deep

2.  Everyone occasionally feels blue or sad. But these
feelings are usually short-lived and pass within a
couple of days.When you have depression, it
interferes with daily life and causes pain for both you
and those who care about you. Depression is a
common but serious illness.
 Many people with a depressive illness never seek
treatment. But the majority, even those with the most
severe depression, can get better with treatment.
Medications, psychotherapies, and other methods
can effectively treat people with depression.

3.  Major depression - severe symptoms that
interfere with your ability to work, sleep, study,
eat, and enjoy life. An episode can occur only
once in a person’s lifetime, but more often, a
person has several episodes.
 Persistent depressive disorder - depressed
mood that lasts for at least 2 years. A person
diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder
may have episodes of major depression along
with periods of less severe symptoms, but
symptoms must last for 2 years.

4.  Psychotic depression - which occurs when a person
has severe depression plus some form of psychosis,
such as having disturbing false beliefs or a break with
reality (delusions), or hearing or seeing upsetting
things that others cannot hear or see (hallucinations).
 Postpartum depression - which is much more serious
than the "baby blues" that many women experience
after giving birth, when hormonal and physical
changes and the new responsibility of caring for a
newborn can be overwhelming. It is estimated that 10
to 15 percent of women experience postpartum
depression after giving birth.

5.  Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) - which is
characterized by the onset of depression during the winter
months, when there is less natural sunlight.The
depression generally lifts during spring and summer. SAD
may be effectively treated with light therapy, but nearly
half of those with SAD do not get better with light therapy
alone. Antidepressant medication and psychotherapy can
reduce SAD symptoms, either alone or in combination
with light therapy.2
 Bipolar disorder - also called manic-depressive illness, is
not as common as major depression or persistent
depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder is characterized by
cycling mood changes—from extreme highs (e.g., mania)
to extreme lows (e.g., depression).

6.  Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings
 Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
 Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or
helplessness
 Irritability, restlessness
 Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once
pleasurable, including sex
 Fatigue and decreased energy
 Difficulty concentrating, remembering
details, and making decisions

7.  Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or
excessive sleeping
 Overeating, or appetite loss
 Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts
 Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or
digestive problems that do not ease even
with treatment.

8.  According to the National Institute of Mental
Health (NIMH), about 11 percent of
adolescents in the United States experience a
depressive episode before the age of 18.
Before puberty, boys and girls have the same
incidence, but after adolescence and until
menopause, the depression rate is twice as
high in women as it is in men.

9.  Past physical, sexual, or emotional abuse can cause
depression later in life.
 Certain medications. Some drugs, such as Accutane (used to
treatacne), the antiviral drug interferon-alpha, and corticosteroids,
can increase your risk of depression.
 Conflict. Depression in someone who has the biological
vulnerability to develop depression may result from personal
conflicts or disputes with family members or friends.
 Death or a loss. Sadness or grief from the death or loss of a loved
one, though natural, may increase the risk of depression.
 Genetics. A family history of depression may increase the risk. It's
thought that depression is a complex trait that may be inherited
across generations, although the genetics of psychiatric disorders
are not as simple or straightforward as in purely genetic diseases
such as Huntington's chorea or cystic fibrosis.

10.  Major events. Even good events such as starting a
new job, graduating, or getting married can lead to
depression. So can moving, losing a job or income,
getting divorced, or retiring.
 Other personal problems. Problems such as social
isolation due to other mental illnesses or being cast
out of a family or social group can lead to depression.
 Serious illnesses. Sometimes depression co-exists
with a major illness or is a reaction to the illness.
 Substance abuse. Nearly 30% of people with
substance abuse problems also have major or clinical
depression.

11.  Cognitive
 According to the Cognitive model , motivational, behavioral, and
physical symptoms of depression stem from maladaptive cognitive
patterns.he primary characteristics of a depressed individual according
to this model are:*Negative view of self, the world, and pessimism
about the future
 *Feelings of inadequacy
*Feelings of worthlessness
*Feelings of hopelessness
*Feelings of incompetence
*Paralysis of will: belief that one lacks the ability to cope or control an
event's outcome;
*Possible suicidality that reflects desire to escape from unbearable
problems.
*Indeciseveness reflecting the belief that one is incapable of making
correct decisions
*The physical symptoms of depression-- low energy, fatigue, and inertia-
- are related to negative expectations.

12.  Complaints of feeling sick, school absence, lack of
participation, sleepiness
 Irritability
 Isolation from peers, problems with social skills, defiance
 Difficulty concentrating on tasks/activities
 Poor work completion
 Short-term memory impairments
 Forgetting to complete assignments, difficulty concentrating
 Difficulties with planning, organizing, and executing tasks
 Refusing to complete work, missing deadlines
 Facial expressions or body language indicating depression or
sadness
 Working slowly

13.  Hypersensitivity
 Easily hurt feelings, crying, anger
 Poor performance and follow-through on tasks
 Poor work completion
 Inattention
 Distractibility, restlessness
 Forgetfulness
 Poor work submission, variable academic
performance
 Separation anxiety from parents or caregiver
 Crying, somatic complaints, frequent absences,
school refusal

14.  Feeling sad, empty, hopeless, or numb.These
feelings are with you most of the day, every day.
 Loss of interest in things you used to
enjoy.You might not bother with hobbies you
used to love.You might not like being around
friends.You may lose interest in sex.
 Irritability or anxiety.You might be short-
tempered and find it hard to relax.
 Trouble making decisions. Depression can
make it hard to think clearly or concentrate.
Making a simple choice can seem overwhelming.

15.  Feeling guilty or worthless.These feelings are often
exaggerated or inappropriate to the situation.You
might feel guilty for things that aren't your fault or
that you have no control over. Or you may feel intense
guilt for minor mistakes.
 Thoughts of death and suicide.The types of
thoughts vary. Some people wish they were dead,
feeling that the world would be better off without
them. Others make explicit plans to hurt themselves.
 The good news is that depression responds to a
variety of treatments.You and your doctor can choose
one that's right for you.