Biography Of J. Gresham Machen Essay

Biography of J. Gresham Machen Essay
Biography of J. Gresham Machen
John Gresham Machen was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 28th 1881 to parents Arthur Webster and Mary Hones Gresham. From an early age
Machen was taught lessons of the bible and of Jesus. His family attended a Presbyterian church called Franklyn Street Presbyterian. (Wikipedia)
Machen's father was a lawyer and therefore Machen was considered to be brought up in a rather privileged home. He attendee a private college where
he was educated in classics such a Greek and Latin.
Machen began his education at John Hopkins University in 1898 where he majored in Classics. In college he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi
Fraternity and was also a member of academic societies. After graduation he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Machen never identified himself as a fundamentalist because he would not embrace things such as premillennialism and the anti–intellectual
attitude of traditional fundamentals.(Piper)
In 1929, Princeton Seminary was beginning to sway toward liberal theology, which Machen opposed. In response to the changes at Princeton, Machen
went on to found Westminster Theology Seminary in order to continue reformed orthodox theology. Later, in 1933, Machen , along with seven others,
were suspended from the Presbyterian ministry. They went on to leave the Northern Presbyterian Church and founded the Orthodox Presbyterian church
. Only a few years later, in 1937, Machen died at age 56. even though he died rather young, Machen helped shape the conservative movement against
Modernists without being a true fundamentalist. His books, sugh as his textbook on New Testament Greek, are still used today in modern seminaries.
(Haykin)
Machen's thoughts about society and Christianity can be found in many of his own books. The book I found most useful was entitled What is Faith?.
Unlike fundamentalists, Machen believed that education was highly important in society; yet, he still thought that the most significant part of
Christianity was not throught the church or school. In the introduction of what is Faith? Machen explains:
"The most important Christian educational institution is not the

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Southern Religion
As of today, religion still maintains an impact throughout the domain of the South. Religion in the South supports infrastructure educational and social
services. It also inhibits the growth of the traditional denominations to prosper, ranging from Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran and even Catholic. Baptist
make about 50% of church affiliation population in the south while Methodist is about a quarter and Presbyterian around 10% or so ( Wison
1).Throughout the entire range of life of many religious denominations since they were first introduced to the South, they have been able to preserve
their culture even during the social changes. To fully understand the southern religious establishments, we must compromise motives, interaction and
movements... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However it didn't just take one night for the Bible Belt to form and have a firm grip in the South. What attributed to the growth and expansion of
denominations across the South? According to Heyrman, due to the high influx of Scots–Irish immigrants with their movement to the frontier, they
didn't forcefully Christianize the settlers already dwelling, there,but that their large numbers changed the arrangement of the land entirely. The early
increase in Evangelical numbers was largely illusory. Converts stemmed from marginalized groups. Free African–Americans, women, and young people
came into Evangelical congregations because of the agency these churches afforded them in comparison to the hierarchical Anglican Church. More
interestingly to the scholar, and more ominously to contemporary southerners, slaves often found a welcome home in Evangelical churches. The
Evangelical struggle to find acceptance in southern society during the Early Republic certainly stemmed from the movement's weird novelty and
perceived strangeness. Yet southerners seemed willing to accept almost any eccentricity. The Evangelical movement's insistence on egalitarianism
crossed the line in southern thought. Strangeness became subversive. Heryman challenged the traditional assumption than only planters demurred from
welcoming the Evangelical movement into southern society. Women's involvement in Church and messages tailored to the poor angered yeomen
farmers as much as

Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, Under The Direction Of...
In 1905, Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, under the direction of Rev. L. L. Downing, erected their persistently famous Stonewall Jackson memorial
window. Each Sunday, Fifth Avenue's pastor still preaches from the pulpit with this picturesque image in the background, denoting the phrase, "Let us
Cross the River and Rest in the Shade of the Trees." General Jackson was, of course, well known for his devout Presbyterian faith. What may be most
surprising to those unfamiliar with Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, however, is that it is a historically black congregation. As a local historian has
explained:
It was to Gen. Jackson that Downing imputed his conversion to Christ. In the presence of a large gathering of white and colored people to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Flynt's work shows special interest in one man, Walter Lingle, but he attempted to show issues such as child labor as having been of great concern to
more than just Lingle, a Presbyterian leader that arrived at Union Seminary in Richmond by 1911. Shortly before Lingle's entrance into the Old
Dominion, Flynt states that Presbyterians "had clearly opted for a mixture of spiritual and educational salvation." Other writers of Presbyterian history
have not been so interested in such themes, however. Don K. Clements, speaking about much broader chronological implications, has been especially
critical of those who adopted a more progressive stance to Presbyterianism. He stated:
The Southern Church saw herself as holding the Old School position, which gave rise to the Southern Presbyterian distinctives. With the passing of the
first generation of leaders, the Southern Church was unable to replace them with men of equal soundness and stature. The result is that the Southern
Church lasted as a sound denomination for seventy or eighty years, and then was taken over by the liberals in the church. This was done very largely
through the capturing of the educational agencies of the church, the seminaries, the colleges, the publications and literature.
Still, others, including Darryl G. hart, have suggested that historians focus

Witchcraft Hysteria In The 17th Century
With Europe entering the 17th century, its citizens were still undergoing the prosperity that coincided with the emergence of the Renaissance.
Economic growth, newly–structured capitalistic movements as well as trans–Atlantic expansion, became the successes of Europe and, as a result, its
citizens overcame the overwhelming death toll (due to previous wars and the notorious Black Plague ). This led to an explicit reevaluation of life, the
importance of religion, and prospects of power–which all soared to an all–time high. One example of a reevaluation of the "prospects of power" would
be the decrees and regulations undertaken by monarchs of the 17th century in response to the Church. Often times, secular rulers would amass power
and favorability... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women have been customarily subjugated to household labor without opportunities for advancement for roles within the societies they live in.
Unfortunately, within the 17th century, little to no progression has come about in response to the injustice placed upon the vast majority of women
living in England. With England having endured the brunt of failures at the hands of absolute monarchs, opposing religions taking the thrones
periodically (Anglican to Puritan to Anglican); leading towards instability for the overwhelmingly diversified Protest communities, a growing need to
seek out scapegoats for such atrocities have lead the overarching communities of England to target impoverished, and often times, elderly women to the
point of widespread persecutions. The witch hunt that sprang in the 17th century found easy footing with an already conservative religious government
seeking out dissenters of the faith to strengthen their position in power. The Anglican government felt it was their obligation to institute such
movements of persecutions in order to rally its people behind a unified front of faith as well as diminishing the

The Political System of Scotland Essay example
The Political System of Scotland Unlike Wales, which was subdued by conquest in the thirteenth century, Scotland was never permanently incorporated
into the United Kingdom by force of arms. In 1603 the succession of James I to the throne of England united the crowns of England and Scotland.
However, the union was only a personal one and Scotland retained its own political and legal system and its own church. In this essay I will explain the
distinctive features of the Scottish political system, describe the voting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the Treaty of Union the different national institutions would remain within the Scottish political system. The Church of Scotland, which is
Presbyterian, would remain as the national Church, along with the Scottish legal system. In addition Scotland would maintain a separate education
system and a different system of local government from that obtaining in England and Wales.
The Scottish legal system is the single most important factor explaining why Scotland has been accorded separate governmental treatment since the
Act of Union. Unlike the English legal system, the Scottish system has depended more on the principles of continental jurisprudence derived from
Roman law than on indigenous common law. Whenever a piece of legislation has been intended to apply to Scotland as well as to England and Wales
this has had to be achieved either by a separate appendix to the measure of by a distinct Act for Scotland. In addition Scotland has a separate system of
courts and its own legal profession. The independent legal system of Scotland is one of the strongest clues to the existence of a Scottish Political
system. The Scottish people are subject to Laws exclusive to Scotland. Scottish national institutions are strong and constitutionally protected.
The political culture of Scotland has always been strong on its emphasis on democratic organisation

The Ultimate Question
The Ultimate Questions First let me start off my paper by giving thanks. I would like to thank you Lord for loving me enough that he thought I
was worth saving and worth keeping. He gave his life for mine, if this wasn't so my presences would not be here. He put into place a Church and
its leaders that helped with my feedings of the words of God and as I listened my life began to change. My relationship with him grew personally as
well as my spiritually again thank you. Being in this course the History of Ecclesiology and Polity, it has taught me many things about the difference
in denominations of the church. In the Pauline letters Paul who was a minister of Christ Jesus wanted us to know what were the structures and order
of the Gentile churches of his day. He also wanted today's church to know the normative structures and order as well. Jesus was exceptionally clear on
how he wishes His church to be organized and managed here on earth in His word. Jesus first wanted us to know that he is the head and highest
authority of the church. "And he is the head of the body, the church; he is the beginning and the firstborn from among the dead, so that in everything he
might have the supremacy" (Colossians 1:18 NIV). Paul during his time delegated authority to help co–work and represent him in the administration of
his churches. For example the Missionary letter of Timothy "We sent Timothy, who is our brother and co
–worker in God's service in spreading the
gospel of Christ, to

The Ultimate Question
The Ultimate Questions
First, let me start off my paper by giving thanks. I would like to thank you Lord for loving me enough that he thought I was worth saving and
worth keeping. He gave his life for mine, if this wasn't so my presences would not be here. He put in place a Church and its leaders that helped with
my feedings of the words of God and as I listened my life began to change. My relationship with him grew personally as well as my spiritually again
thank you.
Being in this course the History of Ecclesiology and Polity, it has taught me many things about the difference in denominations of the church. In the
Pauline letters Paul, who was a minister of Christ Jesus wanted us to know what was the structures and order of the Gentile ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Paul refers to many church leaders as Thessalonica for their hard work in the Lord. He asks that they hold these leaders in the highest regard in
love because of their work (Longenecker, R. N. 2002. p. 84). The overseers are those who serves the church as elders, bishops and deacons, "So
Christ himself gave the apostles, the prophets, the evangelists, the pastors and teachers, to equip his people for works of service, so that the body of
Christ may be built up until we all reach unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the Son of God and become mature, attaining to the whole measure
of the fullness of Christ" (Ephesians 4:11–13 NIV). There was no absence of organization in the office of the church.
So why are there so many denominations? Here are a few names of some denominations that many have choose to worship with. Some of us attend the
Christian Non–denomination, Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist or Wesleyan, Protestant, Pentecostal or Charismatic, and
Episcopalian or Anglican, Jehovah's Witness and Mennonite a few that comes to mind.
I am sure that there are more but I cannot think of them at this time. The denomination that has the largest membership size in the United States in
today's churches is the Catholic Churches. The Catholic Church is also part of the Christian Church community that is led by a Pope, the Rome Bishop
or

How Cram Changed My Life Essay
What happened next changed his life. The first thing Cram noticed, true to himself, was the architecture. Overall, he was unimpressed with the style,
which he never came to appreciate. For about thirty minutes, Cram battled boredom, until the service started. He described the experience in his own
words:
Then, in their white and gold vestments, the sacred ministers came silently to the high altar, attended by crucifers, thurifers and acolytes, and stood
silently waiting. Suddenly came the bells striking the hour of midnight, and with the last clang the great organs and the choir burst into a melodious
thunder of sound; the incense rose in clouds, filling the church with a veil of pale smoke; and the Mass proceeded to its climax with the offering of the
Holy Sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ. I did not understand all of this with my mind, but I understood.
After a life growing up in the home of a pastor, studying art, and designing architecture, Cram's accidental preparation enabled him to "understand" the
experience in a way no one else ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In May of 1910, the leading businesspeople of Far Rockaway gathered to dedicate the Russell Sage Memorial Church. In structuring the building, Cram
and his associates intentionally shifted theology to the forefront by moving the organ. One architecture magazine pointed out that in Protestant
churches at that time, the organ often overshadowed both the pulpit and the communion table, but in Sage Memorial, the organ and choir had been
relegated to the sides, highlighting the pulpit and table. At the dedication, a memorial address proclaimed that "the very erection of such a building as
this for His glory is a witness to a believer's sense of his unrivaled greatness and majesty." The architect–theologian designed the church to convey
theology and manifest an experience of God's

The Church Of Trinity Fellowship
The church I decided to study was St. Luke Presbyterian Church in Amarillo, Texas. I selected this church because my best friend attends this church
and I sought to go out of my norm and learn more about my friend's religious background. I normally attend the non–denominational church of Trinity
Fellowship. I am considered to be a Conservative and my friend is a Liberal. Many Presbyterian churches in Amarillo are liberal, but the majority
of Presbyterian churches are known to be conservative because of their beliefs. I assumed it would be interesting to visit this church due to the
fact it would help me to keep an open mind of how people worship and have different beliefs than I do. St. Luke Presbyterian Church was a relaxed
church. Presbyterian churches abide by the sovereignty of God, the scriptures, and grace through faith. The Presbyterian Church members that
attended the service were dressed from casual pants to dresses and suits. The church setting was considered to be a small, local church with roughly
about 30 rows of pews. The choir included 15 women and a teenage boy. The members were very welcoming and seemed eager to get to know the
guests that were new that Sunday morning. The preacher was an older man, in about his late 60's or early 70's. This was mainly a diverse family
church with a few college students. At the beginning of the sermon they had children's church, which is when they relate the word of God to the
younger kids so they can understand what the

Essay on Homosexuality and the Anglican Church
In recent years, the issue of homosexuality has been a controversial and frequently discussed topic within the Anglican tradition. The Lambeth
conference is an assembly of bishops of the Anglican Communion and is convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The conference allows for a
collaborative and consultation function which allows for relevant issues to be discussed within the communion ("Lambeth Conferences"). The
argument over homosexuality was discussed predominately as a communion wide issue at the 1998 Lambeth conference, and it was concluded that
homosexual practice was "incompatible with scripture" ("Lambeth Conferences"). Whether locally or globally, debates typically arise around the issue
of homosexuality, and if should be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to the revolution, the Episcopal Church in the U.S existed nearly 200 years without bishops; this was due in part to American resistance and the
slow reaction of the Church of England (Ward 52). In 1622, the Church of England became established in Virginia; a crown colony, which had
governor appointed by the king (Ward 48). After the revolutionAnglicanism in America was in a disarray, some believers fled the country, while
others "were faced with the question of how to give shape to their community of worship under changed circumstances" (Linzey and Kirker 3).
Eventually the Protestant Episcopal Church was formed ( Ward 54). Christianity was a religion that grew alongside with America, this allowed the
religion to become adjusted to local adaptations, and grow and change along with various civil rights movements. In Africa, Anglicanism first
accompanied the British involvement in the Atlantic slave trade (Ward 112). Missionary movements in areas such as Nigeria and Uganda, which have
a strong Anglican presence, helped the religion to prosper. Christianity first arrived to Uganda in the 1870's, during this period the area was under
strong Muslim influence and was popular for Arab slave traders ("African Anglicans"). The King of the region practiced the Arab custom of pederasty,
and when Christian courtiers and pages did not oblige, hundreds were killed in martyrdoms ("African Anglicans"). Still the churches flourished and

Three Primary Structures
There are three primary structures used in Protestant church governance today. One is the Presbyterian form (rule of elders), another is the Anglican
form, and the last form is the Baptist form (plurality of elders). It is important for churches to evaluate their method of church government and line it
up with what Scripture has to say on the matter. Each church will cite Scripture to attempt to support their church's structure. Because it is so important
to biblically evaluate church government and set the structure up accordingly, we should examine each structure individually. From there we should
determine which structure has the most biblical support.
The first of the three major models is the Presbyterian model. In this form of church ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key is to be elder–led, not elder–ruled. When the church selects a pastor, that pastor should be able to appoint an eldership team based on the
strengths of each individual. Obviously those individuals should meet the requirements for elders listed in 1 Timothy 3. In order to keep from giving to
much authority to the "senior pastor," the congregation with a vote should confirm the eldership team. That does not mean that the congregation
nominates the elders, but they confirm them. I think it is too easy for a congregation to nominate someone who perhaps gives a lot of money, but does
not meet the moral requirements for

Presbyterian Denomination Of Christianity
Presbyterian Denomination of Christianity
The Presbyterian Church is a branch of Reformed Protestantism established by John Knox. This variant of Christianity derives its name from
Presbyterian form of ecclesiastical polity. The church is governed by representatives of elders or ministers.It also primarily follows Calvinism since
Knox was in Geneva along with Calvin and took his teachings back to Scotland where Presbyterian form of church started. Protestant Reformation was
due to several reasons including distrust in papacy, Western Schism, corruption of priests and bishops, and Renaissance humanism.
Western Schism was the division in Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417.Several menfrom Avignon and Rome, later Pisa as well,claimed to be...
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In England, Henry VIII was desiring to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragorn and marry Catherine Parr. However, the pope at the time did
not approve of this. Because of this, he passed Act of Supremacy in 1534 and made the king the head of Church of England. This did not affect
Scotland because it was about 70 years before the two kingdoms were united. In Scotland, John Knox started as a Catholic priest. Historians are not
very clear about the earlier life of John Knox but in 1546, he turned away from Catholic and embraced reformation probably provoked by Wishart's
death. George Wishart was a reformist who fled to Scotland in 1538. Knox became one of the closest associates of Wishart and deeply rooted in
Protestantism. In 1546, reformists forcefully took a garrison to take refuge. Scotland called for France for help and Knox was captured as a onboard
slave for a French galley for nearly two years. Knox was released in 1549 and returned to England to take refuge. He was appointed one of royal
chaplain for Edward VI. His position was changed due to the reign of Mary I, so called Bloody Mary. She restored Catholicism to England from
1553 onwards. John Knox fled to Geneva in 1554 and met Calvin. He learned more of reformed theology and Presbyterian polity. There he wrote a
series of tracts on political disobedience to idolatrous rulers, misogynist view of women's rights to rule, and right

King Solomon Possessions
Do possessions have an affect on the people who own them? In reference to King Solomon, "when [he] reflected on all the works that [his] own
hands had done and on all the hard work that [he] had toiled to accomplish, [he] saw that everything was futile". King Solomon believed that he
could never fully be satisfied by his possessions. Because he worked so long and hard to acquire his meaningless possessions, he was tied down by
his property. King Solomon also claimed that he acquired "more [possessions] than any of [his] predecessors" and "surpassed anyone prior to him in
Jerusalem". Society and other people were his driving force to get more possessions. Solomon says that property does affect people and that these
effects include dissatisfaction, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In E.M. Forster's My Wood, he claims that "[he] shall weave upon his forehead the quadruple crown of possession until those nasty Bolshies come
and take it off again and thrust [him] aside into the outer darkness". By saying this, E.M. Forster means that he keeps collecting possessions to feel
satisfied, but time and time again he does not feel fulfilled and still desires more. Material possessions in life are used as a substitute for real
satisfaction and happiness. He also says that his impulses "spring from a foolish desire to express [himself] and from an inability to enjoy what
[he's] got". E.M. Forster cannot just enjoy the possessions he has acquired, demonstrating that possessions alone will not succeed in satisfying a
person's needs. Likewise, in Henry Van Dyke's Who Owns the Mountains, he says "a gallery of great paintings adorns the house of the Honorable
Midas Bond, and every year adds a new treasure to his collection". Bond is never completely fulfilled because he continues to get new paintings every
year. People are not simply pleased with what possessions they have and desire more. Possessions are a substitute when it comes to complete happiness
in a person's

Essay on Reflections on Leaders In a Connectional Church
In January 2010, I was privileged to be able to take a class at the Presbyterian Center in Louisville, KY called "Leaders in a Connectional Church".
The course aimed to show how the leadership of the Presbyterian church connected with the presbyteries and congregations that make up its body
through working intensively with the General Assembly Mission Council (GAMC) and researching how the current structure had come to be. My
assignment was within the Executive Director and Communications offices, which I was excited to be a part of, given my background in radio and
broadcasting. Much to my surprise, however, the GAMC had only within the past 5 years started to reach out in a multimedia fashion, and most of the
groundwork was still under... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is an important distinction because today, "corporate good" too often means "good for the management/stockholders on a short–term basis",
disenfranchising both the "customers" and "employees". These concerns were present from the beginning of the incorporation period, of course, as
could be seen clearly through the labor union disputes and ruthless tactics of corporate leaders even in the beginning of corporate culture. But the
perceived total good of the corporate organization – emphasis on efficiency, fund raising, salary for church staff, and availability of "expert" leaders to
a wide range of people – outweighed the devaluation of the individual and the fragmentation of the body that were not fully observed until after the
corporate structure had been in place long enough to be "tradition". The changes to the church structure were worked by a series of intelligent, creative
and charismatic leaders in the Presbyterian church, both in response to – and imitation of – the culture of the day.
At its root, the model of the church as a corporation pushes a hierarchical model of ecclesiology, keeping the same oligarchic control in the hands of a
small number of people. It does so intentionally, but also attempts to balance out the hierarchy by making it representative leadership, allowing for the

Religion In The South: A Case Study
As of today, religion still maintains an impact throughout the domain of the South. Religion in the South supports infrastructure educational and social
services. It also inhibits the growth of the traditional denominations to prosper, ranging from Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran and even Catholic. Baptist
make about 50% of church affiliation population in the south while Methodist is about a quarter and Presbyterian around 10% or so ( Wison
1).Throughout the entire range of life of many religious denominations since they were first introduced to the South, they have been able to preserve
their culture even during the social changes. Many new To fully understand the southern religious establishments, we must compromise motives,
interaction and movements that are associated with southern Christianity. Evangelicals retooled their polity and message ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One important concept is due to the fact that because the three main denominations, Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist appealed more towards lower
classes and social ills they were able to win in the South. What must be taken into account is that the spread of Evangelism really began just before the
Revolutionary War. Heyman attributes this gradual rise of evangelicalism when Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians began making inroads into the
backwoods areas largely ignored by the Anglican clergy. Subsequently when the Revolutionary War did proceed, What we know as The Bible Belt
today took much engineering to be built and be firmly established . The countless amounts of cause and effect concepts that derived from the formation
and social change of the South and with the association of religion amounted to the uproar of new hierarchies, social groups and formations of diverse
communities. The spread of Evangelism inevitably formed the modern day Bible

Essay on Fundamentalism and Inerrancy of Scripture
Inerrancy as an Issue in the Fundamentalist Movement: 1900 to the Present." A Paper Submitted to Dr. Homer Massey In Partial Fulfillment Of the
Requirements for the Course History of Christianity II CHHI 525 By, Johnny walker INERRANCY OF THE SCRIPTURES Outline Fundamentalism
is a type of religious reaction to all forms of modernity. Within Christianity this phenomenon is mostly characteristic of Protestantism but is also found
in Catholicism. In fact, the term fundamentalism was coined in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century, but it was only toward the end
of that century that the term began to be applied to some... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Opposing their extremist positions, in 1942 the moderates created a World Evangelical Association that the fundamentalists attacked. The
fundamentalists became visible again in the last third of the 20th century, reacting against the liberal trends in major Protestant churches. Catholicism
The fundamentalist movement in the Catholic Church has not been significant. The infallibility of the Bible is not a dogma for Catholics, thus offering
little ground for fundamentalism. Catholicism allows some leeway for developing dogma (John Henry Newman ) as well as for the importance of
tradition and, in contrast to the fundamentalists, it does not consider the Bible to be the only authority. Catholic movements today emphasize the
conservative pontifical documents from the last few centuries and are wary of the more moderate decrees of Vatican II (Monsignor LefГЁbvre's
anti–Vatican II movement in France is a vivid example). These movements did not draw undue attention from the hierarchy , but they did influence
certain informal developers of fundamentalism among some Catholics. Some such influences came from relations with Protestants–such as through
charismatic movements that crossed denominational borders. Main Characteristics of Fundamentalism The array of conservative, orthodox , and other
traditional movements are not

Draft Ecclesiastical Ordinances
As I reflect on Calvin: Theological Treatises, "Draft Ecclesiastical Ordinances," I am reminded of a judge adorned in a black robe with a gavel at
hand pounding on his bench and saying in a thunderous voice, "Order in the Court." Order. Order is a small word that can calm a raging sea. It
provides structure and organization. According to Webster's Dictionary, order means to "give an authoritative direction or instruction to do
something". How many times a day does someone tell us what to do? How often do we stop ourselves from doing what we want, because we know
that this action is prohibited or wrong? In the United States as well as in the church, we have rules, laws, and regulations to govern or oversee almost
everything we do. In court... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paul's guidance on the standards of these roles should not be taken lightly; as one should be called to have a leadership role in the church. The
governmental structure in the Bible is like a pyramid with the Pastor as the head and the elders beneath him. The pastor's role according to
scriptures is similar to the role of the elder and that is to care for and feed God's flock (Ephesians 4:1). The New Testament only refers to the
pastor's role one time; which we can conclude that the pastor and elder in a Biblical sense are one in the same. In Calvin's Draft Ecclesiastical
Ordinances, there are four orders of office instituted by the Lord for government of the church: pastors, doctors, elders, and deacons. The pastor's role
in the Draft Ecclesiastical Ordinances is similar to the Bible. Its role is to, "proclaim the Word of God, to admonish, exhort and censure, both in
public and private, to administer the sacraments, and to enjoin in brotherly corrections along with the elders and colleagues." Doctors of the
Ecclesiastical Draft role is to instruct, teach, and lecture on true doctrine. There is no mentioning of doctor's role in the Bible and the Presbytery Book of

Mihalyi's Systems Perspective Of Creativity
Creativity is something that exists and occurs every day but the cause or explanation of this phenomenon is still in question. Many psychological
theories place the origin of creativity stemming from the individual or through the 'creative ideas' they produce. Other theories such as those proposed
by psychologist Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi suggest that creativity begins with the interaction of three shaping factors the: person, field and domain.
This essay will first discuss how the individual has been seen as the centre of the creativity process. It will then discuss how the three main forces
described in Csikszentmihalyi's systems perspective of creativity provides a less psychological approach and individual centred model in exchange for
a confluent system of equally contributing forces.
The Ptolemaic view of seeing the individual at the centre of the creative process has reduced the level that other factors contribute to this phenomenon
and separated it from the structured system in which it operates. The problems with a person centred approach to finding where creativity starts are
that individuals or people are constitutions of their environment. One must look externally from the individual, "if one wishes to explain why, when
and where new ideas or products arise from and become established in a culture." (Csikszentmihalyi, 1999, pg. 313). In saying this it is important to
reflect on Anthony Giddens words, "the de–centring of the subject [individual] must not be made

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