Perceptions Of The 18Th Century Novel In Ian Watt’S Book,...

Perceptions of the 18th Century Novel in Ian Watt’s Book,...
Perceptions of the 18th Century Novel in Ian Watt's Book, The Rise of The Novel
The eighteenth century novel was one that changed the way novels were written in many different
ways. In reading Ian Watt's book, "The Rise of The Novel," quite a few things were brought to my
attention concerning the eighteenth century novel; not only in how it was written and what went into
it, but how readers perceived it. This essay will look into Ian Watt's perceptions on the eighteenth
century novel and how it changed from previous literature.
Coming out of the Renaissance and Jacobean ages, the novel was characterized by "realism", with
the term "novel" not really being used until the end of the eighteenth century. This realism was not
defined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the novel, the characters were named using both given and surname so as to suggest them as
particular individuals, breaking traditional form but adding to the reality of the character. Personal
identity, where "the individual was in touch with his own continuing identity through memory of his
past actions." (21 ) was also important in that it individualized characters using the background of a
particular time and place. The novel, unlike past literature, now used past experience as the cause of
present action, insisting on time whereas in mediaeval and renaissance literature the action was
usually restricted to a 24–hour period in a general and vague place. Lastly, but still significant, the
adoption of prose style was used oftentimes to give a feeling of authenticity to a work, trying to
make it seem to be "an authentic account of the actual experiences of individuals." (27) Whereas
previous literature concerned itself with the extrinsic, the novel concerns itself with the intrinsic,
becoming greatly detailed in words but lacking somewhat in formal conventions.
Not only for the differences in plot (for what little plot there was), character and writing style, but
because of the reading audience of the eighteenth century was the novel a great success.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Halloween from Its Beginning to Now
Halloween From Its Beginnings to Now Halloween is celebrated almost all around the world.
Though the name may differ from region to region, the original customs of halloween can be found
everywhere. "Day of the Dead", "Kawasasqanchis", "Dance of the Hooded Egunguns", and "Bon
Festival" are just a few of the many celebrations that, if one were to look at their traditions and
when the celebrations were made, would see that they derive from the origin of Halloween. The
many celebrations similar to Halloween all share similar themes such as: contact with the spirit
world involving the spirits of the dead, fairies, witches, and the devil and evil spirit creatures. How
did Halloween become what it is today? Starting in 5th century B.C.E., the Celts celebrated a
festival at the end of each October, a time in which they believed ghosts and demons would roam
the earth more than other times of the year. The festival was called Samhain (meaning "summer's
end"). As the days became shorter (in a sense of the amount of time the sun is visible), the celtics
thought that they had to "reinvigorate" the sun. They would do this by putting all fires out,
symbolising the "dying old year", then have a sacred bonfire to scare away evil spirits. (The
tradition of bonfires during holidays stemming from holloween are seen today in Britain on Guy
Fawkes Night, and Brazil's June Festivals. Starting in first century C.E., the Romans conquered the
Celtics and adopted the spiritistic rituals of

Characteristics Of The Renaissance
The beginning of the renaissance started in the 1400's in Florence. Many turned towards Humanism
which was an emphasis on man's qualities and power. Idealistic realism was showed through the
paintings in this time. Idealistic realism was a way of painting people as real as possible, to how
they would look like in life. Michelangelo demonstrated this technique through his statue, The
David. The Renaissance also focused on what is now called the "ideal renaissance man", which was
an athletic looking, handsome, and intelligent man. During this time, the Caravel was invented,
which was a large boat used mostly for exploration. This was a new way to spread the ideas and also
expand territory. These were the same boats that Columbus used to found North America. Another
key event during this time was the Spanish Inquisition. Spain decided that they only wanted
Catholics in there country so the soon used violence to convert the Muslims and Jews to
Catholicism. Soon most of Spain had become Catholic. These are just a few of the characteristics of
the Renaissance, which all connect together and in short, shape the decisions of the people of this
time. The 15th century was filled with many religious complications and many of the new moral
standards and lifestyles were affected by the disasters that occurred in the 14th century. There was
the Western Schism, church corruption, and the Spanish Inquisition, all of which changed the church
to the modern sense they are now. Throughout the

The Development Of Mathematical Psychology
Psychology established into a mathematical discipline through a series of events during history. This
establishment led to the development of mathematical psychology; a field encompassing empirical
methodology (Benjafield, 2015). Furthermore, through the implementation of math in psychology,
findings from previous and current studies of psychology influenced the plethora of knowledge
available today–directly impacting society's understanding and application of psychological
phenomena. This is articulated through mathematical ideas originating from the ancient Greeks,
which inspired further research in the field – abundantly, throughout the past three centuries (18th to
21st) (Benjafield, 2015). Specifically, ideas from Euclid in ancient Greece inspired Gustav Fechner
to develop mathematical concepts in his formation of psychophysics (Zudini, 2011). In the 18th
century, arguments regarding the implementation of math in science were becoming a common
query. The field of psychometrics began during this period and early psychologists like Ernst Weber
began developing relationships between mathematical concepts (Benjafield, 2015). During the 19th
century, Gustav Fechner developed his field of psychophysics and inspired several future
psychologists to continue his work and develop their own ideas of mathematical psychology
(Benjafield, 2015; Robinson, 2010). Developments in this field instigated the notion of using
experimental psychology during World War I, and the 1950s–1970s

History Of Math Essay
The History of Math
Mathematics, study of relationships among quantities, magnitudes, and properties and of logical
operations by which unknown quantities, magnitudes, and properties may be deduced. In the past,
mathematics was regarded as the science of quantity, whether of magnitudes, as in geometry, or of
numbers, as in arithmetic, or of the generalization of these two fields, as in algebra. Toward the
middle of the 19th century, however, mathematics came to be regarded increasingly as the science
of relations, or as the science that draws necessary conclusions. This latter view encompasses
mathematical or symbolic logic, the science of using symbols to provide an exact theory of logical
deduction and inference based on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Egyptians used sums of unit fractions (a), supplemented by the fraction B, to express all other
fractions. For example, the fraction E was the sum of the fractions 3 and *. Using this system, the
Egyptians were able to solve all problems of arithmetic that involved fractions, as well as some
elementary problems in algebra. In geometry, the Egyptians calculated the correct areas of triangles,
rectangles, and trapezoids and the volumes of figures such as bricks, cylinders, and pyramids. To
find the area of a circle, the Egyptians used the square on U of the diameter of the circle, a value of
about 3.16–close to the value of the ratio known as pi, which is about 3.14. The Babylonian system
of numeration was quite different from the Egyptian system. In the Babylonian system–which, when
using clay tablets, consisted of various wedge–shaped marks–a single wedge indicated 1 and an
arrowlike wedge stood for 10 (see table). Numbers up through 59 were formed from these symbols
through an additive process, as in Egyptian mathematics. The number 60, however, was represented
by the same symbol as 1, and from this point on a positional symbol was used. That is, the value of
one of the first 59 numerals depended henceforth on its position in the total numeral. For example, a
numeral consisting of a symbol for 2 followed by one for 27 and ending in one for 10 stood for 2 ×
602 + 27 × 60 + 10.

Ancient China Essay
One of the most important inventions of all time was the invention of gunpowder. "Imagine their
enemy's surprise when the Chinese first demonstrated their newest invention in the eighth century
AD. Chinese scientists discovered that an explosive mixture could be produced by combining sulfur,
charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate). The military applications were clear. New weapons were
rapidly developed, including rockets and others that were launched from a bamboo tube" (Franklin
Institute). The Chinese are known for their inventions that still are used in the modern day. Those
inventions are paper, gunpowder, books, and much more.
Gunpowder was discovered in the tenth century by Chinese medicine men ... Show more content on
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I believe Paper was the greatest invention of all Chinese inventions, even greater than gunpowder.
"Chinese legend tells that the new invention of paper was presented to the Emperor in the year 105
AD by Cai Lun" (Franklin Institute). In 105 AD, Han Emperor Ho–Ti's chief eunuch T'sai Lun tried
with a wide variety of materials and worked with the fiber of plants until each filament was
completely separate. The individual fibers were mixed with water in a large vat. Next, a screen was
submerged in the vat and lifted up through the water, catching the fibers on its surface. When dried,
this thin layer of intertwined fiber became what today we call paper. T'sai Lun's thin, yet flexible
and strong paper with its fine, smooth surface was known as T'sai Ko–Shi, meaning:
"Distinguished T'sai's Paper" and he became revered as the saint of papermaking.
It wasn't until the third century when the secret art of papermaking began to get out of China, first to
Vietnam and then Tibet. "Taught by Chinese papermakers, Tibetans began to make their own paper
as a replacement for their traditional writing materials" (Georgia Tech). It was introduced in Korea
in the forth century and spread to Japan in sixth century. There, during the eighth century, the
Empress Shotuka undertook a massive project consisting of printing a million prayers – Dharani –
on individual sheets of

Social And Cultural Contributions Of Migrations And...
Social and cultural elements of opinions towards migrants and relations between locals and
foreigners are not always easy. In many countries around the world, migrants and migration are
constantly being debated. However, there have been societies like the Nomadic Turks who helped
developed civilizations. The modern world needs to learn how to resolve the issues of migration
from these nomadic cultures. Between 1000 and 1500 CE, the fast movement of human interaction
led to the rapid movements of technology and other advancements that drives our history.
Multicultural associations were established and unite the societies of Europe and Asia. The
migration of the clans and tribes of the Turkish peoples has fundamental significance as they settled
in other societies and learned new cultures. Modern globalization has inspired a rise in migration
both near and far, reinforced by many influences. These ancient places are linked our modern
successes and problems that have occurred and are occurring today as history tends to repeat itself.
Most of us would agree that civilization started in the ancient area of Mesopotamia. Nomadic Turks
became noticeable in the history of Eurasia between the eleventh and the fifteenth centuries. The
Turks are ethnolinguistic groups of Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Asia as well as parts of
Europe and North Africa. They share a variety of certain cultural traits, common ancestry and
historical backgrounds to Mongolia and East Central Asia.

Impact Of Migrations Of Pastoral Peoples On The Middle Ages
Paper 2: Migrations and Pasturalists
Analyze the impact that migrations of pastoral peoples had on the development of civilization from
the Second Wave civilizations to those of the Middle Ages. It is called migration all population
displacements that occurs from a place of origin to another destination and brings a change of
habitual residence in the case of people .The history refers to the great cultural movements,
economic geographical and political that led to massive displacements of the population, both
spontaneous or forced. The development of the first ' 'polis ' ' also caused a migration from the
countryside to the city then has all civilizations. Mass migrations took place approximately the third
century and eighth century of our era in Europe marking the transition between ancient history and
the Middle Ages that goes by the name of Late Antiquity. Historians often speak of several phases in
these invasions, the role corresponding to the first Germanic peoples (of the third century to the
sixth century), while the latter correspond to the Vikings and the Magyars and the Arabs
(protagonists of the invasion Muslim seventh century and eighth century). ' 'The bronze age
witnessed the development and expansion of pastoralism to the central and eastern steppes, the
growth of urban areas in Central Asia oases, and ongoing mutually beneficial commercial activity
between those cultural areas ' ' (Christian 902). All these migrations brought drastic consequences in

Pizz A Popular Food Eaten By Many People
Pizza, a globally popular food eaten by many people in different countries throughout the world.
Usually known for its circular shape, made out of dough, tomato sauce, and the variety of toppings
added. Pizza has a rich history behind it and plays a role in today 's cuisine and culture and
developed throughout the centuries with mentions of pizza as far back to the 6th century B.C and to
1st century A.D, but not mentioned again until the 16th century. However, pizza was food for
peasants in the 16th century and was not widespread, popular, and diverse compared to today in the
21st century. The earliest mention of pizza was in 6th century B.C. where soldiers of Darius the
Great (521–486 B.C.) baked a kind of bread flat on their shields and ... Show more content on
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The change in 1522 was the start point in the growth of pizza and what allowed it to become a
global food. However, pizza was not well known because the dish was recently developed and did
not had time to gain popularity with the locals in Naples yet. Only until the 17th century did pizza
achieved a local popularity among visitors to Naples who would went into the poorer sections to
taste the dish made by men called "pizzaioli." Pizza started to gain more popularity, but was not at
the level where it was countrywide because no major figures had took notice of the new dish to
promote it. Pizza managed to be acknowledge by the people of Naples and pizza was sold in the
streets in Naples at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The popularity got to the point where stalls were set
up where the customers could custom order their pizza to suit what they wanted. The stalls soon
developed into the pizzeria where people can come together to eat, drink, talk, and soon become a
common sight in Naples. How pizza managed to gain widespread demand had to do with major
figures, the figures were Umberto I (1844–1900), King of Italy, and his wife, Queen Margherita di
Savoia (1851–1926). The king and queen on a holiday in Naples "called to their palace the most
popular of the pizzaioli (pizza chef), Raffaele Esposito, to taste his

Radicalism In Charlie Hebdo
Analysis:
Charlie Hebdo is a French satirical weekly magazine founded in 1970. It first started as a
companion to Hara–Kiri, another French satirical magazine whose slogan was "Bête et méchant"
(Dumb and nasty) which are words that Charlie Hebdo has been living by after Hara–Kiri's last
published issue in 1986. Hebdo's characteristic cartoons, reports and jokes could be described as
polemic since they are based on the controversy that religion, politics and culture hold. However,
they describe themselves as secular1, atheists2, left–winged3 and anti–racist4. In French journalism,
Charlie Hebdo is part of a tradition that according to BBC's Hugh Schofield, "combines left–wing
radicalism with a provocative scurrility that often borders on the obscene"1. Schofield notes that in
the 18th Century, the target of this tradition would often be the royal family and any type of
corruption they might ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is usually constituted by punctual aspects such as dress, language, religion and certain rules
regarding morals and values. These characteristics work together in order to build up a
predominating attitude and behavior that distinguishes the group they belong to. According to Ann
Swidler, author of "Cultural Power and Social Movements" culture "shapes individual beliefs and
desires" and "provides a means by which people make sense of the world"3. It makes complete
sense that the way one behaves, most of the time, depends on the type of environment one is
surrounded by because, from a very young age, individuals tend to mimic the actions and reactions
of those who surround them in order to fit into the community. This, of course, is later reflected on
the mindset an individual has adopted since by living amongst shared knowledge and shared
opinions the way one thinks is a copy of the community's cultural core

Summary Of Paintings: El Castillo Cave In Spain
European cultural and practical ideals
Paintings: El Castillo cave in Spain has the oldest known cave painting of 40,800 years ago. These
western paintings show a continuous disrupted tradition from antiquity. In the early 19th century,
painting was primarily concerned with the classical and representational mode of productions and
later in late 19th century conceptual, abstract, and modern forms became popular. Western painting
developments are historically parallel to those in Eastern painting.
Sculpture: The first European sculpture was of female form and it is estimated to 35000 years of
existence. The monumental sculpture was majorly composition of marble and bronze due to high
value of cast bronze in the 5th century, many pieces of sculpture ... Show more content on
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Facilitation of global circulation of goods was done by royal chartered European monopoly
companies that arts of silver for purchasing Asians goods for Atlantic markets.
The slave trade
The slave trade was done through Sahara desert to the North Africa and it began in the 7th century
AD. Slaves were sourced from all parts of Africa and sold to traders in Morocco, Libya, Egypt, and
to southern Europe. In the 17th century slave trade had expanded and approximately 10,000
enslaved Africans a year was sold from West Africa. The transatlantic slave trade began in 15th
century when the Portuguese started exploring West Africa cost. The arts that existed by then are;
Manillas; It was a bracelet–shaped objects made in Bristol and was used as a form of currency. It
was used by Britolian traders with other goods to purchase enslaved people.
Belts: This was made from cowrie shell, it was mainly used in Congo in West Africa. White cowrie
shells were traded across Indian oceans in Africa by European traders. This shell was used as a sign
of wealth by decoration, as money, and also used to influence the owner. It might have been used as
a medium of exchange for enslaved

Essay on The Early Renaissance
The Early Renaissance
Today, what is considered to be the modern times began with the Early Renaissance at the start of
the 15th century. As time has progressed, things have modified within societies to mold with the
new ways of thinking for that time. Between the years of the 1400's and the 1800's this world has
undergone many changes. Focusing on Europe, the major forces of change were in politics,
economics, and religion. In modern European history political effort were supplied by the state.
Early in the 15th century political warfare was the theme of everyday life. It was not until the Peace
of Lodi in 1454 that a balance of power was established and ended the hundred years war. Early in
the 16th century there is a rise ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Banking was over run by the Germans. Trade in the East came to an end with the fall of
Constantinople. By the end of the 16th century, economics had shifted from the Mediterranean to
the Atlantic with the Spanish discovery of the New World. With this trade shift the worldwide
economy was in the makings. In the 17th century mercantilism is very prominent. Things such as
state–granted monopolies, regulated exports and imports, tariffs, custom duties, quotas, slavery,
colonial taxes, and plantation system were in full effect. By the 18th century, a supply and demand
economy had produced. Through mercantilism, state regulations lowered the living standards of
workers. The every day lives that were led in modern Europe where primarily surrounded by
religious ideas. In the times of the 15th century, religion in Europe revolved around the religious
beliefs of the Papal Court. Though there were many religious battles over the Church, few doubted
the Church, following its every demand. By the 16th century, many began to challenge that of the
Papal State. People felt that the beliefs and efforts of the Church had traveled way off track, and was
in need of some repair. Martin Luther began the radical attempt to fix what had gone wrong within
the Papal State by posting his Ninety–five Theses upon the door of the Wittenberg University. The
outcome of Luther's efforts supplied Europe with beginnings

The Wall Of The Old City Of Jerusalem
Robert W. Hamilton, a British archaeologist, carried out excavations against the north wall of the
Old City of Jerusalem almost 70 years ago from the years 1937–1938. Hamilton began several test
soundings in order to determine the age of the accumulations at various points and to fix the
approximate levels at the time of the last major reconstruction – in the middle of the sixteenth
century A.D by Suleiman the Magnificent. The wall of the Old City of Jerusalem was rebuilt in the
sixteenth century by the Ottoman Turkish ruler Suleiman the Magnificent. As such, Hamilton
decided to determine the age of the accumulations of earlier construction sites by cleaning up the
outside area of the North Wall of Jerusalem and Hamilton hoped the ... Show more content on
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The accumulated debris contributed fresh evidence on the earlier history of the present North Wall
line. With the help of Robert Hamilton's detailed excavation report, one is able to use the findings to
reconstruct the sequence of the wall's construction, reconstruct the sequence of the accumulation of
debris [pottery and coins] at its base, and to put these reconstructions together to tell the story of the
wall.
At first glance of the masonry of the wall, the composite structure shows that some parts are not
attributes to the reconstruction during the sixteenth century but can be attributed to another series of
repairs made by Mamluke, Ayyubid or other earlier Islamic rulers. Meanwhile, lower sections such
as the base sections, give evidence of construction committed by Roman or Byzantine builders.
Reading through Hamilton's excavation report, a person can correspond each different style and set
of masonry to reconstruct the sequence of the wall's construction. According to Hamilton's report,
there were two distinct styles of surface treatment that predominated over all others, and there was a
third important class of masonry represented by three individual stones. The earliest detected type of
masonry was Style A which is represented by three individual stones. Style A was found below
courses 11 and 12 of the curtain. As Hamilton's team excavated the area, they found remnants of an
area they had limited information about.

Love In A Maze
Eliza Haywood is a female author who wrote in the eighteenth century. She is best known for her
novella called Fantomina: Or, Love in a Maze in 1724. In the Enlightenment era,
"the number of women writers grew as they became increasingly important in publishing domestic
novels, Gothic fiction, literary translations, and essays on the rights of women to education" and
Haywood was one of them (Bird). Fantomina: Or, Love in a Maze, is a story of girl who is filled
with desire and is given a little too much freedom and money to do as she pleases. Fantomina can be
described as a " young Lady of distinguished birth, beauty, wit, and spirit" (Fantomina: Or, Love in
a Maze P. 2796). The story of Fantomina can be read for entertainment as well as ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Haywood being a female writer included this piece of the story to emphasize what little rights
woman had in the Enlightenment era. In the twenty–first century, rapist go to jail and woman fear
for their safety. In the novel, Fantomina is just worried about her honor and tells no one of the
unwanted sexual encounter. Fantomina never wanted to lose her honor, but only really desired
attention form the opposite sex. One motif used in the text is the male gaze. The male gaze is what
motivates Fantomina to do all she does. In the Playhouse, Fantomina sees the male gaze on the
prostitutes and wants that gaze for herself hence why she dresses as a prostitute to get Beauplaisir's
gaze. In Fantomina's own words, "she could not help testifying her contempt of men who, regardless
either of the play or circle, threw away their time in such a manner, to some ladies," (Fantomina: Or,
Love in a Maze P. 2796). The gaze appears more in the text as Fantomina goes from disguise to
disguise. It is said before the second disguise is introduced that "the rifled charms of Fantomina
soon lost their potency, and grew tasteless and insipid" on Beauplaisir, hence why he left to Bath
without Fantomina (Fantomina: Or, Love in a Maze P. 2802). When Beauplaisir would become
disinterested in Fantomina she would introduce a new disguise to win that male gaze over again.
Fantomina is very independent in the story. She is seen

In the 19th century novel Fathers and Sons, author Ivan...
In the 19th century novel Fathers and Sons, author Ivan Turgenev compliments the theme of the
generation gap by portraying two divergent paradigms of nihilism and the author's personal
ideology, romanticism. Yevgeny Bazarov's is used as a representative of nihilism thus epitomizing
one side of the spectrum; meanwhile Nikolai Kirsanov serves as a token for romanticism. Both
characters experience key tests through character interaction in the novel and thus strive to test their
own perspective. Through the use of the characters of Nikolai Kirsanov and Yevgeny Bazarov,
Turgenev respectively conveys that balance and progressiveness are essential in order to sustain
one's philosophy through life's challenges.
A title of a novel can offer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite Pavel being the one to actively challenge Bazarov, the disagreements revolve around
disputing the nihilistic philosophy itself; Nikolai's character is Bazarov's true opposite. His romantic
philosophy depicts the strong contrast between the two different views and hence the essence of the
novel. This is accomplished with Nikolai's love for nature, poetry, appreciation of beauty in the
simple things, such as art and music with his leisure practice of the cello, his character seeks the
active implementation of the prior definition of romanticism in his life. Despite Nikolai's willing
accepting attitude towards the new generation Bazarov still perceives Nikolai as an unprogressive
individual and even subtly criticizing him to Arkady saying "His quoting poetry isn't up to much and
he doesn't understand a great deal about estate management but he's a good sort."(18) The quotation
illustrates more insight on Bazarov's character, despite that he just arrives as a guest, he already
begins inspecting imperfections of the setting around him. As Bazarov is a figure of admiration for
Arkady, and Arkady is on a journey of proving his own supposedly nihilist nature, Arkady tries to
implement his views onto Nikolai in attempts of progressing him rather than understanding his
father's nature. Nevertheless Nikolai's patience, love and devotion for his son

The Railroad Bride Analysis
Consider the painting The Railroad Bride, Argenteuil by Claude Monet. This artwork looks simple,
but uses geometry and one point linear perspective. Monet uses a sense of opposition is created by
the alternating rhythm of light to dark established by the bridge pillars and the color orange and blue
in both water and smoke from the train above. The light and dark areas given the picture
asymmetrical balance between the dark and light areas. Monet uses one point linear perspective to
create the bride. He uses proportions in the relationship between the parts of the object and the
whole object by using geometry. Monet uses grid like geometry. The wooden structure support
under the bridge is the same overall structure of grid and diagonals. Other lines are the apparent in
the two diagonals as well as opposing directional lines of the train and the boat. The smoke shows
direction of the wind and that the boat is moving that way as well. The visual weight/balance of the
sail boat is smaller than the bridge. I believe the focal point is the new bridge for the train and new
travels was is focal point in the picture. The asymmetrical balance of the composition 8–1: Explain
way the following mediums evolved in time. The evolving in paper went through a lot of phases.
Before the 15th hundredths paper was expensive. Paper was not made in the Western world until the
13th century in Italy. Before then it was made out of fiber from scraps of cloth. Another way a form
of paper was made is from papyrus and parchment which was invention of the ancient Egyptians
sometime around 4000 BCE and was made by pounding and pasting together strips of the papyrus
plant. Parchment was popular by the Romans after the second century BCE, but was used as paper
many years before that. Paper arrived in the West through trade and which had learned the process
from China originally. Papermaking was introduced into the Arabic world sometime in the 18th
century and had a thriving book trade. It was not till a gentlemen from Germany that invented the
printing press that books became wide spread. Due to the large amount of cloth rags need, paper
remained an expensive till the middle of the 19th century when wood pulp was discovered. This in

History of Science & Technology in Indian Subcontinent
History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent * Outline of South Asian history *
History of Indian subcontinent | Stone age (7000–3000 BC)[show] * Mehrgarh Culture (7000–3300
BC) | Bronze age (3000–1300 BC)[show] * Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1700 BC) * – Early
Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BC) * – Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1900 BC) * – Late
Harappan Culture (1700–1300 BC) * Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (from 2000 BC) * Swat
culture (1600–500 BC) | Iron age (1200–26 BC)[show] * Vedic period (2000–500 BC) * – Black
and Red ware culture (1300–1000 BC) * – Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC) * – Northern
Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC) * – Maha Janapadas (700–300 BC) * – ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The British colonial rule introduced some elements of western education in India. Following
independence science and technology in the Republic of India has included automobile engineering,
information technology, communications as well as space, polar, and nuclear sciences.

Gail Jones's novel 'sixty lights' presents contemporary...
'Sixty lights' a tantalizing novel by Gail Jones, tells us the story of Lucy Strange and her fascination
with light and photographic technology. Jones creates a vivid image of the world through Lucy's
eyes; she not only takes the readers on a journey through Lucy's life but the lives of people who
surround Lucy. "Sixty Lights" presents contemporary ideas despite being set in the c19th. Jones
manifests these ideas through her preference of characters, Lucy as an artist and the scientific
methods and photography.
"Sixty Lights "evidently shows Lucy is an artist with contemporary ideas. Like artists of today Lucy
recognises art everywhere she goes. Lucy witnesses the 'horrifying image of an Indian man
scaffolding to his death', and being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Isaac found Neville charming, sensitive, good–natured and comical'. Importantly this was not
acceptable in the C19th. If you expressed your feelings for a person of the same gender, then you
would not be respected in society. People didn't go around expressing their feelings for the same
gender, opposed to people today. Isaac is similar to people of today because we are able to freely
express our feelings.
Jones's writing uses scientific methods and photography that are similar to today. "We shall one day,
far in the future have the means to capture the exact colour of your hair". Lucy's method of
capturing the exact colour is what we are able to do today with our cameras. We are able to capture
the exact colour of an object in a photo. "People in the future would see in their glass boxes
improbable conjunctions and fabulous spectacles and the play of a million surrounding images".
Lucy's method is very much into the future, it's a scientific method we have today called

Hum 111
Hum 111
Abstract
Ancient Chinese Contributions.
(1) Identify eight to ten of these useful inventions or contributions.
(2) Nominate four that you believe are the most ingenious or innovative.
(3) Explain why you believe these four inventions or contributions are the most useful inventions or
contributions from the ancient Chinese.
(4) Identify one invention or contribution that you cannot live without and explain why.
The Ancient Chinese Contributions (1) Gunpowder
One of the inventions created by Ancient China gunpowder as early first century and was used at
that time to make medicine for perpetual rejuvenation. Black gunpowder was not invented till the
end of the ninth century and was first used to make fireworks, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(LAN, 2008)
(5) Printing The earliest printing in China was the block printing method in the first Century B.C.,
where the individual sheets of paper were pressed against wooden blocks that had text and
illustrations carved into them. This process could print hundreds and even thousands of copies, this
technology played a significant role in promoting the spread of culture. A block carver named Bi
Sheng made movable types with clay during the period from1004 to 1048. This method each type
was carved with one character and the types could be set independently according to contents of
different articles. After printing, the movable types could be reused and this improved technology is
called movable–type printing. (LAN, 2008) (6) Row Planting
The Chinese also invented the way to grow crops by placing them in rows sometime in the 6th
century BC. This allowed the crops to grow faster and stronger. This was not instituted in the
western world for another 2200 years. Master Lu wrote in the "Spring and Autumn Annals": 'If the
crops are grown in rows they will mature rapidly because they will not interfere with each other's
growth. The horizontal rows must be well drawn, the vertical rows made with skill, for if the lines
are straight the wind will pass gently through.' This text was compiled around 240 BC. (Stevenh,
2009)

(7) The

Development And Evolution Of Ballet In The 15th And 16th...
Ballet originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries. Court musicians
and dancers collaborated to make flowy dances. These were just the roots, if you were to watch a
tape of this early form of ballet (which you can't) you would notice that it looks absolutely nothing
like anything that you see today. Every ballet of the time was not choreographed and often had the
audience partake in the festivities. As the 15th century went on Ballet evolved into choreographed
steps and the dance was more often being used at aristocrats weddings and anniversaries. One of the
most famous choreographers and dancers of the time was a man by the name of Domenico da
Piacenza, he with his students created some of the first recognizable ballet numbers. There were
others after him who had similar roles in the development and evolution of Ballet. The dance had
then moved with the Aristocrats of the time to France where another big stage of evolution occurred.
As it moved to France it made a jump from wedding performances to large theatre shows. The king
at the time; Louis the 14th developed a true passion towards the art and set aside ministers and other
officials solely in charge of Ballet. Many Italian choreographers had traveled to France to follow
their passion and had trouble mixing in with the French appointed choreographers and dancers. At
the time many of the Italian choreographer's shows would not sell well and the dancers would often
go on strike. This

Speech And Speech: The Golden Age Of Islam
Purpose
At the end of my speech, the audience will have a clear view of the most important achievements of
the "Islamic golden age".
Introduction
At the beginning of the 8th to the 13th century, a new era has emerged and placed a stamp in the
Islamic history that is called "the golden age of Islam", throughout which the Islamic history was
ruled by various important caliphates where many scientific, economical, and cultural developments
took place. The Abbasid caliph Harun Al–Rashid was the ruler during that time (786 to 809) with
the existence of House of wisdom in Baghdad, all the researchers from around the world with
different backgrounds and knowledge gathered to translate the traditional information into Arabic
language.
The main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muslim engineers also created crankshafts and water turbines which worked for the better
techniques of extracting natural resources like water and fossil fuels, they also established the use of
dams as sources of water power. These advances replaced the manual tasks that were previously
made by labor with machinery in Islamic world. An uprising industrial growth also emerged to
Europe after these technologies were transferred to

The Purpose Of The Athenian Army
Part 3
1) The Athenian Army
The purpose of the Athenian army was to was to secure Athenian democratic society. The army
fought battles against other Greek states and foreign states most often against oligarchies and
aristocracies. The army was managed by a polemarch (senior military title), along with ten generals
from the ten tribes of Athens.
The largest component of the army was the infantry composed of hoplites (citizens fighting in a full
set of armour). They went into battle protected by a helmet, breastplate, and greaves (shin guards),
carrying a large round shield and long spear. The state would sometimes issue such equipment to
citizens who could not afford a set of their own.
The Athenian army was primarily male citizens, who were made to enlist at the beginning of the
year following their 18th birthdays. For two years, new "cadets" (known as ephebes) trained full
time. After training, they rejoined public life, though they were committed to the army for 40 years.
At any time, they could be called to duty to defend Athens.The people elect two athletic trainers and
instructors for them, to teach them their drill as heavy–armed soldiers and to use the bow, javelin,
and sling.
Richer Athenians enrolled in the cavalry, as always, a smaller elite military force made up of those
wealthy enough to own and maintain a good mount.The state would call upon an inspection and
registration of all of the horses on an annual basis, so that the owner could draw a maintenance

Copper Statue Analysis
Mohamad Habehh Walking around The Metropolitan Museum of Art, there are many ancient pieces
of art and old artifacts on display. One of the art pieces that caught my eye was the Head of a Ruler,
from ancient Iranian or Mesopotamian times. I chose this figure because the person depicted in the
copper head looked like an important figure of the time. The man is well groomed and has an
emotionless face, but it also looks like he is portraying a little confidence in his expressionless face.
Considering this is a copper statue, I think it is safe to say it was not completed in a short amount of
time, leaving me to wonder if the man posed for the figure. Whether he posed for it or not, it still
gives off the vibe that he held a high title in society. There was no indication on the display of who
the man was or what his role was, only assumptions that supported my ideas that the man was an
important figure in that society, possibly a ruler or king. This figure makes me curious in the sense
that this man was obviously an important figure during ancient times, but he cannot be identified in
modern times. I also can't help but assume he might not have made a great impact in society,
whether he was a king, ruler, or even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are cracks throughout the figure due to age and possible mishandling. It is fairly simple in
terms of detail. While there is some extent of texture in the man's face and skin, it is hard to tell
whether it was intentional or due to average erosion. The features of the man's face are extremely
realistic, nonetheless. The eyes are hollow, which initially led me to believe the entire figure is
hollow. While the description does say that there were other supports inside the hollow figure to
hold the figure in place, there is no other physical indication that the figure is hollow. The artist
must have been extremely talented to be able to make a very realistic looking figurine of a man
using a hollow

The Spread of Buddhism Essay
The Spread of Buddhism
Buddhism is a philosophy, a moral code, and, for some a religious faith which originated in 530 BC
in India. Buddhism evolved as a modification of Hinduism when Hinduism started to become very
complicated due to too many sacrifices in the name of God. Today, an estimated 300 million people
follow one of the many varieties of Buddhism.
Budda, or Siddhartha Guatama which means "the awakened one" had the religion named after him
because he founded the ideas behind Buddhism. Budda, a very wealthy man, was not fulfilled with
his life. One day, he decided to leave his home and wondered through the forest, nearly starving
himself to death, in search of the answer to his discontent. Nearing death, a woman found ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The traditionalists, now referred to as Sthaviravada or "way of the elders" developed a complex set
of philosophical ideas beyond those taught by Buddha. These were collected into the Abhidharma or
"higher teachings." But they, too, encouraged disagreements, so that one group after another left the
fold. Ultimately, 18 schools developed, each with their own interpretations of various issues, and
spread all over India and Southeast Asia.
A significant development happened at the same time as the Buddhist movement began to spread
and that was the opening of a new way through, from India to China. Today, we call this way "the
Silk Road", and we associate it with famous travelers like Marco Polo, whose journeys to China
astounded the Europeans of his day.
The route was first established by the Chinese in search of horses and trade. It dates back to the
second century BC. From that time, it became a regular journey for traders seeking to make a small
fortune. In the following centuries, the route fell under control of different political groups, but was
always well used until the 15th century AD when sea trade dominated.
From early days, silk was exported from China to Italy where it became immensely popular. Grapes
and wine making were soon introduced to the East as well as perfumes, spices, unknown animals
and birds such as peacocks. From China, we first encountered roses, oranges and pears. There was
considerable cost to transport all

The Village Of Nahum And Nahum 's Town
The "Village of Nahum" or "Nahum 's Town". This is the meaning of the name and the root of the
name Capernaum. The name Capernaum is the English transliteration of the greek Kapernaoym and
Kapharnaoym which are in turn a corruption of the Aramaic name Kepar Nahum. The form of
Capernaum that is used in the Textus Receptus (the basis of our King James Bible) is Kapernaoum.
The Latin rendering is Caphernaum. In the Hebrew the name, Kefar Nahum, has changed little from
the original Aramaic. The name for the ruins at the accepted location for the city of Capernaum is
Tell Hum, Tell meaning "mound of" (Na) Hum. Thus, based on the meaning alone even, we can see
that the two names are linguistically compatible. The Arabic name for the city is Talhum. The name
of the city Capernaum never appears in the Old Testament. One, quite likely reason for this is that
the city of Capernaum was not formed until late in the second century BC. The city 's late formation
is adequate explaination for the lack of mention in the Old Testament It was called the "village of
Nahum" because Nahum the prophet 's tomb was shown there. One reason that it is so difficult to
find the city of Capernaum with one hundred percent accuracy is that the "Woes" (Matthew 11:23,
Luke 10:15) prophecied by Jesus came to pass with such competence. So completely has it perished
that the very site is still a matter of dispute today. Almost nothing remains of the city of Capernaum
and there are few

Summary Of The Magician, The Witch, And The Law
The Magician, the Witch, and the Law was a timeline of the people, events, and documents that
significantly influenced the development of magic and witchcraft persecution. Edward Peters
formed his timeline beginning with early Christianity and ending with the sixteenth century. The
study argued that these people, events, and documents led to the persecution and burning of witches
in the seventeenth century. The timeline began with the explanation of harsh Greek and Roman laws
against magos. The laws were harsh because magic was a disruption of society and the cause of
political instability (9). Magos were practitioners of magic or those who used the power of divine or
demonic sources. Christians were primarily concerned with first proving that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Peters lays out three theories about why Philip IV persecuted the Templars. First, for their money.
Second, Philip wanted to be King of Jerusalem and give France to his son. Third, Boniface VIII
humiliated Philip when he accused Philip of crimes against God. Philip did not believe that the
Church who accused him was the real Church. The false Church had false followers who practiced
idolatry, the false followers including the Templars. Philip wanted to eradicate this fake Church. The
Templar's trial was significant because magic and sorcery was viewed as idolatry; sorcery and magic
was an attack on Christianity. The idea of a vulnerable Church continued into later centuries, which
ultimately strengthened the Church by offsetting the vulnerability. This showed that the courts were
not beyond attacking the Pope or other people in

Deconstructing the clock Essay
Summary
Ever since the dawn of civilization we have observed time by its natural occurrence and we also
relied on man made primitive tools to measure time. In the beginning, time has always been a
natural event, for example, sunrise to sunset but men's earlier primitive tools to measure time were
inaccurate and were only an approximate indicator, hence often unreliable such as the hour glass.
We became enslaved by the concept of time; our society is controlled by this mechanical device
which dictates our schedule accordingly. Time has evolved from a simple method of nature into a
measurable product which can be sold and bought. The industrial capitalism owes its existence to
the concept of time, without ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Times have progress during 1657 when they introduced the pendulum clock which was sufficient
enough to attain accuracy to have the minute hands and eventually the second hands on the 18th
century. These two last centuries has been crucial for the development of the clock "...capitalism
grew to such extent that it was able to take advantage of the techniques of the industrial revolution
to establish its economic domination over society" (Woodcock 883).
The clock has so much influence on our society, according to Lewis Mumford, an American
philosopher, historian, and teacher "...the key machine of the machine age, both for its influence on
technics and for its influence on the habits of men" (Woodcock 883). This automatic device has
attained massive public importance on our social function and daily lives. The radical influence by
this device is apparent, it was the means of control "...regularization and regimentation of life
necessary for an exploiting system of industry could be assured" (Woodcock 884). We became so
much dependent and rabidly time–conscious. We became like clocks, we developed a routine and a
conscious schedule demoralizing our regimentation. We let the clock set our lives it's about time to
apply the true function of the clock as a means of reference and co–ordination. Men should be free
from such dominating regulation "Complete liberty implies freedom from the tyranny of abstraction

The Importance Of Childhood In Medieval Art
Childhood is an important part of the life of an individual. This is because childhood determines to a
greater extent the behavior and personality of an individual in adulthood based on the environment
they are brought up. Ideally, every individual has some childhood memories of pictures in stacks of
albums in the house. This demonstrates the importance of childhood in the development of an
individual. However, ancient artists do not share these sentiments, as they did not portray the
importance of childhood in early paintings and pictures. Aries (1996) pointed out "Medieval art did
until about the twelfth century did not know childhood or did not attempt to portray it" (p.33, which
demonstrates that ancient artists did not view or assumed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The thirteenth century demonstrated or represented childhood in a concept closer to the current
representation. Childhood representation changed in the thirteenth century as art embodied aspects
of childhood compared to miniature small–scale representation. Ideally, the evolution towards a
realistic and sentimental representation of childhood begins with the childhood of Jesus. The
representation of Jesus on His mother's arms led to family representations that demonstrated
childhood characteristics. However, a more realistic and sentimental childhood representation
revolved around Jesus until the fourteenth century when the
Italian art helped to develop and spread an ideal childhood representation.
The gothic period produced yet another type of childhood representation. This period saw the
representation of a naked child. The previous representation seldom represented a naked child,
except in cases of innocence and death. The allegory of death and soul introduced child nudity in the
medieval period. Nonetheless, the concept of Holy Childhood continued to develop in both variety
and scope from the thirteenth century onwards. The progress of Holy Childhood showed the
progress of the idea of childhood that was lacking in the previous centuries.

Behind the Zoo
What makes an object worth collecting? Curiosity is an important aspect of collecting. With the
spread of colonies, there was an affinity to discover the unknown, or rather, the different. The
nineteenth century paved the way for many sponsored expedition, looking for curios. Found object;
vases, pots and pans, tools of everyday use, gained an importance, as curios. Nature has captivated
the human cognizance since man first acquired tools, it would only be natural for the curiosity to
extend to the subject of new flora and fauna. By means of collecting it is possible to establish a
personal identity or characterize the other and often identifying this other as a conquest.
This idea of conquest can be analyzed in the manner in which collection is presented, making
presenting as important an aspect as the collection itself.
The oldest zoological collection was a transportable one which contained every known species,
however only two of each animal, one male and one female, collected by Noah as recounted in
Genesis. Not does Noah get credit for conceptualizing the zoo, but as highlighted by John Elsner
and Roger Cardinal's introduction in The Cultures of Collecting, he was also the first collector.
Granted it was under the request of a higher power, but in some way every collection emphasizes a
purpose or some secret desire. While we can choose to believe this to be true or not, the lesson to be
taken here is that collections can be thrust on its collector. Two of the

The Canterbury Cathedral Essay
The Canterbury Cathedral
For at least fourteen hundred years the worship of God has been offered on the site of this Cathedral,
and through the prayers of the Church his power and grace have shaped human lives. Ever since the
murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in the Cathedral in 1170, Canterbury has attracted thousands
of pilgrims. This tradition continues to this day, and a large team of Welcomers, Guides, Cathedral
Assistants and Chaplains are there to give all visitors a warm welcome.
The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ Canterbury is a holy place of pilgrimage,
founded by St Augustine for the worship of Almighty God and the honour of Christ our Saviour.
It is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Benedict as a formal monastic community. The Benedictine community of monks continued until
the monastery was dissolved in 1540.
The next year a new Foundation, called the Dean and Chapter, was constituted by Royal Charter.
Today there is a Dean and four Residentiary Canons in the Chapter, who, with the Precentor, make
up the establishment of full–time clergy.
Canterbury Cathedral is linked to the lives of many great ecclesiastical and national figures. Among
the former are the Saints of Canterbury –– Augustine, Theodore, Odo, Dunstan, Alphege, Anselm,
Thomas and Edmund – all of whom were Archbishops of Canterbury and held in universal respect.
The one who became most famous of all was Thomas Becket, who was murdered in his cathedral on
29 December 1170. Appointed by his King and friend, Henry II, to bring the Church to the heel of
the monarchy, he did the reverse. He espoused its rights in the face of the King's desire to control
them.
Four knights, with their own agendas of complaint, thinking to ingratiate themselves with the King,
came to Canterbury and killed the Archbishop in his own Cathedral.
In the Reformation period Canterbury had a series of distinguished Archbishops, among them
Thomas Cranmer, who compiled the first two Prayer Books and established what was to become the
liturgical tradition of the Church of England and Anglican Churches the world over.
Cardinal Pole was Archbishop during the reign of

The Main Forces That Transitioned Europe Toward Modernity
Ngo
Humanities 4314
Midterm: October 12, 2014
Isser Woloch suggests that the key forces that transitioned Europe toward modernity are associated
with four different developments which "coincided with and reinforced each other in final decades
of the eighteenth century: (1) rising population; (2) increased agricultural productivity; (3) a vast
increase in commerce, particularly in the exploitation of their colonies by Britain and France; and
(4) the expansion of textile manufacturing and the beginnings of its structural transformation in
England" (113).
Population Growth
Prior to the Europe's sustained growth, Europe struggled as far as keeping growth steady flowing;
with that being said, as growth of population would reach its exponential, the population would
shortly reach a downfall. The result of contagious diseases, crop failure, and the aftermath of war
such as the Thirty Years War had altogether been the cause of a depopulated community.
The fluctuation of population may be seen when one looks at the sixteenth century and the
seventeenth century; for example, sixteenth century Europe had a rise in population while
seventeenth century Europe suffered a significant decline in numbers for population. Europe's
population suffered a downfall when the prices of grain and flour had risen following the law of
supply and demand; facing the wraths of high prices and short supply, people would soon become
undernourished and starving, possibly trying to fend off hunger by

Advantages Of Agritourism
Agritourism Activity – Domestic Zoo
Introduction
The idea of agritourism urges guests to experience agricultural life at first hand. Agritourism is
gathering strong backing from little groups as rural people have realised the advantages of
sustainable development achieved by similar types of nature travel. Visitors have the chance to work
in the fields alongside real farmers and wade knee–somewhere down in the ocean with fisherman
pulling in their nets. Agritourism incorporates a wide assortment of activities, including including
buying produce direct from a farm stand, staying on a farm,domestic zoo, etc. A domestic zoo is a
private zoo (place for keeping, feeding and looking after animals) which is run by a person or a
group of persons because they are animal fanciers and they are fond of animals.
What is Domestic Zoo ?
A domestic zoo is a private zoo (place for keeping, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hire a maintenance worker to mend fences and pick up trash.
Buy the food for animals.
Benefits and Drawbacks of Domestic Zoo
Benefits
To begin with,domestc animals decrease stress. By overview by Mindlab International, individuals
will be more casual subsequent to investing energy with their domestic animals.
Pets help people with serious sickness. A few doctors have found that pets can motivate patients
with genuine sickness .
Pets influence owner's wellbeing. Kids grown up with cats and dogs have less danger of sensitivities
and asthma.
Cats also lower risk of heart attack by reducing stress and anxiety.
Dogs can either bring down pulse and cholesterol or help people lose their weight.
Drawbacks
Domestic zoo costs cash. The owner needs to pay for the food bills, grooming costs, accessories,
zoo maintenance and so forth.
Then, animals can be destructive. Animals can attack the zoo keeper.
Next, animals carry health risk for some people. Allergy–prone family should reconsider about
having domestic zoo.

The Word About Gay And Where It Originated
Words have so many different meanings. Just pick up a dictionary to discover the many different
meanings of the same word. Many questions arise when thinking of where a word originated from.
This report will allow me to explore the definition of gay and where it originated. I will explain how
the word gay has changed over time. As culture changes, so does words as they take on new
meanings. The word gay originally had the meaning of being carefree, happy or lighthearted for
quite a long time, but this slowly changed conveying a series of different meanings, and in Modern
English the word refers to homosexuality. The word itself dates back to the 12th Century although
uncertain; it originates from the Old French word gaie that means joyful or merry which seems to be
Germanic in its origin (Nardi 248). The word has several cognates in other languages such as Old
Provencal gai, Old Frankish gahi. The Old French and Old Frankish words are both from Proto–
Germanic word ganhwaz that means sudden which is a cognate with the Dutch word gauw that
means fast or quickly, Westphalia Low German word gau with the same meaning as the Dutch word
gauw, and the German word gahi meaning abrupt or sudden. In the late 12th Century, gay was used
as a surname: Phillips De Gay for example.
The English word gay was first recorded in the 14th Century in a poem titled 'Blow, Northerne
Wind,'.In the poem's context, it meant beautiful. Before the end of the 14th Century, the word
conveyed a series

Ancient Chinese Contributions
Ancient Chinese Contributions
Kenneth Smith
Professor Maxine Brown
HUM 111–World Cultures I
November 29, 2012
The Ancient Chinese culture has contributed in many ways to the way of life today as we know it.
Upon completion of this paper, I will have identified eight to ten useful inventions or contributions
that are used in the world today. Some of these inventions include the compass, gunpowder, row
planting, deep drilling, and toilet paper and so on. Within those eight to ten inventions, I will choose
four that I believe are the most innovative.
Row Planting (Feudal period – 6th Cent BC)
The Chinese started planting crops in rows sometime in the 6th century BC. This allows the crops to
grow stronger and faster. It facilitates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's assumed the discovery of occurred sometime earlier, since Zeng describes three different
gunpowder mixtures and the Chinese used it for signal flares before appropriating it for military use
in rudimentary grenades. Over time, we realized that metals added to the mixtures created brilliant
colors in gunpowder explosions and modern day fireworks were born! It also makes a handy
explosive for projectiles like bullets. (Josh Clark)
Paper
Once language begins to develop, though, humans wrote on anything that would stand still long
enough. Clay tablets, bamboo, papyrus and stone were only a few of the early writing surfaces.
Things changed once the Chinese, specifically a man named Cai Lun, invented the prototype for
modern paper. Before Cai's breakthrough, the Chinese wrote on thin strips of bamboo and lengths of
silk, but in AD 105, he created a mixture of wood fibers and water and pressed it onto a woven
cloth. The weave in the cloth allowed the moisture in the pulpy mixture to seep out, resulting in
rough paper. (Josh Clark)
Toilet Paper (Sui Dynasty: 581–618 AD) As noted above, paper was an early invention of China.
One of the first recorded accounts of using hygienic paper was

Medieval Period Essay
The Middle age or Medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. The medieval period is
subdivided itself into Early, High and late Middle ages. In these periods miracle plays and mystery
plays are developed. It focused on Bible song and Bible stories. They developed from 10th to 16th
century rise of the professional theatre. During 15th and 16th centuries the plays were more famous
in Europe. English renaissance was the period of 14th to 17th century. It acts as the bridge between
the middle age and modern history. Sonnet was introduced from Italy to England during this period.
Until half of 16th century Renaissance style and idea were slow after second half of 16th century
Elizabeth era is usually regard as the elevation of English ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Robert Burns was a pioneer of the Romantic Movement. His death was became a cultural icon in
Scotland. William Blake was another Romantic poets, he was the poet, painter and printmaker. He is
considered as a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the early Romantic
age. Lord Byron, Shelley and John Keats are the famous poets during the second generation of the
Romantic period. The Romantic Movement reached America in early 19th century. Victorian
literature is the main article during 18th – 19th century. English novel and novel are famous during
this period. As authors and readers women's played a important part in rising this rising popularity
Charles Dickens became most famous novelist in the history of English literature. His famous novel
was Oliver Twist. So many novels are formed or created during this period. American novel moves
from Romanticism to realism during middle of 19th century. Genre fiction, children's literature,
Victorian poetry drama were developed during this

The Corsets And Crinoline In Victorian Fashion
"The corset is full of paradoxes" (Johnstone, L. Corsets and Crinolines in Victorian Fashion.
Available: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets–and–crinolines–in–victorian–fashion/.
Last accessed 9th Dec 2015). This statement is true to the complex history of the corset, a garment
that has been greatly affected by social, economic and political factors, and that has had a
resounding effect on today's society as a result.
"The corset expresses contradictory messages: constriction and freedom, dominance and
submission, femininity and power. And it refers to current social values: violence, war, sex,
nostalgia and conservatism" (Johnstone, L. (N/A). Corsets and Crinolines in Victorian Fashion.
Available: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets–and–crinolines–in–victorian–fashion/.
Last accessed 9th Dec 2015). From its emergence in the sixteenth ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Laudner, V, 2010, p, 28). In recent history however, from the twentieth century to the present day,
the corset has been revived repeatedly. Paul Poiret banished corsets in 1909 after "centuries of
tyrannical reign over women's fashion". (N/A. (N/A). The Corset in Late 20th–Century Fashion.
Available: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the–corset–in–late–20th–century–fashion/. Last
accessed 9th Dec 2015) In the 1920s, flat and square dresses came into fashion and became perfect
canvases on which to reflect the motifs of the Art Deco period. "The female body became almost
abstract and the natural waist a feature from the past". (N/A. (N/A). The Corset in Late 20th–
Century Fashion. Available: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the–corset–in–late–20th–
century–fashion/. Last accessed 9th Dec 2015) It wasn't until the 1930's that the waist came back
into focus with innovative its and use of colour combinations and soft corsets and bodices on
evening dresses were seen during a Victorian revival seen in fashion at the time. From then on, a
more tight fitting silhouette was in fashion

Medieval Architecture Essay
Medieval Architecture
World Geography 101
December 1, 2010
The Middle Ages, also known as the Medieval era, though scarred with a history of violence and
war, has given the world some of the most marvelous and beautiful pieces of art, particularly in
architecture. The Middle Ages is the name given to the time period from the late 5th century to the
15th century, particular to European history. The construction of these types of buildings was a
constant for various cultures for a thousand years. They can be categorized into three phases; Pre–
Romanesque, Romanesque and Gothic. The most important buildings during medieval times were
religious, defensive and governmental or power related.
Figure 1 – Sarcophagus of Abbess ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Much of the architecture in the Romanesque era evolved into Gothic architecture. The Gothic era
ran from the 12th century into the 16th century. There wasn't necessarily a clean break from
Romanesque to Gothic styles of architecture, but rather a gradual shift in design. The main
characteristics of Gothic architecture are the pointed ribbed vaults and arches, flying buttresses and,
in place of solid walls, a cluster of columns. Due to the vertical emphasis of the design, the
archways could be redesigned and stretched or pointed. Four main Figure 5 – The depressed arch
supported by fan vaulting at King's College Chapel, England. types of arch designs that are
commonly found within Gothic architecture are the lancet arch, which is simply a steeply pointed
arch, the equilateral arch, the flamboyant arch and the depressed arch as seen in the King's College
Chapel. (see figure 5) Due to the new design of supporting the weight of the ceiling through the
columns and flying buttresses, there was no need for walls made of heavy materials. With all the
columns and archways in place, the structure took on a skeletal look. This gave way to expanding
the once small openings for windows to an expanse of window space providing plenty of light to the
interior of the structure. This space was commonly filled with stained glass. From this, stained glass

Liner Shipping: Strategy, Strategy And Strategy
What is strategy?
Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long–term which achieves advantage
for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to
meet the needs of markets. A strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve a specific goal or series
of goals within an organizational framework.
Shipping
A shipping service is a business of transporting commodities, merchandise goods and cargo aboard
or transportation of goods through sea.
Liner Shipping
Liner vessels operate on fixed routes, to fixed schedules and usually with a standard tariff. Liner
trades are dominated by container ships, roll–on/roll–off carriers and general cargo ships. These are
the ships with predefined routes and schedules and these services are used by those customers who
have small volumes of cargo that does not require charter service. General Liner ships are used by
the companies that transport goods like electronic goods, gadgets, toys etc. ... Show more content on
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Generally these services are used when the customer has large cargo volumes, if necessary vessel
can be transmitted such as food grains, chemicals, petroleum etc. Generally these ships have
capacities of ranging from 5,000 to 500,000 m tonnes.
A brief history of maritime transport
The history of the maritime industry stretches back thousands of years to the time of the first

Comparing The Long Love That in My Thought Doth Harbor...
Comparing Wyatt's The Long Love That in My Thought Doth Harbor and Donne's The Flea
Every century has its own poetry; poetry has its own personality and
aspects, especially love poems. In the sixteenth century, poems about
love were more about the court than the lover. In the next century (the
seventeenth), the poems of love were more about courting the lover. An
author from the sixteenth century, Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder, is well
known for his lyrics pertaining to love. An author from the seventeenth
century is John Donne, who is most famous for his love–poetry. When
comparing these two authors, the theme of love is very apparently ... Show more content on
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The theme of love in the sixteenth and seventeenth

Perceptions Of The 18Th Century Novel In Ian Watt’S Book,...

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