3. Depression Definition
Depression is a
common and
serious medical
illness that
negatively affects
how you feel, the
way you think and
how you act. It can
lead to a variety of
emotional and
physical problems
and can decrease
your ability to
function at work
and at home.,
4. Depression Epidemiology
Depression is
a global
health
problem,
affecting an
estimated
264 million
people
worldwide. It
is more
prevalent in
women than
in men, and
the risk of
developing
depression
increases
with age.
9. Depression Etiology
Depression is caused by a
combination of genetic,
environmental, and
psychological factors.
Biological factors: These
include genes, brain
chemistry, and
hormones.
Environmental factors:
These include stressful
life events, such as job
loss, relationship
problems, or trauma.
Psychological factors:
These include negative
thinking patterns, learned
helplessness, and low
self-esteem. A
combination of genetic,
environmental, and
psychological factors
causes depression
13. Depression
The monoamine
deficiency hypothesis is
one of the leading
theories about the
cause of depression. It
suggests that
depression is caused
by a decrease in the
levels of certain
neurotransmitters,
such as serotonin,
norepinephrine, and
dopamine.
14. Serotonin
Serotonin: Serotonin is
a neurotransmitter that
plays a role in mood
regulation. Low levels of
serotonin are linked to
depression, obsession,
and compulsions
17. Dopamine
Dopamine is a
neurotransmitter that
plays a role in reward
and motivation. Low
levels of dopamine
are linked to fatigue,
lack of motivation,
and loss of pleasure.
18. DSM-V
The DSM-5 is a
comprehensive guide
to mental disorders,
providing detailed
descriptions of each
disorder, diagnostic
criteria, and
information on
etiology, prevalence,
course, and
treatment. It is used
by clinicians to
diagnose mental
disorders
19. Depression
Depressed mood or
loss of interest most of
the day, nearly every
day
Significant reduction in
pleasure in most or all
activities most of the
day, nearly every day
Significant weight loss
when not dieting or
weight gain, or decrease
or increase in appetite
Insomnia or
hypersomnia nearly
every day
Psychomotor agitation
or retardation nearly
every day
Fatigue or loss of energy
nearly every day
Feelings of
worthlessness or
excessive or
inappropriate guilt
nearly every day
Diminished ability to
think or concentrate, or
indecisiveness nearly
every day
Recurrent thoughts of
death, suicide, or a
suicide plan
24. Depression Symptoms
fatigue or low
energy
Changes in
sleep patterns
(insomnia or
excessive
sleep)
Difficulty
concentrating
or making
decisions
Feelings of
guilt,
worthlessness,
or inadequacy
Irritability or
restlessness
Changes in
appetite (loss
of appetite or
overeating)
Withdrawal
from family and
friends
Intense mood
swingsfatigue
26. Atypical Depression
Atypical Depression
Mood can be temporarily
lifted by positive events
Feeling of heaviness in
the limbs feeling
Clinical depression
The mood is not
responsive to positive
events
Sleep disturbances can
include insomnia or
hypersomnia
27. Dysthymia
Dysthymia, also
known as persistent
depressive disorder
(PDD), is a chronic
form of depression
characterized by a
persistent low mood
or sadness that lasts
for at least two years.
Unlike major
depressive disorder
(MDD), which is
characterized by
severe depressive
episodes that
typically last for two
weeks or more,
dysthymia is
characterized by
milder but more
chronic symptoms.
30. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs)
SSRIs block the
reuptake of
serotonin by
serotonin
transporters,
increasing the
amount of
serotonin available
in the brain.
Serotonin is
thought to play a
role in mood
regulation, and
increased levels of
serotonin may help
to improve
symptoms of
depression.
31. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs):
TCAs block the
reuptake of serotonin
and norepinephrine by
their respective
transporters,
increasing the amount
of these
neurotransmitters
available in the brain.
Norepinephrine is
thought to play a role in
energy and alertness,
and increased levels of
norepinephrine may
help to improve
symptoms of fatigue
and apathy.
32. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs):
MAOIs inhibit the
enzyme monoamine
oxidase, which is
responsible for
breaking down
serotonin,
norepinephrine, and
dopamine. By
inhibiting MAOIs,
these
neurotransmitters are
allowed to remain
active in the brain for
longer periods, which
may help to improve
symptoms of
depression. Periods
34. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
ECT is a treatment
that involves passing
an electric current
through the brain to
induce a brief
seizure. ECT is
thought to work by
increasing the levels
of brain-derived
neurotrophic factor
(BDNF), a protein
that is important for
nerve cell growth and
survival. BDNF has
been shown to have
antidepressant
effects in animal
studies.
