This document contains lecture notes on cyber crime that include: 1. A brief history of computer technology from early counting devices to modern computers and the internet. 2. An overview of basic computer language including binary, bytes, hardware, software, and hacker terminology. 3. A discussion of the history and development of the internet including important protocols, categories of internet use, and levels of networked systems.

1. Student Name: Comment by Ahmad Al-Sadi:
Student ID:
Overall Given Mark:
/ 20
Instructions:
Based on the given case study of Mr. Brusca, write your
answers on the giving space using this answer sheet and upload
it on Blackboard before the 48 hours since begging of the exam.
Question Number 1: What questions might be useful to elicit
further details surrounding the Chest pain, using one of the
common acronyms in this regard? (5 Marks)
Answer:
Question Number 2: From the subjective information you have
obtained from Mr. Brusca’s history, what are his identifiable

2. risk factors for heart disease? Which risk factors are modifiable
and which are unmodifiable?
(5 Marks)
Answer:
Question Number 3: List three priority nursing diagnosis for
Mr. Brusca’s case, and cluster subjective and objective data that
support each diagnosis. (3 Marks)
Answer:
#
Nursing Diagnosis

3. Subjective Data
Objective Data
1
2
3

4. Question Number 4: From the previous data, discuss the main
issues of health promotion and disease prevention should the
nurse discussed during health history and physical examination?
(4 Marks)
Answer:
Question Number 5: Considering the relationship of the
cardiovascular system to the respiratory system, what
respiratory problems might Mr. Brusca have as a result of his
cardiovascular disease? And what are respiratory clinical signs
associated with the respiratory problem(s)? (3 Marks)
Answer:

5. CYBER CRIME
Chapter 2 Lecture Notes
Objectives
● Explore a brief history of computer technology
● Familiarize student with some basic computer
language
● Discuss the forms of Internet communication
Details:
History of Computers
● Computer:
○ Device used to ascertain an amount or number by
calculation
or reckoning

6. ○ Mechanism through which raw information (data) is
processed
● First computer created by Chinese 800 yrs. ago
○ ABACUS: wooden frame device with rows of
different colored
beads
○ Used for mathematical computations
● England (mid-19 th Century); Charles Babbage
○ Designed engine that received instructions from
punch cards
○ Made calculations form memory bank
○ Printed out mathematical solutions
● America (late-19 th Century); Herman Hollerith (US
government employee)
○ Created first device used exclusively for data
processing
○ Used to tabulate 1890 Census for US
○ Later developed his own company-Tabulating Machine
Company, predecessor to IBM
● 20 th Century Computer Development Progress
○ Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC): first modern digital
computer
■ Capabilities: binary arithmetic, parallel processing,
separate memory, regenerative memory, basic
computer functionality
● Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

7. (ENIAC); 1945
● Used to calculate firing and bombing tables for US
military (WWII)
● Colossus I (circa-1945): British designed for code-
breaking of German
military
● Computer mainframe technology designed (1960’s-
1970’s)
● Present Day: PC’s (originally contained operating
systems: DOS & UNIX)
and graphical user interface platforms (Windows and
Macintosh)
II.Computer Language
● Binary Language: structure of data which is
processed through the
computer
○ Bit: smallest piece of data-either positive or
negative electrical
state, 1 or 0
○ Byte: Comprised of 8 Bits; each byte represents a
letter,
number or character
■ Eight Bits=One Byte (letter-number-character)
■ Example: 01000001(bits)=A (byte)
● Kilobyte: 1,000 characters; One-half page of text
● Gigabyte: 1billion characters; Truck full of paper
● Computer Hardware (Input Devices): also categorized

8. as output or
storage devices
○ Components that are physical in nature: modems,
keyboards,mouse,scanner
○ Mediums through which information is introduced
into
computer
● Computer Software (Analyze): series of instructions
performing
particular tasks
○ Instructs computer components
■ What to do and how to interact with user
■ Three types: boot sequence-operating
system-application software
■ Boot Sequence: series of steps
before starting to use computer
■ Operating System: runs user
applications and provides
interface to the hardware:
Windows, Macintosh
● Application Software: prepackaged instructions allow
users to perform

9. various functions: word processing, statistical analysis,
play games etc.
○ Programs: Establishes sequence of rules through
which
software operates
○ Source Code: Set of instructions written in a
program
○ Object Code: What is actually executed by the
computer
● Hacker Terminology
○ Back door: Deliberate hole in software or program
to allow
unauthorized access
○ Cracker: Name given by traditional hackers to
individuals who
violated secure systems for illegal purposes
○ DDoS attack: (Distributed Denial of Service attack
): Use of
multiple systems to inundate (flood) a single system,
causing
the target site to shut down
○ Logic bomb: Piece of code inserted into software
program that
performs a malicious function when programmed
conditions
are met
○ Phishing: Solicitation of information (personal,

10. financial) via
e-mail from a
fraudster posing as a legitimate firm for the purpose
of stealing identifying data
○ Phreaking: Violating secure telephone systems and
making
illegal calls or transactions from the system
○ Trojan Horse: Harmless looking program that hides
malicious
content to damage targeted computer
III.History of Internet
● History:
● Initial conception grew out of government suspicion
and social hysteria
around Cold War between US and Russia in 1950’s-
1960’s
● Push to develop alternative communication systems
that would operate
if Nuclear attacks knocked out normal
telecommunication systems
● Computer networks linked four Universities over
phone lines
● Limited to written correspondence only (April 7,
1969-first

11. document-“start date for Internet”); no interactive
sessions
● Network Language:
○ TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol)
■ Suite of protocols that define the Internet
■ Method of communication between programs which
enables transfer of information
● IMAP: (Internet message Access Protocol)
○ Method of accessing electronic mail or bulletin
board
messages that are kept on a shared server
■ Examples: Access from home, work, notebook while
traveling
○ Routers: Special-purpose software packages that
handle the
connection between two or more networks
○ Cookies: storage platforms for information
○ Domain Name System: Group of computers on a
common
network defined by common IP addresses
■ Examples: com (commercial organization), edu
(educational institution), gov (government
organization), org (non-profit organization), net
(Internet access providers)

12. ○ Cloud Computing: Delivers computing as a service;
system
involves a set of services, technologies and virtual
resources
○ Examples: video sites (YouTube); communication tools
(Skype)
○ Company software and application updates may be
centrally
uploaded thus negating maintenance and upkeep of
individual
computers
● Cyberworld: Three different levels of networked
systems: Intranets,
Internets, Internet
○ Intranets:
● Small local networks connecting computers within
one organization
● Controlled by common system administrator
● internets:
○ Connect several networks
○ Usually located in small geographical area
○ Share common protocol (usually TCP/IP)
● The Internet:
○ Largest network in the world
○ TCI/IP-based network links millions of users globally

13. across
more than 45,000 networks
1. INTERNET CATEGORIES
● World Wide Web: An electronic marketplace or
arena where electronic
storefronts of businesses, civic groups, individuals and
government
entities display their products or ideologies
○ Each web site is characterized by its Uniform
Resource
Locator (URL)
○ Designs range from simple text-only sites to
advanced
video-audio configuration
● Bulletin Boards: Posting services similar to a
community bulletin board
in a library, transportation hub, schools, municipal
buildings
○ Individuals can access software, post personal
information,
and exchange electronic mail
○ Very popular among subversive, terrorist groups,
child
pornographers (private areas for illegal communications)
○ Protected by First Amendment

14. ○ Difficult for law Enforcement due to Jurisdictional
Issues:
access in one county and board is physically located
in
another jurisdiction
● Internet Relay Chat (Chat Rooms)
○ On line discussions in chat rooms
○ Allow users to interact with several others at same
time (party
line)
○ Characterized by topic
○ Users may choose to observe, participate in group
discussions or private
○ Topics range from harmless interests like sports,
hobbies to
profane
■ Solicitations for sex very common in “teen rooms”
CYBER CRIME
Chapter 2 Lecture Notes
Objectives
● Explore a brief history of computer technology
● Familiarize student with some basic computer

15. language
● Discuss the forms of Internet communication
Details:
History of Computers
● Computer:
○ Device used to ascertain an amount or number by
calculation
or reckoning
○ Mechanism through which raw information (data) is
processed
● First computer created by Chinese 800 yrs. ago
○ ABACUS: wooden frame device with rows of
different colored
beads
○ Used for mathematical computations
● England (mid-19 th Century); Charles Babbage
○ Designed engine that received instructions from
punch cards
○ Made calculations form memory bank
○ Printed out mathematical solutions
● America (late-19 th Century); Herman Hollerith (US
government employee)
○ Created first device used exclusively for data
processing
○ Used to tabulate 1890 Census for US

16. ○ Later developed his own company-Tabulating Machine
Company, predecessor to IBM
● 20 th Century Computer Development Progress
○ Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC): first modern digital
computer
■ Capabilities: binary arithmetic, parallel processing,
separate memory, regenerative memory, basic
computer functionality
● Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC); 1945
● Used to calculate firing and bombing tables for US
military (WWII)
● Colossus I (circa-1945): British designed for code-
breaking of German
military
● Computer mainframe technology designed (1960’s-
1970’s)
● Present Day: PC’s (originally contained operating
systems: DOS & UNIX)
and graphical user interface platforms (Windows and
Macintosh)
II. Computer Language
● Binary Language: structure of data which is
processed through the
computer
○ Bit: smallest piece of data-either positive or

17. negative electrical
state, 1 or 0
○ Byte: Comprised of 8 Bits; each byte represents a
letter,
number or character
■ Eight Bits=One Byte (letter-number-character)
■ Example: 01000001(bits)=A (byte)
● Kilobyte: 1,000 characters; One-half page of text
● Gigabyte: 1billion characters; Truck full of paper
● Computer Hardware (Input Devices): also categorized
as output or
storage devices
○ Components that are physical in nature: modems,
keyboards,mouse,scanner
○ Mediums through which information is introduced
into
computer
● Computer Software (Analyze): series of instructions
performing
particular tasks
○ Instructs computer components
■ What to do and how to interact with user
■ Three types: boot sequence-operating
system-application software

18. ■ Boot Sequence: series of steps
before starting to use computer
■ Operating System: runs user
applications and provides
interface to the hardware:
Windows, Macintosh
● Application Software: prepackaged instructions allow
users to perform
various functions: word processing, statistical analysis,
play games etc.
○ Programs: Establishes sequence of rules through
which
software operates
○ Source Code: Set of instructions written in a
program
○ Object Code: What is actually executed by the
computer
● Hacker Terminology
○ Back door: Deliberate hole in software or program
to allow
unauthorized access
○ Cracker: Name given by traditional hackers to
individuals who
violated secure systems for illegal purposes
○ DDoS attack: (Distributed Denial of Service attack
): Use of

19. multiple systems to inundate (flood) a single system,
causing
the target site to shut down
○ Logic bomb: Piece of code inserted into software
program that
performs a malicious function when programmed
conditions
are met
○ Phishing: Solicitation of information (personal,
financial) via
e-mail from a
fraudster posing as a legitimate firm for the purpose
of stealing identifying data
○ Phreaking: Violating secure telephone systems and
making
illegal calls or transactions from the system
○ Trojan Horse: Harmless looking program that hides
malicious
content to damage targeted computer
III. History of Internet
● History:
● Initial conception grew out of government suspicion
and social hysteria
around Cold War between US and Russia in 1950’s-

20. 1960’s
● Push to develop alternative communication systems
that would operate
if Nuclear attacks knocked out normal
telecommunication systems
● Computer networks linked four Universities over
phone lines
● Limited to written correspondence only (April 7,
1969-first
document-“start date for Internet”); no interactive
sessions
● Network Language:
○ TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol)
■ Suite of protocols that define the Internet
■ Method of communication between programs which
enables transfer of information
● IMAP: (Internet message Access Protocol)
○ Method of accessing electronic mail or bulletin
board
messages that are kept on a shared server
■ Examples: Access from home, work, notebook while
traveling
○ Routers: Special-purpose software packages that
handle the
connection between two or more networks

21. ○ Cookies: storage platforms for information
○ Domain Name System: Group of computers on a
common
network defined by common IP addresses
■ Examples: com (commercial organization), edu
(educational institution), gov (government
organization), org (non-profit organization), net
(Internet access providers)
○ Cloud Computing: Delivers computing as a service;
system
involves a set of services, technologies and virtual
resources
○ Examples: video sites (YouTube); communication tools
(Skype)
○ Company software and application updates may be
centrally
uploaded thus negating maintenance and upkeep of
individual
computers
● Cyberworld: Three different levels of networked
systems: Intranets,
Internets, Internet
○ Intranets:
● Small local networks connecting computers within
one organization

22. ● Controlled by common system administrator
● internets:
○ Connect several networks
○ Usually located in small geographical area
○ Share common protocol (usually TCP/IP)
● The Internet:
○ Largest network in the world
○ TCI/IP-based network links millions of users globally
across
more than 45,000 networks
1. INTERNET CATEGORIES
● World Wide Web: An electronic marketplace or
arena where electronic
storefronts of businesses, civic groups, individuals and
government
entities display their products or ideologies
○ Each web site is characterized by its Uniform
Resource
Locator (URL)
○ Designs range from simple text-only sites to
advanced
video-audio configuration
● Bulletin Boards: Posting services similar to a
community bulletin board
in a library, transportation hub, schools, municipal
buildings

23. ○ Individuals can access software, post personal
information,
and exchange electronic mail
○ Very popular among subversive, terrorist groups,
child
pornographers (private areas for illegal communications)
○ Protected by First Amendment
○ Difficult for law Enforcement due to Jurisdictional
Issues:
access in one county and board is physically located
in
another jurisdiction
● Internet Relay Chat (Chat Rooms)
○ On line discussions in chat rooms
○ Allow users to interact with several others at same
time (party
line)
○ Characterized by topic
○ Users may choose to observe, participate in group
discussions or private
○ Topics range from harmless interests like sports,
hobbies to
profane
■ Solicitations for sex very common in “teen rooms”

24. Case Study
Henry Brusca is a 68-year-old, married father of 7 who was in
relatively good health until 3 weeks ago. At that time, he visited
the emergency room with the complaint of “just not feeling
right.” His BP on admission was 170/118, so he was admitted to
the coronary care unit with the diagnosis of uncontrolled HTN.
His BP was controlled with medication, and he was discharged
several days later. He is now being seen for follow-up care and
management of HTN. Because Mr. Brusca is newly diagnosed
with HTN, you will need to complete a history and thorough
cardiovascular examination.
Case Study Findings
Biographical data:
■ 68-year-old white male.
■ Married, father of seven grown children.
■ Self-employed entrepreneur; BS degree in engineering.
■ Born and raised in the United States, Italian descent, Catholic
religion.
■ Blue Cross/Blue Shield medical insurance plan.
■ Referral: Follow-up by primary care physician.
■ Source: Self, reliable.
Current health status:
■ No chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations, or edema.
■ Complains of fatigue, loss of energy, and occasional dizzy
spells.
Past health history:
■ No rheumatic fever or heart murmurs.
■ No history of injuries.
■ Inguinal hernia repair.
■ Left ventricular hypertrophy revealed by electrocardiogram
(ECG).
■ Hospitalized 3 weeks ago for HTN.
■ No known food, drug, or environmental allergies.

25. ■ No other previous medical problems.
■ Immunizations up to date.
■ No prescribed medications except Vasotec 5 mg bid and
weekly use of antacid for indigestion.
Family history:
■ Positive family history of HTN and stroke.
■ Mother had HTN and died at age 78 of a stroke.
■ Paternal uncle died at age 79 of MI.
Review of systems:
■ General Health Survey: Fatigue, weight gain of 60 lb over
past 3 years.
■ Integumentary: Feet cold, thick nails, tight shoes.
■ Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat (HEENT): Two dizzy
spells over past 6 months.
■ Eyes: Wears glasses, no visual complaints, yearly eye
examination.
■ Respiratory: “Short winded” with activity.
■ Gastrointestinal: Indigestion on weekly basis.
■ Genitourinary: Awakens at least once a night to go to
bathroom.
■ Musculoskeletal/Neurological: General weakness, cramps in
legs with walking.
■ Lymphatic: No reported problems.
■ Endocrine: No reported problems.
Psychosocial profile:
■ States that he does not have time for routine checkups. “I only
go to the doctor’s when I’m sick. “Typical day consists of
arising at 7 A.M., showering, having breakfast, and then going
to work. Returns home by 6 P.M., eats dinner, watches TV till
11:30 P.M., but usually falls asleep before news is over.
Usually in bed by 12 midnight.
■ 24-hour recall reveals a diet high in carbohydrates and fats
and lacking in fruits and vegetables. Heavy-handed with salt
shaker; salts everything. Admits that he has gained weight over
the years and is 60 lb overweight.
■ No regular exercise program. States: “I’m too busy running

26. my business.”
■ Hobbies include reading, crossword puzzles, and antique
collecting.
■ Sleeps about 7 hours a night, but usually feels he is not
getting enough sleep. Lately is more and more tired. Wife states
that he snores.
■ Never smoked. Has a bottle of wine every night with dinner.
■ Works at sedentary job, usually 7 days a week. No
environmental hazards in workplace.
■ Lives with wife of 45 years in a two-story, single home in the
suburbs with ample living space.
■ Has a large, close, caring family.
■ Admits that running his own business is very stressful, but
feels he can handle it alone and doesn’t need anyone to help
him.
General Health Survey findings:
■ Well-developed, well-groomed 68-year-old white male,
appears younger than stated age.
■ Sits upright and relaxed during interview, answers questions
appropriately.
■ Alert and responsive without complaint, oriented x 4 (time,
place, situation, and person).
■ Affect pleasant and appropriate.
■ Head-to-toe scan reveals positive arcus senilis, positive AV
nicking and cotton wool, extremity changes including thin,
shiny skin, thick nails, and edema.
■ Vital Signs
■ Temperature, 36.6 °C.
■ Pulse, 86 BPM, strong and regular.
■ Respirations, 18/min, unlabored.
■ BP: 150/90 mmHg.
■ Height: 180 CM.
■ Weight: 124 KG.
Cardiovascular assessment findings include:
■ Neck Vessels
■ Positive large carotid pulsation, +3, symmetrical with smooth,

27. sharp upstroke and rapid descent, artery stiff, negative for
thrills and bruits.
■ JVP at 30 degrees <3 cm, negative abdominojugular reflux.
■ Precordium
■ Positive sustained pulsations displaced lateral to apex, PMI 3
cm with increased amplitude.
■ Slight pulsations also appreciated at LLSB and base, but not
as pronounced.
■ Negative thrills; cardiac borders percussed third, fourth, and
fifth intercostal spaces to the left of the midclavicular line.
■ Heart sounds appreciated with regular rate and rhythm at apex
S1 > S2 and +S4,at LLSB S1 > S2.
■ S2 negative split, at base left S1 < 2 negative split, at base
right S1 < 2 with an accentuated
S2, negative for murmurs and rubs.
Questions:
1) What questions might be useful to elicit further details
surrounding the Chest pain, using one of the common acronyms
in this regard? (5 Marks)
2) From the subjective information you have obtained from Mr.
Brusca’s history, what are his identifiable risk factors for heart
disease? Which risk factors are modifiable and which are
unmodifiable? (5 Marks)
3) List three priority nursing diagnosis for Mr. Brusca’s case,
and cluster subjective and objective data that support each
diagnosis. (3 Marks)
4) From the previous data, discuss the main issues of health
promotion and disease prevention should the nurse discussed
during health history and physical examination? (4 Marks).
5) Considering the relationship of the cardiovascular system to
the respiratory system, what respiratory problems might Mr.
Brusca have as a result of his cardiovascular disease? (3 Marks)