordering on the magical. After Feynman's
death in 1988, physicist Hans Bethe, paraphrasing the mathematician Mark Kac, spoke of two kinds
of geniuses. He explained that the ordinary kind does great things but lets other scientists feel that
they could do the same if only they worked hard enough. The other kind performs magic. Bethe
said, "A magician does things that nobody else could ever do and that seem completely
unexpected...and that's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, his father had proclaimed, "If it's a
boy, he'll be a scientist" (Mehra 1994, p. 2). He was right, although it is interesting to note that
Feynman's sister Joan, nine years his junior, also has a Ph.D. in physics (Feynman 1988). But while
Melville Feynman might have been wrong about predicting the careers of his children based on their
sex, he certainly prepared the young ones well for the scientific occupation. In an interview just
before his death, Feynman was asked if he could name a great influence in his life. He said, "My
father. Early in my life, he'd tell me about the world, about nature and how interesting it was" (Brian
1995, p. 49). The elder Feynman took his son on long walks in the woods, read to him from the
Encyclopedia Britannica, and encouraged him to conduct experiments with household materials.
Throughout elementary school, Feynman tinkered with toys, clocks, radios, and anything else he
could secure for his laboratory, a workspace in the corner of his bedroom. Besides influencing
Feynman to think about the wonders of science from a young age, Melville taught his son some
non–scientific lessons that would greatly impact Feynman's views on certain issues. For example,
Feynman learned from his father to show indifference to authority, and to devalue honors and
awards. Melville was in the uniform business, and knew that there was no difference between a man
with a uniform on and

The Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God
Introduction Atheists often insist there is no evidence for the existence of God while maintaining
religious faith is fundamentally irrational. This paper will examine the Kalām Cosmological
Argument (KCA), demonstrating that it offers strong evidence for the existence of God, thereby
providing a rational foundation for the Christian faith.
Background
The cosmological argument is, "a family of arguments that seek to demonstrate the existence of a
Sufficient Reason or First Cause of the existence of the cosmos." Historians trace an early version of
the cosmological argument to Ibn Sīnā (c. 980–1037), and philosophers commonly differentiate
argument variations into three basic categories. The first, the KCA, seeks to establish the First ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Common experience and empirical evidence continually verify the causal principle, and falsification
has not occurred. These considerations lead Dr. Craig to conclude, "It is somewhat unwise to argue
in favor of it [the first premise], for any proof of the principle is likely to be less obvious than the
principle itself, and, as Aristotle remarked, one ought not to try to prove the obvious via the less
obvious." Although it appears irrational to deny the first premise, some scholars have challenged the
causal principle on philosophical grounds. Deriving arguments from David Hume, philosophers
(such as J.L. Mackie) have sought to refute the first premise by contending there is no reason to
believe the causal principle is a priori true. Contrary to their assertion, the principle of causation
appears to be a synthetic a priori proposition, as it is a universal and necessary feature of both
cognition and reality, providing the precondition of thought itself. Nonetheless, challenging the
causal principle because it is not a priori true does nothing to invalidate the premise since the
assertion does not indicate the premise is false, nor does it compel us to think the antithesis is
plausible–that something can truly originate from uncaused. Undeterred, such opponents further
maintain that an infinite chain of contingent events could provide a sufficient explanation for the
existence of the universe, even if it were void a

Compatibility of Free Will in The Tenseless Theory of Time...
, The debate between free will and fatalism has existed since the conceptualization of time. On one
hand, in everyday life, time flows in a uniform fashion. People experience time in which there is a
past, present, and a future. Yet, physicists and philosophers see time as something completely
different. In fact, they see time as an illusion. Called the tenseless theory of time, time does not flow
but this theory views time as a fourth dimension where all past, present, and future events are equal
(Callender & Edney, 2004). Essentially, this theory proposes that there is no passage of time and no
becoming of future events. As a result, one can view this theory as a "block" universe in which
every event that has happened, is happening as of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, if fatalism is about the penultimate outcome, then free will is the process about decision–
making that leads up to the final outcome. Not only does free will exist, it can also be viewed as
compatible with the tenseless theory of time as well. Firstly, fatalism alludes to the idea that what
happened was always going to happen. Fatalism is the view in which it implies there are no alternate
possibilities. The tenseless theory of time is committed to this belief. Yet, this assumption is still
ambiguous. The brain and especially the mind is complex. Experiments done in the field of
neuroscience have tried to resolve this particular question. Can it be shown that what will happen
has already been pre–determined in the mind? One experiment, conducted by Benjamin Libet
(1983), tried to answer this question. In the experiment, he would ask each participant to sit at a
desk in front of a timer. He would put electrodes onto the scalp and ask the participant to carry out a
motor activity, such as a flick of the wrist. He would also ask the participant to note the position of
the timer when the participant felt that they were urged to do the activity. Libet found there was a
200 millisecond delay, on average, between

Isaac Newton's Accomplishments
There have been many different debated on who is the greatest physicist. A physicist is one who do
not only study the universe, but also explore why and how objects look and behave the way they do.
Sir Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, Albert Einstein, and Stephen Hawking are four of the greatest
minds in the science world. They have shown many amazing accomplishments and advances in
physics. Many in the way that have changed our everyday lives, including how we tend to look at
the universe. On January 4, 1643, Sir Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthrope by Colsterworth,
United Kingdom. Newton was an astronomer, along with being an English mathematician and a
physicist. Throughout his life, he had many things accomplished as a physicist. In 1687, ... Show
Hawking did path breaking work with Roger Penrose, an English mathematical physicist, which
proved the existence of singularities. They also stated that the universe may have started from this.
Space–time curves infinitely, gravity becomes infinite, and as we know the laws of physics no
longer exist. He discovered the four laws of black hole mechanics, along with Brandon Carter and
James Bardeen. In Stephen Hawking's wrote an essay named "Black Holes", which was published
on January 1971, won the Gravity Research Foundation Award. Hawking radiation was found in
1974. This showed that radiation can escape black holes. Many people believed nothing could
escape until Hawkings proved this. Stephen Hawkings helped contribute to the findings of cosmic
inflation. He was the first to calculate quantum fluctuations, which were created with this theory.
They showed how they might help the spread of galaxies within our universe. In 1993, Hawking
published the Hartle–Hawking state along with James Hartle. They predicted that time did not exist
until the big bang happened. This theory is still the most obvious theories of the initial state of our
universe. With Thomas Hertog, CERN, Stephen Hawking showed their theory of Top Down
Cosmology in 2006. It contained many placements of initial conditions. The theory of Top Down
Cosmology fits well into the string theory. Stephen Hawkings published his book "A Brief Time of

Quantum Mechanics and Islam Essay
Introduction
Quantum mechanics or also known as quantum physics is a field of science which studies the
behaviour of particles at sub–atomic level. This theory tells us that short–lived pairs of particles and
their antiparticles are constantly being created and destroyed in an apparently empty space.
In quantum mechanics the weird behaviour of electrons are not accurately explained and until now
not a single theory is acceptable by the whole scientific community to postulate the phenomena. The
electrons become linked, or entangled, such that changing one invariably affects the other, no matter
how far apart they are; something Einstein called "spooky action at a distance". Quantum stuff can
also exist in several places at once, or spin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The inadequacy and weaknesses of modern science is thus manifested as a result of its ignorance on
other sources of scientific knowledge such as metaphysical and spiritual knowledge which is proven
successful by previous Muslim scientists during the period of medieval Islam.
In Islamic science, cosmology plays an important role as a link between pure metaphysics and the
particular sciences and acts as a source of conceptual framework for the unity of science and
spiritual knowledge. There are a number of cosmological principles in Islamic science which are
formulated based on the relevant Qur'anic verses, prophetic traditions and intuitive knowledge of
famous traditional Muslim scholars. In this study, the principles and ideas of quantum mechanics are
presented in a simplified manner for easy understanding of the subject matter, followed by the
application of the principles in Islamic science wherein the relevant issues are discussed
accordingly.
A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum theory began to take shape in the early 20th century, when classical ideas failed to explain
some observations. Previous theories allowed atoms to vibrate at any frequency, leading to incorrect
predictions that they could radiate infinite amounts of energy; a problem known as the ultraviolet
catastrophe. Max Planck in 1900 solved this problem by assuming the vibrations of atoms at specific
or

The Theory of Cosmological Natural Selection Essay
For thousands of years, philosophers and astronomers have been trying to determine the origin of
our universe. The twentieth century proved to be a time of intense research in the fields of
astronomy and physics. While science still searches for the solution uniting general relativity and
quantum mechanics, some astrophysicists have conjectured about the implications of quantum
gravity for the universe's existence. The most exotic objects in our universe, black holes, may hold
the key to the creation of our universe. Physicist Lee Smolin has been one of the most prominent
theorists in this area of astrophysics. Smolin's theory of cosmological natural selection attempts to
explain the origin of our universe and its fundamental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It seems like a lot of the theories out there are impossible and will always be impossible, but as our
knowledge as a being increases there could be ways of figuring out all of these speculations
(www.aleph.se/Trans/Global/Omega/).
The theory of cosmological natural selection implies that black holes are essentially the gateways to
newly created universes. The concept of quantum gravity is not well understood yet, but it has been
theorized that strange effects happen as matter approaches the singularity of a black hole. Some
have speculated that matter may actually expand instead of collapse in the center of a black hole.
Black holes are the starting point for an expanding region of spacetime from that point. This effect is
called "bouncing." The powerful effects created from the black hole allow matter to bounce through
the singularity and begin to form a new universe. When a star collapses to form a black hole, the
matter that is inside the horizon eventually "bounces out of the universe" as it reaches the
singularity.
A new region of spacetime is created at the center of the black hole. It is difficult to comprehend
what this means in terms of where this new universe exists. Some calculations and experiments have
shown that these singularities can, in fact, bounce and create these new universes

Differences: What Are Unspoken Agreements?
What are Unspoken Agreements?
Unspoken Agreements are those thought arrangments that are formed between us and other people,
circumstances or ideas, that generate a certain kind of advantage for us. These agreements may have
the power to justify our feelings, thoughts or actions. As ration beings, it's quite likely that we create
these agreements to prove ourselves right, save ourselves of any guilt for feeling negative about
other person or situation, or to even conceal our emotions. Our true nature is joy and at the very core
of our being, we all understand this fact; so, every time we feel anything other than joy or peace, we
need to explain to ourselves that it's justified for us to feel away from joy or peace at that moment...
That's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I struggled to understand this for a long time, wondering what it really means. And finally, one day
while talking to my friend, I realized what it means. She was talking about her past and sharing all
the sordid details with so much of accuracy, that it felt as if she is going through the whole
experience right now in this moment. With her description of the situation, I could not only visualize
how the event must have occurred, but also feel the emotions of all those were involved in that
situation she described. The pain, the anxiety, the voices, the colors and everything that could make
it as real as it was for her in that past event. That's when I realized that past is gone and so are the
happenings along with it. However, we keep it alive and fresh; reminding ourselves of every single
emotion we felt along with it and relive the whole experience once again. This means that we don't
just remember the event, but also all the emotions we felt at that time when it occured. And every
time we recollect that incident, we guide our brain to help us remember every single thing we

Biocentrism : A Short Story
Passed a very little boy in the street to–day, who had on a home–made cap of a woodchuck–skin,
which his father or elder brother had killed and cured, and his mother or elder sister had fashioned
into a nice warm cap...The little fellow wore it innocently enough, not knowing what he had on,
forsooth, going about his small business, pit–a–pat; and his black eyes sparked beneath it when I
remarked on its warmth, even as the woodchuck's might have done." –Henry David Thoreau, The
Journal It happened on a day when the oaks and maples were budding, soon after the birds had
returned. The field was unkempt and full of rusty stems. Thistle seeds and pods had attached to my
shoes and socks; a grasshopper, fumbling for freedom in a web, was wrapped alive, where the
waiting spider poked its proboscis into him. The meadow was soundless. I had twisted my ankle and
was sitting on a rock. That is why I was still there and didn't miss it. Otherwise I might have left still
thinking that everything in the world was exactly as it appears, and never have gone on to write
"Biocentrism." I was beginning to get very bored of sitting on the rock, there by the spider. So I was
considering, in my mind (as well as I could, for the sun had made me feel very drowsy), whether it
was worth the trouble of getting up and making my way back home, when suddenly a woodchuck
emerged from his hole and ran close by me. There was nothing so very remarkable in that; nor did I
think it so very unusual when he

Casino Royale Essay
Daniel Craig's new James Bond in Casino Royale breathes fresh life into what had become, in my
opinion, a rather tired and worn out concept – a striking achievement, considering Casino Royale
was Ian Fleming's first novel in the series, written in 1953.
We encounter Bond as a fledgling British agent, yet to gain MI6 double–0 Status, with its 'licence to
kill'. The film strikes me as being more violent than previous Bond films, showing him cleaning up
after the action – indeed, some of his injuries as portrayed were genuine, according to The Ticket,
November 2006. He is less 'superhuman', too, than in the other films; for example, he's not as adept
at 'free–running' as his adversary. The new less–than–perfect Bond (he upsets M by ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast to Lind and Bond, Le Chiffre is the stereotypical Bond villain of this film, being cold,
foreign and has a particular trait– crying blood as opposed to tears, a classically bizarre Flemming
touch. He is banker for an international terrorist ring, and contrives to play poker with Bond in the
Casino of the film's name. He not only shows himself to be ruthless and cunning like most bond
villains, but also very desperate in some parts of the film, particularly when he attempts to force
information out of bond in one of the films more harrowing scenes.
Vesper Lynd herself, in a departure from the usual Bond love–interest, shows herself to be so much
more than just the typical air–headed, glamorous Bond blonde. She is devious and cunning, proving
to be more than a match for him in planning and plotting, illustrating that she is so much more than
the window–dressing Bond girls of yore. One of my favourite scenes, she unexpectedly joins Bond
for dinner whilst he is travelling to Montenegro by train. Bond quickly susses out Vesper as being
insecure about her beauty and thus over compensating with masculine clothing giving her a prickly
demeanour. She is also quick to size–up Bond and the pair enjoy a bit of flirtatious banter before
retiring to their respective quarters.
The new Bond carries the torch of the former Bonds but adds interest, Craig being a superb actor in
his

Leonard Mandel Research Paper
Leonard Mandel, an extraordinary magnate optical scientist of his time, was a powerful voice on
behalf of physics. He was the Lee DuBridge Professor of Physics and Optics at the University of
Rochester: a masterful scientist, exemplary teacher, generous colleague, and beloved family man.
He is perhaps one of the most amazing founding fathers of what we call; quantum optics, evolving
into the revolution of so called "most exciting areas in science." He trained society's understanding
of quantum mechanics and lasting ways through ingenious experiments that provided convincing
demonstrations and precise tests of many of the most counterintuitive aspects of the quantum nature
of light. Rarely has any one individual so intimately investigated and so dramatically advanced our
understanding of the quantum mechanical nature of light. Mandel's original interest did not involve
light mechanics whatsoever, but in the late 1940's he decided to switch, in which extraordinary
findings came about. He wanted to know how light was measured, how light worked, how light
bypassed all of our minds through the years. He wanted to know the light field of study by the
measurements through a camera, and the spectacle mirrors. The optical side of science, which
interested him like no other science. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was a strict follower of the Optical Society of America. In return, he earned the Max Born Award
& Prize, being the first of many to receive such an honorable achievement. Leonard also receive a
major medal in the society of physics called the Frederic Ives Medal, which distinguished his overall
distinction in the impenetrable optics. His immense loyal brain to the field of optics rewarded our
society to get a better understanding of the functions of complex

The Physics Of An Experiment
In 1964, John Bell set out to test the arguments originally described in the EPR paper and later more
eloquently describe by David Bohm. In the paper by Bohm, he shows how one could conceive of an
experiment to mirror the conceptual situation put forth in the EPR paper, by examining the
dissociation of a diatomic molecule whose total spin angular momentum is zero. For example, the
hydrogen molecule into two hydrogen atoms. In the experiment, the hydrogen atoms would separate
after interaction, in different free directions. It is here that an experimenter would measure the spin
components whose values are anti–correlated after dissociation. If we define our axis of measuring
as the one at right angles to the particles flight, then we can have a consistent measurement. If the
measure of hydrogen atom one yields spin– up, measurement along the same axis for the other atom
would yield spin–down, to be consistent with total spin equal to zero. This is an interesting
experiment because of the incompatibility of spin components makes it analogous to position and
momentum conjugates. Bohm eventually went on to publish a more sophisticated paper with
plausible instrumentation to test his theories with Yakir Aharonov in 1957. A thought experiment
that is discusses the ideas of Bell's inequalities are as follows. Consider two observers that are
initially together and agree that they will be given red or green balls at regular intervals, from this
they conclude that only red or green 4

Reconciling Religious and Scientific Perspectives of...
Reconciling Religious and Scientific Perspectives of Creation
"In the beginning was the big bang,"[i] writes John Polkinghorne, a physicist turned theologian. As
the reader follows through the remainder of his cosmic creation story, the reader is intrigued at how
mystical and religious the story sounds. "The space boiled, in the rapid expansion of the inflation
era, blowing the universe apart with incredible rapidity in the much less than 10–30 seconds that it
lasted. . . . The world suddenly became transparent and a universal sea of radiation was left to
continue cooling on its own . . ."[ii] Then, the story unfolds to tell of the creation of hydrogen and
helium and the creation of stars. The death of stars follow, which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He has scaled the mountains of ignorance, he is about to conquer the highest peak: as he pulls
himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for
centuries."[v] Though Jastrow treats the issue as settled and declares that scientists have finally been
"defeated," it is too early to reach any judgements on the implications the new cosmology has for
both science and religion. Our image of the origin of the universe is not yet complete and further
investigations must be conducted before the towel is thrown in. Science has still much to offer to
help us understand how the universe came to be. Therefore, let us now attempt to solve the cosmic
mystery of creation by referring to the great scientific minds as our guide. Let us now rewind the
story of the big bang and look into the origins of the universe.
The idea that the universe had an origin was a result of the discovery of the expansionary universe.
[vi] The theoretical groundwork for the expansionary universe theory was conceived, ironically, by
Albert Einstein (a firm believer in the infinite and unchanging universe) in his work concerning
relativity.[vii] The expansionary universe theory was later confirmed by Edwin Hubble in the 1920's
when he showed through careful observation of the

Which Modern Thinker, Individual, or Leader Has the...
The modern era, which encompasses the period between the climax of the nineteenth century and
the beginning of the twenty first century, has been a prosperous time for the fields of innovation,
which may be composed of advances in technology and intangible knowledge. This period of time
has included innovations such as the electrical system upon which nearly all homes operate, more
comprehensive understanding of the field of astrophysics, advancements in the understanding of
atomic theory, and innovations in the field of aeronautics. However, these advances are not the
product of ordinary men; rather, they are the product of extraordinary thinkers, who, in all
probability, will provide an influence on the world. In order for a person to be ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Though his influence is not known by the general public as extensively as that of other modern
thinkers, Nikola Tesla is the most likely candidate for a lasting influence upon the general public,
due to the fact that his inventions and discoveries are visible in the lives of nearly all people.
Despite the fact that Nikola Tesla is not the subject of the admiration of many, the inventions
attributed to him have affected the lives of countless people throughout the world. Tesla, the
Croatian born inventor, is responsible, in part, for the modern electrical system, which may be seen
in nearly all residences, places of business, and places of debauchery. Tesla's contribution to the
electrical system provided greater efficiency, due to the fact that his use of alternating current
allowed for a requirement of fewer power stations within a given area, thus improving upon
Edison's original vision ("Nikola Tesla"). Tesla's foray into the field of electricity was not limited to
the electric system, thus Tesla is attributed with the creation of the induction motor, which may be
seen in electric cars, fans used for the circulation of air, devices used within the hard–drives of
computers, and numerous other devices, thus Tesla is responsible for devices without which more
advanced devices in the

The Downside Of Teleporting In Star Trek
Teleportation
An Introduction to Teleporting
"Beam me up, Scotty!"
When Star Trek was first released in 1966, teleportation was only a dream. Now a days, people are
claiming that future generations as soon as great–grandchildren will be able to teleport with ease.
There are, however, many things that Star Trek hasn't prepared fans for, and although there are many
perks to teleportation, people need to weigh in the risk factors as well. The pros may sound
promising but, the cons tremendously outweigh them.
The Downside of Teleportation
This paper could go on and on about "the definition of life" or crap like that, however that would be
a large waste of time and space. So, with that in mind, this paper shall continue on wayward.
First of all, by teleporting, all of the atoms in the human body would essentially deconstruct and
then reconstruct in a new place. With all of this assembling and disassembling taking place, an issue
that needs to be brought up and spoken about is whether or not there would be any mixed up body
parts as a complication. While the body is disassembling, the heart would temporarily stop beating
and the person would "die". However, the person would not really die. The body would continue on
with "life". It would just be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No more super slow text messages being sent in a group chat. Just teleport that information right
over to anyone of choosing. No telling when this will actually be possible, but it certainly does seem
worthy of trying out. The speed–of–light transfer of the encoded information from one photon to
another demonstrates the possibility of secure communication between a network of remotely
located quantum computers in the future.[3] This could lead to more secure networks on the
governmental level (if used properly) and maybe it could be open for the public to use in the more
distant

Alice In Quantumland 2014
Alice in Quantumland, speaks about a law of the quantum world, which shows that electrons have
no distinguishing features except for their spin. This law being all electrons are identical, except that
some spin–up, whereas others spin–down. The electrons even spin at the same speed. This allows
them to interact harmoniously with each other and to find pairs within their space based only on
each other 's spins. In the novel, Alice noted that nearby was another similar looking figure to the
electron, to which the new acquaintance explained was a different electron. In the story, this
principle is illustrated by some electron–beings carrying umbrellas which are either pointed up, and
some electron–beings carrying their umbrellas pointed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that no particle can have "well–defined" clear values
for both position and speed; consequently, no particle can be stationary because any stationary
particle would have a clearly defined speed value of zero. In the analogy presented by Gilmore,
electrons are able to obtain loans of energy from their local bank, allowing them to exist. The energy
they are loaned becomes their rest mass energy. This principle, perhaps, is the most difficult to
compare to the macro world. The idea that there exists a quantity or measurement––for lack of a
better word––that cannot be measured is difficult to reconcile with the average human mind. Though
there exist equal realms of ambiguity and no definite in the macro world, such as justice and
legality, or emotion and rationality (as provided by Gilmore), the notion of an immeasurable
quantity is one many cannot grasp. This places the Heisenberg uncertainty Principle most at odds
with the macro world, as in the real world, humans go about their existence with definite: For
example, the bus will arrive to take a man to work at 09:05; a day is 24 hours long, America gained
its independence in the year 1776, and there are 8 periods in our school day. That is to say, humans
take solace in the definite of numbers––as a source of definite when all else is seemingly variable
and perhaps even more so when everything

How Did Stephen Hawking Contribute To The World
If you have ever watched an episode of the "Big Bang Theory," you know the character Sheldon's
favorite Physicist is Stephen Hawking. Most commonly known today as the computer talking
wheelchair–bound scientist, many do not know much more about his contributions to the science
world.
Stephen Hawking was born in Oxford, England on January 8, 1942 to a father who wanted him to
pursue a career in medicine, like himself, a medical researcher. His mother, Isobel Hawking, being
one of the first women to attend Oxford University, understood his love for the sciences and
physical world. This helped to foster and shape his love of the sky, which directly influenced his
career as a scientist. At the age of 11, he started his studies at St. Albans School before moving on to
University College where he majored in Physics. After leaving University College he attended
Cambridge, where he obtained his Ph.D. in Cosmology. At the early age of 21, Stephen Hawking
was diagnosed with a debilitating disease– ALS; however, as the disease slowed and stopped the use
of his body, it did not stop his love of science. He was given two years to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He currently has an office where he works in the Department for applied Maths and Theoretical
Physics. With twelve honorary degrees, several dozen published books, and numerous awards
Stephen Hawking made an even greater name for himself in 1974 when he proved that black holes
are not just a vacuum vortex like so many had believed prior. Hawking proved that with black holes,
matter in the form of radiation is not always effected by gravitational forces and can escape
gravitational pull. This became known as Hawking Radiation. Building on the idea and principles of
Hawking Radiation, along with Cosmologist, Roger Penrose, they showed that together you need to
match General Relativity with Quantum Theory– this would demonstrate that black holes will
eventually

Essay on Arguments Against Skepticism
If I tried to simply tell a skeptic, "That rock will fall from the cliff because of gravity," he won't
believe me because he will simply say, "Not necessarily." In fact, this can be the skeptic's answer to
just about any attempt to refute his position.
It has long been pointed out by opponents of skepticism that such an attitude cannot be taken to its
extreme conclusion in the real world in which we operate– even skeptics must live their lives
according to rules they must rely upon not to fail. Skepticism (and all philosophy) cannot avoid the
cumbersome nature of human language and the simple fact that the only tool humans have to
investigate the nature of existence is the brain, which spawns coherent thoughts in a lingual form. In
day ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, insofar as the skeptic poses the external question from the comfort of her armchair,
Carnap will reply that ``Unless and until they supply a clear cognitive interpretation, we are justified
in our suspicion that their question is a pseudo–question, that is, one disguised in the form of a
theoretical question while in fact it is non–theoretical '"****
"Calling philosophical propositions meaningless is usually very antagonistic; it amounts to using
fighting words. Some of the less thoughtful critics of Carnap see him as (solely) making this kind of
pejorative value judgment. Those who use ``positivist'' as a kind of academic curse word regard
Carnap as merely arguing that philosophers should find something more useful (and more
scientific!) to do than chasing their tails worrying about skepticism. This image of an antagonistic
stance is bolstered by Carnap's intimate involvement with the Vienna Circle who is known to have
gone through the Tractatus line–by–line declaring each proposition true, false, or meaningless.
While there are certainly overtones of this pejorative attitude, a moment's reflection on the text will
show how this is a completely wrongheaded interpretation of the claim that skepticism is a
meaningless doctrine.
For Carnap, a terms gets its meaning only in virtue of its role within a linguistic framework. ``If
someone wishes to speak in his language about a new kind of entities [sic], he has to introduce a
system

Essay on Application for Graduate Program in Electronics
One of the biggest influences in my childhood was my uncle. He was an amateur ham radio operator
and a dedicated electronics hobbyist. This was in the mid 1990s–India, where specialized electronic
systems were prohibitively expensive, leading to growth of homebrew culture. I used to sit in his
room every evening and observe with wonder, as he operated his homebrew radio setup, building
strong connections with people across vast distances. His room which also served as his workshop,
was stuffed with a bewildering array of components and spare parts. Noticing me lurking around, he
would call me and try to explain the basics, I would nod enthusiastically as he mumbled away, but
being in primary school I could never make head nor tail of it. ... Show more content on
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Until that point, I had chosen computer science courses as it was the closest I could get to learning
electronics. Over the duration of my undergrad life, as I spent more and more time embroiled in my
major subjects, this chain of reasoning proved to be perfectly true.
The VLSI Design course in my fifth semester drew my attention towards microminiaturization
technology. My reasons for such a focus were manifold; I had a brilliant professor for this course,
who placed great emphasis on the cutting edge research happening at the micro scale. Also, VLSI is
the crucial link between electronic circuits and computers, both of which are subjects close to my
heart. Consequently, I selected the VLSI/ULSI process technologies elective in the subsequent
semester. This course introduced me to the physics behind actual fabrication methodologies
employed in the semiconductor industry. It brought back memories of the awe and wonder I had felt
in my childhood. At this juncture, I resolved to explore the microscale in greater detail. In the
seventh semester, I filled all three elective slots with courses allowing me to follow up on my
resolution; BIO–MEMS (Micro Electronic and Mechanical Systems), Miniature Microwave Circuits
and Material Science for Micro and Nanotechnology electives.
#This para has to be changed for Washington univ (No vhsm reco.)#
It was my good fortune, to have found an excellent mentor in Dr. VHS Moorthy, who taught me
both MEMS and

Stephen Hawking Research Paper
When I think of a person I admire, whether it be someone I aspire to become like myself or just find
to be interesting, a person who comes to mind is Professor Stephen Hawking, a renowned physicist
and role model for disabled people, especially for those with ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's
disease. Stephen Hawking is known for his many works in the world of physics, such as Hawking
radiation and his various other contributions in black holes, his theory of Cosmology, and his many
discoveries in the field of Quantum Mechanics. He is also known for his best–selling book, A Brief
History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, published in 1988. Hawking possesses many
traits and skills that one could appreciate, but a few of them stand out. ... Show more content on
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It takes having the will power to overcome the obstacles stacked against you in order to reach your
goals. Professor Hawking has made it abundantly clear that his determination is credited by his
successes in life. Despite the fact that his disability has left him nearly paralyzed and that he relies
on a computerized speech system for communicating, Hawking has made great strides in both his
personal life and his career. You don't have to be an aspiring scientist to be able to look up to
Professor Hawking. The mere fact that this man, who was diagnosed with ALS at the young age of
21, was still able to create a wonderfully rich life for himself, full of knowledge and discovery, is
awe–inspiring. While this all sounds joyous and positive, one mustn't forget that life has it's
challenges and even the strongest souls have battle scars. Hawking would have had his trials in life
as well. But with the aid of his family, he has been able to pull through trying times, which leads me
to point out his many blessings of having loved and been loved, having children, and having
grandchildren, all in spite of his crippling disease. Despite his challenges, Hawking has shown that it
is not about who you say you are, it is about what you do about it that

Astrophysicist Stephen Hawking's Impact On Society
The universe is full of mysteries, mysteries people are afraid to know or discover. Noted
astrophysicist Stephen Hawking is a firm believer in the black hole and cosmology. Stephen
Hawking has had a significant impact on society because he overcomes his disability, creating
theories of the black hole and is the author of several popular books.
Hawking was born on January 8,1942. He was the oldest of four children with parents that both
graduated from Oxford. Neighbors would always say all the kids were focused on reading and the
dinners would always be silent. At the age of 17, Hawking entered Oxford and went towards physics
and cosmology. He was very bright but did not put much effort into studying and was bored with
school. He graduated with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This theory has helped scientists to look at the universe in a different way and be able to understand
more about the Black Hole. Evidence that shows indeed Stephen Hawking leaves an impact on the
scientific community and could lead other future scientists to discover more than what meets the
eye. Stephen Hawking and James Hartle have discovered that the universe has no physical
boundaries, and that with the combination of general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics,
black holes can die. That the vacuum of space is not empty but filled with pairs of particles in which
helps the scientists know more about the black hole. Hawking also thinks that the whole universe
itself is a black hole that could explode outward and turn into a black hole once again. Even though
some people think Stephen Hawking's black hole theories are pointless because we don't need to
know these for daily basis. These theories could lead to more discoveries in the future All these
theories are making an impact on society and helping scientists know more about the black hole and
how it works and maybe answer some of the mysterious questions that are unknown to

Albert Einstein Speech Essay
Joshua, "I am going to the smoking car for a while."
Joshua opened the door to the smoking car. There were a collection of men most of them smoking
cigars and talking and laughing and drinking. Joshua sat down at a table next to a table in which two
men sat. One man had baggy clothes and was smoking a pipe. He had Brunette hair, brown eyes and
about 33 years old. The other gentleman had brown hair a moustache, glasses and was wearing a
suit. He was approximately 54. They were both speaking German, but Joshua was wearing his
"Universal Translator" { * refer back to page 33.}
Joshua, "Good Afternoon, Gentlemen. My name is Joshua Rowland, and what might your names
be?" Max, "Well, my name is Max Von Planck." Albert, "And my name ... Show more content on
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OK, now on with the lecture. On the other end of the spectrum of physics is relativity. Now Max,
essentially invented Quantum Mechanics and I explained Relativity, well to be more specific, the
Special Theory of Relativity.
Max, "Both quantum theory and relativity are two of the most successful theories that we have ever
had. The problem is that they don 't play well together. That 's right, two theories that are as close to
reality as we have ever come to are not compatible with each other. It doesn 't make any sense, does
it? When you try to apply relativity to the very small scales of the atomic realm, suddenly the
mathematics does not make sense any more. Quantities become infinite and predictions go wildly
astray. How is this possible? If I could answer that question, I would be preparing my speech for my
Nobel Prize ceremony. The thing that makes this amazing is that each theory is so close to
describing reality that it is almost inconceivable that it could be incorrect! If either or, indeed, both
theories are wrong, it will bring about a complete revolution in our understanding of reality." Albert,
"I agree with the assessment that physics requires a great deal of imagination, but this imagination is
in a straitjacket. This means that you cannot imagine anything you like. What you theorize must also
conform to everything we already know. In other words, any new theory must not only explain the
new

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