1. Chemistry
1. Mattercan be defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.
2. Matter normally exists in three physical states- solid, liquid or gas.
3. Solids are firm and have a definite form. Liquids are not rigid. Gasses are not visible,
no fixed shape and spread out to fill any container.
4. Physicalproperties are characteristics that do not change the identity and
composition of the substance. The physical properties include colour, odour,
density, melting point, boiling point and hardness.
5. The kinetic particle theory of matter states that:
- All matter is made up of tiny
- There are spaces between the particles.
-There are attractive forces between the particle. The weaker these forces are, the
further apart are the particles.
-The particles are always moving.
-At high temperatures, the particles move faster than they do at low temperatures.
6. Ice to liquid = Melting
Liquid to ice = Freezing
Ice to gas = Sublimation
Gas to ice = Deposition
Liquid to gas = Evaporation
Gas to liquid = Condensation
7. Matter被列为
Pure Substance = Elements, Compounds
Mixtures = Homogenous (bercampur), Heterogenous (tidak akan bercampur)
8. What does a pure substancestand for?
A pure substanceis matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties
纯粹的物质 有一个固定的组成和独特的性能
9. What is an element 元素?
-It consists of one type of atom.
-It cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
-It can exist either as individual atoms or molecules 原子或分子
10. Compound 合成物
A compound is a substancewhich consists of two or more elements chemically
Combine together.

2. 11. Mixture 混合物 are two or more substances that are mixed together but not
chemically joined.
12. Separating componentof a mixture
- Filtration 过滤
- Evaporation 蒸发
- Distillation 蒸馏 : separate a substancefrom its solvent 溶剂
- Fractional distillation 分馏 : separate a mixture of compounds bytheir boiling
points
- Crystallisation 结晶 : proses offorming crystals from a uniform solution
从均匀的溶液中形成晶体
- Chromatography 色谱法 : separating chemicals and identifying them by colour
13. What is the definition of alloys 合金?
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, both can be metal and another a non-
Metal. These mixture are homogenous.
14. Three types of alloys
Aluminium = Duraluminium + Magnalium
Iron = Steel + Stainless steel
Copper铜= Brass + Bronze +German silver
15. Solution, solute & solvent
Solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more subsstances
Solute ( solute 糖 + solvent 水=solution 糖水)
16. Saturated solution
Dilute solution has a little solute particles dissolved in the solvent
Concentrate solute allowed us to add more solute and it still dissolve.
Saturated solution cannot dissolve any more solute.
17. Some factors affecting solubility
- Size of the solute particles
- Type of the solvent
- Temperature of the solvent 水
18. The nucleon number of an element is the totalnumber of proton and neutrons in
the nucleus of an atom.

3. 19. Isotopes
Isotopes as atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but with
different numbers of neutrons.
20. Discuss what liquids are in petroleum and how to separate these liquids in the
laboratory?
The liquid in petroleum are bitumen, kerosene, andpetrol. They can separated by
Fractional distillation 分馏.
21. Compare elements and compound
Elements are substances which cannot be broken down into simpler substances 物
质 either by physical or chemical. A compound is a pure substances that is formed
when two or more difference elements 元素 combine chemically.
22. Name and describe 3 charecteristics of metals and non-metals
-Metal have a shiny lustre 光泽 are malleable 可锻铸 and ductile 韧性.
-Good conductorofheat and electricity.
-Are metal oxides or bases, reactwith acids to form salt and water. 是金属氧化物
或碱，与酸反应 形成的盐和水。
-Non-metal are not lustrous 无光泽, poorconductors ofheat and electricity.
-Low melting point
-Are acidic oxides and reactwith a base to form salt and water. 酸性氧化物，与碱
反应形成盐和水
23. Describe how to prepare a saturated solution of copper(II)sulphate?
Put in 200ml of water in beaker. Add copper(II)sulphate into the water, stirring all
the time until it cannot dissolve anymore. It is saturated solution 饱和溶液 of
copper(II)sulphate.
24. Valence electronare the electrons found in the outermostshell of an atom. It is the
furthest shell from the nucleus.
25. Periodic table is a classificationofelements whereby elements with the same
chemical properties are placedin the same group. This make the study of the
chemistry of these elements easierand more systematic.
26.What was the conclusion of the study by Henry J.G Moseley?
He concluded that the protonnumbers should be used as a basis for the periodic
change of chemical properties instead of the atomic mass.

4. 他的结论是，应使用质子数为基础的定期改变的化学属性，而不是原子的质
量。
27. What's the difference between the old periodic table and the moderen periodic
table?
Old periodic table was established by a chemist called Mendeleevand here the
elements were arrangedaccording to their atomic masses while modern periodic
table was established by a chemist called Moselyand here the elements are arranged
according to their atomic number.
28. Periodic table Groups
- Group 1 elments are called alkali metals
- Group 2 elements are called alkaline earth metals
- Group 3 to Group 12 elements are know as transition elements
- Group 17 elements are called halogens
- Group 18 elements are called noble gases
29. Industrial uses of transition elements
- Haber process forthe manufacture of Ammonia 哈伯氨制造过程
- Contact process formanufacture of Sulphuric Acid 接触的过程中制造硫酸
- Hydrogenation of vegetable oil 植物油的氢化
- Ostwald process formanufacture of Nitric Acid 奥斯特瓦尔德硝酸生产过程
- Coloured glass manufaction
30.Octet rule defines that atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons until they are
surrounded by eight valence electrons 8 个价电子
31. The formation of ions
-Anion is an ion with a negative charge and it is formed when an atom gains
electrons.
-Cation is an ion with a positive charge and it is formed when an atom loses
electrons.

5. 32. The forces within a molecule are called intramolecularforces and the forces
between molecules are called intermolecular forces.
33. Van der Waals forces are weak attractive forces between molecules. There are
three types of Van der Waals forces, Dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces
and Hydrogen bonding forces.
34. Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates between
All molecules – Londondispersion 分散 forces
Polar molecules – Dipole-dipole forces
The hydrogen atom of a polar bond and a nearby small, electronegative atom
Dipole-dipole forces and in certain cases hydrogen bonding.
35. A chemicalreactionis a process in which one or more substances react with each
other to form one or more new substances.
36. A chemicalequation is a precise description of a chemical reaction.
化学反应的化学方程式是一个精确的描述
37. How to write a chemical equation?
Three important steps:
- Write down the Unbalance equation
- Balance the Equation
- Indicate the state of the reactants and products 表示反应物和生成物的状态
 Use (g) for gaseous substances
 Use (s) for solids
 Use (l) for liquids
 Use (aq) for solution in water
38. Using a litmus paper to do acid and alkali tests
If the solution is an acid, the blue litmus paper turns red while in bases (alkali), the

6. red Litmus paper turns to blue.
39. The uses of salt in
 Agriculture 农业
Fertilisers such as urea, ammonium nitrate and agricultural spray adjuvant for
water soluble pesticides 肥料，如尿素，硝酸铵和农业喷雾助剂水溶性农药
 Medicalfield
Aspirin, panadol, antacids, pain-killers
 Foodindustry
Flavouring like mono sodium glumate, table salt, and raising agents such as
baking soda, baking powder, cream of tartar. 香料像单钠谷氨酸引起的