Diabetes Mellitus, Often Overlooked As Not Serious When It...

Diabetes Mellitus, Often Overlooked as Not Serious When It...
Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a disease that is commonly overlooked as not being as serious as it actually is. According to
the national diabetes fact sheet, in 2007, 71,382 people died from diabetes and doctors ruled that diabetes was a contributing cause of the death of an
additional 160,022 people. That is a total of 231,404 deaths in one year related to diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2013). Diabetes is
definitely a disease that many should research to learn just how serious it really is. Diabetes Mellitus has been changing the lives of humans since
2000–3000 B.C. The name Diabetes Mellitus was given by Greeks and Romans, Diabetes meaning frequent urination and Mellitus meaning sugar in the
urine... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This test indicates to the doctor whether or not the body is processing glucose correctly. Diabetes is diagnosed with this test if after two hours the
blood glucose level is greater than or equal to 200 mg. There is also a Random Plasma Glucose Test, which is a blood test that can be done at any
point in the day when experiencing diabetic symptoms (American Diabetes Association, 2013). There are four different types of diabetes, they are
all related with regards to low insulin and high blood sugar, but they are also all very different. The different types of diabetes include; Pre diabetes,
Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2013).Pre diabetes occurs when the blood glucose levels
are elevated, but not quite high enough to have a diabetes diagnosis (American Diabetes Association, 2013). When someone is at the pre diabetes
stage it is important for them to change their eating and exercise habits in order to prevent their blood glucose levels for elevating and eventually
becoming diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is generally diagnosed early in life, generally in children and young adults. Individuals with type 1 diabetes do not
produce insulin at all. Insulin is the hormone that secretes sugar and other foods into the energy needed to maintain a healthy lifestyle (American
Diabetes Association, 2013). Unfortunately, there is
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Define Glucose Tolerance Test
Glucose tolerance test is one of the ways to monitor diabetes it evaluates a how individuals body controls the level of sugar. It helps to monitor
diabetes and gestational diabetes of pregnant women. Before taking a blood is taken an individual is asked not to eat or drink up to 12 hours.
Moreover, for the individual with type 1 could monitor the blood glucose by the healthcare professional from two to six months. Also, the patients
could monitor their own blood glucose level at their home. A blood glucose meter is a device which is small that makes sure to measure the
concentration of glucose in the blood where the high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) and low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) is detected. By monitoring
regularly it will ensure the patients if the blood glucose is normal and stable. According to the NHS 4–6, mmol/l is a normal blood glucose level before
taking a meal and 10 mmol/l or less after taking the meal. (Diabetes.co.uk, 2017c)
Newly diagnosed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Healthy eating is vital if the individual is diabetic they need to be aware how their level of blood sugar is affected by the food. An individual should
know managing about counting carbohydrates. A food carbohydrate has the largest effect of level of blood sugar. An individual who takesinsulin at
mealtime it is vital they are aware the total of carbohydrates in the food. Exercising regularly is another strategies. It is vital to exercise regularly as
the level of sugar is lowered and an insulin is efficiently used by a body. An individual should aim to exercise about 30 minutes each day of aerobic
activity example cycling and walking. Moreover, limiting alcohol is an alternative strategy. An alcohol will worsen diabetes difficulties. However, if
an individual has their diabetes controlled drinking occasionally is fine 14 units for a week is advised for both men and women. (Information et al.,

Risk Factors For Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
While a universal screening strategy is the best strategy to assure that all women with GDM are diagnosed and treated, the cost of such a strategy may
prove to be prohibitive for some populations. Known risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus include a family history of diabetes, race (Asian,
African–American, Hispanic and Native American women have a higher incidence of GDM than non–Hispanic Caucasian women [Ferrara, 2007;
Slocum and Burke Sosa, 2002]), obesity (body mass index [BMI] в‰Ґ25 kg/m2), high pre–pregnancy fasting blood glucose levels, increased maternal
age, parity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, sociodemographic and behavioral attributes, previous adverse pregnancy outcomes, and previous GDM
(Gunderson, et al., 2007;... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The risk factors selected for this study were a family history of diabetes, a personal history of GDM, maternal age of 35 or older, a BMI в‰Ґ25 kg
/m2, and a history of macrosomia in a previous pregnancy. It should be noted that two of these criteria (previous GDM and previous macrosomic
infant) cannot be applied to nulliparous women. In this study, investigators found that the number of risk factors identified was directly proportional to
the prevalence of GDM and the incidence of adverse events related to GDM, including preeclampsia, macrosomia, LGA infants, and shoulder dystocia.
Interestingly, 35% of the women on the study that did not have any of the risk factors identified were subsequently diagnosed with gestational diabetes.
These women also experienced more GDM–related events, despite being treated, than women without GDM. This high percentage is likely
reflective of the low number of risk factors used in the study (only three risk factors for nulliparous women), combined with the fact that patients
may be mistaken regarding family medical history. The patients in this study were predominantly of low socioeconomic status, which is considered
by many experts to be a risk factor for GDM (Gunderson, et al., 2007). If socioeconomic status had been used as one of the risk factors evaluated, it is
likely that far fewer than 35% of patients without risk factors would have

The Concentration Of Glucose And Concentration On The X Axis
A standard curve was set up with the use of glucose standards prepared in the first part of the experiment with the absorbance readings plotted on the
Y axis and concentration on the X axis. This standard curve can then be used to help plot and find unknown concentrations for the patient and control
samples, it also allows us to determine the equation of the line (y) and the correlation coefficient (R2) which were 2.2447x and 0.9984 respectively
(Figure 1.).
To determine the concentration of glucose in the blood plasma samples, the equation of the line provided from the standard curve (Figure 1) is used to
divide against the absorbance that has been blank adjusted. The dilution factor also has to be taken into account at this step, refer to the calculation in
Calculation 1 and is times against the previous number.
The blood glucose concentrations obtained during this practical were fairly close to the expected (Table 3). The only results that were different was
Patient 2's 60–minute sample, these results may have come from a technical error such as, pipetting on our part. Looking back at the first duplicate
absorbance levels for patient 2's 60 minute sample there is a slight variance in the values, clearly indicating pipetting is at fault (Table 2).
Discussion
From this practical we were able to use the glucose oxidase method to measure the glucose in two blood plasma samples collected from two patients
who had both family history of diabetes mellitus as well as signs

Diabetes : A Metabolic Disorder
Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic high blood sugar levels. It is caused by an absolute
or functional deficiency of circulating insulin, resulting in an inability to transfer glucose from the bloodstream into tissues where it is needed as fuel
(Ahmed, Laing and Yates 2011). The disruption in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins interferes with the secretion or action of insulin,
which plays a vital role in the metabolism and utilization of energy from the nutrients especially carbohydrates. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and
secreted in the gastrointestinal tract in the response to high blood sugar levels after ingestion of a substance (REFERENCE).
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diabetes can be diagnosed and monitored by either a random or fasting blood sugar test, oral glucose tolerance test and using HBA1c. The oral glucose
tolerance test, which is considered as a gold standard, has proven to be more useful, especially in clarifying the diagnosis and considering impaired
glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia (Blann, 2013). In addition, it may also be diagnosed by noticeable symptoms which arise from
high blood sugar. These includes polyuria (urination), polydipsia (thirst) and weight loss (despite adequate consumption of food), visual disturbances
and at times frequent recurrent infection and exhaustion (REFERENCES). Where there is presence or absence of symptoms known as
asymptomatic, the clinician will then request for a urine sample to check for the presence of glucose and a fasting plasma glucose level in your
blood to confirm a clear diagnosis.The finger prick test is an appropriate test for all patients, it has been approved and backed up by the national
quality assurance scheme. It enables health professionals to carry out finger–prick Hb/c tests by matching the results found in the laboratory to the
quality assurance results. Laboratory venous HbA1c must be done to confirm the finger prick test in an accredited laboratory.
The table below shows the summaries the 2006 WHO recommendations for the diagnostic criteria for Diabetes

Essay on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an intolerance of glucose documented for the first time during pregnancy. It is usually a short–term type of
diabetes and the most common health problem with pregnant women. GBM is caused by the way the hormones in pregnancy affect the mother. GDM
accounts for 5–7% of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association, 2010). During pregnancy the placenta develops and becomes the main bond
between the mother and the baby. It is used to make sure the baby has and gets enough nutrients. The placenta makes several hormones which make it
hard for insulin to control blood glucose and block the action of the mother's insulin in her body (American Diabetes Association, 2010). Hormonal
changes during the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is also known as diabetes (Baby Center, 2011). Some of the most common signs and symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia, and
polyphagia. These symptoms cause a ripple effect and one causes another to happen. Polyuria is excessive urination that is very common in
diabetes. This happens when excess sugar builds up in the blood, during which the kidneys work harder to filter and absorb the extra sugar that
cannot be reabsorbed. This excess sugar is excreted in the urine along with large losses of water. This is also known as osmotic diuresis. This
causes frequent urination and also can cause dehydration (Mayo Clinic, 2010). The dehydration then causes polydipsia, also known as excessive
thirst. This is also caused by the increased level of blood glucose. This again, is caused when water is pulled from the cells and also from the large
loss of water. When you lose sugar with polyuria you also lose calories which cause polyphagia. The body tents to hold on to the sugar and prevent it
from reaching the cells which makes the body use fat stores and cellular protein for energy. This then leads to excessive hunger (Mayo Clinic, 2010).
Other common symptoms can include glucosuria which happens when glucose is seen in the urine despite what the blood sugar may be. When there is
too much glucose in the body the renal system cannot remove all the sugar.

The Effects Of Diabetes On Body Uses Blood Sugar Essay
Diabetes mellitus is refered to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it is
an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. Having diabetes, it does not matter the type, means there is an
excessive amount of glucose in the blood, although the causes may differ, high levels of glucose can lead to serious health problems. The actual term
diabetes is that the body is unable to produce any or enough insulin, which causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. This occurs in both type 1
and type 2 diabetes, which are both similar the structure of the autoimmune disease but differ from each other in that type 1 is an acute dysfunction of
the pancreas usually occurring at a young age, and type 2 is progressive due to increasing inability of cells to respond to insulin, usually due to life style.
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. Only 5% of people with diabetes
have this form of the disease. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and
other food into energy needed for daily life.
The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes begins with production of antibodies which leads to the death of beta cells then a decline in insulin secretion.
Type 1 diabetes occurs as a result of the body 's immune system attacking the

Sleep Deprivation And Its Effects
Sleep is a major component of human life, taking up almost a third of an individual's lifetime and allowing the brain to process an individual's
experiences, thoughts, and memories. Proper sleep is vital to maintaining good health, as it is associated with maintenance of many of the body's
processes such as metabolism and disease prevention. This has become difficult as this modernizing world is completely changing the lifestyles of
societies, and therefore the patterns of human sleep, due to school work, shift work, or even to the increasing presence of technology in households
(Worthman, 2013). This potentially leads tosleep deprivation, which is associated with dramatic changes in health if it occurs for long periods of time.
Insomnia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Najafian, 2013). The focus of this experiment was to understand how changes in sleep duration could affect glucose metabolism in an animal model,
based on similar previous human studies. The goal of the researchers was to study changes in glucose metabolism in rats that occur due to chronic
sleep deprivation over a long period of time. They developed a hypothesis that allowed them to predict that chronic sleep deprivation for extended
periods of time will significantly decrease insulin sensitivity and impair glucose metabolism. Analyzing the rat's tolerance for glucose and sensitivity
to insulin allowed the researchers to observe changes in metabolism due to sleep deprivation. The experiment consisted of two groups of twelve
female rats, a control group (CON) and the group undergoing chronic sleep deprivation (CSD). The rats were five months old and weighed
between 286 grams and 324 grams. They were split into 6 different cages and were allowed to get accustomed to the lab conditions for a week, in
which the CSD group was placed in their specific modified multiple platform method (MMPH) water tank for 30 minutes every day. The MMPH
consisted of a water tank that either had circular platforms, for the CSD group, or a grid, for the CON group. Both the cages and water tank
experienced a 12–hour phase shift between light and dark and were kept at room

Symptoms And Treatment Of Sleep Deprivation
Introduction Sleep is a major component of human life, taking up almost a third of an individual's lifetime and allowing the brain to process an
individual's experiences, thoughts, and memories. Proper sleep is vital to maintaining good health, as it is associated with maintenance of many of the
body's processes such as metabolism and disease prevention. This has become difficult as this modernizing world is completely changing the lifestyles
of societies, and therefore the patterns of human sleep, due to school work, shift work, or even to the increasing presence of technology in households
(Worthman & Brown, 2013). This potentially leads tosleep deprivation, which is associated with dramatic changes in health if it occurs for long ...
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Shortened sleep duration, consisting of less than five hours of sleep a night, has been correlated with an increased chance of developing diabetes
later on in life. (Najafian et al., 2013). The focus of this experiment was to understand how changes in sleep duration could affect glucose metabolism
in an animal model, based on similar previous human studies. The goal of the researchers was to study changes in glucose metabolism in rats that
occur due to chronic sleep deprivation over a long period of time. They developed a hypothesis that allowed them to predict that chronic sleep
deprivation for extended periods of time will significantly decrease insulin sensitivity and impair glucose metabolism. Analyzing the rat's tolerance
for glucose and sensitivity to insulin allowed the researchers to observe changes in metabolism due to sleep deprivation. The experiment consisted
of two groups of twelve female rats, a control group (CON) and the group undergoing chronic sleep deprivation (CSD). The rats were five months
old and weighed between 286 grams and 324 grams. They were split into 6 different cages and were allowed to get accustomed to the lab
conditions for a week, in which the CSD group was placed in their specific modified multiple platform method (MMPH) water tank for 30 minutes
every day. The MMPH consisted of a water tank that either had circular platforms, for the CSD group, or a grid, for the CON group. Both the cages
and water tank experienced a 12–hour phase

Exercise Test Of Fasting Blood Glucose Levels
Following the establishment of fasting blood glucose levels subjects in the oral glucose tolerance test consumed a 10 ounce beverage that contained
100 grams of glucose. Over the next 2 hours subjects repeated the same method as used in the control test to test their blood glucose levels 4 more
times. These 4 tests were conducted at 30 minute intervals and all readings were recorded for later examination.
Physical Exercise Test After recording their fasting blood glucose levels subjects in the exercise test group transitioned to the gym. At the gym each
individual engaged in 45 minutes of moderate exercise. Although no strict controls were put in place to regulate the type or intensity of exercise
conducted individuals generally engaged in a reasonably strenuous amount of exercises. Most individuals conducted either cardiovascular exercise
such as running and biking or strength training such as calisthenics or weight lifting. Immediately upon completion of the exercise period, subjects
returned to the laboratory to conduct a second blood glucose test. Utilizing the same method as described in the control test the subjects examined
and recorded their post exercise blood glucose levels. All data from both sets of tests were then compiled and recorded in a Microsoft excel file. The
results were then examined by calculating the mean and standard deviation for each set of data. In order to test our null hypothesis, the results of the oral
glucose tolerance test were

Preventing Complications From Gestational Diabetes
Promotion of a Healthy Lifestyle to Prevent Complications from Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes, glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition occurring during pregnancy, is a problem more pregnant women are facing.
The exact prevalence rate of gestational diabetes mellitus is unknown but in the United States it is estimated to affect anywhere from one to 14
percent of pregnancies (Desisto, Shin, & Sharma, 2014). There are several risk factors which increase a woman's risk for gestational diabetes. Some of
these risks include: family history of diabetes mellitus, previous history of gestational diabetes, advanced maternal age, previous infant weighing 9
pounds or more at birth, glycosuria, polycystic ovary syndrome, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Complications to the fetus include: macrosomia, hypoglycemia, neural tube defects, preterm delivery, shoulder dystocia, hyperbilirubinemia, and being
large for gestational age (Elkins & Smith Taylor, 2013) (Kim, 2010). So, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the care management strategies to
promote a healthy lifestyle in obese pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, to control their gestational diabetes mellitus without
the intervention of insulin treatment and to prevent complications from gestational diabetes mellitus.
Care Management Process
Expected Outcomes Gestational diabetes is a significant diagnosis in pregnancy but it is expected that obese women diagnosed with gestational diabetes
will be able to control their diabetes without the intervention of insulin treatment. They should be able to do this through lifestyle changes. By
controlling their gestational diabetes mellitus, the women will be able to reduce the risk or even prevent maternal complications and fetal
complications associated with gestational diabetes mellitus.
Assessments
The first step in managing gestational diabetes to reduce risks of maternal and fetal complications, one must be diagnosed with it. To be diagnosed
women go through a screening process. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Diabetes Association recommend
that all women should have their initial screening

Differentiating Between Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of the endocrine system primarily differentiated between type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas
is unable to produce insulin and was previously seen in the younger generation which is no longer the case.1 Type 2 diabetes is the more prevalent of
the two types and involves elevated blood sugar levels due to the insufficient production of insulin. Risk factors that make an individual higher risk for
type 2 diabetes include increasing age, obesity, family history, a sedentary lifestyle.1,2 Innovative drug therapies for type 2 diabetes remain important
for the treatment and reduction of the disease.
The prevalence of diabetes according to the CDC is 26 million Americans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other drugs with a similar mechanism of action include empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ipragliflozin, but these are not FDA approved. Since the sodium
glucose transporter is located in the proximal part of the kidney, and responsible for 90% of glucose reabsorption, the reabsorption is therefore
inhibited.2 This results in decreased blood glucose due to a decrease in glucose reabsorption and increase in excretion.
Invokana is initially administered 100 mg by mouth every day before the first meal of the day. The dose can be increased to 300 mg every day in
patients tolerating the initial dose who have a GFR greater than 60 mL/min/1.73m2 in need of additional glycemic control.3 Adverse effects that have
been noted with this medication include increased urination, yeast infections, and negative gastrointestinal effects.4,6 Safety considerations include
dehydration, vaginal yeast infections in women and men, and it is not advised to take Invokana if you are allergic or have severe renal impairment
and/or are on dialysis.4 It is therefore imperative that patients are screened appropriately before being placed on this medication, and that monitoring is
performed in certain disease states, particularly those involving renal disease.
Literature Evaluation
The first study by Lavalle–Gonzaled, Janus Zewicxz Davidson J and et al. was on the "Efficacy and safety of Canagliflozin compared with placebo
and Sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on

Public Awareness of Diabetes
Public Awareness of Diabetes Lynn A. Bailey HCA/240 August 21, 2011 Dr. Monica Reed, PhD, MPH Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of
people every year, and in most cases, this is a disease that is preventable. Increasing public awareness regarding risk factors and how this debilitating
disease can be controlled and prevented may reduce the number of cases diagnosed each year. Throughout the years, scientists have developed a variety
of treatment options and medications that are available for individuals diagnosed with diabetes. Future treatments for diabetes may include an artificial
pancreas and stem cell therapy (Yoffee, 2009). Along with community support through awareness programs and advances in technology and... Show
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Risk factors for DM2 consist of obesity, high or low birth weight, rapid weight gain in childhood, sedentary lifestyle, fetal exposure to gestational
diabetes, family history, and race (Schub & Caple, 2010). Some of these risk factors may be controlled, whereas others cannot be controlled.
Risk factors that are controllable include dietary needs and lifestyle choices. Obesity is the number one cause of DM2 among children and
adolescents, and is commonly describes as body mass index, or BMI, which is a measurement of body fat that is based on height and weight
(Schub & Caple, 2010). Obesity is a risk factor that is modifiable and may decrease an individual's risk for developing DM2, and it may either
prevent or reduce the onset. Obesity is a risk factor of DM1 as well. Although it may not prevent DM1, healthy lifestyle choices may help manage this
type of diabetes as well. Other factors that cannot be controlled include genetics, fetal exposure to gestational diabetes, low birth rate, some
environmental factors, and race. In today's world, advances in medicine and technology have increased the availability of treatment options for patients
diagnosed with diabetes compared to the past. Evolution of Treatment Options Over past several years, the list of medications used to treat diabetes has
increased creating more options for patients and healthcare providers

A Brief Note On The Blood Glucose Concentration
In order to determine whether someone is diabetic, it is necessary to measure the person's ability to handle a certain load of glucose, thus it is important
that they have not eating anything that will interfere with the results. Initially, a fasting glucose blood tested is performed. If an individual has high
resting blood glucose level, it indicates that their body is unable to produces insulin to regulate normal level of blood glucose.
After administrating a small glucose dose, it takes approximately 2 hours for blood glucose levels to return to normal, and much longer to end up in
urine. Therefore, it is more accurate and quicker to measure the blood glucose level blood
Figure 1 demonstrates that the blood glucose concentration is increasing and reaches its maximum concentration in the first hour of ingesting the
glucose load. This is representative of the amount of time it takes for glucose to be absorbed and distributed around the body.
Figure 1 demonstrates that in the glucose rest group reaches it maximum blood glucose concentration at 60 minutes, this time is representative of the
amount of time it takes small intestine to absorb and distribute it around to the body. However, in the glucose exercise group the maximum glucose
concentration occurs at 30 minute. This is due to the fact that glucose consumed is used immediately by skeletal muscles, and more glucose is required
to fulfil the energy requirements. Therefore, glycogen is broken down to glucose which is

Chromium Syndrome
Chromium is used in the body as blood glucose regulator. Chromium helps the body accept insulin into the cells; therefore, helping the body stabilize
blood glucose levels. Chromium is essential for patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome because it helps regulate insulin levels. Therefore, a
chromium deficiency could be harmful to people who have insulin regulators. Deficiency is common in areas that have soil that contains low chromium
amounts, such as the United States. To prevent deficiency individuals should consume broccoli, sweet potatoes, oats, and corn. Furthermore, chromium
also acts as a digestive agent. Chromium helps in the breakdown different macronutrients. Chromium is required for the metabolism of macronutrients
such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tunisian adults were supplemented for six months with a medley of minerals including 400 Ојg/d of chromium (Anderson, 203). The effects of the
mineral supplementation were measured before and after the six month period. Three groups were created in order to measure the effects of the
supplementation. The control group only received a placebo for the experiment. The diabetic group showed a decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive
substances from the chromium supplement. However, the supplement did not show a decrease in blood glucose levels, nor did it show a decrease in
HbA1C. No interactions were found between zinc and chromium supplementation. Since no interactions were found, the data supports giving the
supplementation medley together in hopes that oxidative stress will be

Developing An Understanding Of Diabetes Care. To Understand
Developing an Understanding of Diabetes Care
To understand diabetes you need to understand what should happen to the food we consume. Any food we eat or drink passes into the stomach and
digestive system where it is broken down into carbohydrates, protein, fats, and vitamins. The carbohydrates are then broken down into glucose which is
then released into the bloodstream. Once this happens the glucose level increases in the blood so the body's reaction to that is for the pancreas to
release a hormone called insulin. Both the insulin and glucose then travel via the bloodstream to all the cells in the body where the insulin then
enables the glucose to enter the cells. We need glucose to reach our cells as it provides fuel for energy.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Type 2 diabetes some insulin is being produced. Diabetes.org.uk (2017) states 'In Type 2 diabetes, the body doesn't make enough insulin, or the
insulin it makes doesn't work properly, meaning glucose builds up in the blood'. It usually occurs in older, overweight people and symptoms develop
over a longer time period. Symptoms can include excessive thirst, going to the toilet to pass urine a lot more than usual including having to get up in
the night to do this. Feeling tired all the time. Unexplained weight loss. Genital itching, thrush, cuts and wounds not healing as quickly as they should,
and blurred vision. This is not an exhaustive list as there are rarer symptoms that can develop. The treatment for controlling Type 2 diabetes depends
on the level of glucose found in the blood. This can be by diet and/or medication.
There are several risk factors which can contribute to a person developing Type 2 Diabetes. These are: Family history i.e. a first degree relative
(Mother, Father, Sibling) who has diabetes. Age– middle age (over 40) onwards or over 25 if Asian. Obesity – once a person is classed as obese (over
20% above ideal bodyweight). Waist circumference – men over 37 inches and women over 311/2 inches. Ethnicity – Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent
in the Asian, African–Caribbean or Black African community. Diabetes.org.uk (2017) states 'Type 2 diabetes is 2 to 4 times more likely in people

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ( Or Juvenile Onset )
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus The aetiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (or juvenile onset) is a localised auto immunity disease caused by type IV
cell–mediated hypersensitivity. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (T cells) are responsible for the destruction of Beta (ОІ) cells with in the islets of Langerhans
of the pancreases (Handorf, Sollinger, & Alam, 2015). Although reasons why are unknown, this is due to T–Cell Receptors (TCR's) binding to
self–antigens presented by class 1 Major Histocompatibility Complex ((MHCs) Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) in humans) on the membrane of ОІ
cells aided by binding cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4). CD4 a transmembrane glycoprotein present on T–cells binds to a specific region of the MCH
this is the first signal... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DISC starts a caspase cascade were procaspase 8 is cleaved to caspase (cysteine–aspartic acid protease) 8 which in turn cleaves procaspase 3 to the
caspase 3. It is caspase 3 which fragments proteins and activates caspase activated DNase (CAD) to fragment deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) within the
cell by breaking down peptide bonds (Janeway, Travers, Walport, & Shlomchik, 2001). Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes has shown to have an incident
rate of 22.8/100,000 in children under 15 while its peak age for diagnosis between 9 and 14 year of age and occurs rapidly over a few weeks. Like its
name suggest juvenile onset suggests 95.1% of people under 19 have type 1 when compared to type 2 diabetes furthermore makes up only 5–10% of
all diabetes cases (Cass, 2015). As previously stated the mechanisms of why this auto immune disease occurs are unclear however there are risk
factors which increase your likelihood of developing the disease. Family prevalence can increase your risk factor even though in 85% of cases there is
no family history. With 2–4% increased change if your mother has the disease and 6–9% if your father has the condition. This raises up to 30% if both
parents have the condition linking genetics and environmental factors to developing the disease, specifically being a heterozygote for the

What is Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia is the condition where the blood glucose level is abnormally high and often related to diabetes mellitus. It is also the hallmark of
diabetes Type 1 and Type 2. There are several causes of hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetic patients have hyperglycemia because the patients do not have
enough insulin while Type 2 patients usually have enough insulin but is not efficient as it should be. Other than that, lack of exercise and stress may as
well cause hyperglycemia. One interesting cause of hyperglycemia is dawn phenomenon where hormones are highly produced around 4.00 a.m. to 5.00
a.m.. Everyone has experiences this condition. However, this is unfortunate for diabetic patient as they do not have normal insulin response to
modulate to this condition. Diabetic patients' specially Type 2 blood glucose level will normally increase significantly on early morning before
breakfast (fasting glucose). This is due to more production of glucagon than insulin. Glucagon signals break down glycogen into glucose therefore
increasing the blood glucose level. Another cause of hyperglycemia is pancreatitis where inflammation occurs on the pancreas. The inflammation may
has caused by gallstone where it has block the pancreatic duct, high consummation of alcohol and trauma. Besides that, Cushing's Syndrome may also
contribute to hyperglycemia. Cushing's Syndrome is the prolong exposure of cell tissue to hormone cortisol. Symptoms of hyperglycemia that are
obviously seen are frequent

Gestational Diabetes Essay
Gestational Diabetes
Alivia Danna
October 5, 2011
HED 3390
Gestational Diabetes Gestational diabetes is a disease that affects pregnant women it's a glucose intolerance that is started or diagnosed during
pregnancy. Based on recently announced diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association, it is estimated
that gestational diabetes affects 18% of pregnancies. Pregnancy hormones can block insulin therefore causing the glucose levels to increase in a
pregnant woman's blood. Gestational diabetes starts when your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy (American
Diabetes Association). Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be changed to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not all women experience symptoms of gestational diabetes, or the symptoms are mild and not life threatening to the pregnant woman. Most of the
time the blood sugar level returns to normal after delivery, which was the case for my mom. The one that's affected the most is the baby and it's
usually later on in the pregnancy after the baby is already formed, but while the baby is busy growing. Untreated or poorly controlled gestational
diabetes can hurt your baby. Although insulin does not cross the placenta, glucose and other nutrients do, so extra blood glucose goes through the
placenta, giving the baby high blood glucose levels. This causes the baby's pancreas to make extra insulin to get rid of the blood glucose. Since
the baby is getting more energy than it needs to grow and develop, the extra energy is stored as fat. This can lead to macrosomia, or a "fat" baby,
babies with macrosomia face health problems of their own, including damage to their shoulders during birth, newborns may have very low blood
glucose levels at birth and are also at higher risk for breathing problems. Babies with excess insulin become children who are at risk for obesity and
adults who are at risk for type 2 diabetes (American Diabetes Association). Women with Gestational diabetes tend to have larger babies therefore there
may be birth injuries or the need to have a C–section.
The treatment of gestational diabetes is simple you must monitor

Having The Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)
Why am I having this test?
The glucose tolerance test (GTT) is done to check how your body processes sugar (glucose). This is one of several tests used to diagnose diabetes that
develops during pregnancy (gestational diabetes mellitus). Gestational diabetes is a temporary form of diabetes that some women develop during
pregnancy. It usually occurs around weeks 24–28 of pregnancy and goes away after delivery.
You may have the GTT test after having a 1–hour glucose test with results that indicate that you may have gestational diabetes. You may also have this
test if:
You have a history of giving birth to very large babies or have experienced repeated fetal loss (stillbirth).
You have signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as:
Changes in your vision. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you need help stopping, ask your health care provider.
The testing procedure may vary among health care providers and hospitals.
How are the results reported?
Your results will be reported as milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). You will compare your results
to normal ranges that were established after testing a large group of people (reference ranges). Reference ranges may vary among different people,
labs, and hospitals. For this test, blood sample reference ranges are:
Fasting: less than 95 mg/dL
1 hour after drinking glucose: less than 180 mg/dL
2 hours after drinking glucose: less than 155 mg/dL
3 hours after drinking glucose: 140 md/dL
What do the results mean?
Results within reference ranges are considered normal, meaning that your glucose levels are well–controlled. Results higher than the reference ranges
may mean that you recently experienced stress, such as from an injury or a sudden (acute) condition like a heart attack or stroke, or that you have:
Gestational diabetes.
Acute stress response.
Cushing syndrome.
Tumors such as pheochromocytoma or glucagonoma.
Kidney failure.

Pancreatitis.
Hyperthyroidism.
An

Diabetes Mellitus : A Debilitating And Chronic Disease
Diabetes Mellitus is a debilitating and chronic disease in which life long care and rehabilitation is required. According to the World Health
Organization, diabetes affects over 300 million people worldwide, and continues to rise each year. There are three main categories of diabetes; type 1,
type 2 and gestational diabetes. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is related to insulin, which is a hormone secreted by the cells of the
pancreas. (WHO) Insulin is responsible for maintaining an ideal glucose level in the blood. Due to abnormal insulin metabolism, the cells and tissues
can't make use of glucose from the blood, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. (WHO)
Diabetes is associated with a number of medical complications, which includes amputations of extremities, blindness, kidney failure, heart disease,
hypertension, neuropathy, stroke, and can cause plaque built up within the arterial walls. However, diabetes, along with the complications associated
with it, are preventable through a healthy diet and regular exercise. Weight loss improves insulin resistance and reduces the risk of developing
hypertension. Smoking is another risk factor for the development of diabetes. Smoking increases the abdominal fat accumulation and insulin resistance.
Sleep deprivation can also lead to diabetes. It may impair the balance of hormones regulating food intake and energy balance. (ADA)
People who live with diabetes must be aware of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar

Insultine Essay
Abstract Page
Impact of Anticholinergics on Insulin Response to Oral Glucose Load in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Background/Objective(s): Postprandial insulin secretion is determined by rate of glucose absorption, rate of gastric emptying, and the rate of
insulin–driven metabolism via 'incretins'. Preliminary data in healthy individuals have indicated a cholinergic basis to incretin–effect however no data
exists in patient with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We aimed studyinsulin responses in IGT subjects and healthy controls during 75 g oral glucose
tolerance test (OGTT), using an oral anticholinergic hyoscine butyl–bromide (HBB). HBB has high affinity for muscarinic receptors of GI tract smooth
muscles and has strong ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Following screening of 25 subjects, 10 impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) patients met study requirements. 10 age, gender and weight match healthy
subjects were selected as comparator. In females, all tests were performed within 10 d of the anticipated onset of menses. Baseline characteristics of
study participants have been described in Table 1.0.
Samples size of this study was chosen on the basis of practical considerations rather than statistical estimation. However, according to our experience,
the calculated sample size will most likely allow to detect large differences (if any) in parameters (> 50%) between the treatments groups.
Protocol & Sampling
The study was conducted as randomized, open label, parallel–group trial. Subjects (n= 20) were asked to avoid any strenuous exercise and maintain
their customary dietary intake for 48 h prior to testing days. After an 8h overnight fasting, all tests began after cannulation of the cubital vein kept
patent by slow infusion of isotonic saline. They underwent an OGTT (glucose 75 g; t =0 min) with and without pretreatment with HBB (20 mg PO
single dose; at t = –30 min) three days apart. Serial blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90 & 120 min for PG and insulin estimation. Changes in
vital signs were monitored throughout test procedure, on both test days.
Blood samples were then collected in glass tubes and

Use of Hemoglobin A1C to Diagnose Diabetes Essay
USE OF HEMOGLOBIN A1C TO DIAGNOSE DIABETES
Introduction In 2009 the International Expert Committee, which consisted of experts from the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the European
Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the International Diabetes Federation, released a report that recommended the use of Hemoglobin A1c
(HbA1c) to diagnose diabetes (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2013; International Expert Committee, 2009). HbA1c is a widely used marker
of chronic glycemia, because it reflects an individual's average blood glucose levels over a 2–3 month time period (ADA, 2013). Also, HbA1c is
largely used as the standard biomarker for the adequacy of individuals' glycemic management (ADA, 2013; Bao et al., 2010).
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a study done by Lee et al. (2011) the HbA1c threshold of 6.5% was used for detecting diabetes, and it resulted in a higher point estimate for
sensitivity for adolescents compared with adults, 75% and 53.8% respectively. Using recommended HbA1c thresholds of в‰Ґ 5.7% or в‰Ґ 6.0% for
predicting pre–diabetes in adolescents had poor sensitivity and was a poor marker for detecting pre–diabetes in adolescents compared with adults,
whether diagnosed with FPG or 2–hr PG (Lee et al., 2011). However, among older adult participants (69.4 В± 11.1 years old) in the study by Kramer et
al. (2010) there was a low sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing diabetes, specifically type 2 diabetes, at a HbA1c threshold of 6.5%. Similarly, in
the study conducted by Nowicka et al. (2011) HbA1c of 6.5% had relatively low sensitivity and specificity for classifying type 2 diabetes. Also, there
was poor agreement between HbA1c and oral glucose tolerance test criteria in classifying patients with glucose values suggestive of type 2 diabetes
(Nowicka et al., 2011).
Vehik et al. (2012) found in participants < 21 years of age that the current HbA1c threshold of 6.5% is not a sensitive indicator for diagnosing type 1
diabetes in individuals already diagnosed with type 1 diabetes by an oral glucose tolerance test. Additionally,

Diabetes : A Disease That Affects How Your Body Uses Blood...
Diabetes mellitus is referred to a disease that affects how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it is an
important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. Having diabetes wether it is type 1, 2 or gestational diabetes , means
there is an excessive amount of glucose in the blood, although the causes may differ, the high levels of glucose can lead to serious health problems.
The actual term diabetes is that the body is unable to produce any or enough insulin, which causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. This occurs
in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which are both similar the structure of the autoimmune disease but differ from each other in that type 1 is an acute
dysfunction of the pancreas this usually occurs at a young age, and type 2 is progressive and chronic due to increasing inability of cells to respond to
insulin, type 2 is usually due to life style and diet.
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, type 1 diabetes was previously known as juvenile diabetes. About 5% of people
with diabetes have this type of the disease. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone
that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other foods into energy needed for life.
The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes starts with production of antibodies which leads to the death of beta cells then follows with a decline in

Essay Sci 228 Week 4 Midterm
SCI 228 Week 4 Midterm
Purchase here
http://devrycourse.com/SCI%20228/sci–228–week–4–midterm
Product Description
Question :(TCO 1) Which of the following nutrients is the most energy dense?
2.Question :(TCO 1) Which of the following are examples of carbohydrate–rich foods?
3.Question :(TCO 1) What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?
4.Question :(TCO 1) Which of the following BESTdescribes minerals?
5.Question :(TCO 1) Which of the following is an example of an organic micronutrient?
6.Question :(TCO 1) Which of the following is NOTa primary function of dietary protein?
7.Question :(TCO 2) Overconsumption of ________ has the greatest potential for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Question :(TCO 3) What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?
1.Question :(TCO 4) The term complex carbohydrates refers to:
2.Question :(TCO 4) Diabetes is a condition in which the body doesn't process ________ properly.

3.Question :(TCO 4) After a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cells?
4.Question :(TCO 4) Peggy Sue's doctor wants to screen her for reactive hypoglycemia. If her doctor's suspicions are correct and Peggy Sue does
have reactive hypoglycemia, what would you expect her blood glucose concentration to be at approximately TWO HOURS after she had begun her
glucose tolerance test?
5.Question :(TCO 4) Lactose intolerance is due to a(n):
6.Question :(TCO 4) ________ is a highly branched arrangement of glucose molecules found in liver and skeletal muscle cells.
7.Question :(TCO 4) Gluconeogenesis is:
8.Question :(TCO 4) Which of the following BESTdescribes the glycemic index?
9.Question :(TCO 1–6) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using biopesticides?
10.Question :(TCO 1–6) Foods most commonly associated withSalmonella intoxication are:
SCI 228 Week 4 Midterm
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Product Description
Question :(TCO 1) Which of the following nutrients is the most energy dense?
2.Question :(TCO 1) Which of the following are examples of carbohydrate–rich

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus : An Overview
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Isaac Anzaldua
Norma Beardwood (Roper), MBA, M. Ed., RDN, LD, LPC, CEDS
DIET 4252
September 21, 2015 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease; which occurs through the insufficiency of insulin being produced or its actions are not being utilized. This occurrence
leads to hyperglycemia; an issue in which the amount of glucose in the blood is relatively high. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus falls under the category of
DM. GDM also consist of a form of insulin resistance throughout the pregnancy of the woman. If a woman is to be high–risk to have diabetes at the
first prenatal visit; they should receive a test to be screened for diabetes. The majority of woman get diagnosed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This occurs in 90% of all pregnancies with GDM, but the risk of these women obtaining GDM in the next pregnancy is relatively higher. GDM
women after pregnancy can be diagnosed with T2DM; this occurs in 5–10% of these women. Forty to sixty percent of these same women in the next 5
to 10 years can develop diabetes (Mahan et al., 2012, p. 679).
Etiology Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a form of diabetes; where glucose intolerance occurs during pregnancy. As the course of pregnancy unfolds;
during the first 4–5 months glucose is taken to the fetus. In the remaining months of pregnancy; the requirements for insulin are dramatically increased,
because of the high amount of placental hormones that exceed the glucose. As nutrients are supplied by the mother's body; the placenta senses this
action, and triggers placenta transport. Through the duration of the pregnancy increased glucose and placental transporters; are associated with diabetic
women; who have experience increased growth of the fetus. Hormones such as insulin; play a significant role in the regulation of the placental
transporters. This issue (insulin resistance) occurs when an increase of gestational hormones hinder the actions of insulin. The majority of pregnant
women are evaluated around 24–28 weeks for the risk of Gestation Diabetes Mellitus; although that these women should be screened at the first visit
(Escott–Stump, 2012, p. 552). Hyperglycemia is another result that occurs

Diabetes Essay example
There are two types of diabetes: diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes insipidus is a rare metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the
pituitary hormone, which is usually the result of damage to the pituitary gland. Diabetes insipidus is characterized by enormous amounts of urine that
are produced by the body regardless of how much liquid is consumed. Diabetes mellitus results from the production of insufficient amounts of insulin
by the pancreas. Without insulin the body cannot utilize glucose, thus creating a high level of glucose in the blood and a low level of glucose
absorption by the tissues. Diabetes mellitus is generally divided into two categories: type I called insulin–dependent or juvenile diabetes and type II ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The National Institutes of Health report that undiagnosed diabetes is the reason behind millions losing their vision. Those who are overweight face the
greatest risk of developing diabetes. It is the third leading cause of death in the United States.Other signs of diabetes include lingering flu–like
symptoms, loss of hair on legs, increased facial hair, small yellow bumps anywhere on the body (known as xanthomas–cholesterol), and inflammation
of the penile skin.
Diabetes is associated with arteriosclerosis.DIABETES SELF–TESTSType I Diabetes(Insulin–Dependent or Juvenile Diabetes)To test for type I
diabetes:1. Purchase chemically treated plastic strips at the drugstore.2. Prick your finger and apply a drop of blood to the tip of the strip.3. Wait one
minute and compare the color on the strip to a color chart that lists various glucose levels. (There are various electronic devices available that can
analyze the test strip for you and give you a numerical read–out of the glucose level.)There is a new device caned Glucometer 2 (Miles Laboratories,
Elkhart Indiana) that can be used at home at your convenience. You simply prick your finger with the spring–loaded needle, apply a drop of your blood
to the test strip, and place it into the machine for analysis.
This test will give you immediate feedback on your condition.Type

The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ( Ogtt )
Introduction
The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to measure the response of the body to glucose. More specifically, the test has been used for decades
in the clinical as well as experimental environment as an 'index of the efficiency of the mechanisms regulating the concentration of glucose in the
blood' (Baird et al., 1959). It has proved to be an important tool in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and is commonly used in the screening of
gestational diabetes in women. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a hindered ability to remove blood glucose during carbohydrate intake due to
either a decreased amount of secreted insulin, as seen in Type 1 diabetics, or a lack of response to insulin, as in Type 2 diabetics. (Mayo... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diluted serum samples, previously collected from three patients during the tolerance test, were then dispensed according to the time they were taken.
The patients had been asked to fast overnight, and the following morning were requested to ingest 75 g of glucose administered via solution, after
which blood samples were taken from the brachial vein at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes for measurement of blood glucose levels (Kim et al.,
2016). Following this, 200 Ојl Glucose Reagent (containing buffer, hexokinase, glucose 6–phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD+, ATP and Mg2+) was
added within a period of 90s to each of the samples of glucose standard as well as serum samples. All mixtures were finally incubated at room
temperature for 15 minutes, and the serum glucose level of fasting for the three subjects retrieved using a colorimetric method. (Kim et al., 2016)
Results
The standard curve (Fig. 1) generated using the resulting absorbance of the glucose standard displays the variation in absorbance at 340nm with the
amount (nmol) of standard present in the sample. A linear trend is clearly visible, with a calculated gradient of 0.0156. Different patterns were
observed for the variation in glucose concentration of serum samples taken from the three patients at equal time intervals over a period of 180 minutes

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ( Gdm )
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and caused by insulin resistance in the body. Risk factors of
GDM include maternal age, ethnicity, family history, BMI, and deficiency of vitamin D. To be diagnosed with GDM, a woman must go through two
screenings tests called the glucose challenge test and glucose tolerance test with high blood glucose results. Proper management such as a healthy diet,
physical activity, and medications are needed to prevent complications for the mom and newborn. Complications include fetal macrosomia, preterm
labor, hypoglycemia, and a high risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the future. It is exceptionally necessary for healthcare
professionals to educate their patients to prevent an increase in the number of cases of GDM and to further prepare the patients on what to expect if
they are diagnosed with GDM in the future and to avoid any negative emotions.
Keywords: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus, nursing, pregnancy
Effects Gestational Diabetes Has on Women and Newborns Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that only occurs during
pregnancy and usually goes away after the delivery of the baby (Shin et al., 2013). GDM is diagnosed when the results of the screening tests done
during 24–28 weeks gestations show high blood glucose levels (Wang et al., 2012) due to insulin resistance (Senti, Thiele, & Anderson, 2012). Insulin
is a hormone produced

Gestational Diabetes : The Prevalence Of Gestational Obesity
Gestational Diabetes in PregnancyAccording to the American Diabetes Association, the prevalence of gestational diabetes is as high as 9.2% in
pregnant women due to obesity or being overweight. Not only can it be harmful to the mother, but it can also be harmful to her baby. Gestational
diabetes can increase the chances of pregnant women delivering a baby that weighs more than 9 pounds. Having gestational diabetes can also increase
the mother's chance for needing a cesarean section delivery. Some other risk factors that the mother can be a candidate for developing gestational
diabetes by is having a family history of diabetes (especially if a parent or sibling has diabetes) and having gestational diabetes in previous
pregnancies. Pregnant women don't need to have had diabetes before in order to develop gestational diabetes. They can just have high blood glucose
levels during pregnancy to get gestational diabetes. There is a process in which the baby has to go through inside their mother's womb. The placenta is
what supports the baby as it grows. Hormones from the placenta help the baby develop. But these hormones also block the action of the mother 's insulin
in her body. This problem is called insulin resistance. Insulin resistance makes it hard for the mother 's body to use insulin. She may need up to three
times as much insulin. Gestational diabetes starts when your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy. Without enough
insulin, glucose

Pre-Diabetes Research Paper Outline
What is Pre–Diabetes?
When you have pre–diabetes, your blood sugar levels are high but not high enough to have diabetes. Pre–diabetes can lead to other serious problems,
such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Now is the time to take action to manage your pre–diabetes. This may help to prevent other problems.
Pre–Diabetes is a warning sign of increased risk for:
Type 2 Diabetes
Heart Disease
Stroke
Blindness
Did you know.......?
Out of 86 million American adults, more than 1 out of 3 have pre–diabetes
How is Pre–Diabetes diagnosed?
These blood tests are used diagnosing pre–diabetes:
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) – This test checks your blood sugar levels after an 8–hour fast. This means that you should not eat or drink anything but

Glucose And Glucose Lab Report
To investigate blood glucose concentrations following food input. This was done by analysing blood glucose concentration data from individuals
ingesting various types of food following several hours of fasting. To also examine glucose tolerance test in a clinical context and to further explain
glucose concentrations in the body. Results The students who continued fasting after the 12hr fasting period has almost equal amounts of blood
glucose concentrations (BGC), during the 90mins period, with averages ranging from 4.3– 4.7 mmol/l. This was the negative control. The average
BGC of students who ate 100g white bread elevated after 60 minutes. Students who ingested 100g of lean chicken after fasting, had a lower BGC than
the white bread.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Molarity of glucose in Lucozade (M) = moles of glucose/ litres of solution (370ml = 0.37L) = 0.2498 / 0.37 = 0.6751M of glucose in Lucozade.
70% of 50kg = 35kg = 35L 0.6751M is in 0.37L In 35L = 0.37 / 35 * 0.6751 = 0.00714 moles per litre. = 7.14mmoles per litre is the maximum
concentration of glucose that could be achieved assuming no glucose uptake into cells. Glucose Tolerance Test From the graph, it can be concluded
that student 4 is diabetic. After the administration of a standard dose of glucose, this student seems to have a very similar plasma glucose
concentration (PGC) to that of a diabetic from the population average glucose tolerance test. After 30 minutes, the plasma glucose concentration of
student 4 seems to be higher than that of a diabetic, as it's 14.2mmol/l, however it slowly decreases overtime but remains relatively high at 120
minutes. It is possible that student 1 has impaired glucose tolerance, as after 30 minutes of ingesting the standard dose of glucose, the PGC is seen to
be the highest amongst all individuals. However, the PGC normalises after the sudden drop over time but there is still a likelihood of this person
developing diabetes, because of the initial abnormal plasma glucose concentration. Blood Glucose Concentrations Possible metabolic fates of glucose
absorbed from the gut Glucose is a monosaccharide, which is the simplest form of sugars. It is absorbed by

The Prevalence Of Gestational Diabetes
According to the American Diabetes Association, the prevalence of gestational diabetes is as high as 9.2% in pregnant women due to obesity or being
overweight. Not only can it be harmful to the mother, but it can also be harmful to her baby. Gestational diabetes can increase the chances of pregnant
women delivering a baby that weighs more than 9 pounds. Having gestational diabetes can also increase the mother's chance for needing a cesarean
section delivery. Some other risk factors that the mother can be a candidate for developing gestational diabetes by is having a family history of
diabetes (especially if a parent or sibling has diabetes) and having gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies. Pregnant women don't need to have had
diabetes before in order to develop gestational diabetes. They can just have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy to get gestational diabetes.
There is a process in which the baby has to go through inside their mother's womb. The placenta is what supports the baby as it grows. Hormones from
the placenta help the baby develop. But these hormones also block the action of the mother 's insulin in her body. This problem is called insulin
resistance. Insulin resistance makes it hard for the mother 's body to use insulin. She may need up to three times as much insulin. Gestational diabetes
starts when your body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy. Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be

Diabetes is a Metobolic Disease with High Amount of Blood...
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a metabolic disease caused by high amount of blood glucose. There are two possible reasons that bring about the high amount of blood
glucose: the insulin production of the pancreas in inadequate, and the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin. Diabetes affects the way the
body uses food for energy and growth. The food we consume is converted into glucose and enters the bloodstream as a source of food. The insulin
released by the pancreas helps regulate glucose in the blood and how glucose is used.
People with diabetes have an insulin failure that causes the elevation of the blood sugar (glucose) levels. Diabetes causes short–term symptoms, such as
excessive thirst, and long–term symptoms, such as organ failure and damages.
What is Insulin? Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps our body cells absorbs the glucose found in our blood. The glucose that
is not absorbed from the blood is stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen and stops the use of fat as a source of energy. Types of Diabetes
Prediabetes is a stage where a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Prediabetes
usually happens before a person gets diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. The body is becoming more and more resistant to insulin, and this stage may
already damage the circulatory system and the heart.
Type 2 is the most common type of diabetes that covers up 90%–95% of all

The Diabetes Epidemic in Amerca Essay
Type two diabetes will significantly and permanently affect the life of an individual. A change in human lifestyle caused a striking increase in the
quantity of diabetes diagnoses. No cure has been discovered, only ways to decrease the risks. Type two diabetes alters an individuals' life forever;
therefore, people should beware the danger of an unhealthy lifestyle even before diagnosis (Zimmet).
Type two diabetes is a condition in which the body either creates too little insulin, or cannot appropriately utilize the insulin it create. In order for the
body to go through the process of acquiring energy, it must have insulin. After food is broken down, the insulin carried the energy created in the
breaking down process to all the cells. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diabetes ratings of the United States have increased by 32 percent over the past 20 years (Centers).
When it comes to symptoms of diabetes, it stands as one of the most difficult topics. Symptoms fluctuate greatly. One person who might have increased
thirst and blurred vision may be entirely different from another. Fatigue and slow healing infections are the most prominent symptoms among diabetics.
Other symptoms include but are not limited to blurred vision, increased urination, thirst, and appetite, and erectile dysfunction. There have been certain
diagnoses with no symptoms whatsoever. An individual must get tested to be sure of whether or not they are diabetic (Type).
There are four ways to get tested for the disease. The first test someone can do is called the fasting blood glucose level. This is fasting for twelve
hours before getting glucose levels tested. The second test is the A1C test. This test is used for diagnosing pre–diabetes. In this test, levels are
diagnosed by percentages as normal, pre–diabetes, and diabetes. The next test is the oral glucose tolerance test. Lastly, the random non–fasting glucose
test is a less trusted test. This test takes symptoms into consideration along with needing to be proved with a fasting test. (Type)
Diabetes is not extremely harmful in and of itself. It's similar to aids in the fact that is makes the diabetics more susceptible to other problems. For
example, type two

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus : An Overview
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Isaac Anzaldua
Norma Beardwood (Roper), MBA, M. Ed., RDN, LD, LPC, CEDS
DIET 4252
September 21, 2015 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease; which occurs through the insufficiency of insulin being produced or its actions are not being utilized. This occurrence
leads to hyperglycemia; an issue in which the amount of glucose in the blood is relatively high. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus falls under the category of
DM. GDM also consist of a form of insulin resistance throughout the pregnancy of the woman. If a woman is to be high–risk to have diabetes at the
first prenatal visit; they should receive a test to be screened for diabetes. The majority of woman get ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As nutrients are supplied by the mother's body; the placenta senses this action, and triggers placenta transport. Through the duration of the pregnancy
increased glucose and placental transporters; are associated with diabetic women; who have experience increased growth of the fetus. Hormones such
as insulin; play a significant role in the regulation of the placental transporters. This issue (insulin resistance) occurs when an increase of gestational
hormones hinder the actions of insulin. The majority of pregnant women are evaluated around 24–28 weeks for the risk of Gestation Diabetes Mellitus;
although that these women should be screened at the first visit (Escott–Stump, 2012, p. 552). Hyperglycemia is another result that occurs in GDM; this
can result in many issues such as birth trauma, macrosomia, neural tube defects, prematurity, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and
hypocalcemia. Also, women who have had a history of obesity and GDM; are prone to obtain cesarean section, hypertension, future diabetes,
pre–eclampsia, urinary tract infection. Clinical symptoms can also be seen in the children of the women with GDM, for example: macrosomia, birth
trauma, increased risk for respiratory distress, and developmental problems. Another factor to keep in mind is if the mother has had bariatric surgery;

Statistical Analysis
Research Question: Does supplementing with 1000mcg of chromium picolinate daily produce a favorable response in measures fasting glucose,
hemoglobin A1C, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic, American adults?
To answer this question, participants will undergo a monthly oral glucose tolerance test, and blood draw to determine glycated hemoglobin. To measure
changes in insulin sensitivity, participants will undergo testing with hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamps once at baseline and once at study's end.
This test will only be performed twice as it involves a significant amount time.1 The data collected will be continuous data that will include interval
and ratio data and it will be analyzed quantitatively.2 Data will be entered into a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Again, to be consistent with earlier works, the subjects recruited will be patients who were diagnosed a minimum of six months prior and whose
condition is well–controlled.1,3 The definition of well–controlled in the existing literature is not consistent. For the purposes here, it will include
subjects who are currently using dietary and lifestyle measures to manage their disease, either alone or in combination with low–dose oral medications.
Medication type or dosage will not have changed in the three months prior to recruitment. Subjects will be excluded if they are currently pregnant or
trying to conceive, if they are taking medication known to affect glucose metabolism, that was prescribed for purposes other than the treatment of their
diabets2,3
A–priori sample power calculations were performed using G*Power. They indicate that to achieve 80% power with a medium effect size and a
confidence interval of 0.05, a sample of 30 is required. This is consistent with some earlier research including Martin et al,2 who began with a sample
of 37. Ideally, more subjects should be recruited to account for attrition, as a loss in participants bias results and affect power.4 As such, the study here
would hope to

Risk Factors : Description Of Gestational Diabetes...
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening
Description of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes that occurs in pregnant women who do not have a prior history of diabetes mellitus
(American Diabetes Association, 2016). It occurs in approximately 7% of pregnant women across the world and 6% of pregnancies in the United
States (Caissutti & Berghella, 2017). GDM occurs when there is insulin resistance leading to glucose intolerance or high levels of glucose in the
blood. According to the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists, most cases of GDM resolve once the pregnant female delivers the child
(2016).
Risk Factors for Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Several risk factors have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Perinatal complications include shoulder dystocia, death of the infant, nerve palsy, fetal macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, congenital or metabolic
abnormalities, and bone fracture (Garrison, 2015). The effects of being born to a mother with GDM have the potential to impact the child for the rest
of his life. The child is at future risk for becoming obese, developing metabolic syndrome, or developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Given the multitude of maternal and perinatal complications associated with GDM, primary guidelines emphasize the important of preventing the
development of GDM. Weight loss and aerobic exercise prior to becoming pregnant can decrease one's risk of developing GDM (Garrison, 2015).
Women should attempt to continue participating in physical activity throughout pregnancy and prevent excessive gestational weight gain. Furthermore,
another critical component in the prevention and treatment of GDM is provider recognition of the vital requirement of screening pregnant females, as
well as accurate recommendations as to the timing of screening, and identification of those females who are at high risk for development of GDM.
Screening Guidelines for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Despite the prevalence of GDM, universal screening guidelines for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus, Often Overlooked As Not Serious When It...

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