Human Impact On Climate Change

Human Impact On Climate Change
The human race all around the world wonders if the climate is changing due to human activity or if
it is just a natural occurrence. At certain parts of the Earth's surface, the climate can be observed
much differently than other locations. As the years go by the average temperature of the Earth
increases by little intervals. There are several different reasons why people believe the climate is
changing every year. However, the increase of worldwide population and production of heat to the
atmosphere is due to the increase of human activities that take place on a daily basis. Human
activity is the main cause of the global climate change. The human impact on climate exceeds any
known changes due to natural processes. The impact of this human activity is often misunderstood
when looking at climate change. Scientists and experts from areas all over give their input on this
major world discussion. These experts all around the world have many different opinions on how
the climate is changing. Each opinion is supported by facts, models, or surveys from major
universities. The models allow scientists to simulate the behavior of climate and how natural and
human factors affect the climate. The 2013 Cook review of 11,944 peer–reviewed studies on climate
change found that only 78 studies explicitly rejected the position that humans are responsible for
global warming. A separate review of 13,950 peer–reviewed studies on climate change found only
24 that rejected human–caused global
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The Effect Of Temperature Increases Due On Anthropogenic...
Abstract The purpose of this article by Diffenbaugh et.al. is to determine how temperature increases
due to anthropogenic warming change the probability of precipitation deficits that cause severe
drought conditions, and determine what the conditions will look like in the future. They used
historical precipitation and temperature data with Palmer Drought Metrics and global climate
models to attempt to answer this question. It was found that in the past twenty years, the frequency
of drought years has doubled, without any significant change in the trends of precipitation
variability. This was attributed to significant increases in positive temperature anomalies causing an
increased frequency of precipitation deficits leading to more occurrences of drought years. Global
climate modeling suggested that by 2030, the region will transition to a regime where there is a
100% risk that all future dry years will coincide with warmer conditions, increasing the risk of
extended drought conditions. This is not the first time this region has experienced prolonged
drought conditions. However, it is the first time the drought has been this severe. Since 1977, the per
capita water usage has decreased such that in 2013 the water demand is similar to that of 1977,
meaning that it will be very difficult to come up with new short–term water conservation ideas.
Introduction This is a review of the article "Anthropogenic warming has increased drought risk in
California" by Diffenbaugh

Climate Change : Man Made, Unpredictable, Happening
Climate Change: Man–Made, Unpredictable, Happening
Climate change is the topic of a heated debate, but not for the reasons one might gather from the
media. Religious groups, politicians and tycoons get a fair share of their air time and contribute to
the popular impression that the facticity of global warming, its causes and implications are not yet
settled. When we turn to the scientific community, however, the picture looks completely different.
Very few people conducting research related to climate change seriously doubt that the planet is
warming. Nor do they doubt that it is caused by human activity. This does not mean, however, that
there is no room for disagreement. Rather, that it is located elsewhere. The paper will proceed in
three parts and will argue that, first, the real question is not the reality of climate change but rather
its intensity. The question, in other words, is not whether but by how much the climate will change.
Second, it will show that the anthropogenic nature of climate change should no longer be a matter of
contention. Third, and finally, the paper will touch on perhaps the most difficult issue climate
change makes us face: how to measure its risks and effects. Unlike the reality and the cause of
global warming, impact assessment is a much more open ended issue because it essentially requires
value judgments. It is argued, however, that, although this problem cannot be resolved once and for
all, there has been movement in the right direction.

Essay about Global Warming
Pollution in our world is leading to increased global warming. Global warming is a problem that if it
doesn't effect us, it will effect all future generations. Global Warming is a problem that all of us can
solve, and it should be solved through the work of our community. Global Warming is caused by the
Greenhouse Effect. The Greenhouse effect causes the sun's rays to come in the earth's atmosphere,
and when it bounces back, more and more of the sun's rays stay in the Earth, heating up the average
global temperature. Greenhouse gasses cause the addition of the Greenhouse Effect. Greenhouse
Gasses cause an increase in the Greenhouse Effect. Greenhouse Gasses are created whenever a
fossil fuel is burned. It is not the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Arrhenius understood that the earth's climate is heated by a process known as the greenhouse effect.
While close to half the solar radiation reaching the earth's surface is reflected back into space, the
remainder is absorbed by land masses and oceans, warming the earth's surface and atmosphere. This
warming process radiates energy, most of which passes through the atmosphere and back into space.
However, small concentrations of greenhouse gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide convert
some of this energy to heat and either absorb it or reflect it back to the earth's surface. These heat–
trapping gases work much like a greenhouse: Sunlight passes through, but a certain amount of
radiated heat remains trapped.
The greenhouse effect plays an essential role in preventing the planet from entering a perpetual ice
age: Remove the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and the earth's temperature would plummet
by around 60 degrees Fahrenheit (F). However, scientists who have elaborated on Arrhenius's theory
of global warming are concernced that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere are causing an unprecedented rise in global temperatures, with potentially harmful
consequences for the environment and human health.
In 1988, the United Nations Environment Program and the World Meteorological Organization
established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Economics of Carbon Emissions and Climate Change
Economics of Carbon Emissions and Climate Change The economics of climate change is a very
controversial and disputed. To even discuss what should be done economists have to either state
whether or not global warming and climate change exist. According to the CATO article, Climate
Change vs. Climate Models (Michaels and Knappenberger, 2013), "The models' estimate of the
increase in temperature resulting from a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration may simply be
too high." As questioned in the article, is there such thing as climate change? Next, if climate
change does exist, are carbon emissions a relevant cause of such a phenomena? With all of these
questions at hand, how do we deal or cope with the current environmental state through economic
means? Does climate change exist? According to the U.S. Global Research Program (USGRP),
climate change does exist. Not in the sense of immediate and drastic changes in the climate, but a
gradual fluctuation in temperatures that have been gathered since the early 1900's. The empirical
data that has been gathered shows a steady increase in the mean maximum temperature recorded in
the Canadian Climate Change Model which is the basis on the 2000 U.S. National Assessment of
Climate Change. The original model generated had a sine–like pattern with a .342°C difference
between the highest crest and lowest trough. This was then proven an unworthy model when the
actual empirical data was recorded with a .169°C difference. There was

The Effects Of Global Warming On The Climate Change
Global warming, also referred to as climate change, has become a major political topic within recent
years. Essentially, a controversial debate exists regarding the causes and subsequent impacts of
global warming. Nevertheless, the current consensus by most experts is that evidence unequivocally
supports the measurable impacts of global warming, such as increased temperatures, melting ice,
etc. A literature review will be conducted in order to present scientific evidence that illustrates the
impacts of global warming. The purpose of the literature review is to provide a comprehensive
analysis by identifying research articles that investigate significant aspects of global warming.
Relevant statistics, causes, and effects of global warming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
1929). These results were observed for simulations that analyzed warmer temperatures for seven
distinct environments. Furthermore, the researchers determined that anthropogenic forcing impacts
have resulted in longer periods between extreme cold temperatures for the observed 20 years
(Christidis et al. 1929).
When examining global temperature changes, the impacts of major greenhouse gases must be
considered. A study conducted by Kaufman et al. investigated the effects of greenhouse gases on
forced and natural anthropogenic factors (11790). The authors utilized a statistical model technique
for the investigation. Additionally, the study included the reported greenhouse gasses in the model.
The simulation model was applied for temperatures during years 1999 – 2008. Ultimately, the
results of the study revealed that human activity, i.e. increases in greenhouse gas emissions, had a
significant effect on the warmer temperature observed for the time period (Kaufman et al. 11792).
Moreover, the authors determined natural factors that influence cooling experienced a declining
effect for the time period. The study also indicated that the stratospheric layer has substantially
changed in recent years (Kaufman et al. 11792). These findings are significant as they allow
researchers to quantify natural factors and forced impacts. Therefore, the accuracy of

The High Resolution Transient Climate Change Scenarios Essay
The high–resolution transient climate change scenarios are now available from the CCCma website
(http://www.cccma.ec.gc.ca). In this project, I used both transient climate change scenarios
simulated by a General Circulation Models (GCM): CGCM4 (The Fourth Generation Coupled
Global Climate Model) developed by the Canadian Center for Climate Modelling and Analysis
(CCCMa) and the CRCM (Canadian Regional Climate Model). The recent comparison of scenarios
derived from CGCM and CRCM by Price et al (2001) suggested that the simulated climate
scenarios were closely tied to observations. The atmospheric CO2 concentration from 1850–2100
was taken as a global mean of the available IPCC RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 for modeling CO2
fertilization.
The CGCM4 under both IPCC RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 in the study area projected a warmer climate in
which both precipitation and temperature generally increased (Figure. 2). At the end of the 21st
century, the "wet" CGCM4, under IPCC RCP8.5 projected a mean annual temperature increase of
3.7 °C and a mean annual precipitation increase of 18% (RCP8.5–Wet), whereas the "dry" CGCM4
predicted an increase of 4.4°C and a 9% increase in precipitation (RCP8.5–Dry). Compared with
IPCC RCP8.5, the CGCM4 projected relatively lower increases in temperature and precipitation
under IPCC RCP2.6 (+1.0°C and +10% precipitations in RCP2.6–Wet and +1.6°C and +5%
precipitations in RCP2.6–Dry). Therefore, cyclical drought events may last longer and severer in the
future in the

Climate Change Influences The Global Potential...
Climate change influences the global potential distribution of bluetongue virus: a disease of
ruminants Abdallah M. Samy1,2, A. Townsend Peterson1, XXXX 1Biodiversity Institute and
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United
States of America 2Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia,
Cairo, Egypt Introduction: The global geographic distribution of arboviruses has received
considerable attentions from public health organizations after their rapid emergence in several parts
of the world [1,2]. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is one of arboviral disease transmitted to ruminants [3].
BTV is caused by bluetongue virus, a member of the genus Orivirus in the family Reoviridae. The
disease is non–contagious vector–borne disease which is transmitted between ruminants by the bites
of biting midges of the genus Culicoides [4]. Bluetongue has been recorded to be responsible for
high sheep mortality, for example, the outbreaks occurred in Mediterranean region since 1998
resulted in deaths of over 800,000 sheep [5]. A single strain of BTV in Belgium disrupted the animal
trades and caused death for animals with a market value of £180 million during 2006–2007 outbreak
[6]. In US, BTV caused losses of $ 125 million every year (Tabachnick 1996; Parse et al. 2005) .
Previous report identified early introduction of European breeds of sheep infected with BTV into
South Africa since 125 years ago [7], but

Persuasive Essay On Climate Change
Throughout the years climate change has been a controversial issue affecting individuals worldwide;
climate change has been debated by scientists including the rest of the world. Many factors can
affect climate change such as biological factors and human actions. The intricate details are what go
unnoticed and unmanaged, people may be greatly against this claim. However, it is underlying
factors, like landfills and driving cars, that help maintain the increasing temperature of the earth
thus, climate change has become a controversial topic. There have been concerns that climate
change does not exist but there is reliable proof that it does even if many scientists do not agree on
the existence of climate change.
There are many biological reasons as to why there is climate change in the world, it is most easily
explained by the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the buildup of greenhouse gasses in our
atmosphere allowing for heat to come in safely but trapping a portion of it inside. Greenhouse
gasses are carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gasses. Because of
these gases, the heat that comes in from the sun then is radiated back to the surface including land
and water. In a BBC report, it states that the greenhouse gas emission percentage by type is 77% for
carbon dioxide, 14% of methane, 8% of nitrous oxide, and 1% of fluorinated gasses (BBC). Carbon
dioxide is released through natural methods for example, "respiration by plants and

Earth's Climate Change In The Ice Age
There has been a continuous change in the Earth's climate throughout history (National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA), 2016). According to NASA, there have been seven cycles of
glacial advance and retreat in the last 650,000 years (National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), 2016). The last ice age was about 7000 years old and marks the beginning
of the modern climate era and human civilization (National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), 2016). These changes have been attributed to small variations in the Earth's orbit that
changes the amount of solar energy received by the Earth (National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), 2016). Orbiting satellites and other technological advances such as
telescopes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These databases can be accessed and used by almost anyone. Climatic and oceanographic data
which are typically very expensive to obtain because they require large scale ice core drillings or
establishment of a network of buoys across the oceans, are now shared online through various
websites. Other scientific tools include but are not limited to telescopes, radar, mass spectrometers,
radiation sensors, radar wind profilers, ozone/aerosol lidar, microwave radiometer, rawinsondes and
air monitoring equipment. Atmospheric carbon dioxide can now be measured over time. For
example, scientists at Baring Head have been collecting monthly atmospheric CO2 measurements
for nearly 40 years – the longest known continuous record of its kind. The data from these
measurements are contributing to our understanding of the global atmospheric

Is Climate Change Isn T Natural?
Climate change is not something we think about everyday and can be a complex and confusing topic
to research or understand. Many of us do not understand the daily implications of climate or what
the future climate may look like. Regardless, most people have strong opinions on the climate
change topic and many are adamant about their decisions. All across the world, people wonder, is
global warming a threat to our lives as we know them? Is the majority of it caused by humans?
While some sources say that 97 percent of climate change scientists agree, other sources say it's
more like 40 percent. That is a very large difference in statistics that ranges from almost 100 percent
to well under 50.(percent quote) There is still a large amount of controversy ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In a graph from the NCA, or National climate Association that uses radiative forcing the predicted
model for climate temperature almost exactly matches the observed average temperature. The graph
also includes a model based off of only natural forces with no increase in greenhouse gasses, which
is caused by humans, but this model isn't even close to the observed temperature line. This means
that global warming we are experiencing now is not natural and is caused by human activity.
Yet climate–denialists still continue to claim that climate change is false. An article titled "Climate
change: this is the worst scientific scandal of our generation." by the telegraph, talks about a so–
called "hockey stick graph" this hockey stick graph has been replicated many times. Including by
the IPCC or Intergovernmental panel on climate change. According to an article in the guardian
called "Climate change debate overheated after skeptic grasped 'hockey stick." A man named
Michael E. Mann created a climate model that shows a much more gradual increase in

The Main Causes Of Climate Change And Global Warming
Climate Change and Global Warming What are climate change and global warming? Does it affect
today's earth? To know what is climate change and global warming we must know what does
weather and climate mean. Weather is what circumstances of the atmosphere are over a short period
of time. Climate is how the atmosphere acts over fairly long periods of time. Since 1977 earth has
been extraordinary warmer than its average. But what causes the earth to get warmer? The main
cause of climate change and global warming is made by human activities putting too much carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is good it holds in heat and keeps humans warm.
However, it is the haste that we're changing that causing climate change. Even though climate
change and global warming are almost the same thing scientist has preferred the word climate
change. Climate change is the fact that carbon pollution (which we create) does more than just
warm earth. Carbon pollution is changing the temperature and the change of how much rain and
snow occurs in a place. Climate change takes hundreds or more years to change. Global Warming is
applied to the rising average of global temperatures. When people drive cars, use energy to cook,
cool and heat their houses, power plants, etc. all those things put gasses in the air. Gasses that trap
heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. Each of the gases is carbon dioxide, methane,
fluorinated gases, and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide is a chemical that is transparent to solar
radiation and yet it absorbs infrared radiation. Carbon dioxide enters the air through burning fossil
fuels, trees, solid waste and wood products. Carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere longer than
other gasses as the result of human activities. The US produces the most carbon with 5,800 million
every year, next is China over 3,000, Russia over 2,000, Japan, 1,200 and India, 1,000 million.
Methane enters through the transportation of coal, oil and natural gas. It takes a decade for methane
to leave the atmosphere which converts into carbon dioxide. Fluorinated gases are used as
substitutes for stratospheric substances. Lastly, Nitrous oxide is released during industrial

Predictive Modeling Of Species Geographic Distributions
1. Introduction
Species distribution implies the geographic pattern of occurrence of any species across the
landscape. This distribution of species is greatly influenced by geographic and environmental
factors. To understand this spatial pattern of distribution we need to model the distribution. Species
distribution models (SDMs) estimate the relationship between species records at sites and the
environmental and/or spatial characteristics of those sites (Franklin, 2009). They are widely used for
many purposes in biogeography, conservation biology and ecology (Elith and Leathwick, 2009).
Predictive modeling of species geographic distributions based on the environmental conditions of
sites of known occurrence constitutes an important technique in analytical biology, with applications
in conservation and reserve planning, ecology, evolution, epidemiology, invasive species
management and other fields (Corsi et al., 1999; Peterson & Shaw, 2003; Peterson et al., 1999; Scott
et al., 2002; Welk et al., 2002; Yom–Tov & Kadmon, 1998). A number of species have been affected
by recent climatic change, with changes in penology and ranges expanding towards higher latitudes
and altitudes (Parmesan and Yohe, 2003; Root et al., 2003). Among different other impacts of
climate change, understanding the potential geographic distribution of species due to the changing
climate are being considered with high priority (Box et al., 1993; Oliver et al., 2009). The climate
change of the twentieth

The Problem Of Global Climate Change
Other than political stories in 2016 we still see and hear of many Global Warming scenarios, what
causes them, who is the main reason for the cause, and when it actually started. We are going to take
a look at the reality of what is really happening.
Let's assume that all ice caps and glaciers in the world melted. What would be the result of such a
catastrophe, how long would it take, who would be affects, and would we suffer any loss because of
this?
Global climate change has been more and more discussed with the ever changing climate, and the
rise of water levels, we need to figure out why the water levels have been changing so rapidly. Is
there any change we humans can do to prevent disaster? Or are we on a collision course with no
way to turn around?
This is a list of the known ice inventories within our world that I have found from Dr. Robert
Johnston regarding if the ice melts. As you can see Dr. Robert Johnston has done his studies and
research about this topic.
World ice inventory
A melting of the entire list would cause a rise of about 200–250 feet of the world wide sea level.
This seems dangerous, but it would take several hundred years to occur, if at all for that to even
happen and even if it did we would no longer be alive.
As Dr. Robert Johnston said "Today the Earth has 148 million sq. km of land area, of which 16
million sq. km is covered by glaciers. A sea level rise of 66 meters would flood about 13 million sq.
km of land outside of Antarctica." If we

Essay about Human Caused Global Warming
At first thought the essay topic global warming, seemed simple. After researching many sites, such
as National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), University studies, Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) studies, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change
(NIPCC), and more, global warming is very complicated. It hinges on many factors, solar activity,
deforestation, increase in carbon dioxide from forest floors, obliquity (change in axil tilt of Earth),
volcano eruptions, water vapor, fossil fuel use, methane gases, cloud cover and other factors. There
are many effects on the global temperature, two of the major ways used to study this topic are
Global Climate Models (GCM) and observational studies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In addition equations that include greenhouse elements such as carbon dioxide, methane, water
vapor and others that also effect temperature change. This type of modeling has been done since the
mid 1950's. These computer models are used because there are so many factors that are part of
climate change. The new, Harmonic computer models used by NASA, are much more effective for
predicting climate than even models from just two years ago (IPCC). These models make
predications based on mathematical equations and data which is supplied. Computer models, don't
guess or have prejudicial theories, so they are one of the best ways to study global warming. NASA
and IPCC released the most current information on global warming, which stated that It is extremely
likely that human influence has been the dominate cause of the observed warming since the mid–
19th century. "The evidence for this has grown, from more and better observations, an improved
understanding of the climate system response and improved climate models". Climatologist, author,
researcher, former NASA U.S. Science Team leader, Dr. Roy Spencer, has done extensive research
on global warming, he has conducted thousands of tests and has concluded that man has not been
the main source of global warming, since the industrial evolution began. In fact, he states that global
temperatures are a

Persuasive Essay On Climate Change
Throughout the years, climate change has been a controversial issue affecting every individual
worldwide. It has been debated by scientists as well the rest of the world. Many things can affect
climate change such as biological factors and human actions. The little things are what go unnoticed
and unchecked. People may be greatly against the previous statement, but it is little things, like
landfills and driving cars, that help maintain the increasing temperature of the earth. Climate change
has been a controversial topic. There have been doubts that climate change does not exist but there
is a lot of proof that it does even if many scientists do not agree on the cause.
There are many biological reasons as to why there is climate change in the world. It is most easily
explained by the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the buildup of greenhouse gasses in our
atmosphere allowing for heat to come in safely but trapping some of it inside as well. Greenhouse
gasses are carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gasses. Because of
these gases, the heat that comes in from the sun then is radiated back to the surface including both
land and water. In a BBC report it states that the greenhouse gas emission percentage by type is 77%
for carbon dioxide, 14% of methane, 8% of nitrous oxide, and 1% of fluorinated gasses (BBC).
Carbon dioxide is released through various natural ways for example, "respiration by plants and
animals, forest fires, [and]

Global Warming Controversy : The Debate Around The Climate...
Global Warming Controversy
Critically assess how the media have used the scientific evidence in the debate around the climate
change, and its causes and/or effects
Introduction
Nowadays, the whole world are paying attention on the controversy about climate change and
global warming. Hot topics include whether global warming is occurring, warming level in modern
times, causes, effects and what that action should be taken (Science Daily). On one hand, there is a
strong consensus that human and industries take main responsibility for the rapid increase of global
surface temperatures in recent decades, and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide is the major
cause of global warming. Meanwhile, some people that come from organizations with ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Controversy on Global Temperature Change
Points by supporters:
Help Save the Climate website declares that there are now strong evidences of a rapidly warming
world. The Third Assessment Report (TAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) contains most of the following. Firstly, the surface thermometer record presents that
historical temperature records increased 0.4–0.8°C in the last 100 years (IPCC, 2001). Figure 1
shows the abnormal temperature from 1856 to 2005 comparing with global average surface
(horizontal line). It could be observed that global average surface temperature has slightly increased
since 1862. And the increase has been enlarged to 0.6 ± 0.2oC when entered 20th century. Help
Save the Climate claims 1990s were the warmest decade since records began. This data set clearly
reflects the temperature trend based on directly measured temperature, which might has less room
for error and no doubt of methodology comparing with more complex means. Natural Resource
Defence Council (NRDC) also indicates average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate
over past 50 years. Figure 3 obviously shows that we are experiencing an extremely warm period on
earth comparing with past 1000 years.
Secondly, glacier record and sea level also could be used as the proof of global warming (Dessler
and Parson, 2006). Glacier is one of the most sensitive indicators of climate change. In polar
regions, scientists determine temperature

A Portion Of The Article And Debate
A portion of the article and debate:
"Global warming is a fact. It just isn 't man–made. I suspect that the ecoalarmists of Al Gore 's ilk
are as much aware of that fact as I am. But more important, so are the world 's astrophysicists who
study the universe–and, with it, our neighboring planets. Habibullo Abdussamatov, head of the St.
Petersburg Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory in Russia noted in 2005 that the current warming
cycle on Earth is also affecting our neighbors–Venus and Mars."
(Furthermore) "In light of what the world's leading astrophysicists have learned from the NASA 's
statistics, the majority of the world's scientists (who are not paid by the environmental lobby or the
oil companies that funded Al Gore 's science fiction) now completely dismiss as erroneous all of the
theories that suggest global warming is a man–made dilemma. In 2006–before Gore earned an
Oscar for "An Inconvenient Truth"–Nir Shaviv, an Israeli astrophysicist, denounced Gore 's theories
that global warming is man–made, saying, "Solar activity can explain a large part of 20th century
global warming." Shaviv argued before the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that while
"...the melting of the arctic ice sheets is indicative of global warming, there is absolutely no
scientific evidence that proves Co2 and other greenhouse gases are the culprits that caused it...Using
computer models to find [ecological] fingerprints is hard..." because computer models are not based
on facts but on

Changing Perspective From Global Warming
Offor 1
Chiamaka Offor
Dr. Christopher Carney ENGL 1301
20 June 2016
Changing Perspective from Global Warming to Climate Change Global warming is one of the
biggest problems facing the world today. Global warming is the rise in the earth's mean surface
temperature due to increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which affects life forms on
the earth's surface. The scientific consensus as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the last
century. Many scientists believe that global warming is caused mainly by the production of carbon
dioxide (greenhouse gas) and any fabricated pollution without taking into account the natural
factors. The earth is kept warm due to what is known as the greenhouse effect. Without it the earth
would be frozen; the short wave length of ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun penetrates the
atmosphere and is absorbed by the earth, which thereby warms the earth. These gases are known as
greenhouse gases. The effects of global warming include increased temperature, rise in sea levels,
increase in insects that spread disease and tropical storms. A greenhouse gas does not cause these
effects. The Great Global Warming Swindle documentary shows a group of scientists through
scientific research that carbon dioxide is not responsible for global warming. They believe the real
cause of global warming is the sun. Global warming is caused by the sun

Climate Change Caused By Humans
Anthropogenic climate chance can simply be translated to climate change caused by humans. The
difference between natural and human inflicted climate change is obvious to common man. 800,000
years ago we were not experiencing the modern problems we are facing. There is plenty of evidence
to prove that this is not some made up theory. Observations continue to show the average rising of
the global air and ocean temperatures. Not only the temperatures contribute, but the melting of snow
and ice is climbing globally. 2005 and 2010 were two of the warmest years in this century, however
the most noticeable warmings have taken place in Alaska and the West. Along with those places, the
warming is having a dramatic impact of the polar regions as well. Both Greenland and Antarctica
ice sheets have lost huge amounts of ice.
Climate isn 't weather. Weather is day to day while climate is over periods of time. Climate is
always changing and before humans were here to pollute the earth, climate change was caused by
natural things. However science data shows that over the past half century is fault of the human
population. When we pollut greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere. These gases are
carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide. The most important
of all the greenhouse gases is the carbon dioxide. It is long term. While some of the carbon dioxide
that is in the atmosphere is natural, most of it is not. Over the past 250 years half of the

Dr Ed Berry Summary
Dr. Ed Berry. Believing in climate models and basing conclusions from these models are wrong.
You are believing in pseudoscience. True science is backed up by collections of data proved by
experiment, not just models with predictions. This article mentioned that Al Gore predicted in 2006
that the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere will cause the earth to burn up in the next
ten years. Al Gore was clearly wrong since it is ten years later and the earth has not burned up from
carbon dioxide. Berry proved himself that Al Gore was wrong by the graph presented in his article.
The model is a climate model that describes the earths global temperature has increased 0.7 C since
1980. Using actual scientific data this climate model

Adaptation Of Water Sensitive Urban Design For Climate Change
STAGE 2 PROPOSAL
ADAPTATION OF WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN TO CLIMATE CHANGE
ASHIQ MOHAMED RASHEED
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
IF49 Doctor of Philosophy
23rd June 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of content ii
List of figures iii
List of tables iv
1. PROPOSED TITLE 1
2. PROPOSED SUPERVISORS AND THEIR CREDENTIALS 1
3. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1
3.1 Introduction 1
3.2 Literature review 3
3.2.1 Climate change 3
3.2.1.1 Global climate change 3
3.2.1.2 Climate change in Australia 3
3.2.2 Stormwater quality 4
3.2.2.1 Stormwater management in urban catchments 4
3.2.3 Adaptation 8
3.2.3.1 Climate change impacts and adaptation 8
3.2.3.2 Modelling climate change 9
4. RESEARCH ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various pollutants generated and deposited in the urban regions are washed–off to the receiving
waters during storm events, resulting in receiving water quality degradation. The impacts on
receiving water quality degradation include elevated toxicity, algal blooms and excessive
sedimentation.
Thus, use of stormwater pollution mitigation strategies to improve the quality of receiving waters
has become increasingly important. Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) is the stormwater
management philosophy adopted in Australia. The aims of WSUD are to manage stormwater quality

and quantity to minimise the impacts of urban developments on the surrounding environment
(Lloyd et al., 2002). WSUD concepts are developed to provide technically effective, more
economical and less environmentally damaging solutions for stormwater management.
However, there are barriers in widespread implementation of WSUD. In this regard, the long–term
viability of implemented WSUD systems are perceived with high level of importance (Lloyd et al.,
2002). The primary concern is that the treatment systems adopted in WSUD approach are typically
designed considering static climate conditions. Changing climate in future scenarios including
changes to rainfall patterns and characteristics of dry periods can reduce the effectiveness of such
WSUD systems (Beecham et al., 2012).
Climate change would have a significant impact on the future functionality of WSUD. Researchers
commonly agree that

The Effects Of Climate Change On Canada 's Agriculture
Climate Change will positively impact Canada 's Agriculture Thesis: Climate change will negatively
impact Canada 's Agriculture due to heavy rainfall, droughts, irrigation problems, pesticide issues
and not enough nutrients available? Intro
Agriculture is highly dependent upon weather and climate in order to produce the food necessary to
sustain human life. North America is the world's largest and most productive supplier of food and
fiber (3). Canada is the second largest country in the world however it only contains five percent of
land that is suitable for farming (7). This small farming area is divided in two different zones. The
first zone is the great Prairies located in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba and the mixed Wood
Plains of the St. Lawrence River and the second zone is the Great Lakes regions (7). Approximately
80% of Canada's major farming is done the Prairies (7). There have been several recent studies that
indicate most regions of Canada to warm up during the next 60 years (3). The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 projected that global average temperature to increase by
1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (3). Ironically, this would be the largest increase in global mean
temperature in the last 10, 000 years (3). According to the comprehensive Canada Country Study
(CCS) all the Global Climate Model (GCM) indicates Canada will be impacted with the most
warming (7). The impacts of this climate change will be greatly reflected on the

Global Warming And Climate Change
Environmentalists and Scientists have been squawking about global warming and climate change
for decades now. Governments around the world have acknowledged climate change and have made
efforts to stop it, but many researchers say that our efforts are too little, too late. And despite the
amount of conclusive research and evidence of climate change, there are still people in politics who
do not believe the climate is changing. If people were better educated and knew more about climate
change, then more people would be behind environmental movements.
First off, you should know that global warming is a misnomer. Climate Change is much better
description. Here's the basics on what causes climate change; Greenhouse gases. The major ones ...
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Mercury is much closer to the Sun, and so you would expect it to be much hotter than Venus. But
Venus has an atmosphere thick with greenhouse gases. The atmosphere is 92 times denser, and is
96% carbon dioxide. This means that the average surface temperature is 863 F, much hotter than
Mercury. This is the greenhouse effect at work.
Since the global warming movement began, mountains of evidence and proof of climate change has
been collected. Between 1880 and 2012, the global average land and ocean surface temperature
have warmed .85 degrees celsius. According to temperature records, there is a global trend of the
Earth heating up. Nine of the ten warmest years on record occurred in the 21st century. Glaciers are
predicted to continue to retreat, precipitation patterns are expected to change, and sea levels rise on
an average 2.9 mm a year. All of these symptoms of climate change will only get worse and have
adverse effects on ecosystems and people's lives. Migration routes will change. Many small island
nations will see their home be swallowed up by the sea. Coastlines will change, progress inland.
Expensive beachfront property will be underwater. Weather will become even more unpredictable
and extreme. Hundreds of species will go extinct from loss of habitat and change of climate.
Resources such as fresh water will become scarcer and will be the cause of conflict between nations.
When it comes to that, our only option will be to adapt to the new

Effects Of Climate Variables On Crop Productivity Essay
Although, a number of recent studies have carried out the effects of climate variables on crop
productivity using simulation crop models such as CERES–maize, CERES–rice or EPIC models
(Lansigan et al. 2000; Rosenzweig et al., 2002; Tan and Shibasaki, 2003; Popova and Kercheva
2005; Tao et al., 2008; Yin et al. 2015,). Most of these studies estimate adversely harmful effects of
climate change on agriculture in both developed and developing countries using crop models
(process–based or statistical) with global climate model (GCM) outputs.
A significant number of studies have been undertaken in recent decades in Asian regions using
ORYZA2000 crop model in the Philippines (Bouman and van Laar, 2006), India (Yadav et al. 2011;
Sumathi et al. 2015), Indonesia (Boling et al, 2007), China (Bouman et al, 2007; Feng et al, 2007;
Sen et al. 2011) and Iran (Amiri, 2008; Amiri and Rezaei, 2009).
In the mid–1990s, International Rice Research Institute and the Wageningen University and
Research Centre developed the ORYZA model series to simulate growth and development of
tropical lowland rice. The first model was ORYZA1 for potential production (Kropff et al, 1994),
followed by ORYZA_W for water–limited production, and by ORYZA–N and ORYZA1N
(Mohandass et al. 1995) for nitrogen–limited production. Kropff et al (1994) reported some
evaluation of ORYZA1, which focused on the comparison between observed and simulated yields
and end–of–season biomass values, but included little validation of

EPA Climate Change Plan Essay
Global warming is a problem that the world is dealing with today. The Environmental Protection
Agency has come up with what they call the climate change plan. The plan consists of reducing
greenhouse gases. The way to do this would be to shut down all coal powered power plants across
the country, but doing this would result in many problems. It is said that energy bills will rise,
hundreds of thousands of jobs will be lost, and in the end the climate change plan will really have no
impact on global warming.
The EPA climate plan requires states to shift from coal–power to cut carbon emissions. According to
sources, if this were to happen, energy bills would rise for the consumer. As time goes on after
beginning the climate change plan prices ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many sources including the EPA say that the new climate change plan will create 273,000 new jobs
starting from 2016 and lasting through 2040. Researchers at the University of Maryland–based
Interindustry Economic Research Fund are an example of a source that states 273,000 jobs will be
created, but not only will jobs be created they are saying electricity bills will also be lowered. The
analysts say that the plan will add 74,000 jobs by the year 2020. According to new economic
analysts the EPA climate plan will not have any negative effects on the economy. Yes, many coal
jobs will be destroyed, but a majority of those jobs will be replaced with new ones. The coal plant
jobs that will be destroyed along with the coal plants will be mostly replace with new ones to create
cleaner air. Hundreds of thousands of jobs will be created in the next 26 years, this is explained as
an amazing growth in a "short" amount of time. Within 5 years of the climate plan beginning there
will already be 74,000 jobs. Every state her in the U.S. will benefit from the climate plan, but there
are 13 states that will benefit from it much more when it comes to new jobs. The jobs that will have
the biggest rises in employment will be, electricians, carpenters, roofers, heating and air
conditioning installers, insulation workers, and heavy equipment operators. Obama has said that the
advance biofuel industries will play a big role in

Climate Change : Global Warming
At the GLACIER Conference, President Obama said, "climate change is no longer some far off
problem; it is happening here; it is happening now". President Barack Obama states a good fact;
climate change is affecting the world tremendously. The glaciers are melting at an astonishing rate
and the surface temperature of the world is only increasing. Currently, scientists argue that climate
change intensified because of human activity; however, the circumstance is quite the opposite.
Global warming refers to the rising surface temperature, whereas climate change includes warming
and the effects – like melting glaciers, heavier rainstorms, or more frequent drought (Kennedy and
Lindsey). Human produced gases play a factor in global warming but humans are not responsible
for climate change because global warming only represents one aspect of climate change. Although
human activity plays a part in global warming, human activity is not primarily responsible for
climate change because the fluctuations of the sun's heat is responsible for the increased surface
temperature, the levels of human produced CO2 do not correlate with the increase in surface
temperature and the computerized climate models display inadequate and incorrect information.
Human activity is consistently alleged with warming the earth's surface by 1–1.4°F throughout the
20th century; however, the main advocate is shown to be the sun (ProCon). In a span of about
10,000 years, the suns period of which its sunspots

Climate Change : Past, Present, And Future
Cihad Ayberk Doner
Instructor: Dr. Kam–biu Liu (Professor & Chair, DOCS)
OCS 4600 Global Environmental Change: Past, Present, and Future
Improving Future Climate Modeling Using Paleoclimate Data and Investigating To Effects On
Water Resources
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to contemplate the use of information and all the knowledge gained
from this class in regards to my work on climate change effects on water resources. Specifically, my
purpose is to search for knowledge and data from paleoclimatic evidence that will allow us to make
better future climate projections for the model that uses the effects of climate to water resources. To
put this into perspective, when we look at the data set from 1900 to present and attempt ... Show
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Second, the trends of climate fluctuation are observable and it is the best way to create a future
model for climate change thus far. However, small, seemingly minute changes can make enormous
differences on earth's global climate, which can especially be seen when we look at paleoclimatic
evidences such as younger dryer event, ocean currents and milankovitch cycles. This changes
significantly affect the hydrological cycle and sea levels on the earth.
Considering the records of climate history, it may help us to create more accurate climate models
with less uncertainty. Currently, in order to constitute a trustable model several individual models
are combined, but there still remains significant uncertainties. Those uncertain predictions may
become vitally important when managing climate adaptation and attempting to reduce negative
effects. Lack of observations or having collected data from a short time period are usually the
reasons for these uncertainties. Therefore, paleoclimate records are able to extend the time frame
and consider new information for the behavior of climate of a region. This paper discusses the
importance of modeling hydrological cycles which are precipitation, floods, drought and change on
sea levels. Moreover, the uncertainty of current models due to lack of data and the way of lesser
those uncertainties using paleoclimate proxies.

A Brief Note On Floods And Its Effects On Human Beings
Generally, the concept of flooding has wide definition based on the interest of defining the
discipline. Flood is therefore, known as the condition where the land is abnormally covered by
water. In the recent past, there have been debates relating to land use and the changing system of
floods as well as climate change as some of the factors contributing to flood in exception of the
natural cause that have always been associated with floods (Abbott, 2012). The main focus in these
debates have always been revolving around the risks associated with floods such as health related
problems, infrastructure, the socio–economic wellbeing of the affected individuals and the damage
it has on the archeological relics. As a result, there have been developed methods for evaluating and
assessing the amount of these flood risk in various fields such as insurance, environmental and the
technological fields. Using these methods, floods risk is usually measured depending on its
likelihood to occur and the impact it has on human beings. On the other hand, there have been
methods that have been developed to help in the effective management of flood risks such as the
hydraulic, the socio–economic factors and the hydrologic which have to be taken into consideration
while discussing flood.
Thesis Statement
This particular paper, has therefore, created a discussion of floods by noting the impact it has on
human being by looking at the possible causes as suggested by scholars and

Projection Method Description Strengths Weaknesses
Paper
Projection Method Description Strengths Weaknesses
Luedeling et al. (2009a)
(Luedeling et al., 2009b) probed decline in winter chilling hours in mountain oases of Oman. In the
model adopted , measurements in oases and the high resolution record was used to calibrate the long
term record of daily temperature . In order to model hourly temperature , minimum and maximum
daily temperature were used because their occurred a substantial shift in the ratio of the difference
between maximum and minimum temperature and the difference between mean and minimum
temperatures in Saiq over the period of 2003 to 2004 . Day length (solar radiation ) was used in
order to estimate the different sunrise and sunset timings throughout the year. Time period for the
estimation of records was 1979 to 2008 .Further , the temperature of each hour was estimated since
1979 , using regression equation , which was based on the long term daily minimum and maximum
temperatures.
1.In the given paper , historical data is used, which suggests the predicted climatic conditions are in
resemblance with the already present climate condition at some of the place , which will allow the
farmers and plant scientist to easily grow those crops that might be pre–adapted to some extent.
2.the method used in the paper can be useful in sharing of adaptation techniques and experiences.
1.Absence of Emission scenario , an important parameter that generate the future prediction of
green– house gases in accordance to

Human Activity Responsible For Global Warming Essay
To begin with, the environment we choose to place ourselves in has the ability to impact our
wellness within an instance. With that being said, there's a possibility our wellness is likely to be
threatened. For those apart of organizations concerned about the wellness of others, it's their
responsibility to inform the community about how to prepare themselves for environmental
changes. What has the possibility to occur within an environment varies. Everyone adapts to
alterations differently, but is human activity responsible for global warming negatively affecting
human health?
Background:
Historical Background At the beginning of the twentieth century, when global warming was merely
a thought to occur among the presence of the greenhouse effect, scientists started to believe it would
good for the environment to experience global warming. During the late 1950s, a couple of
scientists took further examinations once they noticed there appeared to be a rise of carbon dioxide
gas (CO2). Which resulted into the average temperature rise before the end of the twenty first
century. Roger Revelle speculated for earth in the twenty first century to encounter a rough effect as
soon as the green house effect exerted. After 1960, additional scientists begun to examine when the
atmosphere experienced a rapid raise of CO2 (Impacts of global warming, February, 2016).
According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, they created an analysis on the wellness of
those

Argumentative Essay On Global Warming
Global warming has been an issue for some time. Currently, the "hot topic" is being discussed as of
late. Everyone is talking about it including celebrities and experts on the issue. There are those that
have differing opinions, however. Both sides of the argument bring up very valid points, considering
the state of which the planet is currently in, with factually based evidence to support both sides of
the spectrum. I was given three references concerning the subject to global warming. One was the
documentary "Earth Days" directed by Robert Stone, and two documents; "Global Warming &
Climate Change in Perspective: CO2, Scientific Consensus, and Climate Models" by William
Harper and "The False Alert of Global Warming" by Tom Bethell. The documentary "Earth Days"
discussed the historical significance of Earth Day and the attempts made to saving the planet's
ecosystem via politically, socially, economically, and the overall impact the day has made on the
environment. It had the original founders and advocates of Earth Day explain the outcome of the
event. Also, the author of "Global Warming & Climate Change in Perspective: CO2, Scientific
Consensus, and Climate Models", William Harper, discussed the very minimal, if not any, changes
made towards global warming via CO2 emissions, and discussed the historical and present data
pertaining to the subject of "greenhouse gasses", advocating that CO2 emissions are not a direct
cause of global warming. The other author of "The False

The Pros And Cons Of Climate Change
Climate change, as both a major science debate and an economic issue, has become a major dividing
point in American politics. Climate change, or global warming, has become a more prevalent issue
in our society as the years pass by. Generally, this warming is attributed to the increase of green–
house gases in the Earth's upper atmosphere. Science is making advances towards predicting future
correlations between nature and human events. Many lines of evidence have been presented to the
public to prove that climate change is and has been in progress for years now. However, some solar
scientists are considering whether the warming exists at all. Enormous amounts of publications have
been written on the subject of climate change. Many authors and environmentalists argue their cases
and present different perspectives on the controversial subject. While some argue that the risks of
climate change are high, others hold the view that the risks have been greatly exaggerated. Some
scientists believe that human beings are the cause of climate change, but on the contrary other
scientists hold the opinion that nature is the primary cause of climate change and that climate
change will not be a serious problem. These issues are currently being debated, and will
significantly affect people for the rest of their lives. Although there are many arguments surrounding
the issue of climate change, I believe that climate change is real, and humans are causing it.
Even though there are

The Pueblo Of Santa Clara Canyon Area
The Pueblo of Santa Clara was devastated by the 2011 Las Conchas Fire, which burned more than
156,000 acres of the reservation's upland forest in the Santa Clara Canyon area. The fire impacted
not only the ecological balance of the area, but also the spiritual balance of the tribe. Although this
is not the first fire that has blackened tribal and neighboring lands in recent history, it was by far the
most devastating. In addition to scorching nearly two thirds of the watershed that the people of
Santa Clara are heavily reliant on, the fire burned many sites of spiritual significance, and produced
detrimental after effects. Because the people of Santa Clara Pueblo recognize the Santa Clara
Canyon as our ancestral homeland, it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Background to resilience thinking What does it really mean to be resilient? Resilience has been
defined in many different contexts and has many different interpretations, but in this case, resilience
is " the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize so as to retain essentially the same
function, structure, and feedbacks [identity]" (Walker and Salt, 2012). That being said, resilience
theory focuses on the social–ecological interactions of a system, keeping in mind that systems are
self–organizing and complex, and can either adapt or transform depending on the magnitude of
perturbations. Having a system that is resilient does not necessarily mean that it is a good thing and
unfavorable system states can be resilient (Walker and Salt, 2012). A distinction between
sustainability and resilience should be made in order to understand the resilience approach.
Sustainability refers to a system that is essentially in dynamic equilibrium where the system states
can be maintained, and resilience recognizes that systems are changing nonlinearly and that shifts in
system states may occur (Benson and Craig, 2014). In a world where humans are completely
altering the environmental system, which ultimately affects every aspect of the social system, the
resilience approach seems necessary. It is said, "to be indigenous is to be resilient"

Pro Speech
Pro Speech:
When humans burn fossil fuels, like coal, we release CO2 and greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere. People can tell that additional CO2 in the atmosphere is oil or coal because chemical
composition contains a special fingerprint. Clearing out forests releases a lot of CO2, and plants and
trees use it to grow. Without the trees we can't absorb the extra carbon dioxide. I believe that human
activities releasing a high amount of greenhouse gases, is causing the global temperature to increase.
I think this because the rising levels of the human produced gases released into the atmosphere
create the greenhouse effect, which traps the heat and causes global warming. If human activity
really is the cause of global warming, then the deaths caused by cold weather will decrease. The less
energy and money ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Greenhouse gases will create a longer growing period for plants, and a high amount of carbon
dioxide will increase the plant growth, creating an increase in farming. It will improve the current
state of the Earth by increasing the water and air quality. In fact because humans cause greenhouse
gases, than they are responsible for the warming.
More than half of the increase in carbon dioxide in the past 100 years is because of human activity.
(Burning fossil fuels) In 2010, carbon dioxide levels were higher than they have been in over
650,000 years. The CO2 levels are the cause for the increase of the Earth's temperature. Greenhouse
gases produced by humans will continue to cause climate change in the atmosphere because carbon
sinks cannot absorb all of them. Carbon sinks, in 2009, were only absorbing about half of the human
produced greenhouse gases, while the other half remained in the atmosphere. According to
computer models, increased levels of human produced greenhouse gases will cause global warming
and other climate changes. Although the models are not certain of how much warming will
occur/how the climate will be affected, they all

Climate Change
Climate change has major implications on ecology and society. Rising temperatures, increased
precipitation and other factors have already had a major impact on ecology as can be seen in regular
newspaper headlines. The topic of climate change can be emotive and often a topic of debate as the
Earth's climate is extremely complicated.
Technological advances such as earth–orbiting satellites have allowed scientists to observe and
collect information about our planet on a global scale. The scientific community is clear that the
evidence for climate change and global warming is unequivocal. Ancient or paleoclimate evidence
can be found from ice cores, tropical glaciers, tree rings, ocean sediments, coral reefs and layers of
sedimentary rocks. It has been shown that in the last Century the Earth's temperature has warmed up
by approximately 0.7°C. This rise in temperature and change in climate can contribute to species
expanding into new areas or conversely lead to the extinction of species. Although climate change is
occurring on a global scale, the effects on ecology are often localised and can be different from one
area to another.
Global warming occurs because carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, and other gases are able to
trap infrared heat energy in the atmosphere. Many studies have been undertaken to monitor the
amount of carbon dioxide emissions and to forecast the impact in the future, but none more so than
by Charles D. Keeling that began in the 1950s and remains

The Haut Glacier D ' Arolla
Introduction
A model is a representation of reality, designed to generate outputs from inputs in an attempt to
understand system behaviour (Jones and Gomez, 2010). Many geographers refer to a model by the
classic definition from Kolars and Haggett, 1967: "a simplified version of reality, built in order to
demonstrate certain of the properties of reality". Models are often known as analogies which is a
'relationship of similarity between two things, a likeness in some function, effect, or circumstance'
(Andrews, 1987). Analogue models are only one distinguished in physical geography. Conceptual,
physical and mathematical models are also used (Jones and Gomez, 2010).
Arnold et al., 1998 investigates the behaviour of the Haut Glacier d'Arolla in Valais, Switzerland to
predict and explain how glacier drainage systems function. Barron and Washington, 1984, Cox et
al., 2000 and Gildor and Tziperman, 2001 all used a form of climate models. Barron and
Washington, 1984 aimed to explore past climatic change, by investigating the surface temperature
sensitivity by comparing present and cretaceous simulations. Similarly, Gildor and Tziperman, 2001
used a conceptual box model to investigate past climate change, based on oscillations of climate
systems. Cox et al., 2000 also used a climate model, however focussed on future climatic change,
rather than past. The final paper, by Burt and Butcher, 1986 uses a simple rainfall run–off model to
explore the hillslope run–off system.
To what

The Effect of Global Warming on Thermohaline Circulation
The Effect of Global Warming on Thermohaline Circulation
Kabir Rao1
[1] Industrial activities, such as fossil fuel burning and other human activities such as tropical
deforestation have increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Increasing global
temperatures are likely to have extreme effects on global climate and may result in species
extinction, changes in agricultural production and deleterious effects on health. Studies have been
conducted in recent years on the effects of increase of greenhouse gases on the thermohaline
circulation. There are several hypotheses that state that the prolonged effect of global warming
could eventually "shut down" the thermohaline circulation and lead to cooling in certain regions in
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This movement of the deep water forms a giant conveyor belt that covers a large part of the open
ocean (figure 1). The Gulf Stream, for example, which is largely driven by thermohaline circulation,
transports warm water from the Caribbean northwards.
Figure 1: Thermohaline Circulation (Source: Frakes, 1992, figure 10.21, p. 186, as taken from Kerr,
1988).
3. Global Warming
[5] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in February 2007, submitted a 21–
page report assessing the effect of global warming on global climate. The report stated that: "most of
the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid–20th century is very likely
due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations". Emission of infrared
radiation warms the Earth surface; the phenomenon is known as the Greenhouse Effect. The
dominant infrared absorbing gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2)
and ozone (O3). The interactions between greenhouse gas molecules and radiation can be explained
by quantum mechanics. CO2 and O3 molecules have vibration motions whose quantum states can
be excited by collisions at energies encountered in the atmosphere. Industrial activities, such as
fossil fuel burning and other human activities such as cement production and tropical deforestation
has increased the carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. CO2 is also a byproduct from
automobiles,

Three Studies on Climate Change
These three studies investigated the effects of climate change, and in particular increased
temperatures in intertidal zones. The study conducted by Bertness et al worked to quantify thermal
stresses on rocky intertidal organisms. The species that was focused on was Semibalanus balanoides
at sites north and south of Cape Cod. The team analyzed the relationship between thermal stress,
population density and individual organism survival rates. While the study conducted by Bertness
focused on increases in environmental temperatures, the study conducted by Helmuth and his team
investigated the effect of increased global temperatures on the body temperatures of organisms,
which is ultimately capable of altering their physiological activities and functioning. The team used
a heat budget model to collect data in relation to mussel body temperature at three different tidal
elevations along the coast of California, all of which are also exposed to different ambient
temperatures, light intensity, wind patterns, waves, and tide timing. The study conducted by Barry et
al also investigated intertidal communities, but focused on the range shifts of intertidal species
between 1931 and 1933, as well as 1993 and 1994. It was noted that species shifted their ranges
northward, which is consistent with global warming models and other studies that have observed
range shifts in recent years. Forty–five species were investigated within California intertidal
communities. Along with this presented

Human Impact On Climate Change

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