Thank you for selecting our ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)PPT
This medical PowerPoint template about ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)
You can download our template by visiting our website:
https://www.rxslides.com/product/rheumatic-heart-disease-presentation-template
copy and paste this URL into the browser and download the full editable template.
This ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about ๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)
๐๐ก๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐)
๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
โข Chronic cardiovascular condition caused by untreated or inadequately treated group-A streptococcal infection.
Characteristics:
โข Permanent damage to heart valves.
โข Starts with pharyngitis caused by streptococcus pyogenes.
โข Affects heart valves, including pulmonary, mitral, tricuspid, and aortic.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐
โข High prevalence in low-income countries, particularly among children and young adults.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
โข Inadequate healthcare access
โข Untreated streptococcal infections
โข Unfavorable environmental conditions
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ:
โข Development of scar tissue on valves due to recurrent inflammation.
โข Commissural fusion: valves fuse and thicken.
โข Mitral stenosis: narrowing of mitral valve opening.
โข Valvular regurgitation: incomplete closure of valves, causing blood flow reversal.
โข Valvular stenosis: narrowing of valve opening, restricting blood flow.
๐๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐ข๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
โข Cause: Damage to the aortic valve leaflets or supporting structures prevents proper closure during diastole, leading to blood flow back into the left ventricle.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, and heart failure in severe cases.
๐๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐๐ญ๐๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ:
โข Cause: Calcification and narrowing of the aortic valve opening restricts blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, syncope (fainting), and angina (chest pain due to heart muscle ischemia).
๐๐ข๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฅ ๐๐ญ๐๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ:
โข Cause: Thickening and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets restrict blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue, shortness of breath, especially on exertion, chest pain, and hemoptysis (coughing up blood) in severe cases.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ:
โข Chest pain
โข Swollen joints
โข Fever
โข Weariness
โข Heart palpitation
โข Skin nodules
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
โข Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
โข X-ray
โข Electrocardiogram (ECG)
โข Echocardiogram
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
โข Surgery
โข Antibiotics
โข Lifelong prophylaxis
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ:
โข Healthy lifestyle
โข Benzathine benzylpenicillin injections
โข Improved healthcare services
โข Preventing rheumatic fever
๐ต๐๐๐ฝ๐://๐๐๐.๐ฟ๐ ๐๐น๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐.๐ฐ๐ผ๐บ
3. Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic heart
disease (RHD) is a
chronic,
inflammatory
disease of the heart
that develops in
susceptible
individuals following
a group A
streptococcal (GAS)
infection, such as
strep throat or
scarlet fever. The
inflammation
primarily targets the
heart valves,
leading to fibrosis
and scarring, and
ultimately, valve
dysfunction.
Valves of the Heart:
5. Valves Of The Heart
โข Mitral Valve:
Located between
the left atrium and
left ventricle.
Responsible for
preventing blood
from flowing back
into the left atrium
during ventricular
contraction.
โข Aortic Valve:
Located between
the left ventricle
and the aorta.
Responsible for
preventing blood
from flowing back
into the left
ventricle during
diastole.
Tricuspid Valve:
Located between
the right atrium
and right ventricle.
Responsible for
preventing blood
from flowing back
into the right
atrium during
ventricular
contraction.
Pulmonary Valve:
Located between
the right ventricle
and the pulmonary
artery. Responsible
for preventing
blood from flowing
back into the right
ventricle during
diastole.
7. Prevalence
โข It affects an
estimated 40
million people
worldwide,
causing
approximately
300,000 deaths
annually.
โข The majority of
cases occur in
children and
young adults, with
a higher
prevalence in
females.
9. Risk factors
โข Previous GAS
infections:
Recurrent GAS
infections,
especially without
adequate antibiotic
treatment,
increase the risk of
developing RHD.
โข Socioeconomic
disparities:
Poverty,
overcrowding, and
inadequate access
to hygiene and
healthcare
contribute to the
spread of GAS and
RHD.
10. Risk factors
โข Genetic
predisposition:
Some individuals
have a genetic
predisposition to
developing RHD,
making them more
susceptible to the
disease even after a
single GAS
infection.
โข Malnutrition:
Malnutrition can
weaken the immune
system and
increase
susceptibility to
infections like GAS.
13. Pathophysiology
โข Autoimmune
Response: RHD
arises from an
autoimmune response
to Group A
streptococcal (GAS)
infection, specifically
targeting the heart
valves.
โข Molecular Mimicry: M
proteins on GAS
share structural
similarities with
antigens in heart valve
tissues, triggering an
immune response that
mistakenly attacks
both.
โข Inflammation and
Fibrosis: Immune cells
infiltrate the valves,
causing inflammation
and damage. Fibrosis
and scarring follow,
leading to valve
dysfunction.
15. Aortic Regurgitation
โข Cause: Damage to
the aortic valve
leaflets or supporting
structures prevents
proper closure during
diastole, leading to
blood flow back into
the left ventricle.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue,
shortness of breath,
chest pain,
palpitations, and heart
failure in severe
cases.
โข Diagnosis:
Echocardiography
remains the gold
standard, revealing
valve regurgitation
and chamber
enlargement.
16. Mitral Stenosis
โข Cause: Thickening
and fusion of the
mitral valve leaflets
restrict blood flow
from the left atrium to
the left ventricle.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue,
shortness of breath,
especially on exertion,
chest pain, and
hemoptysis (coughing
up blood) in severe
cases.
โข Diagnosis:
Echocardiography
reveals narrowed
valve opening,
pressure gradients,
and chamber
enlargement.
17. Aortic Stenosis
โข Cause: Calcification
and narrowing of the
aortic valve opening
restricts blood flow
from the left ventricle
to the aorta.
โข Symptoms: Fatigue,
shortness of breath,
chest pain, syncope
(fainting), and angina
(chest pain due to
heart muscle
ischemia).
โข Diagnosis:
Echocardiography
reveals a narrowed
valve opening,
increased pressure
gradients across the
valve, and potential
left ventricular
hypertrophy.
18. Normal Aortic Valve
โข The normal aortic
valve consists of
three cusps
(leaflets) that
open and close
smoothly,
ensuring
unidirectional
blood flow during
systole
(ventricular
contraction) and
diastole
(ventricular
relaxation).
19. Stenotic Aortic Valve
โข In RHD, the aortic
valve leaflets
become
thickened,
calcified, and
may fuse,
restricting blood
flow and causing
the heart to work
harder to pump
blood.
20. Symptoms
โข Variable
depending on the
affected valve(s)
and severity of
disease.
โข General: Fatigue,
shortness of
breath, chest
pain, palpitations,
fever, weight loss.
โข Mitral Valve:
Shortness of
breath,
particularly on
exertion, fatigue,
cough,
hemoptysis
(coughing up
blood).
โข Aortic Valve:
Fatigue,
shortness of
breath, chest
pain, syncope
(fainting), angina
(chest pain due to
heart muscle
ischemia).
โข Tricuspid Valve:
Fatigue,
shortness of
breath, abdominal
discomfort,
swelling in the
legs and ankles
(edema).
โข Pulmonary Valve:
Fatigue,
shortness of
breath, chest
pain, right-sided
heart failure
symptoms.
22. Diagnosis
โข Medical history:
Assessing prior
GAS infections and
symptoms.
โข Physical
examination:
Listening for heart
murmurs and other
signs of valve
dysfunction.
โข Echocardiography:
The gold standard
for diagnosis,
visualizing the heart
valves and
assessing their
function.
23. Diagnosis
โข Blood tests: Ant
streptolysin O
(ASO) titer and
other markers of
inflammation can
suggest recent
GAS infection.
โข Electrocardiogram
(ECG): May show
abnormalities in
heart rhythm or
conduction.
โข Chest X-ray: Can
reveal enlarged
heart chambers in
advanced cases.
24. Treatment
โข Antibiotic
prophylaxis: Long-
term penicillin to
prevent recurrent
GAS infections
and further valve
damage.
โข Anti-inflammatory
medications: To
reduce
inflammation and
alleviate
symptoms.
โข Valvuloplasty:
Minimally invasive
procedures to
repair or widen
narrowed valves.
26. Complications
โข Heart failure: The
heart's inability to
pump blood
effectively.
โข Arrhythmias:
Abnormal heart
rhythms.
โข Stroke: Embolic
events due to blood
clots forming in the
heart.
โข Endocarditis:
Infection of the inner
lining of the heart.
โข Sudden cardiac
death: In severe
cases with
significant valve
dysfunction.
