Escherichia Coli Case Study

Escherichia Coli Case Study
The specimen was processed similarly to case–1. Escherichia coli was grown in aerobic culture, and
Bifidobacterium sp. was cultured in anaerobic culture. The identification of Bifidobacterium sp. was
done by both MALDI–TOF Vitek MS and Vitek–2. Escherichia coli was found to be Extended
spectrum beta–lactamase (ESBL) positive and sensitive to Piperacillin+Tazobactam,
Cefoperazone+Sulbactam, Imipenem, Meropenem, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin,
Chloramphenicol, and Cotrimoxazole. Bifidobacterium sp. was found to be sensitive to Penicillin,
Ceftriaxone, Imipenem, Meropenem, Amoxycillin+clavulanic acid, Piperacillin+Tazobactam and
Clindamycin and resistant to Metronidazole. The patient showed a good response to Meropenem
and recovered completely. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
is associated with good oral health. On the other hand, it has also been found to be a predominant
microbe in dental caries, and Bifidobacterium dentium is strongly linked to dental
caries.Bifidobacterium sp have also been reported in cases of meningitis [10]. Nevertheless, the
reports of Bifidobacterium sp. association as a significant human pathogenic agent are less.
Bifidobacterium sp. can cause significant infections, and the presentation of the case can mimic
tubercular infection also like one of our patients was on antitubercular therapy based on the clinical
features and radiological findings. The scarcity of the clinical cases can be because of their
fastidious nature, a special requirement of anaerobic atmosphere and thus difficult isolation. The
isolation of Bifidobacterium sp. can be improved by the direct microscopic examination i.e. Gram
stain of the clinical specimen, appropriate anaerobic techniques and rapid and accurate identification
system. In the present reports, Bifidobacterium species were isolated in combination with
Escherichia coli. If Gram stain examination would not have been done, it could be overlooked. So,
Gram stain examination gave us the initial clue of such type of bacteria. The anaerobic atmosphere
was generated by more stringent Anoxomat technique and the identification was made by MALDI–
TOF Vitek MS system. Moreover, the identification by the Vitek–2 system also corroborated with
MALDI–TOF system.
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Escherichia Coli Related Cystitis Prevalence and...
When one speaks of transmittable diseases one does not often think that cystitis is one of the most
prevalent. Cystitis effects both genders, the young, the old and can lead to complications that can do
irreparable damage to the urinary tract. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the disease of cystitis
and relate the specific virulence factors of Escherichia coli to the prevalence and symptoms of
cystitis. This will be accomplished by defining the disease, its etiology and the causative agent. The
mode of transmission and risk factors will be discussed as well, the pathogenesis, signs and
symptoms will be explained. Finally dietary and nutritional implication along with treatment and
prognosis will conclude this paper.
Definition of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lehne (2013) continues by stating that in nosocomial caused cystitis E. coli makes up only 50
percent of UTI's. In hospital settings more common gram negative causative agents of cystitis are
Pseudomonas, Proteus or Klebsiella pneumoniae. There is also a gram positive agent named
Staphylococcus saprophyticus that makes up 10 to 15 percent of nosocomial UTI's.
Mode of Transmission
The most common mode of transmission of E. coli is through sexual activity followed by
catheterization and poor post elimination hygiene. Guay (2008) states that E. coli is most often
transmitted when colonized vaginal or peri–urethral area is introduced into the urinary tract through
the mechanical motion of penetrative vaginal intercourse. Other modes of transmission as stated
catheter insertion can impair the body's natural immune defence systems by increasing exposure to
pathogen by reducing the bladders ability to fully void and providing a route of into the bladder for
the pathogen to follow.
Risk Factors
McCance (2010) and Lehne (2013) state in their texts that the greatest risk factors for bacteraemia is
to be a sexually active female. Other risk factors include being a pregnant females, females with
diabetes, genetically predisposed to or have an indwelling catheter for a period greater than 90 days.
Madigan and Neff (2003) state that infections due to indwelling catheters make up 40% of
nosocomial infections

Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Essay examples
Escherichia coli 0157:H7
Encounter and history:
Escherichia coli are gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that are often used in laboratory studies and
are usually harmless, residing in the human digestive tract as part of the normal flora. E. coli
0157:H7 is a pathogenic strain of E. coli that was first identified as a cause of disease in the United
States in 1982, during an investigation into an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness. The organism is
also called enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) because it causes abdominal pain with diarrhea that
may contain blood. It lives in the intestines of healthy cattle and can contaminate meat during
slaughter. It is believed that the widespread use of antibiotics by American farmers has ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
coli 0157:H7 are acid tolerant and can easily pass through the stomach. The can also grow from 10–
50C with an optimal temperature of 37C. Up to 10% of patients will develop hemolytic uremic
syndrome, the most important complication from E. coli 0157:H7. This disease, charictarized by
acute renal failure, almost exclusively affects children and the elderly and is fatal in as many as 5%
of cases with intensive care. E.coli 0157:H7 is responsible for about 90% of HUS cases and is the
leading cause of kidney failure in children. It is caused by the spread of the bacteria and the toxins
throughout the bloodstream. Any organ may potentially be affected but certain renal cells are the
most vulnerable.
Virulence Factors:
The genome of E. coli 0157:H7 was recently sequenced and contains 1,387 new genes absent in non
pathogenic strains. Analysis of the genome suggests that there are a variety of potential virulence
genes that have yet to be explored, including fimbrial and other adhesions, secretion systems, and
toxins. Many of the virulence genes are similar to those associated with pathogenesis in Salmonella
and Shigella. Most of them are found on pathogenicity islands from viral DNA that is transmitted to
the bacteria through the activity of a lysogenic phage. The two most important toxins, Stx1 and Stx2
(for shiga–toxin) are found on such islands and are composed of 5 B subunits surounding an active
A component, which is transported into the cell after the

Escherichia Coli : An Ideal Model Organism
Title : Studies of Large RNAP
NusG
70S Transcription
Translation Linking Complex Author :
Dominique Gutierrez, Cristina Gutierrez
Vargas, and Dr. Joachim Frank Abstract Escherichia coli
(E.coli) is an ideal model organism. Many mechanisms found in E.coli are resembled in other
species. S10, a protein on the 30S subunit of the ribosome, is highly conserved and found in
pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus
pneumoniae. S10 has been shown to interact with NusG, a transcription elongation factor, linking
the translational machinery to that of transcription. The coupling ... Show more content on
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Introduction The relatively sudden rise in antibiotic resistance has resulted in the increasing
pathogenicity of bacterial infection entailing the utilization of novel and more universal mechanisms
in the development of new treatments. Both NusG and NusE/S10 are
highlyconservedandplayrolesintranscriptionandtranslation(Werner,2012).Sinceits identification as an
E.coli transcription elongation factor involved in N protein phage lambda transcriptional
antitermination in 1992 (Li J., et.al), N
utilization substance G, NusG a 20.5 kDa protein has been
suggested toactasadirectphysicallinkercoupling transcription and translation (Burmann et al., 2010).
Through NMR and biochemical assay studies Mooney (2009) found that NusG has two domains
connected by a flexible linker that distinctly makeupthecharacteristic functionalities of NusG. The
N
TerminalDomain,NTDcomposedof3alphahelicesand 4 beta strands that form an antiparallel sheet
has a hydrophobic pocket by which it interacts and binds to the β′ clamp helices of RNA
Polymerase, RNAP. Through this

Escherichia Coli Research Paper
Escherichia Coli is a rod–shaped bacterium that measures approximately 0.5 μm in width by 2 μm in
length. It is a Gram–negative bacterium. Its cells stain gram negative because they have a thin cell
wall with only one to two layers of peptidoglycan. They live in environments with higher
temperatures rather than cooler temperatures. E. coli is said to be the "model organism". Many
microbiologists use these bacteria as a resource for understanding other prokaryotic life and are the
most carefully studied life form on the planet. It was discovered by German–Austrian pediatrician
Theodor Escherich in 1885. The natural habitat of Escherichia Coli is in the gastrointestinal tract of
mammals and humans. It is the most abundant of the bacteria found there. The benefits of having
Escherichia Coli living in the intestines are it helps digest your food and even produces vitamins K
and B12. It can also be found outside the body in fecal–contaminated water or mud. If this ... Show
These resources can be provided from the intestinal tract such as from the chyme. If these growth
factors are provided to the bacteria, the colony can divide, reproduce and double in size every
twenty (20) minutes. The colon is for the most part is an anaerobic environment. This is not a
problem for Escherichia Coli. They are considered a facultative aerobe which allows them to grow
in areas with or without oxygen. E. coli can exist in open environments as well, such as water,
manure and soil. The availability of carbon substrates is one of the main critical factors and will
depend on local conditions of the habitat. Temperature is often a factor in open environments. The
unpredictability and fluctuating temperature can have a tremendous impact on E. Coil's survival in
open environments. pH levels of the soil and in particular soil acidity levels also will impact
survival. (Manning,

Escherichia Coli : A Type Of Intestinal Sickness
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes a type of intestinal sickness termed voyager 's
looseness of the bowels (diarrhea), which influences almost every populace around the world. As a
rule, this illness is self–restricting in healthy adult, despite the fact that antibiotics are regularly
recommended. Notwithstanding traveller's diarrhea, ETEC can bring about illness side effects
clinically indistinct from cholera created by Vibrio cholerae. ETEC is endemic in numerous creating
nations, including Mexico and Bangladesh, and is regularly experienced by travelers, individuals
from the military, or different visitors travelling around. Due to poor surveillance, mortality because
of ETEC is hard to gauge, yet there are accepted to be no less than 400,000 ETEC–related deaths in
children less than 5 years old every year, with incalculable others likely grouped just as death
because of diarrhea. Human ETEC strains are firmly identified with various confines taken from
pigs experiencing diarrhea, with both sorts of ETEC sharing various pathogenic elements and
destructiveness elements, including heat labile enterotoxin (LT). On the other hand, human and
porcine ETECs show strong host tendencies that are comprehended to be because of the statement
of fimbriae with particular tropisms.
An expansive of number of illness bringing on ETEC strains have been confined from patients, with
more than 70 distinguished O–antigen serogroups, alongside more than 25 perceived variations of

Bacterial Transformation ( Escherichia Coli )
Bacterial Transformation (Escherichia coli)
Kadian Jones
Dr. F. Redway
BIO 104– Lab 3
November 11, 2014
Introduction According to Medicine.net (2012), genetic transformation is a process by which the
genetic material carried by an individual cell is altered by the incorporation of foreign/exogenous
DNA into its genome. Competent cells are able to accept DNA presented by experimental influence
or manipulation, and the application of genetic engineering with bacteria can aid in the fight against
diseases, allowing individuals to maintain their lifestyles without the threat of certain illnesses like
heart disease, cancer or hereditary disorders (McPhersson 2008). Plasmid DNA are small circular
double–stranded helixes, and present in the plasmid are ampr (selectable marker gene) and GFP
(Green Florescent Protein), (BIO–RAD 2010).
Figure 1: Illustrates the bacterial plasmid of E. Coli showing the select marker gene and the color
marker gene present.
The bacteria that was used in the experiment was Escherichia coli, it is one of the most commonly
used organisms for gene transfer, and most E. coli are non pathogenic. A non pathogenic strain was
used to conduct the experiment. The conditions was kept at 37 ◦C, which is the temperature of the
human intestines (BIO–RAD 2010). Arabinose is a sugar that the bacteria needs for energy, used as
a food source and enables GFP, which in turn is regulated by araC (Redway 2013). Hypothesis:
+pGLO LB/amp will subsist

Genetic Engineering : Escherichia Coli
Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by
manipulating its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Bacteria possess plasmids which can be used as
vectors for bacterial transformation. The plasmids can be altered to include donor DNA thus altering
the physiological or physical characteristics of the bacterium. Escherichia coli have been found to be
the most effective bacterium in genetic transformation and heterologous expression of human genes
or proteins. It was hypothesised that Escherichia coli HB101 K12 could be transformed with a
pGLO plasmid to express the genes encoded for green fluorescent protein (GFP), the bla gene for
ampicillin resistance and the araC gene a regulatory protein in facilitating transcription and therefore
the transformation efficiency for this bacteria could be calculated. Bacillus megaterium, E.coli B
strain, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus epidermidis and
Streptococcus lactis will also be subjected to transformation with the pGLO plasmid to collect
transformation efficiency data for comparison against Escherichia coli HB101 K12. Escherichia coli
HB101 K12 were found to have been successfully transformed with a transformation efficiency
falling within the transformation protocol of 8.0 x 102 and 7.0 x 103. The incidence of Escherichia
coli HB101 K12 on the LB/amp and LB/amp/ara pGLO+ plates indicated that the bacterial colonies
present showed resistance to the ampicillin

Effectiveness Of Bacitracin, Gentamicin And...
Effectiveness of bacitracin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol on the growth of Escherichia coli
Introduction:
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium commonly found in the digestive system of humans and
animals. Although it is mainly harmless and helps promote a healthy digestive system, some strains
can be pathogenic and cause illness such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, respiratory infections
and even pneumonia. What makes E. coli pathogenic is the release of a toxin called Shiga. These are
often referred to a Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC). This particular strain lives harmlessly in
the guts of animals, particularly cattle. However, when in contact with a human, it results in illness.
Pathogenic E. coli is usually caught when humans ingest invisible amounts of feces that can be
found in food or water. (CDC, 2014) Antibiotics may be prescribed depending on the illness. Their
ability to effectively work depends on it's composition and the bacteria it is expected to work on.
In a study by Jun Lin et al., it was stated that bacitracin is an antibiotic that has a growth–promoting
ability. This means that it would have no affect on inhibiting, or stopping the growth of bacteria, in
particular, E. coli. On the other hand, a study done by Sukayna M. Fadlallah et al. proved that
gentamicin proved a promising ground for treatment of E. Coli. Different molecular strains of E.
coli were subject to different regimens of antibiotics, including gentamicin. The results

Escherichia Coli And Its Effects On Our Health
1. Introduction The gram–negative bacilli were first discovered and described by Theodor
Escherich, a German pediatrician in 1885. Originally named as Bacterium coli commune, the name
was changed to Escherichia coli (E.coli) (Stanford T. Shulman et al., 2007). E.coli is known as the
most free–living organism being studied. More than 700 E.coli serotypes have been discovered.
Their "O" antigen (somatic), and "H" antigen (flagellar) and "K" antigen (capsular) distinguish the
different E.coli serotypes. E.coli is commensal bacterial species of the mammalian colon. The
bacterium typically colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of an infant within a few hours of life. It is
known that E.coli and its human host–derived a mutual benefit that they coexist in good health.
Most of E.coli strains are harmless except in immunocompromised hosts, or when gastrointestinal
barriers are violated that even non–pathogenic strains can cause disease. Nevertheless, there are
certain serotypes that may cause disease in humans and animals. Pathogenic E.coli can be divided
into six recognized diarrheagenic categories: enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin–
producing E.coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC),
enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC) and diffusely adherent E.coli (DAEC) (James B. Kaper et al., 2004).
E.coli caused a major health problem in developing countries such as China and Korea. It has been
found to be associated with most gastrointestinal diseases in

A New Optimization Technique And The Foraging Strategy Of...
In 2002, a new optimization technique was proposed by Passino which is inspired by the foraging
strategy of Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) bacteria present in human intestines called Bacteria Foraging
Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) [1]. It is a population–based stochastic search algorithm that has
been introduced to solve the problem related to optimization and control system. Since its inception,
BFOA successfully has drawn the attention of many researchers from diverse fields to exploit its
performance as a high–performance optimizer and has been successfully applied in real world
applications such as optimal power control [2], image processing [3], jobs scheduling[4], [5] and
etc. The advantages that motivate researchers to explore its ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By sending the signal, it enables an individual bacterium to communicate with others. Healthy
bacteria will be reproduced and poor foraging bacteria will be eliminated. The bacteria will keep
repeating these processes in their lifetime.
In BFOA, each of the individual bacteria in the search space is representing an individual solution to
the optimization problem [6]. Each bacterium will undergo chemotactic steps to the direction of
minimum fitness function (rich in nutrients). During the taxis, each bacterium will communicate
with other to swarm in the group toward the global optimum. Bacteria will be evaluated again
according to their health and sorted in ascending order. Half of them with better health will be
reproduced by splitting into two and the other half of poor health bacteria will be eliminated from
the search space. In order to explore more space, some of the bacteria will be eliminated and
reinitialized randomly to explore unvisited space in order to find the global minimum or maximum
point. For better understanding, this algorithm mechanism will be explained in solving an
optimization problem.
In optimization problem that we need to find the minimum of J(θ), θ ∈ ℜp, where we do not have
measurements or an analytical description of the gradient ∇J(θ). This problem is considered as a
non–gradient optimization problem. BFOA does not rely on the gradient function to operate but use
concentration of location of search space as the fitness function. Let θ be

Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, And Enterococcus...
Heidi Torres
Ampicillin VS Inhibition Zone Growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and
Enterococcus faecalis
Introduction
The variety of bacteria that lives in our world today is endless. With variety of bacteria comes a
numerous amount of adaptations and enhancements that the bacteria develops, including antibiotic
resistance. Escherichia coli, better known as E.coli, is a gram–negative bacteria with several
different types of clones with a variety of effects. E.coli often enters the intestinal tract as soon as an
infant is born and some forms of it are not pathogenic but rather beneficial to the body(Kaper et al,
2004). When infected with pathogenic E.coli, the body often responds, depending of the type of
pathogenic E.coli, with diarrhea, vomiting, upset stomach. etc. The rate at which E.coli is adapting,
is creating a much more difficult job to find antibiotics that can eliminate the growth of this bacteria
(Tadasse et al., 2002). Enterococcus faecalis is an infectious bacteria that often thrives in extreme
environments (McBride et al, 2007). Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic gram positive bacteria
that is usually found in the vaginal tract, intestinal tract or the oral cavity. This bacteria has a high
resistance to many "bile salt detergents, heavy metals, ethanol, azide, and desiccation," worries
hospitals due to their variable tolerance (Zhang W et al, 2013). Staphylococcus Aureus is also an
infectious gram–positive bacteria that may cause a

Lab : Culturing Escherichia Coli Involving Cav1.2,...
Lab 4: Culturing Escherichia coli involving Cav1.2, Connexin 43, and N–Cadherin
By: Zachary Siou
EGRB 491
Due: 2/28/17
Introduction
Voltage gated channels are necessary components of life processes, in many organisms. One in
particular, is the calcium voltage gated ion channel. Often lodged within the phospholipid bilayer,
the imbalance of the calcium, or, the inside vs outside concentration, creates a gradient. The channel
proteins often undergo conformations, states that which allow or block calcium ions from passing
through. As ions move inside the cell, this creates a depolarization, or surge in the voltage.
Clinically, this is associated with the heart and how it allows the heart to contract, which can be read
in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Connexin 43 has an effect on cell proliferation, particularly in the testes, which aid in
the development of sperm cells [2]. They form a network that provides an environment to foster
proper growth and development. Again, this is widely expressed in cases of tumor growth in the
area. Figure 1 [2]: The role of tubules in cell proliferation and differentiation of sperm cells.
N–cadherin is a protein encoded by the CDH2 gene. It interacts with the cellular cytoskeleton, and is
often involved in cardiac muscle, as well as certain cancers. Being calcium dependent, it helps to
maintain cellular structure and integrity. For example, it plays a role in trans–endothelial migration,
which involves cell–cell adhesion [3]. The endothelial layer contains many different fibers, as well
as pathways that allow attachment for the cadherin protein. Some cancer cells can eventually pass
through the endothelium, causing the cancer to become malignant and spread. Cadherins in this case
can be used to identify and track the spread of the cells, and further identify common routes of travel
through the human vasculature. Figure 2 [3]: The role of cadherin and catenin in the binding of
cancer cells to the endothelium.
Procedure
The experiment was divided over the span of six days. For this procedure, Cav1.2 will be mainly
referred to. On a Thursday, start with clean test tubes, the Luria broth, and either the Cav1.2,
Connexin 43, or N–Cadherin (if a

Diversity Of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Pigs Reared...
Diversity of Escherichia coli Isolated from Pigs Reared Using Different Husbandry Practices
Christopher Gemmell
0844930
MCB*4500
December 12th, 2016
Introduction
When pigs are born, their gastrointestinal tract is sterile, but it is rapidly colonized with
microorganisms (Katouli et al. 1995, Lallès et al. 2016). One of the many microorganisms is
Escherichia coli, an extremely versatile bacterium, which is estimated to make up 1% to 4% of the
cultivable colon bacteria (Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero–Fresno et al. 2015).
E. coli strains can be divided into non–pathogenic (commensal) and pathogenic strains (Schierack et
al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero–Fresno et al. 2015). Pathogenic E. coli strains cause
gastrointestinal disorders and intoxications due to their virulence genes colonizing the gut
(Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero–Fresno et al. 2015). Commensal E. coli strains
are members of the gastrointestinal flora of most mammals; they support digestion and provide
defense against enteric pathogens (Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero–Fresno et al.
2015).
Importance of gut microbiota to swine health
The gut microbiota encompasses trillions of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract
(Carding et al. 2015). The composition of the gut microbiota is constantly evolving and can be
susceptible to both endogenous and exogenous modifications (Carding et al. 2015). The microbiota

Transformation Of Escherichia Coli With pGLO Plasmid
Transformation Of Escherichia Coli With pGLO Plasmid
April 24, 2013
ABSTRACT: This experiment focuses on genetic engineering and transformation of bacteria. The
characteristics of bacteria are altered from an external source to allow them to express a new trait, in
this case antibiotic resistance. In is experiment foreign DNA is inserted into Escherichia coli in order
to alter its phenotype. The goal of the experiment is to transform E. coli with pGLO plasmid, which
carries a gene for ampicillin resistance, and determine the transformation efficiency. The bacteria are
transformed by a combination of calcium chloride and heat shock. When the bacteria are incubated
on ice, the fluid cell membrane is slowed and then the heat shock ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Control Plates After Incubation shows whether there was growth of E. coli without the presence of
the pGLO plasmid after exposure to ampicillin.
The transformed bacteria showed growth despite the presence of ampicillin (Table 1), whereas the
control plate with ampicillin did not show any growth, and the control plate with only LB agar
showed the formation of a lawn of bacteria (Table 2). The transformed bacteria on the plate with LB,
ampicillin and arabinose differed from the transformed plate without arabinose in that they glowed
green under UV light. The bacteria without arabinose maintained an unaltered appearance under UV
light. The transformation efficiency for the transformed bacteria was 5.2 × 104 transformants per
microgram of DNA.
DISCUSSION: In this experiment the objective was to transform E. coli with the pGLO plasmid and
calculate the transformation efficiency. The hypotheses were that the plate with only LB agar and
untransformed E. coli would grow a lawn; the control plate of untransformed bacteria with LB and
ampicillin would experience no growth; the transformed plate with just LB and ampicillin would
grow colonies of bacteria but it would not glow green under UV light; and the transformed plate
with LB, ampicillin and arabinose would grow colonies that would glow green under UV light. The
results found supported each of these hypotheses as the bacteria grew as predicted. The

Is Escherichia Coli Bacteria?
Scientifically speaking, Escherichia coli is a pathogen that is a bacteria that is Prokaryotic in nature.
This bacteria presents itself as a gram–negative, non–spore–forming rod. This pathogenic bacteria
releases toxins that invade the intestinal tissues and in cases of cystitis invade the tissues of the
kidneys. The bacterium becomes attached by fimbriae to the epithelium tissue in the body then it
causes inflammation of those affected cells.
All people are at risk of contracting the E. coli disease but some are at a higher risk than others. A
person is at risk when they swallow the bacteria through food or water that is infected with the E.
coli bacterium. Eating meat that is undercooked or consuming unpasteurized milk and raw milk
products can also put a person at risk for the disease (Lim et al., 2010). People with low immune
systems, the very young and elderly are very susceptible to contracting E. coli infection (Lim et al.,
2010). Then people who are exposed to poor water systems and contaminated environments where
E. coli bacterium can survive are also at high susceptibility to contract the disease (Lim et al., 2010).
When a person is infected with E.coli disease there is a period of time before symptoms starts to
appear. Each case is different and symptoms vary. Once a person is exposed to this bacterium, then
incubation begins. The time period for incubation is approximately a period of two to ten days.
However the whole disease, barring serious complications and

Escherichia Coli : An Important Food Borne Zoonotic Pathogen
Escherichia coli, is the most prevalent pathogen which is commonly known for its affiliation with
human and animal infections and diseases such as diarrhoea, in addition to several clinical
symptoms including haemorrhagic colitis, haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and
thrombocytopenic purpura (Liu et al., 2012; Vanaja et al., 2010; Tomat et al., 2013). HUS in
humans, is caused by a predominant type of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) in the United
States. It is also the chief cause of acute renal failure in children. There has also been documentation
of strings of outbreaks since its identification as a pathogen in 1982, happening basically in Canada,
Japan, United Kingdom and United States, implicating domestic animals such as sheep, ... Show
This has been a more pragmatic approach to the control of these pathogens because of the
development of antibiotic resistance. This therapy has been used profitably since the early 1920s and
encouraging results have been generated by the use of phage–mediated biocontrol of pathogenic E.
coli in animals such as pigs and cows. A study was done on calves and piglets who had diarrhoea
due to experimentally administered pathogenic E. coli. Results showed they were cured within 8
hours after phage administration. More studies also revealed that phage could act very successfully
as a prophylactic. Recent results of phage therapy against other bacterial pathogens have also shown
great potential. For example, it has been shown that intraperitoneal injections of bacteria
(Staphylococcus aureus) finally cause death in mice while the application of intraperitoneal injection
of phage after that of the bacteria very much reduces the fatality of the bacteria (O'Flynn et al.,
2004; Biswas et al., 2002; Clark and March, 2006).
Regardless of the pathogenic E. coli, some species are non–pathogenic strains which are normal and
ecological essential inhabitants of the human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. Non–pathogenic and
pathogenic E. coli differ with respect to the presence of genetic information that may

Bacterial Transformation : Escherichia Coli ( E. Coli )
Bacterial transformation is the insertion of a plasmid containing a gene or genes of importance into
bacteria. It can be used to make large quantities of a promising gene. Bacterial Transformation can
be artificial or natural. A plasmid is a small, circular, double–stranded DNA molecule that is
separate from a cell 's chromosome DNA. Plasmids exist in bacterial cells and they also appear in
some eukaryotes. The genes carried in plasmids offer bacteria with genetic benefits, like resistance
to antibiotics. Definite conditions can help bacterial cells absorb external DNA. Cells treated in this
condition become more likely to be competent to take up, greatly increasing their transformation
efficiency. Transformation efficiency is the number of transformed cells gained per microgram of
plasmid DNA. It is a sign of the success of a bacterial transformation experiment. Escherichia coli
(E. coli) is a common bacterium that makes single celled plasmids exchange easy. It yields clones so
that the DNA will not be mixed up. In this experiment students attempt to transform E. coli with a
plasmid. The plasmid that will be used to transform the bacteria in this experiment is pGal and
occurs naturally in E. coli. Transformed bacteria cells will grow in the presence of the antibiotic
while bacteria cells that did not take up the plasmid, will not grow. Students will use mathematical
calculations to determine the efficiency of the transformation process. The transformed E. coli with
the

The Effect Of Puc18 And Lux Plasmids On Ampicillin...
Michelle Trujillo
5702361
Michaela Salisbury
BSC 1010L U60
Effects of pUC18 and lux Plasmids on Ampicillin Resistance of Escherichia coli
Abstract
This experiment was designed to test and observe the transformation efficacy of the pUC18 and lux
plasmids in making E. coli resistant to ampicillin. Both plasmids code for ampicillin resistance,
however, the lux plasmid codes for a bioluminescence gene that is expressed if properly introduced
into the bacteria's genome. The E. coli cultures were mixed with a calcium chloride solution and
then heat shocked, allowing the plasmids to enter the bacteria and assimilate into the bacterial DNA.
The plasmids and the bacteria were then mixed in different test tubes and then evenly spread onto
petri dishes using a bacterial spreader, heating the spreader between each sample to make sure there
is no cross contamination. Each of the dishes was labeled and then incubated for a period of 24
hours. The results were rather odd because every single one of the samples grew. Several errors
could have occurred here, cross contamination or possibly an error in preparation as every single
sample in the class grew, meaning all samples of the bacteria transformed and became ampicillin
resistant.
Introduction In this experiment we were meant to observe the transferring of DNA. There are many
ways in which DNA can be transferred into an organism, for example; transformation, transduction,
and conjugation. In our experiment we used

Escherichia Coli
The Effect of Penicillin, Ampicillin and Streptomycin on Escherichia Coli
Introduction
Escherichia Coli is a bacterium that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and animals.
E. coli isn't always a harmful bacterium. Some are actually crucial to a healthy intestinal tract
because this bacterium assists with the production of Vitamin K2 and stops pathogenic bacteria from
interacting and establishing inside the intestines (Gould, 2010). A person maybe exposed to E. coli
through water or food that maybe contaminated or from raw meat such as ground beef or raw
vegetables. Lack of good hygiene is another way that E. coli infections can spread especially in
places such as hospitals or day care centers. While a healthy adult with an E.coli infection will most
likely recover within five to seven days, those who are at risk include young children, elderly and
those with a weak immune system.
Hospitals are filled with a plentiful amount of bacteria's making it one of the least favorable places
to visit. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to a study conducted in a Tunisian Hospital, E.coli resistance rate to ampicillin was
72.1% (Ferjani et al., 2014). Furthermore, penicillin was found to be least effective against E.coli
with a 100% resistance rate during a research done in trying to comprehend the patterns of antibiotic
susceptibility of bacteria (Saba et al., 2014). E.coli found in the intestinal contents of pigs was found
to be 57.7% resistant to streptomycin (Lee et al., 2014). Situated on these past research and studies,
if a tryptic soy agar plate in applied with E.coli and separated into four different quadrants with
three quadrants having an antibiotic disk and one having the control disk, then the results will show
E.coli to be most resistant to penicillin, somewhat resistant to ampicillin and least resistant to

Antibacterial Effects Of The Chloramphenicol Antibiotic On...
The Antibacterial Effects of the Chloramphenicol Antibiotic on Escherichia coli
Kenneth Tungol
12/10/2015
BIOL 1B
Abstract
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic known to treat a broad range of bacteria. In this study, the
effectiveness of Chloramphenicol was tested on the DH5α strain of Escherichia coli. Knowing that
varying the concentrations of Chloramphenicol will result in different effects on the E. coli strain,
we conducted an experiment that agar–plated the E. coli with Chloramphenicol with concentrations
together. The concentrations ranged from no antibiotic to excess antibiotic in hopes to find the
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The study yielded the MIC of Chloramphenicol to be
85μg/mL, determining the borderline between the effectiveness and the ineffectiveness of
Chloramphenicol against the DH5α strain.
Introduction
What is Chloramphenicol?
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that originated from Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 and is the
first antibiotic to be discovered as broad spectrum ("National Center," 2004). Broad–spectrum
antibiotics are able to treat various types of bacteria. Chloramphenicol treats serious bacterial
infections that are not treatable by other antibiotics ("Chloramphenicol Injection," n.d.). Since
Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic, it is effective against both gram positive and gram–
negative bacteria. It diffuses through the bacterial cell wall and reversibly binds to a receptor site on

Escherichia Coli : A Public Health Issue
Escherichia coli (E.coli) has been a public health issue since the 1980s and is a major concern in
food contamination in products like beef, dairy, and fresh produce. E.coli 0157:H7 itself is not
invasive but it produces a Shiga toxin which attacks the host small blood vessels in the kidney. This
makes the kidneys work harder which can destroy red blood cells and lead to hemolytic anemia
(lowered number of red blood cells produced). The incubation period for E. coli ranges from three to
eight days. The infection often causes severe bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps, but can also
cause non–bloody diarrhea or no symptoms. E.coli may greatly affects children and the elderly. In
June of 1997, the Michigan Department of Community Health became aware of increased reports of
E.coli. Fifty–two reports of infections were reported compared to eighteen in June 1996. These
results showed a significant increase in the number of cases for residents of Michigan. The cases
were found to be from all different locations in Michigan, all were different ages and both male and
female. Little was known about the causes of the outbreak except it occurred at a slightly higher rate
in women than men. Out of the cases, thirty–eight people interviewed who had the illness, none of
them consumed ground beef, milk, were in contact with farm animals, and no restaurants were in
common, but they all consumed sprouts seven days before the onset of symptoms. My role as an
epidemiologist for this outbreak

Escherichia Coli Lab Report
Introduction
Escherichia Coli, located in one of the main organs known as the large intestine, is a type of bacteria
that helps digestion. (Trzepacz, Timmons, and Duobinis–Gray, 2016) For Escherichia Coli to remain
stable and alive, it needs specific necessities. These needs are known as the following: Energy,
vitamins, and similar compounds. Escherichia Coli is found everywhere!
Escherichia Coli, or E. Coli, can also form a number of these substances itself with the use of
energy. (Shiloach and Rinas, 2009b) Understanding that it can make these substances with energy,
E. Coli can reproduce asexually to make identical cells through binary fission. (Souza, Castillo, and
Eguiarte, 2002. ) Since E.coli is found in mammals, studying this subject is important because the
factors of E. Coli have risks such as food poisoning. Escherichia Coli is found everywhere!
Knowing this, they studied the rapid growth measurements of E.Coli in the lab study. After studying
the E. Coli, it was hypothesized that it had a logistic growth overtime. Meaning the growth rapidly
grew continuously in size ending with a resting point.
Methods
When experimenting this lab on your own, there are certain methods and steps you need to follow.
The first step is to make sure that you have all the proper equipment needed for sufficiency and
accuracy. The following equipment is needed: E.coli, Sterile L–broth, three incubators,
spectrophotometer, three scientific flasks along with three cuvettes

Escherichia Coli Experiment
While leading this analysis, gene expression was critical to the results of the non–transformed and
changed cells. In its procedure of choice, the bacterial cells should have picked if they ought to
allow the ampicillin safe quality, therefore indicating commendable components of quality
expression. The Escherichia coli's cells were not changed, there seems to have been an error during
the experiment. There should have been a slight change in a way that there should have been a
colonial growth design in the bacterial cells that had ampicillin safe plasmid. (Hidalgo, Nuria
Fernández) On the other hand the cells that were on the ampicillin (lux, control, and NP)
demonstrated a colonial design because of the non–transformed cells dying due to ... Show more
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This is imperative in light of the fact that this is the thing that the films comprise of that makes it
workable for the plasmid to enter it. Seeing how imperative a plasmid is in a life form's life is the
fundamental idea of this trial do we benefit from this, as well as gives better restorative disclosures
to lead a superior life. The use of vectors ensures the transportation to particular qualities that can
advance improvement of anti–infection agents. Another significance of plasmids is that with further
research and trials could prompt discovering the most worthwhile anti–toxins that can battle off
specific sicknesses in light of the fact that they can adjust so well to situations, for example,
influenza indications. Wellsprings of blunders are imperative in each trial, and in this specific one
there are different. There could have been pollution from the air or water that could have gotten into
the test tubes. This could have coming about because of fixing the tubes off

Escherichia Coli (Or E. Coli) Is A Gram-Negative, Rod-Shaped,
Escherichia coli (or E. coli) is a Gram–negative, rod–shaped, facultative anaerobic bacterium found
in the intestinal tract of most species of mammals and birds. E. coli cells contain pili and a
flagellum. As a Gram–negative bacterium, they also contain lipopolysaccharides in the outer cell
membrane. Refer to Appendix 1 for a labelled diagram of an E. coli cell.
The taxonomy of Escherichia coli is as follows:
Domain
Bacteria
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Phylum
Proteobacteria
Class
Gammaproteobacteria
Order
Enterobacteriales
Family
Enterobacteriaceae
Genus
Escherichia
Species
Escherichia coli (E. coli) Although most strains of E. coli are commensals, a small portion of strains
are pathogenic in humans. The pathogenic strains can be grouped into ... Show more content on
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Part B: Transmission
As animals are continuously shedding E. coli bacteria through their feces, the immediate
environments of these animals are contaminated by the bacteria. E. coli can spread from these
environments to fertilized fields and crops as well as ground and surface water by way of slurry and
manure. This transmission may also contaminate feed and drinking water which therefore transmits
E. coli to other animals that were not present in the immediate environment of infection.
Transmission usually occurs as the result of the introduction of E. coli containing feces into the oral
cavity of the host. Known as fecal–oral transmission, this type of transmission is primarily

responsible for the spread of E. coli from animals to humans. The transmission of E. coli to humans
occurs by direct contact, ingestion of water or food contaminated by the spread of manure, or
consuming undercooked meat after fecal contamination of the carcasses at the slaughterhouse. For a
diagram of the transmission life cycle of E. coli, see Appendix 5. For a comprehensive diagram
outlining the various transmission methods, refer to Appendix 6.
The method of establishment in a host is dependent on the specific strain of pathogenic E. coli.
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) cells adhere onto the surface of the mucosa cells lining the small
intestines of the host. ETEC can produce labile toxin (LT) and/or stable toxin (ST). These two
enterotoxins cause secretion of fluid and result

Comparative Examination Of Escherichia Coli
Escherichia Coli also known as E. coli is a form of bacteria that can cause foodborne illness. While
these bacteria are naturally found in the human intestines E. coli can cause a variety medical
conditions including certain organ failure, death, and Urinary Tract Infection (Nordstrom &et.al,
2013,1). To avoid E. coli infections, which are often caused by foodborne illnesses, they are
generally two schools of thought. The first of these deal with Agriculture practices that lessen the
likely hood that consumers may contract an illness according to name year. The article titled
Comparative examination of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 survival on romaine lettuce and in soil at
two independent experimental sites look at the ag practices of till ... Show more content on
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The sites have variations in climate, soil type, or treatment (till or no–till), and water application
(drip irrigation versus natural rainfall) documented here did not influence the survival of the E. coli
O157:H7 ATCC 700728 on romaine lettuce or in soil (Bezanson and Et.al, 2012, 484). A way to
explain the till and no–till option is (2012) "For the ''tilled'' treatment, the soil in three of these plots
was immediately turned to a depth of approximately 20 cm by using a self–propelled rototiller"
(Bezanson and Et.al, 481). A rototiller rotates the ground allowing the new soil to rise. The 20cm
which is what the article states is approximately 8 inches. The no–till option is when (2012) "The
soil was not worked in the remaining three manured plots (''no–till'' treatment) (Bezanson and Et.al,
481). This article is effective because it studies two locations using agriculture practices. In each of
the locations in Canada the study looks at things like Temperature, location, till no–till or the control
and solar hours just to name a few (Bezanson and Et.al, 2012, 481&483). E. coli can affect you by
affecting your colon and stomach with the possibility of affecting other organs and death if severe
enough. E. coli in this article looks at the two locations and uses different methods to care for the
plants and the causes the methods cause to produce on the lettuce involving E. coli. With innovation
in agriculture practices this people can

Escherichia Coli Experiment
Science EEI
Aim – To test the effectiveness of various anti–microbial substances on the growth of a bacteria
called Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli.
Background – Microscopic, single celled organisms known as bacteria can be found everywhere.
They can be beneficial but they can also be dangerous, such as when they cause infection, which can
lead to diseases. Escherichia coli is a germ, or a bacterium, that lives in the digestive paths ... Show
Three of the circles were labelled with the number 1, three were labelled 2 and three were labelled 3,
leaving three blank. The swab was removed from the packet and quickly placed into the bottle of e.
coli bacteria then quickly being removed with no dripping chemicals. The e. coli bottle was then
closed while the swab applied the e. coli onto the base of the agar plate making an 's' shape pattern,
and then turned 90 degrees and was repeated. After this was completed the lid was placed on that
agar plate while one of the small circles labelled number one was dipped into a small amount of
detergent. The lid was removed from the agar plate and the paper was placed onto the top left corner
of the agar plate using tweezers. Once it was flat on the base with the number one facing up, the lid
was again put on the agar plate to prevent bacteria from the air landing on the surface. Using a new,
clean pair of tweezers a piece of paper labelled with the number two was dipped into hand sanitiser,
the lid was removed and the paper was placed flat on the top right corner of the base of the plate
with the lid then being replaced on the plate. With another pair of

Heritable Genetic Information In Escherichia Coli In...
Heritable Genetic Information in Escherichia Coli in Transformation and Deoxyribonucleic Acid
A report for Biology 2000 written by Alana Pay : 001196733
Introduction
Griffin was a scientist that showed that there was a non–living component to heritability between
organisms, although he had not yet discovered what exactly was the heritable component. However,
during this time period, it was a common belief that the heritable material was contained within the
protein of the organism, not the DNA that is now held in the truth. In the Avery and company
experiment, they expanded Griffin research to pinpoint the exact location of the heritable
information by breaking down cell components until the final product allowing transformation was
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The experiment completed by Stanley et al, also used the transformational effectiveness of E.Coli to
complete their R–Factor DNA study, so the effectiveness of using E.Coli in this type of experiment
is well documented. (Stanley et al, 1972) The antibiotic that was used in our replication experiment
was kanamycin, which is a amino–glycoside and it proceeds to block the areas that initiation
complexes may occur. (National Center, 2017)
A model system allows us to witness the effects of an experiment in many generations and in an
organism that grows in a very quick fashion. The genetic growth is generally very similar to that of
humans so that we may compare and contrast what may happen in humans, or what will before we
start clinical trials of certain chemicals or antibiotics, in this case, that may have a positive or
negative impact on the human populace.
The objective of this experiment is to conclude that the results of Griffin and Avery et al, can be
duplicated in a way that will allow us to corroborate their results. The null hypothesis that this
repeated experiment revolved around was that the DNA involved from the E. Coli would not
undergo transformation and therefore grow a strain, which means that there would be growth on any
of the plated specimens. This leads to the alternative hypothesis that only the plates that involved the
DNase would not have growth as it has the heritable genetic information that would allow the
transformation to occur and

The Population Growth Of Escherichia Coli Essay
Introduction The purpose of this lab experiment was to measure the population growth of
Escherichia coli, or E. coli, a type of bacteria that can be found in the human body, specifically in
the large intestine. It works to aid in digestion as well as the absorption of essential nutrients. While
E. coli is extremely beneficial to the human body and most populations are safe for humans, some
cause disease if they end up in food that is eaten (Trzepacz et al.) Sickness can occur when waste
reaches a water supply, eating meat that is not properly cooked, or drinking milk that is not
pasteurized properly. When working with this form of bacteria, it is extremely important to keep it
contained for safe measure (Belk et al.) Additionally, this bacterium has also been cited as a cause of
infections involving the bloodstream that have life threatening consequences. It is increasingly
troubling because antibiotics are now becoming resistant (Collington, 2009.) E. coli is like all other
bacteria in the way it carries out reproduction, in that it produces asexually through the process of
binary fission. With this being said, the reason why E. coli was chosen specifically is because it
grows at a quick pace and is readily available for observation in lab. During this experiment, the
population growth of E. coli is measured overtime to observe which conditions allow for the most
efficient growth of each culture. It was hypothesized that based upon prior knowledge of this form

Escherichia Coli : Coli ( Coli )
Escherichia (E–Coli)
Escherichia coli, (E. coli) 0157 is a gram negative bacillus rod shaped bacterium it belongs to the
Enterobacteriacea family. (Gould, 2011) E. coli 0157 is a member of a large group of bacterial
germs that inhibit the intestinal tract of humans and other warm – blooded animals. (Marler, 2011).
This bacterium can live in an environment with or without the presence of oxygen. E. coli has been
around since the 1800's. There is one good benefit to E. coli. Studies have found that E.– coli,
colonizes the human bowel within a few weeks of birth and is beneficial to the human body because
it reduces the risk of over growth by other bacteria that is more than likely to cause gastrointestinal
infection. It was first detected in the stools of babies in 1885. (Gould, 2011) It is named after
Esherich, the scientist who 1st isolated it. E. coli is the organism most known for causing urinary
tract infections and is especially known for being a main contributor of diarrhea for individuals
traveling overseas. According to Martorelli, (2015) a researcher "It has been proven that cattle are
one of the main reservoir of E. coli. Meat becomes contaminated during the slaughter and the use of
raw faecal as fertilizers, and the contamination of drinking water are the major ways in which this
microorganism can enter the human food chain" (p.1) E. coli is contracted via uncooked meats or
other food contaminated by fecal material or swimming in contaminated water.

Escherichia Coli
Bacteria are minute prokaryotic organisms that are individually too small to be seen by the naked
eye. The majority of bacteria make crucial contributions to the benefit of the planet by maintaining a
good balance of living organisms and chemicals existent in the environment. However, a minority of
bacteria can be harmful to the human body, often being associated with death and disease and the
causative agents of food spoilage. A bacterium that has a variety of both good and bad is Escherichia
Coli, most commonly referred to as E. Coli. E. Coli is a rod–shaped bacterium that is found in the
intestinal tracts of warm–blooded organisms, more commonly that of cattle. Having been first
discovered in 1885 by a German bacteriologist named Theodor ... Show more content on
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Current biological research investigations show that both lemon and lime juices have an affect on
slowing down and potentially stopping the growth of Escherichia Bacteria by creating an inhibition
zone. This can be seen in an experimental report done by Dr. Zahra Muhsin Ali "Antagonism
activity of citrus fruit juices on some pathogenic bacteria." The experiment was conducted in the
Biological Department of Science at Kufa University to determine the antagonism activity of both
Lemon and Lime juices against various bacterium, one of them being E. Coli. The results of the
experiment revealed that each juice concentration had inhibiting effects against bacteria due to the
presence of citric acid and some volatile oils. The results also showed a reduction in the value of pH.
The investigation was further proved successful due to both juices from lemon and lime were found
to have inhibited the E. Coli bacterium parameter with an inhibition zone ranging from 8–29mm
which can be seen in figure 4. The antagonism effects of the lemon and lime juice was compared
with the antagonism effects of some antibiotics, the results being that the isolated E. Coli was
resistant to the majority of antibiotics. Proving that overall the experiment conducted was successful

The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Absorbance of...
Introduction
In this experiment, the gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli is being subjected to various
environmental factors that affect the rate of growth. These factors scrutinized were the different
types of nutrients, the intensity of aeration, or the temperature at which it was stored. The purpose of
this lab is to determine which factor affects the Escherichia coli the greatest. It is known that these
abiotic factors affect the rate of growth the greatest if they remain at the correct conditions for
living.
Escherichia coli and other bacteria will go through four phases; a lag phase, log phase, stationary
phase, and a death phase. In the lag phase, the bacteria reproduce fairly slowly, as they are preparing
for the rapid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We took readings every 15 minutes, until the class was over which was at the 90 minute mark.
For the temperature and aeration trials, the test tubes of Escherichia coli with tryptic soy broth
(TSB) were measured using identical procedures as the nutrient trials were tested. Before every
sample, we had to re–zero the spectrophotometer with a blank test tube, and then we took the
reading from the cultured tubes. As we did for the nutrient experiments, we also took the readings
from the temperature and aeration samples every 15 minutes. The temperature test tube was
prepared by exposing it to room temperature (25°C), another test tube in an oven (33°C), and the
test tube in a lab oven which was slightly warmer, at 37°C.
In the aeration samples, one flask was stationary and it was exposed to the atmosphere. The second
sample was put in a regular flask, and placed in a shaking water bath. The third sample was placed
in an irregular shaped flask, which was also placed in the quivering water bath. After treatment, all
the samples were measured on the spectrophotometer, using the same procedure as the nutrient
samples and temperature samples.
Results
The results showed that the experimental data did not necessarily display the lowest MGT. For the
nutrient data, the MSG had a mean generation time of an hour, the MSGT had a doubling time of
less than 13 minutes, and the MSGTYE had a mean generation time

Escherichia Coli : Affects Recreational Waters Essay
Escherichia coli (E. coli) Affects Recreational Waters
Nichole Cavalier
Biol 2420–31420, 91400
Introduction
Escherichia Coli (E. coli) 0157:h7 is mainly a food borne pathogen but an area of concern to me
regarding E. coli 0157:h7 are the reports of this bacterium being present in recreational areas and
drinking sources that can cause illnesses for individuals. What causes this to occur? What happens
to waste and feces after floods or heavy rains. What are solutions to help keep recreational areas
safer? E. coli was discovered in 1885 by a German Austrian pediatrician named Theodore Escherich
using samples from healthy individuals' feces. Escherichia coli is a bacterium that lives in the
intestines of humans and animals. The presence of this bacteria is a part of a healthy intestinal tract.
E. coli usually poses no threats in the healthy individual but can become a great problem for the
sick, young, elderly and those with a weakened immune system. E. coli is a gram negative,
facultatively anaerobic rod shaped bacterium. The cell wall is composed of a thin peptidoglycan
layer and outer membrane. It can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a lab setting,
thus making it one of the most studied bacteria. E. coli is known as a prokaryotic model organism.
E. coli causing disease is caused by Shiga toxin that cause serious illness in people. Transmission of
this pathogen is normally a common problem with contaminated cattle consumption and under

Antibiotics Effects On Growth Rate Of Bacteria Escherichia...
Antibiotics Effect on Growth Rate
Antibiotics are important for the treatment of bacterial infections, and it is therefore important to
know how different antibiotic works in different contexts. Different kinds of bacteria are affected to
different degrees by different antibiotics, and it may therefore be useful to know which antibiotic
that attacks the bacteria. The purpose of this report is to analyze how antibiotics including
Chloramphenicol and Ampicillin affect the growth rate of bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus
subtilis. Which antibiotic is the most effective or least effective in inhibiting the growth rate of these
two bacteria respectively?
In the article Growth Chart (www.vetbact.org, 2015–11–19) it was written that bacteria are
unicellular organisms that are in good nutrient availability can multiply indefinitely by dividing. It
takes different amounts of time for different bacteria that doubled – this time called the generation
time. When adding bacteria to a culture medium, it takes only a moment before they have adapted to
their new environment.
MicrobeWiki writes in his report Bacillus subtitles (microbewiki.kenyon.edu, 2016–05–10) that B.
subtitles are gram–positive bacteria, facultative anaerobic bacteria which are classified as non–
pathogenic. It occurs all over the place, for example in air, compost and soil, but can also be on the
skin and in the human intestine, although it is not as common. Escherichia coli are gram negative,
facultative

How Escherichia Coli To Form A Recombinant Plasmid
Transformation of Escherichia coli to Form a Recombinant Plasmid Containing Genes for both
Ampicillin and Kanamycin Resistance
By Valerie Weeks
Lab Partner: Rachel Fahs
Genetics
Section 71
Dr. Tarun
April 8th, 2016
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to transform E.coli into having genes resistant for ampicillin
and kanamycin by using recombinant plasmids. The three steps of the experiment include ligation,
transformation, and growth on media. Restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII splice the DNA. The
recombinant plasmid is formed and combined with E.coli. Four experimental plates and four control
plates were incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours, then examined for growth. Lawns of E.coli
grew on the LB plates. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One plate was labeled LB/pAMP+kan "+", one was labeled LB/pAMP+kan "–", one was labeled
LB+, and one was labeled LB–. 100 microliters of the cell suspension from the –pAMP/KAN tube
was put on the LB/amp+kan plate using a sterile transfer pipette. Another 100 microliters was added
to the LB– plate. The cells were spread evenly over the surface of the plates using a sterile metal
spreader. The spreader was sterilized by dipping it in ethanol and flaming it shortly with a Bunsen
burner. When the spreader cooled, the cells were evenly distributed on the plate. Using another
sterile transfer pipette, 100 microliters of cell suspension from the +pAMP/KAN tube was put on the
+LB/amp+kan plate, and another 100 microliters on the LB+ plate. The cells were spread evenly on
the plate using the metal spreader previously described. The plates were left to sit for about 10
minutes before being sealed and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the
plates were removed from the incubator, and then examined for growth. The number of colonies on
each plate were recorded.
Results
Transformed Cells Plate # Plate Type # of colonies
+pAMP/KAN 1 LB/amp+kan 360
+pAMP/KAN 2 LB Lawn
–pAMP/KAN 3 LB/amp+kan 0
–pAMP/KAN 4 LB

Escherichia Coli (EPEC)
Escherichia Coli, or E. coli, resides in the large intestine where it assists digestion and make up
essential molecules like Vitamin K. For the most part, E. Coli poses no threat although there are few
disease causing strains that can cause mild to severe food poisoning by finding its way into food
supply (Timmons, Trzepacz, Duboinis–Gray). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, or EPEC, is a
strain of diseasing causing E. Coli that is the leading cause of death in children with diarrhea in
many parts of the world. EPEC colonizes in the intestine allowing the host to be invaded which can
spread from person to person (Pearson, Wong fok Lung, Hartland, Giogha). Another strain of
disease causing E. Coli also causes diarrhea in children is the DEC ... Show more content on
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L–broth, or a sterile growth media, is dispensed at 35mL into a sterile 125mL flask. Small volumes
of E. coli are added to each flask. Each flask is then placed into three separate shaking incubators set
for specific temperatures of twenty–five degrees Celsius, thirty degrees Celsius, thirty–seven
degrees Celsius, and forty–two degrees Celsius. The incubators are all set to the same shaking speed
of 125 rotations per minute. A Spectrophotometer is also used to estimate the density of the culture.
A spectrophotometer is a device that transmits a beam of light through space toward a light sensor
(Trzepacz et. al). The spectrophotometer measures the density of the culture by measuring the
amount of light that travels through to the sensor. The spectrophotometer is set to transmit light at a
600nm wavelength. In order to do so, 1.0 mL of the culture is transferred with a plastic pipet into a
cuvette. To remove bubbles from the culture, the bottom of the cuvette is gently tapped. The cuvette
is then placed into the spectrophotometer. While the 1.0 mL is being measured, the rest of the E.
Coli culture is in the shaking incubators. Every 20 minutes, a new 1.0 mL sample is taken from the
E. Coli culture in the incubators and is measured in the spectrophotometer. Four to five absorbance
readings were collected during each lab period throughout the

Escherichia Coli And Its Effects On The Physiology,...
Abstract: In this experiment, each student was randomly assigned with a different species of gram–
negative bacteria. The organism that I was assigned was Unknown #16. The identity of the gram–
negative bacteria was determined to be Escherichia coli. The purpose of this report is to describe the
various tests that helped develop a better understanding of the unknown microorganism in terms of
the physiology, morphology, motility, and antimicrobic sensitivity it is characterized with. Indole
production, hydrogen sulfide, and the colony morphology on the Eosin–methylene blue (EMB)
plate, were the critical results that led to the conclusion that the organism was E. coli. In the indole
production test, E. coli was one of two organisms, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theodor Eschrich, a German pediatrician and bacteriologist, is the individual responsible for
discovering this specific organism. During the late 1800's, while he was studying neonatal and infant
fecal flora, Escherich used promising techniques of bacterial isolation in pure culture, fermentation
reactions, and Gram staining to identify 19 bacterial species (Donnenberg, 2013) (2). Prior to the
establishment of the genus Escherichia, E. coli was known as Bacterium coli commune (Percival,
2014) (3). The colonization of E. coli begins at an early stage of our life and remains with us
throughout the course of our life. It is thought that the colonization begins within hours of birth
since the initial strains are generally serologically identical to those present in the mother
(Donnenberg, 2013). E. coli strains in humans are usually harmless and as a result can coexist with
their hosts, therefore are characterized sometimes as a commensal. E. coli plays a role in
maintaining healthy conditions for the human gut as well as protection against pathogenic organisms
(Donnenberg, 2013). Yet, pathogenicity has been associated with certain strains of E. coli. Diarrheal
diseases are the leading cause of child mortality in some regions of the world, and pathogenic E. coli
strains are main contributors (Croxen, 2013) (4). Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC),
enteohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC),

Escherichia Coli
Escherichia coli is a rod–shaped bacterium that comes in many various shapes.
Many people think of Escherichia coli as only a severe intestinal illness caused by eating uncooked,
contaminated water, or unwashed fruits, but it is much more than only a negative (Amenu et al.,
2014). The quick regeneration time of Escherichia coli makes it extremely useful in laboratory
studies. In terms of research, a useful aspect of Escherichia coli is the extensive amount of
information we have on them (Archer et al., 2011). Scientists have used Escherichia coli to host
proteins, and it has been excellent resource for evolution studies as the bacteria has adapted
frequently over the years (Archer et al., 2011). The non– pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are
frequently used in medical investigations involving diseases that are difficult to work with.
Examples of these diseases include cancer or anthrax poisoning (Das et al., 2013). ... Show more
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George's University Bay, and to quantify the bacterial colonies using various experimental methods.
Drinking or eating seafood from bacterially contaminated water sources has lead to pathogenic
infection due to Escherichia coli (Das et al., 2013). Escherichia coli has been used in multiple
studies to research aspects of water quality and bacterial affects on specific target hosts. Escherichia
coli is mostly known for causing diarrhea symptoms and gastrointestinal difficulties (Kenny et al.,
1997). Enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are known to cause serious cases of diarrhea,
such as, cholera and shigella (Kenny et al., 1997). Many sea organisms can become in contact with
pathogenic microbes due to the amount of contaminated matter present in the water (Potasman et al.,
2002). This can lead to the ingestion of E.coli bacteria and the hospitalization of victims who
consumed the seafood (Potasman et al.,

Does Manuka Honey Reduce The Turbidity Of Gram Negative...
1.1 Research Question:
Does Manuka Honey reduce the turbidity of gram negative Escherichia Coli when mixed into a
solution and will it have a larger antimicrobial effect than clear honey? 1.2 Genesis
According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a minimum of 2 million people
become infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria and an estimated minimum of 23, 000 people die
each year as a direct result of those infections . As an increasing number of infectious diseases are
becoming resistant to numerous allopathic medicines , for example meticillin–resistant
staphylococcus aureusis or MRSA, more research is being conducted into alternative treatments
derived from naturally occurring substances. Having heard about the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A sugar solution and an empty hole in the agar were used as controls.
From the results, it is clear that all of the honeys had a large antimicrobial effect on the culture of
E.coli, much more so than the other cultures of bacteria. Their effects on Straphylococcus aureus
should also be noted. It is obvious that the clear honey had a negligible antimicrobial effect on all
bacterium tested, excepting the E.coli colony. This was to be expected; however, as clear honey
lacks the enzymes to create the non–peroxide antimicrobial effects, caused by methylglyoxal, which
is present in manuka honey. Therefore as the varying types of honey were most effective on the
E.coli culture, it was selected for the main experiment.
Furthermore, during this preliminary testing I experimented with the varying colour filters in the
colourimeter, in order to establish which led to the most reliable and measurable results. The results
of this experiment was that the blue filter resulted in larger results, meaning that it allowed an
appropriate amount of light to reach the honey. Therefore the blue filter will be used in the main
experiments, as opposed to the red, green and orange filters.
1.4 Theoretical basis:
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli, often shortened to E.coli, is a bacterium in the Enterobacteriaceae family. Although
most E.coli strains are

Escherichia Coli Case Study

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