The Link Between Science And Crime

The Link Between Science And Crime
The link between science and crime was originated days back in 1840's in Europe and when Spanish physician Soler made reference to the concept of
the born criminal.
No one in the history of criminology has a reputation like Cesare Lombroso.
Darwin 's hypothesis of development, with its startling decisions and cautious arrangement frameworks, in view of point by point physical portrayals
of many finch mouths and ocean turtle carapaces, is a prime sample of this new science. Taking up from where Darwin left, Cesare Lombroso 's
deliberate investigation of criminal physiognomy tried to support society by recognizing crooks. Lombroso particularly inspired by the thought of
Charles Darwin that some men are hereditarily closer to their primitive heritage of the concept of born criminal.
Lombroso was a multifaceted researcher who took a gander at for all intents and purpose each part of the lives, minds, bodies, state of mind, words,
lifestyles, and practices of criminal guilty parties with expectations of discovering the conclusive reason for crime. He was the pioneer in actuation of
investigative systems to criminology. Lombroso turned into a well known positive criminologist. The essential thought behind constructive criminology
is that lawbreakers are conceived as being what is indicated and not made into criminals; as it were, it is the way of the individual, not sustain, that
brings about criminal inclinations. Lombroso 's fundamental theory was his concept of atavism, that
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Engine Of Evolution Chapter Summaries
Chapter 1– What Is Evolution?
In chapter one of the selected text given it goes over six main components being: evolution, gradualism, speciation, common ancestry, natural selection,
and nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change. These six components are broken down from the larger idea that life began with one species and
eventually broke off and evolved into many new and different branches of species. Even in reading this, I do not believe that we all came from one
species. I feel that evolution is true to an extent that while species do evolve over time (which is the concept of gradualism) we did not all evolve from
one parasitic creature. To start simply the first component evolution in itself to me means that overtime a creature ... Show more content on
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"The main lesson of biogeography is that only evolution can explain the diversity of life on continents and islands." (Coyne 109).In convergent
evolution 3 of the six components discussed in chapter 1 are working together. These 3 components are common ancestry, speciation, andnatural
selection. If evolution did exist, ancestors of species today that lived in the same place, when dug up, should be fossils that resemble organisms today.
Chapter 5– The Engine of Evolution In this chapter of the selected text for the course they talk of the three things involved in adaptation. First and
foremost, there has to be variation in the population, second, the variation has to come from genes changes, and the third is that the genetic variation
must affect the probability of offspring." Evolution by selection is a combination of randomness and lawfulness."(Coyne 118). I also learned that the
only difference between natural selection and artificial selection is that on one hand the changes occurring are being made to happen by a breeder
(artificial) whereas the other is random selection due to environmental and survival changes

Call Of The Wild Summary
This is the scene when Buck was sold as a sled dog by the gardner named Manuel. Manuel sold Buck arbitrarily without permission of his owner. This
occurrance is very important, because this is where the story all started and made Buck to go through atavism.
"And with a exception of a solitary man, no ,one saw them arrive at the little flag station known as Collage Park. This man talked wiyh Manuel, and
money chinked between them." Chapter 1: p.11–12
Buck was beaten with the club by the man in a red sweater in this shot. This event took place when Buck got out of the crate after painful days of no
water and food. This happening progress the story because it tought Buck the hostile reality that awaits him later. It was his first impact on his life and
a lesson of loyalty towards human. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was the first time for him to actually kill a life and it marked the dramatical turning point for Buck's awakening of the wild nature.
" Buck stood and looked on, the successful champion, the dominant primordial beast who had made his kill and found it good." Chapter 3: p.76
This picture depicts the scene when Buck was once again sold to the party of 3 people; Mercedes, Hal, and Charles. This incident was significant
because it was the beginning of the distress days for Buck caused by stupidity and ignorance of human. It also greatly affects Buck's life afterwards by
being a peg to meet John Thorton.
" Dog and man watched it crawling along over the ice.... They saw Charles turn and make one step to run back, and then a whole section of ice give
way and dogs and human disappear." Chapter 5: p.

Biological Theories Of Criminal Behavior
"Biological Theories of Criminal Behavior" Many biological theories of crime have been developed to explain the analysis of crime and criminality.
Scientific studies of research have formed theories as to what makes a criminal a criminal and what social factors can contribute to criminality. As a
result, criminology scientists Cesare Lombroso, William Sheldon, and Sandberg believe that the presence of certain physical traits made it more likely
that an individual would become a criminal. The three scientist each share significant theories of criminal characteristics, criminal personality and
criminal behavioral tendencies. Criminologist Cesare Lombroso studied scientifically the "born criminal" Atavism theory, which he believed modern
criminals share physical characteristics with primitive humans, Sheldon studied the somatotype theory, the three body types relating to an individual
personality and Franz Gall discovered and studied the phrenology theory, "bumps on the head" could indicate certain criminal tendencies. Each theorist
philosophy of criminality conveys a scientific hypothesis as to what biosocial elements of crime establishes an individual as a criminal. In 1987, while
conducting an autopsy of the brigand Villella, Lombroso experienced an unusual, but interesting epiphany while examining the skull of criminal
Villella Giuseppe. Cesare Lombroso discovered an indention at the base of the skull that he perceived to be commonly shared only amongst apes.

Similarities Between Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde
Man or Monster: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Degeneracy was not just confined to the lower classes, criminals, and other dregs of society, but
applicable to the upper class as well. Jekyll was a well renowned doctor, but he still grew impatient of having to be morally upright all the time. He
seeks to rid himself of these burdens by releasing his Other self. According to Jekyll's narration, both he and Hyde existed before the discovery of
the salt that enabled them to become seperate: "I learned to recognise the thorough and primitive duality of man; I saw that, of the two natures that
contended in the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly be said to be either, it was only because I was radically both" (Stephenson 49).
"Man is not truly one, but truly two," Jekyll relates, appearing to support the theory suggesting that each brain hemisphere might house a separate
personality, indeed, a separate soul (Stevenson 48). The dual hemisphere theory states that the left side of the brain is the rational side while the right
side can be described as the instinctual, chaotic side. "[O]ne would have to argue . . . that Jekyll would tend to focus his personality in the civilized,
rational left hemisphere, while Hyde would give... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The way Stevenson portrays Hyde's violent upbringing and being thrust into society, is starkly contrasted in the end when, contrary to what Jekyll
thought he was, he became a well mannered, peaceful individual. Him tidying up the room before he dies, with the kettle being over the fire and the
stacks of paper neatly lined up on the desk, show someone, not possessed by uncontrollable rage, but by a spirit consumed with the pain of being
forced into a world of high standards that he was forced to adapt to. He was born to deny these ideals, but in the end,

Why Evolution Is True Summary
Why Evolution is True Book Review
A majority of the population falls prey to the idea of creationism and its relative, intelligent design, however these concept's when mentioned lack
substantial evidence. Darwin's theory of evolution by which life on earth evolved by natural selection, is vast and contains a variety of splendid
scientific validation. Jerry Coyne the author of "Why Evolution is True" explains that despite Darwin's lack of knowledge on DNA and genetics his
original theory as stated in "The Origin", are the fundamental blocks for the modern theory of evolution. The topic of evolution when discussed evokes
much emotion, this is because Holy literature not only has been the law of the land for centuries but also serves as a road ... Show more content on
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The most important evidence of evolution is found beneath our feet. In chapter two Coyne opens up with a quote form Charles Darwin: "The Crust of
the earth is vast museum; but the natural collection have been made only at intervals of time immensely remote." The fossil record provides some
of the best evolutionary evidence. Utilizing fossils has been around for hundreds of years. All fossils are formed the same way, needing a specific
group of circumstances to occur. The organism must find their way into water, sink to the bottom and get quickly covered by sediment so that
they don't decay or get scattered by scavengers. These rare circumstances are why a majority of fossil records are complete. The first 80 percent of
the history of life were soft bodied organisms not containing any bone or teeth. This is why there is no evolutionary record of the origin of life. To
this day we only have fossil evidence for about 1 percent of all species that have ever lived on earth. Although these records do not contain a good
representation of life on earth, fossils can be utilized to display evolutionary patterns. Proof that evolution occurs can be found in the rocks. In 2004
Neil Shubin found a transitional form between fish and amphibian called Tiktaalik roseae. What is so important about Tiktaalik is that he was not only
a transitional organism but he was found in the right age of rocks. Scientist use rocks and

Cesare Lombroso: The Scientific Study Of The Criminal Mind
Are criminals born criminals or are they bred into criminal ways and that they resemble the earliest kind of mankind characteristics. Can you really
identify a person as a criminal by their physical characteristics.
Criminology is an area of sociology that focuses on the study of crimes and their causes, effects, and social impact. "The responsibilities of a
criminologist's job involves analyzing data to find better ways to prevent, deter, and prevent future criminal actions" (Criminologists). Basically it is
the overall study of a crime. Even though Cesare Lombroso's theories have been Scientifically discredited, he had the merit of bringing up the
importance of the scientific studies of the criminal mind, a field which is known as criminal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his theory, criminals are born as such not made into criminals; in other words stating that it is the nature of the person not the nurture, that
results in criminal wrongdoing. He was known for studying characterology which means the study of a relationship between physical and mental
traits. For example, the way a person behaves and the way a person looks. In 1851 while he was examining "autopsied" the skull of a notorious
Italian criminal Giuseppe Villela, he discovered a dip or depression in the occiput or the base of the skull. That dip in the skull reminded him of the
older types of apes and other animals. That is when the atavism theory started. That the criminal was an early stage of evolutionary man with
knowledge and responsibility intensity of the common ape. Lombroso started off with two main categories the born criminals and the insane
criminals. The insane criminals were then divided into three subcategories: occasional criminals, criminaloids, and habitual criminals. "Criminals
were supposedly 'genetic misfits' who were born to break the rules that governed the lives of civilized" (Wedel). The final categories after the revision
were criminal epileptic in which a person who's aggressive and violent episodes occur automatically after an epileptic fit or uncontrollable seizure.
Next is a criminal moral

Comparsion of Jack London's The Call of the Wild and John...
This is the four line epigraph present on the first page of The Call of the Wild by Jack London. Before you try to find how this section of
"Atavism" by John Myers O'Hara, relates to the theme of The Call of the Wild, you must understand the words used. "Nomadic" means moving
around and not staying in one place. O'Hara uses these words in a weird order, because it seems like it should say that your nomadic longings are
leaping. The first line of this epigraph says that if you stay in one place for a long time, your instincts (old longings from ancestors) to move from
place to place (to be nomadic) are going to flare up. "Chafing" means to cause annoyance. By using the phrase "Chafing at custom's chain" O'Hara
means that you are being annoyed by traditional ways. "Custom's chain" refers to these traditional ways. Therefore the feelings to want to become
nomadic are clashing with the feelings of following tradition's ways. "Brumal" means wintry. O'Hara is using this as a metaphor with the direct
meaning being waking up from winter hibernation, but the deeper meaning is the realization or awakening of the need to break away from traditional
ways. "Ferine" means wild and "strain" in this case means type. When O'Hara uses ferine as an adjective to describe strain, he is referring to the wild
side we each have due to our natural instincts. All in all "Old longings nomadic leap, Chafing at custom's chain; Again from its brumal sleep wakens
the ferine strain," means we are

Criminality: Criminology and Extra Y Chromosome
Criminality has been sociologically defined as a form of deviant behavior from the norm and the acceptable rules of society. A more generic definition
of criminality is a behavioral predisposition that disproportionately favors criminal activity. It is based on the premise that the act or acts committed by
an individual violates the natural rights that are given to the person by birth and or by right. The statement "Are criminals born, or made?" is wide
reaching and still the subject of many debates.
Each year when Crime in the United States is published, many entities–news media, tourism agencies, and other groups with an interest in crime in our
Nation–use reported Crime Index figures to compile rankings of cities and counties. These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1901, Enrico Ferri, one of the fathers of positivist criminology, was invited to deliver a series of lectures at the University of Naples. Ferri used the
occasion to admonish classical criminologists and to advance the principles of positivism. (2)
He approached the study of criminals from a sociological perspecВ¬tive, that is, by studying the criminal's relationship to society rather than the
criminal's individual personality or physical traits. He also recommended that society focus on the prevenВ¬tion rather than the punishment of crime.
William Sheldon had similar ideas, however these were mainly based around body types. He described three basic body types and different
temperaments that corresponded with them. These were: Endomorphs who would be soft and round with relaxed personalities; Mesomorphs who were
athletic and tended to be aggressive; and finally Ectomorphs who were thin frail and introverted.
Sheldon rated these physical attributes in any given individual, and gave ratings of 1 – 7 to indicate the degree of each body type they possessed then
the person would be given a three–digit rating showing his or her possession of these characteristics. Sheldon compared these ratings between a group
of 200 male delinquents, against 200 non–delinquent students. He found that the delinquents were significantly higher in mesomorphy and lower in
ectomorphy. He concluded that a Mesomorph

Correlation Between The Factor Personality Model And Job...
IB Math Studies Internal Assessment The Correlation between the Factor Personality Model and Job Satisfaction Name: Makeda Scott Exam
Session: May 2015 Teacher Name: Ms. Fernandez School Name: Boyd H. Anderson High School Date: November 17, 2014 The Correlation between
the Factor Personality Model and Job Satisfaction Introduction The "big five" are broad and general categories of personality traits, from which
multiple subdivisions under the broad headings stem. It is a model used by many psychologists to attempt to determine and understand personality. The
five categories are as follows: a. Openness – This category consists of characteristics such as imaginativeness and insight, and those who score higher
in this trait... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Personality shapes almost every aspect of an individual's life, and being satisfied with one's job is not an exclusion. The way an individual outwardly
and inwardly assesses themselves, their position and their career, will play a role in their job performance, and ultimately their job satisfaction, which
is defined by some merely as how content an individual is with his or her job, whereas to others, it is more complex. Job satisfaction to them involves
multidimensional psychological responses to one 's job. The Correlation between the Factor Personality Model and Job Satisfaction Statement of Task
The main purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the link between the Big Five Factor of Personality and overall job satisfaction. To conduct this
investigation, the Barrick and Mount (1991) meta–analysis of the correlation between job performance and the Big Five Personality Model will be
used as a guide. Over the last 20 years, unanimity has developed that the five–factor model of personality, more frequently referred to as the Big Five
(Goldberg, 1990), can be used to define the most remarkable aspects of personality. The Big–Five structure has become metaphysical across scopes,
cultures, and sources of ratings (McCrae & John, 1992). The Big Five has been researched in areas of industrial–organizational psychology,
predominantly regarding job performance (Barrick & Mount, 1991).

Mccrory's Budget Apology
The connecting factor in McCrory's Budget Includes Money for Eugenics Victims and State Issues Apology for Policy of Sterilization is the usage
of sterilization in the early 1900's lasting all the way up to the mid '70's. Thousands of people were involuntarily sterilized in order to stop their
genes from continuing on. The goal at hand using sterilization was to help tidy up the genetic pool and it was a very popular movement. This
violation of human rights was devastating to thousands of families and the state of California has issued and apology for everyone who had to
experience this, whereas North Carolina is proposing House Bill 7 that would allow victims of involuntary sterilization to be compensated with a lump
sum of money as an apology

Naturalism In Call Of The Wild
Jack London seemed to be a socialist at heart, however, in his book Call of the Wild he writes with a under developed naturalism perspective.
Naturalism in literary terms applies two major tenants. The first being heredity and environment are the significant forces that shape human beings.
The second tenant conveys that the author presents life exactly as it is in reality. Some writers may omit insignificant details that slow the flow of a
passage down. However, a naturalistic style will include these details. The author writing in this style strives to be objective and detached preferring to
write as if he were observing the characters in their natural setting and then reporting what he has witnessed. London sometimes strays from this style...
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The hair of this man was long and matted, and his head slanted back under it from the eyes. He uttered strange sounds, and seemed very much afraid
of the darkness, into which he peered continually, clutching in his hand, which hung midway between knee and foot, a stick with a heavy stone made
fast to the end. He was all but naked, a ragged and fire–scorched skin hanging part way down his back, but on his body there was much hair. In some
places, across the chest and shoulders and down the outside of arms and thighs, it was matted into almost a thick fur. He did not stand erect, but with
trunk inclined forward from the hips, on legs that bent at the knees. About his body there was a peculiar springiness, or resiliency, almost catlike, and
quick alertness as of one who lived in perpetual fear of things seen and unseen

Employment Issues In Charlie's Flowers For Algernon
How has Charlie changed? After reading the novel "Flowers for Algernon", many ask the golden question. Some say the surgery had a positive effect
on Charlie, as he gains intelligence and understanding. However, that is not the case. Charlie's life was negatively impacted by the surgery because of
employment issues at his workplace, his regression, and he becomes more unfavorable aware. First, the Charlie's life was negatively impacted by the
surgery because of employment issues at his workplace. As mentioned in the novel, Charlie states, "Mr. Donnegan showed me the petition. Eight
hundred and forty names, everyone connected with the factory" (Progress Report 11). This evidence proves that there were employment issues in
Charlie's workplace.

Essay on Criminology
Figuring out why people commit crimes is one of the central concerns of criminology. Do most criminals act rationally after weighing the costs of
crime? Is society ever to blame for an individual to commit a crime? Do mental diseases or even genetics factor into whether a person will live a life of
crime. Over the years, many people have developed theories to try to answer these questions. In fact, the number of theories of why people commit
crimes sometimes seems to equal the number of criminologists. I explore these questions and much more in the paper that follow.
The foundation of classical criminology is its central belief that individual criminals engage in a process of rational decision making in choosing how
to commit crime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a part of this relationship individuals gave up some of their liberties in the interest of the common good, with the purpose of the law being to ensure
that these common interests were met. For Beccaria, this meant that the law should be limited and written down so that people could make decisions
on how to behave. More importantly, punishment was to п¬Ѓt the crime not the individual and was to be certain and swift (Williams & McShane,
2010). Offenders were to be seen as reasonable people with the same capacity for resisting offending behavior as non–offenders. The guiding principle
of the criminal justice process was the presumption of innocence; and in this general framework punishment was to be seen as a deterrent to criminal
behavior. The central concern of the law and the criminal justice process was therefore the prevention of crime through this deterrent function.
Bentham's concern was upon utilitarianism which assumes the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers. He believes that individuals weigh the
probabilities of present and future pleasures against those of present and future pain (Postema, 1998).
It should be noted however that the classical school of thought has had an enduring inп¬‚uence as many legal systems are built on some of its key
precepts. The idea of intent for example, emphasizes the importance of the state of mind of the individual and their capacity for making choices.
Notions of proportionality in relation to punishment are

Jerry Coyne 's Why Evolution Is True?
Jerry Coyne's Why Evolution Is True?
Sainte Leo University
Mallory Ansel
Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the theory of evolution and the concepts applied throughout the chapters of Jerry A. Coyne's, Why Evolution is
True. In each section, I will summarize the chapter, explain what the contents of that chapter mean to me, and explain how I apply them to my belief
system. You may notice throughout the paper I switch between support ofevolution and support of creationism; and this is because it is truly how I
stand on the subject.
Jerry Coyne's Why Evolution Is True? Evolution is the process by which all species have gradually developed from a singular common ancestor.
The evolutionary theory has developed over time; it states that all species (mammals, insects, birds and reptiles alike) all originated from a single
celled organism that existed roughly 3.8 billion years ago. The scientific use of the word "theory" proclaims something that is as solidly established
as any scientific fact. When using the word theory scientifically, it is defined as an idea that has evidence and fact to back the truth of the
assumption. In science, a theory is only true as long as there is no evidence to disprove it 's conclusions. As it is known today, evolution is a theory
that explains the diversities, yet similarities between all species that have ever walked the Earth.
My Personal Beliefs Before This Course Coming into Your Inner Fish, I was uneasy but excited. I

Understand The Causes Of Delinquency
Much time has been spent trying to understand what causes delinquency. Theories such as Cesare Lombroso's atavisms, Merton's strain theory, and
the deterrence theory, have been developed to try to find the correlation between cause and effect. There is no single risk factor that will lead an
adolescent to delinquency. Risk factors, individually, only contribute a small portion to the increased risk. It is safe to assume that the more risk
factors an adolescent is exposed to then their chance of delinquent behavior is higher. According to the World Health Organization, "a risk factor is any
attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury." To make this more relevant, a risk
factor can be personal traits or any characteristic of someone's environment, family, and community that is connected to the possibility of a child
becoming delinquent. FAMILY... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether the family consist of mom and dad or mom and mom, the function is the same. A successful family is typically able to provide a loving
household in which the child can learn necessary values and skills. They are the child's initial exposure to what it is like to be a responsible and
contributing part of society. When a family is unable to offer a stable foundation they begin to face challenges. Problems in the family are commonly
cited as variables that can lead to delinquency. Research points to dysfunctional parenting, abuse, family size, and neglect as some of the concerns that
can influence the quality of a child's life. Large families and indifferent parental attitude can create an environment where a child feels rejected. In a
home where the parent's attention is always divided, the child might be encouraged to act out as a way to seek

The American Cinema 's First Phase
`American Cinema's first phase (up to around 1917) is characterised by an onscreen coming to terms with the nation's transformation into a 'mature
industrial society' (Jon Lewis, "Early Cinema", P.3) with all its attendant thrills and anxieties.' Discuss.
An evolution of society occurred with the dawn of the twentieth century, an undeniably American progression. With a sudden introduction to
technologies only just tangible, Alexander Graham Bell's telephone in 1876 and Henry Ford's car in 1908 amongst a few of these newly invented
accomplishments, divisions in wealth and subsequently class became even more distinguished than before. An exodus to the urban landscape had
begun at the turn of the century, "between 1880 and 1920 the proportion of Americans living in urban centres grew from 26 to 51 percent" (Lewis,
3), and as the melting pot of New York grew under the divided class system and overwhelming industrial progress crime inevitably took a hold in the
streets and behind closed doors. D.W Griffiths borns into the world the first ever gangster movie, an "urban folk take" (Merritt, 161) that was
"intended to portray the evil of the gangster in New York." (Merritt, 158). Created a social expose Griffiths gangster movie takes an intimate snapshot
of the streets of the urban jungle and gives the audience a reality they didn't realise they were living.
Griffith's exposes the newly industrialised working class almost instantly, as we watch a poor musician sell his violin in

Influences On Victorian Gothic Literature
Influences on Victorian gothic literature; religion, psychology, science and spirituality.
Many great authors such as Mary Shelley and Bram Stoker indulged in the world of the supernatural with gothic novels such as Dracula and
Frankenstein. However the origins of such tales and the Victorian obsession with the paranormal are not commonly explored. The gothic genre in fact
dates back as far as 1765. The classic English gothic novel began with the author Horace Walpole and his novel, "The Castle of Otranto: A Gothic
Story." Walpole claimed that he had found an ancient manuscript which he then translated, thus creating his story. However, from what seems to be a
recurring theme in Victorian spiritualism, this also was revealed as being false. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a clear divide within the gothic genre which develops the perception of the church and religion during the Victorian period. On one hand
many gothic novels view the church as an evil which corrupts society, whereas on the other hand religion and symbolism are the bringers of peace and
eradicators of evil. For example within Bram Stoker's Dracula, the cross of the Christian faith is seen to drive away evil spirits and even Vampires. This
portrays the Christian faith as a saviour of man, showing the willpower of God. Yet in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, God's creation is questioned when
man essentially takes life into his own hands, in the form of Victor Frankenstein creating the monster. Both sides of the argument are controversial,
forcing gothic literature into genre which continues to cause controversy today. Although gothic literature and the church seem be inherently different,
there are some featured similarities. Both the church and gothic fiction depend upon society to drive forwards their success. The gothic feeds upon the
confusion of society, and at the same time the church is fuelled by the idea of safety from the supernatural. The church is in fact utilised in many
gothic novels. For instance the church is a symbol for sanctuary, peace and rituals, all are common themes of a gothic novel. It is evident that both do
not only depend upon society, but also upon one another for

Biological Explanations Of Crime Essay
In today's society, there is a surprising amount of criminal research done by sociologists but most of our explanations can be better explained by
biological and psychological approaches. Why does crime exist in all cultures? No matter where you go or visit you can be sure that there is crime
occurring. Its important to remember that there are quite a few explanations for the causation of crime, but I will do my best to include them all. Let's
begin by examining the biological explanations of crime. I will only be going over the modern biological perspectives on crime and not talk to much
about studies that lacked proof, but there will be some theories that have been around for a while. The biological explanation of crime is built on the

Summary Of Cesare Lombroso's 'Atavistic Criminal'
In his essay, Stephen D. Arata uses Cesare Lombroso's "atavistic criminal" as a starting point for his analysis of Edward Hyde. According to
Lombroso's model, criminals are born not made, and can be identified by their physical deformities such as, "enormous jaws, high cheek bones, and
prominent superciliary arches."(233) They are "throwbacks to man's savage past," to use Arata's words. (233) He that, when the novel was published,
many readers saw the markers of the Lombrosan criminal born out in the physical description of Hyde; his being referred by Utterson as as
"troglodytic" being the most clear–cut example. (240) Arata then ties the atavist description of Hyde in to the class discourse of the period, noting how
it was customary for the lower classes to be associated with atavism and physical deformities. However, Arata believes that due to Hyde's
proclivities–particularly those pertaining to vice–he is meant to caricature the bourgeois rather than the proletariat. His depravities, Arata believes,
adhere those of the Lombrosan criminal, viz. "an inclination for excessive idleness, love of orgies, and an irresponsible craving of evil." (235) Such
vices are not those of the destitute working–class but of a "monied gentlemen", he argues, which would make him, "a companion of Jean Floressas des
Esseintes and Dorian Gray, not Vilella." (235) He then references Max Nordau, who, in his book Degeneration (1895), argued that the degenerate
population "consists chiefly of rich

Understanding Violence: The Virginia Tech University...
On April 16, 2007, Seung–Hui Cho, a 23–year–old college student, shocked the nation when he perpetrated the deadliest shooting massacre in U.S.
history. The violent rampage took place on the Virginia Tech University campus in Blacksburg, Virginia, where Cho was a senior majoring in
English. Before turning the gun on himself and delivering a fatal gunshot to the head, Cho murdered more than 30 of his classmates and University
faculty; numerous others were injured. In a strange twist, several days after the tragedy, a package determined to have been mailed by Cho during
the shooting spree was received at NBC News in New York. The package contained photos of Cho posing with guns, as well as video clips and various
pages of Cho's writing.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Modern biology is focused more on understanding behavior, like violence and crime, through research on indicators and influences. Rather than
attempting to determine a single root cause, researchers are discovering markers of predisposition and identifying factors of risk. In a recent
interview about his new book, The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime, criminologist and professor at the University of
Pennsylvania, Adrian Raine asserts that there is a "biology of violence" that should not be ignored; "Just as there's a biological basis for
schizophrenia and anxiety disorders and depression... there's a biological basis also to recidivistic violent offending" (Gross, 2013). According to
Raine, there are documented biological factors associated with violent behavior, however, "biology is not destiny, and it's more than biology" (Gross,
2013). One area of increasing scientific research is focused on the role of environmental factors. An interesting connection between behavior and
environmental toxins is the possible link between lead exposure in children and later violent crime. Raine hypothesizes that environmental lead
exposure of young children in the 50s, 60s and 70s corresponds to a later rise in violence in the 70s, 80s and 90s; a similar correlative decrease in
both environmental lead and later violence suggests a causal relationship (Gross,

Call Of The Wild As A Zeitgeist Analysis
The Call of the Zeitgeist
Jack London's The Call of the Wild is a novel written during the literary era of Naturalism. It is about a pampered dog, Buck, who was thrown into
the Alaskan wilderness and becomes part of a team of sled dogs. Eventually, he becomes the leader of a wolf pack. Naturalism takes place during a
time in America known as the Gilded Age. During the Gilded Age, the ideas ofSocial Darwinism take hold. Social Darwinism is "a term scholars use to
describe the practice of misapplying the biological evolutionary language of Charles Darwin to politics, the economy, and society" ("Social
Darwinism in the Gilded Age"). But how is London's novel a zeitgeist of Naturalism? Jack London's The Call of the Wild is a zeitgeist of Naturalism
with its usage of Atavism, and a key ideology of Social Darwinism, which is the survival of the fittest.
As mentioned before, London's novel is about Buck, who lives a comfortable life on a Californian estate. However, Buck gets kidnapped by a
gardener, so that he could pay off his gambling debts, and sold to Alaskan sled drivers. When he arrives in Alaska, a friend he made on the trip
over, is killed horrifically when she attempts to befriend a dog who attacks her. Another dog, Spitz, laughs at her death and develops a rivalry with
him. Over the course of the novel he starts to subvert Spitz's command and ultimately fights him, winning and becoming the leader of his sled team.
However, the sled team gets new drivers by inexperienced people joining the search for gold. Their inexperience causes some dogs to die from
exhaustion. On one trail, a man, John Thornton, tells the drivers that the ice is dangerous because it is too thin. They refused to listen to him, but
Buck was too tired to move, causing one of the drivers to start clubbing him. Despite Buck's beatings, he refused to get up, resulting in Thornton
stepping in and taking him, saving him from death. A new dog is put in place as leader and they move on the trail, but they fall through the ice and
into the frigid river where they presumably die. Under Thornton's ownership, Buck has nothing much to do, save for small tasks, as Thornton is busy
prospecting for gold. It is during this time that "call of the wild"

Warrior Gene Influence Human Behavior
In today's society, violence occurs every minute somewhere in some shape or form. It continues to be a plague that causes humans humility, pain, and
death. Both the scientific and criminal justice fields have been stumped for years by the question of "where does the influence of violence come
from?" Nature versus nurture has always been one of the most prevalent arguments relating to this topic. The nature argument is based on the belief
that an individual's biology/DNA contributes to their behavior, where the nurture argument believes that the environment one is exposed to is what
actually influences their behavior. According to Hickey, biological positivism was the method of applying the scientific method to the task of
determining who was a criminal (48). Criminologists such as Franz Joseph Gall and Cesare Lombroso were among the first to propose... Show more
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Advances in technology within the fields of medicine and biology have allowed researchers to investigate deepen into why humans behave the way
they do. The issue that is of interest these days is the study of the "Warrior Gene." There is debate on whether or not the Warrior Gene has an
influence on an individual's behavior and if it can be used to determine if someone will commit criminal acts. On one side you have those that claim
the warrior gene can be related to aggressive and violent behavior. "In fact, humans with a low–activity form of the MAOA (Monoamine Oxidase A, or
the warrior gene) gene are much more prevalent in groups with a history of warfare" (Hickey 49). The opposition claims "nature and nurture are
inexplicably linked and that there is always an environmental component to human behavior" (Hickey 49). The question is, does a warrior gene make
people more prone to violence? I will summarize the yes and no sides of the argument while also providing my own opinion on the

Environmental And Genetic Traits Of Criminals
In order to analyze the environmental and genetic traits behind criminals. It is very important to understand the theories that describe the major features
of delinquents and the reasons of why certain persons engage criminal acts. The environmental and genetic are striking factors and they merit rigorous
examination. To begin with, it is very remarkable to know that there are several reasons ofcrime and it takes different forms of how people commit it.
However, it is extremely important to define criminal behavior in order to begin. According to Hollin (1992) criminal behavior can be defined as "an
act that violates criminal law and may therefore be followed by criminal proceedings and attract the appropriate punishment" (p.10). Early Theorists

Personal Narrative: Deliberating The Existence Of God
I am going to start off by saying I do not believe nor deny the existence of God, or any Gods at that. I am agnostic – someone who does not have faith
or disbelief in God; a fact–based way of thinking. I am agnostic because I believe in physical evidence and facts. I do not deny that there is a higher
being, but I cannot say I believe in it either. To boil it down to the main reason, there is just not enough evidence to prove it one way or another. In
elementary school, my Sundays always began with an early awakening to go to church, followed by CCD. I hated it. As a kid, knowing that
Sunday is the last day before the school week starts up again, I would have rather been anywhere else than at church and at CCD. I was such an
active kid that being forced to sit for hours and "learn" on a Sunday was outrageous to me. However, this was the Roman Catholic tradition and I
would just have to stick it out until tenth grade. After my confirmation, my parents told me I could make my own choice when it came to going to
church, and my decision became more obvious. Going to church was always an important thing on my dad's side of the family. Any and every holiday,
we were there – same row, same pew. I was a kid, and kids have to do what their parents told them to, and going to... Show more content on
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I love science, and this was what started the downfall in my catholic belief. I began learning about the big bang theory and evolution, which absolutely
fascinated me. At this point in my life, with all of this knowledge about evolution, I started to believe in science and the physical facts, not religion.
With keeping evolution in mind, I believe humans came from apes/monkeys, not from Adam and Eve or any other religious story. I believe this
because of physical evidence. Physical evidence comes in many different forms, and what I have learned has greatly affected my religious belief. An
example of this is the fossils and

Stereotypes In Chinua Achebe's 'Things Fall Apart'
Maya Wallace
Professor Washburn
English 160A
10 March, 2016
Response 4.0 The novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a response to the European depiction of Africans and African culture. Today,
prejudice of cultures, or groups of people, is displayed in the media on a daily basis. There has been efforts in the past several years to integrate
culture and diversity in many classrooms across the nation to generate awareness and acceptance. By acknowledging the history of people and cultures
from the past in literature readers are able to submerge themselves to several engaging perspectives that trigger reconsideration of stereotypes. Achebe's
novel corrects European formed essentialism and offers readers an Afrocentric perspective.
The Igbo society has laws in place that govern the people's actions. Murder and acts of violence do not go unpunished. When a woman from Umuofia
is killed in the market at Mbaino, the people of Mbaino must make retribution. When Okonkwo beats his wife during the Week of Peace, he must
make sacrifices to the gods to atone for his wrongdoing. The Umuofia community also rituals, similar to today's Supreme Court, to settle legal and
personal disputes. Hospitality is also highly valued by the Igbo people. In the novel, we learn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Igbo culture has been changing over time. Even at the time of the novel, the Igbo culture is different than in its former days. For example, when
Okonkwo beats his wife during the Week of Peace, his punishment consists of offering a goat, a hen, some cloth, and a hundred cowries to Ani.
However, this has not always been the punishment. Ofbuefi Ezeudu, the oldest man of the village, commented that in his father's day, the offender was
"dragged on the ground through the village until he died" (31). This establishes that old customs and traditions have already begun to

What Is The Theme Of The Movie Skin
The movie Skin directed by Anthony Fabian is a very thought–provoking and inspiring biographical film. The movie is based on the real life events of
Sandra Laing and her struggle for self–identification, acceptance, and isolation. The movie Skin, takes place during the apartheid era, in South
Africa. Fabian directed a cast members Sophie Okonedo, Sam Neill, and a host of other supporting actors to tell the fascinating story of Sandra
Laing. The movie was released in 2009 and received good reviews at the box office. The overall consensus from movie goers was the acting was
great, the story line was easy to follow, and the overall theme of the movie was sad but inspirational. The central message of this drama is to show the
prejudices and inequalities that Laing had to encounter due to a genetic defect called a "throwback" which dictated how she had to live her life.... Show
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Laing was the only girl but she did have two brothers. Laing was very happy with a traditionally normal upbringing until she went to boarding school. It
was at boarding school where she discovered how different she really was and it is at this point, her life would change forever. Laing was expelled
from boarding school because she did not look like the other children and the teachers and administrators did not want her there. Laing was born with a
genetic case of atavism resulting in her complexion being much darker than her family and the average white person. Free Dictionary.com states,
"Atavism is the appearance in an individual of characteristics presumed to have been present in some remote ancestor; reversion to an earlier biologic
type, a throwback." It has been speculated that Laing's condition is a result of a non–white

Crime Control Policy Is Grounded Into Two Conservative...
Introduction
According to Garry Potter, PhD, crime control policy is grounded into two conservative traditions in the United States. Both conservatives are
assumptions that assumes that classified traditions are of social organizations are established around values that have a positive impact on society,
while the other has a reform that is subversive and radical in which become rebellious (2011). However, crime control is conservative; which is based
on two reasons. First, it is the attempt to control and prevent criminal behavior which displays no interest in producing an elaboration of crime and
criminality. Second, terms of a separation between criminals and non–criminals, for example the behavior has to be prevented or punished for a
solution to the problem of crime. However, according to Gottfredson and Hirschi (1995) crime control policy in the United States is unguided by
theory. Programs that sow disdain based on ideas why crimes occur are favored. Theoreticalcriminology has changed to administrative criminology due
to comparison of the crime and the nature of the crime. However, once theory is established; the government is responsible for controlling crime
according to Hirschi (1993).
When noting crime control policy there are discussion on why it is needed. Multiple categories must come into play on deciding what crime control
policy is based one. Crime control policy is based on psychological, sociological and biological understanding of criminality.

The Role Of Social Darwinism In The Call Of The Wild
Jack London's The Call of the Wild is a novel written during the literary era of Naturalism. It is about a pampered dog, Buck, who was thrown into
the Alaskan wilderness and becomes part of a team of sled dogs. Eventually, he becomes the leader of a wolf pack. Naturalism takes place during a
time in America known as the Gilded Age. During the Gilded Age, the ideas of Social Darwinism take hold. Social Darwinism is "a term scholars
use to describe the practice of misapplying the biological evolutionary language of Charles Darwin to politics, the economy, and society" ("Social
Darwinism in the Gilded Age"). But how is London's novel a zeitgeist of Naturalism? Jack London's The Call of the Wild is a zeitgeist of Naturalism
with its usage of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is during this time that "call of the wild" strengthens in Buck, and he goes into the forest and befriends a wolf. When Buck returns, he finds out that
Yeehat Indians have killed everyone at the campsite. As a result of Buck's sheer rage at finding Thornton dead, he kills some of the Yeehats and then
becomes the leader of a wolf pack.
According to the article American Naturalism: A Webliography and E
–Anthology, determinism is a common theme in Naturalism. It is the belief that
actions and events are determined by outside forces. Atavism can arguably be one of these forces, as it is the tendency to revert back to the primitive
("Atavism"). Another theme in Naturalism is Darwinism, which stems into Social Darwinist beliefs. One of their beliefs is in laissez–faire capitalism,
which is a type of economy in which the government does not interfere with businesses with matters such as tariffs and regulations. They advocated it
because "they believed that government should not interfere in the 'survival of the fittest' by helping the poor..." ("Social Darwinism in the Gilded
Age"). The survival of the fittest plays a big role in Social Darwinism because they believed that "businessmen and others who were economically and
socially successful were so because they were biologically and socially 'naturally' the fittest" and that "...they reasoned that the poor were 'naturally'
weak and unfit..." ("Social

What Is Bellamy's Looking Backward
In Bellamy`s Looking Backward, Julian West falls into a hypnosis induced sleep for one–hundred and thirteen years. He wakes up in the twentieth
century in the same place but a completely different century. In this essay I will analyze some of the literary genre discourses Bellamy uses in chapters
nineteen through twenty–four. Bellamy discusses how crime was considered an illness and that the people that committed a crime needed medical
attention. Another scientific discourse Bellamy use is the physical health between the nineteenth century and twentieth century. In chapter nineteen
Bellamy explains the new legal system, and on how crime has become an illness. "Dr. Leete explains to Julian that there are not any jails now a
days. All cases of Atavism is treated in hospitals" (150) . Dr. Leete explains to him that the classless society and the giving of riches or wealth have
reduced crime. There was no need for police officers, lawyers, or prisons. Why was there a need to commit a crime if you... Show more content on
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"Riches debauched one class with idleness of mind and body, while poverty sapped the vitality of the masses by overwork, bad food, and pestilent
homes"(165). The wealthy in the ninetieth century did not really care too much for physical education, and the poor would just work and work just
to make a living, so their health would decline or get worse. In the novel West was really fascinated on how healthy the twentieth century was. "The
labor which is required of all is limited to the period of greatest bodily vigor, and is never excessive: care for one's self and one's family, anxiety as to
livelihood, the strain of a ceaseless battle for life"(165). Since the twentieth century was physically healthy, did they have doctors ? Did they need
doctors ? What happened if one`s health got bad ? Insanity and suicide was very common in the ninetieth century rather than the twentieth

Summary Of Giorgio Agamben's Homo Sacer
Giorgio Agamben's book Homo Sacer begins by addressing the topics of bare life and meaningful socially contextualized life in relation to the
philosophical terms of zoД“ and bios respectively. Agamben toys with the idea that sovereignty naturally coincides with bios, whereas zoД“ is
only "included in politics in the form of exception." (Agamben 10) This assertion runs parralel to the idea of atavism, which is essentially the
principle that humans can often revert to primal and ancestral behaviors when left unchecked by society. This reversion is generally regarded as a
violent and undesirable; philsophers such as Hobbes would certainly feel that atavism is partially responsible for the life of man being "solitary, poor,
nasty, brutish, and short," which is a core thematic component of his work Leviathan. (Hobbes 78) Despite Agamben and Hobbes's shared notion that
primitive behaviors fall outside the natural sphere of politics and are relatively negative, there is a strong case to be made for atavism's role in positive
human sociopolitical structures. One such positive instance is familial structures. Although the concept of sovereignty can be expressed through the
father figure and paternal subjugation, and the concept of bare life can be established philosphically by the figure of the mother and an individual's
birth, it it nontheless true that human beings seek out families and attempt to live in concordance with their parents', siblings', and childrens' needs and
desires

The Perspective : Crime And Science Meet
Biosocial Perspective: Crime and Science Meet
As time continues to progress so does science and from this has come out many criminological perspectives–including feminist, Marxist, and modern
biosocial, but what is the purpose of each perspective? And more importantly, how do they benefit traditional criminological theories? Simply put the
purpose of each perspective to take a look at something that traditional theories ignored while also explaining why it's important we take a look at this
ideal when considering why crime might occur.
For the sake of this paper, the focus will be placed on modern biosocial perspective and the vast benefits it has brought and will continue to bring to
the field of criminology.
Modern Biosocial Perspective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, these theories had negative policy implications through a eugenics movement which encouraged the sterilization of criminals, voluntary or
not, euthanasia (Rose, 2000), chemical castration, and preventative incapacitation (Simon, 2006), to name a few. While this might be a dark part of
history in criminology it's important it's addressed because biosocial grew out of this dark past once science began to advance and once the notions of
eugenics and determinism were no longer found in criminology (Gibson & Rafter, 2006). Through twin studies and DNA testing, scientists have found
that there is a link between genetics and criminality but that those genetics and biochemical imbalances do not determine an assured life of crime just
because you have a father that is in the criminal justice system (Mednick et al., 1977). Rather, it's a mix of biology and environment that can create a
criminal or not.
Discussion
Application of Biosocial Perspective to Traditional Theories
One of the great benefits of the biosocial perspective is how it can be applied to various traditional theories like general strain theory, social learning,
and self–control (Wright & Boisvert, 2009). Examples of the application of biosocial to the previously mentioned theories can be seen in self–control.
When you consider the science of our brains, it has been found that self–control is

Chapter 3: Remnants By Jerry Coyne
In Chapter 3: Remnants, Jerry Coyne takes another angle in explaining evolution, and he uses various examples to prove how remnants plays into the
evolution theory. Those scientists find ways of connecting the smallest similarities to prove evolution, like vestiges organs. For Example, we see the
evidence with ostriches' wings, and various non–flying bird that lost the use of this vestigial trait. By using the embryo and bad design to further prove
evolution, Jerry presents a very compelling argument since, the following chapters explained evolution and the uses of fossils to verify evidence;
during, Chapter 3 Jerry Coyne, uses vestiges, embryos, and bad design as proof for the evidence of evolution. In this case, of vestiges being used to

LombrosoвЂ™s Biological Theory of Crime Essay
Lombroso's biological theory of crime:
The most vivid example of the biological determinism is the theory of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso based his theory on the assumption that criminals
have certain physiognomic features or abnormalities. Lombroso wanted to be able to detect future criminals in order to isolate them from the society.
This gave criminology a strong push to create new methods of dealing with criminals and prevent crimes. Lombroso implied that prisoners had
common facial characteristics. If to exaggerate criminals in Lombroso's theory can be identified through the shape of their skulls, asymmetry of the
face and head, large cheekbones, ears and lips, long arms and a twisted nose. Lombroso's theory is the oldest one and it ... Show more content on
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Lombroso considered this "born criminals" to be the "atavisms" of the society.
All the biological theories are based on the notion that biological markers foreordain criminal behavior. The core of all these theories is that genetic
factors or any abnormalities which are inherited or acquired throughout the life, predispose individuals to the criminal behavior. Lombroso's theory
gave life to probably almost every single biological theory that appeared afterward.
Among the biological theories the XYY syndrome occupies a special place, as it analyzes why males are more often subjects to become criminals due
to the presence if an extra Y chromosome. As this syndrome is in the first place associated with the low IQ–level of such males which seems to be a
much better explanation. IQ shortage causes the inability to adjust in the contemporary social world that requires constant activity and flexibility.
People facing these difficulties are left with no other choice that to turn to criminality. It all starts with low performance at school which results in the
awareness of the "irretrievable dissimilitude" from others which later on results in deviance. Also such diseases as Organic Brain Syndrome, ADD or
hormonal changes according to the biological theories play a very important role in the inclination to any criminal activities.
Later in his career Lombroso modified

Cerebral Physiology Essay
"Cerebral physiology" was a euphemism for phrenology, a now–discredited pseudo–science. But make no mistake: in its day, phrenology was on the
cutting edge of brain science. First, different areas of the brain were associated with different mental capacities or faculties. And, as the brain
developed, it shaped the skull. For Lombroso, the criminal was the product of a vitiated nervous system. Both the brains and skulls of criminals
demonstrated evidence of atavism; in other words, criminals were evolutionary throwbacks, no less, and their skulls and faces bore the signs of
degeneration. Lombroso believed that there is a criminal anthropological type, or rather that there are several such types which correspond to habitual
modes of criminal conduct. It is true that he recognized that environmental forces might prevent the individual from expressing these in tendencies to
certain kinds of action in acts. Lombroso autopsied... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From this data he concluded that they share a similar thinning of hair, lack of strength, and weight, low cranial captivity, receding foreheads, highly
developed frontal sinuses, ... darker skin, thicker and curly hair, and large or handle–shaped ears (p.86). Law is defined by the social and legal
institutions, no in biology (Morley & Hall, 2003). Therefore the attempt to determine what constitutes the act of criminal behavior can cause an variety
of activities, this is the reason researches focus on a more broad context of antisocial behavior. Authors Morley and Hall (2003), who have investigated
the genetic influences on criminal behavior, point out three different ways to define antisocial behavior. First is equating it with criminality and
delinquency, which

Ralph's Characters
Atavism, the retrogradation of philosophy and evolutionary traits, is consequently the result of prolonged exposure to primal environments. However,
the consequences can lead to wrongful ethical and moral actions. Considering the allegorical tale, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, one must
consider the island being a representation of the human mind itself. The only structure and object that a human can retain whilst dismissing all else is
the presence of their own thoughts, their own reality. Shaped by external stimuli, all humans have the innate traits demonstrated in novel's characters.
From Simon's innate value of morality, through Ralph's impulse for democracy, and including Jack's incentive towards savagery, these natural
–born
instincts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At a fundamental level, Jack is a crazed killer who has an insatiable blood lust. In addition, he was also the only one to bring an actual weapon onto
the island. Jack argues, "'We needed meat.' Jack stood up as he said this, the bloodied knife in his hand" (71). Indubitably, Jack is a representation of
the overpowering impulse for bloodlust, power, and savagery. His craving for meat directly led to his atavistic primal tendencies, signified by his
barbarism and splintering of the original tribe. In addition, his original knife symbolizes the increased possibility of killing in the human

The Positivist Schools : The Positivist School
The Positivist School La'Brittani Poole–James Dr. Lee Grambling State University 07/16/2017 The Positivity School was introduced after the
Classical School era. Moyer wrote, "Even though the Classical School was modified by the Neo–Classical School, it continued to dominate the study
of crime until the latter part of the 19th century. During this period, society was transformed from the agrarian–based aristocracies of 18th–century
Europe and the rural farmlands of the United States into a complex industrialized society. The rational emphasis of the Classical School was
replaced with a scientific approach to the study of multiple factors that explain that causes of crime" (Moyer, 2001, p. 29). This new theory was
very new for theorists considering the fact they were told that people have a free will to the choices they make. Then, in another theory they're told
that these free willed people choices could be affected by age insanity or incompetence. Now, theorists during this time are being told that crime is
not rational behavior that can be deterred, but crime is caused by features within that person. Moyer stated, "This new theory argued that crime was
not rationally reasoned behavior that could be deterred and controlled by punishment" (Moyer, 2001, p. 29) The Positivist School was a new theory,
by a new theorist, who shared his views on his life (as the father of school), society, and crime and punishment. Cesare Lombroso is the creator of the

Hearing And Responding To Jack London's The Call Of The Wild
Hearing and Responding to the Call of the Wild At the beginning of The Call of the Wild, Jack London presents a quotation from "Atavism," a 1902
poem by John Myers O'Hara that encapsulates one of the main motifs of the novel: "Old longings nomadic leap, Chafing at custom's chain; Again from
its brumal sleep..[brumal: winter] Wakens the ferine strain.". [ferine: savage, fierce, wild] One characteristics of naturalism is Determinism theory of
Heredity. In the novel heredity is mainly represented in "atavism". "Atavism" is one of the themes of the call of the wild. It is an animal's recovery of
the instincts of his wild ancestors. For Buck, this recovery involved repeated visions of his primitive past, which usually occurred late at night when ...
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The man could leap high and swing in trees. "And closely akin to the visions of the hairy man was the call still sounding in the depths of the forest.
It filled him with a great unrest and strange desires. It caused him to feel a vague, sweet gladness, and he was aware of wild yearnings and stirrings
for he knew not what. Sometimes he pursued the call into the forest, looking for it as though it were a tangible thing, barking softly or defiantly, as the
mood might dictate." (Chapter VII, "The Sounding of the Call"). Buck's experiences in the northland wilderness awakened in him the long–dormant
instincts of a wild carnivore. When he acted on these instincts–by killing the moose, for example, or befriending the "wolf brother"–he was responding
to the call of the wild. His atavism–that was, his reversion to the behavior of his canine ancestors–gradually transformed him into a wolf like creature
that prefers to live in a savage environment in which he must fight and kill to live. In the last chapter of The Call of the Wild, there was always a
scene that Buck felt the call of the life in the wild drawing him away from mankind, away from campfire and towns, and into the

The Clustered Regularly The Short Palindromic Repeats (...
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR Associated System (CAS) is an advancement in technology
that transformed a previous protein–based targeting (TALEN and Zinc Finger) process used to target and splice genes or DNA sequences.
CRISPR–Cas9 was discovered in 2013 by Feng Zhang from the Broad Institute and MIT. CRISPR–Cas9 targets specific base pairs using small RNA
that can be easily swapped for many different RNA targeting sites. This allowed CRISPR–Cas9 to surpass the previously used splicing methods such
as, Transcription Activator–Like Effector (TALE) and zinc fingers. TALEs and zinc fingers are banded toDNA through a direct protein–DNA
interaction. This was a long and tedious process that required proteins to be redesigned for each new target DNA site. CRISPR–Cas9 made the process
of genome editing more efficient, effective, and precise by using RNA and proteins ("CRISPR"). CRISPR–Cas9 is a natural system that helps bacteria
defend against attacking viruses known as bacteriophages. This process begins with the "CRISPR sequences [bookending] short stretches of DNA that
bacteria have copied from invading phages, preserving a memory of the viruses that have attacked them in the past" ("CRISPR"). These sequences are
then transcribed into short RNAs that guide the Cas proteins to match the viral sequences. The Cas proteins destroy the matching viral DNA by cutting
it from the strand.
Since the discovery/invention of the

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