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This ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐งanimated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง
๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
โข Respiratory illness caused by the buildup of fluid between lung and chest cavity tissue layers.
๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ง๐
โข The lung is a vital organ responsible for gas exchange.
โข It is surrounded by two thin membranes called the pleurae.
โข The visceral pleura covers the lung surface.
โข The parietal pleura lines the inner chest wall.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐:
โข ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง is a common condition, affecting millions of people worldwide.
โข The prevalence varies by region, with higher rates in developing countries
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ:
โข Illustrated anatomy of the respiratory system included.
โข Animated illustrations demonstrate fluid formation and maintenance.
โข Parietal and visceral pleura form the pleural space.
โข Fluid produced by filtration from systemic capillaries.
โข Fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity causes Pleural Effusion.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Smoking
โข Heart disease
โข Liver disease
โข Alcohol
โข Lung disease
โข Asbestos exposure
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ:
๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐
o Increased systemic/pulmonary capillary pressure and decreased osmotic pressure.
o Major causes: cirrhosis, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy.
๐๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐:
o Local processes leading to increased capillary permeability.
o Fluid, protein, cells, and serum constituents exude.
o Major causes: inflammation, infection, lung injury, tumors, lung cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, surgical damage, lymphatic fluid accumulation.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ:
โข Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
โข Labored breathing
โข Non-productive cough
โข Chest tightness
โข Orthopnea (difficulty breathing lying down)
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Physical examination
โข Chest radiographs
โข Imaging
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ:
Thoracentesis (fluid removal)
Catheter drainage
Pleurodesis (scarring of pleural space)
Pleuroperitoneal shunt (fluid drainage to abdomen)
Pleurectomy (surgical removal of pleura)
Thoracoscopy (visual examination of pleural space)
Thoracostomy (surgical opening of chest cavity)
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3. Anatomy of lung
โข The lung
is a vital organ
responsible for gas
exchange.
โข It is
surrounded by two thin
membranes called the
pleurae.
โข The
visceral pleura covers
the lung surface.
โข The
parietal pleura lines
the inner chest wall.
4. Visceral pleura
โข Thin, transparent
membrane
covering the lung
surface.
โข Composed of
mesothelial cells
and a thin layer of
connective tissue.
โข Secretes pleural
fluid for lubrication
and protection.
5. Pleural cavity
โข The potential space
between the
visceral and parietal
pleurae.
โข Contains a small
amount of pleural
fluid for lubrication.
โข Allows the lungs to
expand and
contract smoothly
during breathing.
9. Pleural fluid formation , maintenance
โข Pleural fluid is
produced by the
visceral pleura and
absorbed by the
parietal pleura and
lymphatics.
โข This process
maintains a delicate
balance, ensuring
minimal fluid
accumulation in the
pleural cavity.
โข Disruptions in this
balance can lead to
pleural effusion.
10. Pleural Effusion Definition
โข Abnormal
accumulation of
fluid in the pleural
cavity.
โข Can be caused by
various underlying
conditions.
โข Can be classified
as transudative or
exudative based
on the protein
content of the
fluid.
11. Pleural Effusion
โข Normal pleural
space: minimal fluid
visible.
โข Small pleural
effusion: less than
10mm thickness on
chest X-ray.
โข Large pleural
effusion: more than
10mm thickness on
chest X-ray.
13. Prevalence
โข Pleural effusion is
a common
condition,
affecting millions
of people
worldwide.
โข The prevalence
varies by region,
with higher rates
in developing
countries.
17. Risk Factors
โข Heart failure: the
leading cause of
transudative pleural
effusions.
โข Cirrhosis: due to
increased portal
vein pressure.
18. Risk Factors
โข Pneumonia:
infection leading to
exudative pleural
effusions
Pulmonary embolism:
blockage of a main
pulmonary artery
leading to transudative
pleural effusions
23. Transudative Vs Exudative Infographics
Exudative:
โข Fluid with high protein
content
โข Caused by
inflammation or other
pathological
processes
โข Common causes:
pneumonia,
malignancy,
pancreatitis
โข Treatment:
addresses underlying
cause, may require
thoracentesis or
chest tube drainage
24. Transudative pleural effusion causes
o
Increa
sed
systemic/pulmonar
y capillary pressure
and decreased
osmotic pressure.
o Major
causes: cirrhosis,
heart failure,
nephrotic
syndrome, protein-
losing enteropathy
25. Causes
Congestive heart
failure: The leading
cause of transudative
pleural effusions.
Increased
hydrostatic pressure
in the pulmonary
capillaries leads to
fluid leakage into the
pleural space.
26. Transudate pleural effusion causes
Cirrhosis: Increased
portal vein pressure
due to cirrhosis
leads to transudative
pleural effusions
through a complex
mechanism involving
fluid retention and
lymphatic
dysfunction.
28. Exudative pleural effusion causes
o Local
processes leading to
increased capillary
permeability.
o Fluid,
protein, cells, and serum
constituents exude.
o Major
causes: inflammation,
infection, lung injury,
tumors, lung cancer,
rheumatoid arthritis,
pneumonia,
tuberculosis, surgical
damage, lymphatic fluid
accumulation
29. Exudative pleural effusion causes
โข Pneumonia: A
common cause of
exudative pleural
effusions, leading
to inflammatory
changes in the
pleura and
increased protein
content in the
pleural fluid.
30. Exudative pleural effusion causes
โข
Mal
ignancy: Cancer
cells can directly
invade the pleura
or indirectly
cause pleural
effusions through
various
mechanisms.
โข
Lun
g cancer, breast
cancer, and
lymphoma are
some examples
of malignancies
associated with
exudative pleural
effusions
31. Exudative pleural effusion causes
โข Pancreatitis:
Inflammation of the
pancreas can cause
exudative pleural
effusions through
mechanisms
involving increased
capillary permeability
and lymphatic
dysfunction.
Pulmonary embolism:
Blockage of a main
pulmonary artery can
lead to exudative pleural
effusions due to
increased pulmonary
vascular pressure and
fluid leakage.
32. Lymphatic Pleural Effusion chylothorax
โข Accumulation of
chyle (lymphatic
fluid rich in fats)
in the pleural
space.
โข Caused by
obstruction or
disruption of the
33. Lymphatic Pleural Effusion Causes
โข Causes:
Trauma to the thoracic
duct, surgery,
malignancy,
lymphedema.
โข Symptoms:
Dyspnea, cough, chest
pain, weight loss, fatigue.
โข Diagnosis:
Chest X-ray, CT scan,
thoracentesis (fluid
analysis).
โข Treatment:
Drainage (thoracentesis,
chest tube), dietary fat
restriction, octreotide
(medication to decrease
chyle production),
surgery (in severe cases).
36. Symptoms
โข Cough:
Dry, non-productive
cough can occur due
to irritation of the
pleura or underlying
respiratory
conditions.
โข Chest
pain: Pleuritic pain is
sharp, worsens with
deep breaths, and
results from
inflammation of the
pleural surfaces.
41. Imaging
โข Chest radiographs:
X-rays are the initial
imaging test,
showing the
presence and size
of the pleural
effusion.
โข Imaging: CT scans,
ultrasound, and MRI
can provide more
detailed information
about the effusion,
underlying lung
abnormalities, and
potential causes.