Sistine Chapel Choir Essay

Sistine Chapel Choir Essay
Sistine Chapel Choir
The Sistine Chapel Choir was established in the late 1400's which makes it one of the oldest choirs
in the world. The choir consisted of twenty –four men in total. Six men in soprano, alto, tenor, and
bass. Today the choir is made of twenty men who make up the tenor and bass section; meanwhile,
the soprano and alto is made up by thirty boy choristers. Before the use of boys in the choir, men
were castrated to keep their voices high. The choir members also had to be celibate.
The first main composer connected with the Sistine Chapel Choir is Josquin Desprez. The famous
reformer Martin Luther praised Josquin Desprez saying," He is a master of notes; they do as he
wills, as for other composers they do as the notes will". Josquin is a historical mystery there is very
little information on his early life. Josquin Desprez started out as a singer for the choir in 1489 to
1495. He eventually wrote fifteen settings of the mass. Josquin's music is filled with a calm soothing
effect. His music has a heavenly feel and an angelic echo that words cannot describe properly. After
listening to his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Palestrina was a member of the choir until he married. He broke the celibate rule for members;
therefore, the church kicked him out of the choir. Although he was no longer a member for the choir,
he still wrote compositions for the choir. Palestrina wrote many different compositions. He built up
his predecessor's craft and refined them. His work is the pinnacle of renaissance polyphony. His
most important work is the Missa Papae Marcelli which saved polyphony music from being
discarded from the Roman Catholic Church. The Council of Trent decided the church music was
getting to the point where no one could understand the words. After hearing Missa Papae Marcelli
the council decided the words could be understood and should be kept; therefore, saving the
polyphony
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Josquin Des Prez Analysis
Josquin des Prez was a well–known French composer during the Renaissance period. He is believed
to have be born in the County of Hainaut, Belgium between 1450–1455. However, some scholars
believe he was born across the border in France but either way he was a legal Frenchman at his
death. There is very little information about his family other than his aunt and uncle claimed him as
their heir before their death. He began his musical career as a choirboy at the Church at Saint–
Quentin. He greatly admired Ockeghem and even wrote a lament for his death in 1497. In the early
1470s, Josquin began his singing career at Cambrai and later moved to the chapel of Rene. After his
years at Rene, he moved to Milan, Italy and became the employee of the Sforza ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Josquin's career was defined by the invention of the printer which allowed his masses and other
compositions to be printed and shared more easily among the country. In many of his pieces, he
illustrates his gift of the pervasive imitation technique: a polyphonic piece with the repetition of a
melody at different pitch levels than the original. Many scholars contribute his textural influences on
the beginning of word–painting technique (music that reflects the emotion or meaning of the song).
He wrote all different types of music throughout his lifetime such as: masses, motets, instrumental
pieces, chansons, and even motet–chanson (a new form during the time). He had many techniques
for his masses such as paraphrase and canonic masses. Many of his motets, he wrote for five or six
voices instead of the standard four voices and often used imitation. The most famous of his pieces
are Ave Maria... Virgo serena and Missa Pange lingua. Overall, Josquin des Prez was one of the
most well–known and influential composer during the Renaissance period and many scholars credit
him to be the first to master polyphonic music. He contributed tons to the Franco–Flemish school
and helped lead the way for greater harmonic development. He is truly a well–rounded composer
who helped push the Renaissance musical period to the next level and created many beautiful, well–
known sacred and secular

Emotions In Renaissance Music
Throughout history, emotions have played a big part in contributing to society. Emotions whether
they have been happy, angry, fear or even joy, have also played a part in the type of art Humanity
has created, whether it be visual art, film, drama, or even music. These emotions are prevalent in art.
These emotions have also inspired artists to create what they intended to create. But there is one
such emotion that has played an important role in what has inspired art, and that is Melancholy. This
type of emotion is sometimes associated with Renaissance music. Melancholy is usually
synonymous with gloom, misery, sadness, unhappiness, joyless, woe, lachrymose, and even
heavyhearted. Some of these words incorporate many of John Dowland's pieces; however ... Show
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Melancholy is not limited to songs however; instruments such as the lute, the violin, and even the
harpsichord can contain elements of melancholy. An example of this is, Lachrimae Pavan which was
composed by John Dowland as a lute piece. Lachrimae Pavan was composed in 1596, and there is
also the tear motif, and this is a common staple in music of the Renaissance that would contain
melancholy. The tear motif is not just limited to lute songs or voice accompanied by lute; it is also
featured in madrigals, and chansons, and many of John Dowland's pieces contained elements of
melancholy and the tear motif. On the subject of melancholy, it is quite possible for the cure for
melancholy is indeed melancholy itself according to Music in The Renaissance (Freedman 2013 pg
106). Lastly, it is quite possible that melancholy played an important part in Renaissance music.
This paper will talk about John Dowland as an important composer whose music contained elements
of melancholy, it will also talk about the tear motif and Lachrimae Pavane, flow my tears and how it
relates to melancholy, how arguably the cure for melancholy is melancholy itself, and it will argue
on how melancholy is an important theme in

Renaissance Music : European Classical Music
Renaissance Music
Renaissance music is European classical music written approximately 1400 to 1600. The
Renaissance followed on from the Middle Ages the name means 'rebirth'. This time was also the
time of Humanism because it focused on human life and accomplishments (Tripod).
Support for the arts led to a surge of interest in music (Grendler). New musical forms emerged in
France and the Netherlands in the 1400s and gradually spread to Italy and the rest of Europe.
Musicians adopted these new forms and combined them with their local traditions to create
distinctive regional styles (Grendler). Three factors contributed to the growth of music during the
renaissance; wealthy patrons, advances in printing and Catholic an Protestant ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the important composers are listed below:
Josquin des Pres, Netherlands, worked in Italy & France (1440–1521)
Guillaume Dufay, Netherlands, worked in France, Italy & Burgundy
Jean de Ockeghem, Netherlands
Orlando di Lasso, Netherlands / Germany, (1532–1594)
Heinrich Schütz, Germany, (1585–1672)
Michael Praetorius, Germany, (1571–1621)
William Byrd, England,

Two Important Composers: Hildegard Von Bingen, And Leonin
Brief History of Musical Eras Assignment
Medieval (500–1400 CE)
Two Important Composers: Hildegard von Bingen, and Leonin.
Two Scientific Advances: The heavy plough and the printing press (in Asia).
Renaissance (1400–1600 CE) Two Important Composers: Thomas Tallis and Josquin Des Prez.
Two Scientific Advances: Copernicus's attempt to prove heliocentrism, and the parachute.
Baroque (1600–1760 CE) Two Important Composers: Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric
Handel. Two Scientific Advances: The newspaper, and Newton's Principia.
Classical (1730–1820 CE) Three Important Composers:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one of the archetypal classical composers, along with Franz Haydn.
He composed over 600 works, including choral, symphonic, ... Show more content on
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He developed the idea of Gesamtkunstwerk, or "total work of art", which strived to bring music,
poetry, visual and dramatic arts together. Wagner was a prolific writer as well as a composers. He
made contribution to the practice of conducting as well.
Johannes Brahms was a German composer who is sometimes grouped as one of the "Three B's"
along with J.S. Bach and Beethoven. His music was influenced by the structure used by Mozart and
Haydn, while also moving them into the Romantic era. Brahms had a wide influence, encompassing
both modernist and conservative tendencies.
Frédéric Chopin was a Polish composer and piano virtuoso. Most of his music was written for solo
piano, although he has some works for piano concerto and chamber music. Chopin often composed
using improvisation. Chopin refined the concept of the "nocturne" and introduced the world to
Polish folk music. Composers such as Rachmaninoff, and Brahms, among others were influenced by
Chopin.
Three Important scientific, social, environmental, or cultural events/happenings/issues that affected
music making/composition, and how they had an affect on

Omnis Terra
Jubilate Deo, Omnis Terra is one of Josquin des Prez's most famous works. It has attracted much
attention from performers around the globe due to its different qualities and characteristics.
However, there is much speculation surrounding whether Josquin des Prez is the true composer for
this four–voice psalm–motet. Many musical traits that belong to des Prez's psalm–motet style lie
within the piece Jubilate Deo, Omnis Terra, allowing people to believe that this work truly belongs
to him. First, there are varying types of imitation in Jubilate Deo, Omnis Terra that can be found in
various other psalm–motets of des Prez. For example, he uses a four–voice imitation of a falling
triadic motif which can be found in several of his works. Secondly, the harmony in this piece
follows his contrapuntal "language" very specifically. The piece avoids the 'harmonic 6th', which
falls in line with des Prez's harmony rules. Additionally, the basis of the passage in Jubilate Deo,
Omnis Terra can also be found in des Prez's four–voice psalm Domine, ne in furore tuo. Thirdly, des
Prez uses repetition of a very concise motif which has a unique shape. For ... Show more content on
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When examining scores, there are differences in each work. There are various motets or psalm–
motets that Jubilate Deo, Omnis Terra relates to and borrows from. However, all the pieces that were
familiar in theory now differentiate with very miniscule details. The analysis of these pieces even
brings to question whether some of the motifs des Prez borrowed from his earlier motets even
belonged to him. It also brings to question whether Jubilate Deo, Omnis Terra was a model for other
pieces, such as, Ave caro and Celi emarant. Alas, there is a very clear relationship between the
pieces, yet each version presents something different. As we delve into more details, the curiosity of
many musicologists begins to be

Medieval Music 500-1450
1. Medieval period ca. Advertisement 500–1450.
Two composers about this period are: (Hildegregard of Bingen What's more Leonin–ca. ). – those
primary 500 quite some time from claiming this period, those pre–dominate kind of music might
have been alluded should as Gregorian chant, a monophonic vocal music that might have been sung
Previously, church. Those stayed of the time saw a bit by bit evolving unpredictability in the music
from serenade comprising of a absolute melodic line will two part composing called organum,
Furthermore At last should polyphonic consecrated (religiously based) compositions known as
motets (often setting of prayers) Furthermore massenet (settings for specific writings from the
custom move fact Mass). A large portion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Twentieth century 1900–Present. Two composers for this period are: (Philip Glass What's more Aron
Copland). – this might have been those practically varied of the chronicled periods. More styles
existed side–by–side Throughout this duration of the time over whatever viable. Radically new
methodologies will composing music created Furthermore were generally embraced. The
acknowledgement Toward composers about cacophony as An alluring caliber in music prompted the
abandonment Toward a number listeners of genuine music energetic about more well known styles.
For history cacophony clinched alongside music very nearly invariably determined to consonance.
Cacophonous sounds, which soundbox merciless What's more had a tendency to grate on the ear,
made a flimsy feeling for those audience which required An move will additional stable, pleasant
sound, a consonant heartless. That is how cacophony required been took care of for a long time.
Composers utilized cacophony uninhibitedly without feeling those requirement on mollify its impact
Toward determining it with a consonant callous. Same time large portions composers embraced this
new atonal style from claiming writing, other dismisses it. The us turned into an real musical compel
Throughout this

Is Renaissance Music Influential?
Is Renaissance Music Influential?
Many different things are influential in many different ways. Whether it be how the sinking of the
Titanic caused many changes in the regulations of ships, or how Newton's law of universal
gravitation helped to inspire Einstein's theory of general relativity. As well as catastrophic events
and scientific laws, works in the field of music have also been influential. For example, Jacques
Offenbach's Infernal Galop was used as the music for the Can–can, a popular dance. A theme from
the Infernal Galop was also used in a movement of Camille Saint–Saëns' The Carnival of the
Animals. Other influential composers include Beethoven, Mozart, J.S. Bach, and Tchaikovsky.
Aside from being composers, these people have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first madrigals evolved from the frottola, another form of vocal music (Strainchamps). The
major difference between the two is that the four parts of the piece are prioritized differently
(Strainchamps). In a frottola, the top and bottom voices of the piece are more significant that the two
in the middle, but in the madrigal, all parts were given equal importance (Strainchamps). As time
progressed, so did the style of the madrigal. For example, five parts became increasingly more
prevalent in madrigals about halfway through its lifespan, and the amount of expression that was put
into the pieces also grew (Strainchamps). Some of the most well known composers of madrigals are
the contemporaries Carlo Gesualdo and Claudio Monteverdi (Strainchamps). In addition to his
madrigals, Monteverdi is notable for writing operas. His most acclaimed operas include L'Orfeo,
L'incoronazione di Poppea, and Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria. These are also some of the oldest operas
that are performed today ("Claudio Monteverdi"). L'Orfeo may have brought about the creation of
the Infernal Galop, from the opera Orpheus in the Underworld, as the opera that Orpheus in the
Underworld is based off of, Orfeo ed Euridice, was based on the same myth that L'Orfeo was
written around. Monteverdi is also accredited with bringing about the musical style of the Baroque
period ("Origins and Elements of the Baroque Style"). Another important

Dufay's Motets
It has often been said that the study of the history of music is the study of the music itself. To fully
understand why a composer wrote in the style that they did or used a certain instrument a person
must first understand the period itself and the challenges that were presented. A plethora of factors
determines whether a composer will be successful such as training, location, influence, wealth etc.
Composers develop on occurring musical concepts while conveying their own perceptions to
progress the productivity and ambition of the music. Most composers of the Renaissance wrote
sacred music like masses and motets, which are unaccompanied choral works which are grounded in
the sacred Latin text. Others, also wrote secular music, like chansons ... Show more content on
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He was of Flemish descent, which is in the area known as the Netherlands. This is where Dufay
traveled and composed, and the similarities are apparent. The resemblances are remarkable; like
Dufay, Josquin went to Italy and was a member of the papal choir, and composed sacred masses and
motets, and composed secular works in French and Italian. Additionally, like Dufay, Josquin
composed for four voices. On the other hand, he took a unique approach. Josquin's novelties
involved making the music effectually convey the text by accentuating the correct emphasis of the
words. This permitted the music to enrich the text, rather than just make it sound lovelier. Josquin
also altered textures within a song: not all the singers sang at the same time all the time. Instead,
there would be sometimes when there were two singers, while other times, three or even four singers
would be singing. Specifically, he modernized the motet with a similar method called imitative
polyphony, where the text is reverberated between high–pitched and low–pitched voices. Josquin
was considered an expert of church music by many, including Martin Luther, who proclaimed him
as 'the master of the notes.' Josquin was known for his dazzling use of imitative counterpoint and
passionate sacred choral music. The musical journey that Dufay and Josquin took was very similar
and very

Research Paper On The Chanson
Burgundy, the mostly French–speaking area unified with the Kingdom of France in 1477, was the
musical center of Europe in the early and middle 15th century. Many of the most famous musicians
in Europe either came from Burgundy, or went to study with composers there; in addition there was
considerable interchange between the Burgundian court musical establishment and French courts
and ecclesiastical organizations in the late 15th century. The Burgundian style gave birth to the
Franco–Flemish style of polyphony which dominated European music in the late 15th and early 16th
centuries. However, by the end of the 15th century, a French national character was becoming
distinct in music of the French royal and aristocratic courts, as well as the major ... Show more
Influenced by Calvinism, the Protestants produced a type of sacred music much different from the
elaborate Latin motets written by their Catholic counterparts. Both Protestants and Catholics
(especially the Protestant sympathizers among them) produced a variation of the chanson known as
the chanson spirituelle, which was like the secular song but was fitted with a religious or moralizing
text. Claude Goudimel, a Protestant composer most noted for his Calvinist–inspired psalm settings,
was murdered in Lyon during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. However, not only Protestant
composers were killed during the era of conflict; in 1581, Catholic Antoine de Bertrand, a prolific
composer of chansons, was murdered in Toulouse by a Protestant

The Renaissance : The Contribution And Legacy Of The...
The Black Death swept through Europe and killed 1/3 of the population. Life seemed bleak for
millions of survivors. Music and art took a back seat, but that all changed with the Renaissance. The
Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 16th century, regarded as the
cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It was a time period of rebirth that
offered people a chance to live again. Music and art once more became center stage. Artist became
architects. Musicians became composers. Some of the best composers of this time period include
Guillaume Dufay, Heinrich Isaac, and Jacob Obrecht. However, the composer that often defines the
Renaissance is Josquin des Prez. Josquin de Prez, sometimes ... Show more content on
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1450 is acknowledged by most historians as Josquin's birth year, because the first definite record of
his employment is dated April 19, 1477, and it shows that he was a singer at the chapel of René,
Duke of Anjou, in Aix–en–Provence (Kuerti, 2001). 1450 makes the most sense because it follows
chronologically the rest of his career.
His birth place is also an area with no consensus. Scholars first claimed Josquin's birthplace to be
Conde, because of the documented inheritance he received by his uncle and aunt in Conde, which
are his only named and known relatives (Sadie, Stanley, and John Tyrrell, 2001). Josquin considered
himself a foreigner and proclaimed it right before his death, which makes it improbable that he was
born in Conde (Sadie, Stanley, and John Tyrrell, 2001). Other scholars argue that he was born
somewhere in Hainaut, a province of present day Belgium in the Walloon region (Hughes and
Abraham, 1960). In his motet, Illibata Dei Virgo Nutrix, Josquin hints that he was born near a river
by the village of Beaurevoir near Northern France, close to the Belgium border (Sadie, Stanley, and
John Tyrrell, 2001). Although there are different opinions about the exact place and time of his birth,
it is clear that Josquin was born during the period of the Duchy of Burgundy or the reign of Philip
the Good near a border (Reese, 1954). While historians are torn on this issue,

Renaissance Humanism
Humanism in the Renaissance Humanism was the cultural and intellectual movement that created
mass creativity during the Renaissance. Humanism allowed people to question their world, create
new inventions, invest in new ideas, and relish in their achievements as human beings. The rise of
humanism heavily influenced the arts in the Renaissance, music in particular art. It brought the
awakening of the human mind and spirit. The emphasis on an individual's life is highlighted as a
major ideal of Renaissance music. Music that was once used purely for sacred ritual performance,
was now a source of entertainment and enlightenment; composers started to seek recognition for
their pieces and their contributions to society, and instrumental accompaniment with dance were
new visible concepts founded in the Renaissance founded in the idea of humanism ideals.
Jennifer Summit defines Humanism within the Renaissance as a changing society's outlook on the
world. Humanism was a way people could embrace and question their understandings of human
desires and achievements. "Renaissance humanism challenges long–held ideas about the humanities'
historical origins and meanings." Humanism challenged and questioned the world's understandings
of life, including art. The Humanism appeal to the people during the Renaissance stemmed from the
oppression that came from the Catholic Church during the Medieval Era. Medieval life was heavily
dominated by the church. Everyday was focused on the hope of an

Early Medieval Music : The Medieval Era Of Music
After the fall of the Roman Empire, in 450 the Medieval Era of music began. Early medieval music
was influenced by the Roman Catholic Church with most compositions being sacred and not secular.
Gregorian Chant was a melody set to sacred texts and is sung without accompaniments. There was
also no meter, monotone texture, narrow pitch range and varied melody movements. Hildegard of
Bingen was a female composer who wrote many Gregorian Chants, one being Kyrie the first part of
the Mass. As far as secular music, the troubadours and trouveres were responsible for creating songs
mostly about love. The Medieval Era was responsible for developing polyphony in music.
After a thousand years the Renaissance Era began with advancements in music as well as the real
world with explorers like Columbus traveling the globe making new discoveries. This era saw new
instruments such as the organ, lute, and recorder come into fruition. The mass remained to be an
important sacred music in addition to the motet. Motets were any sacred music other than the mass.
Josquin Des Prez composed both masses and motets. The madrigal was a secular vocal music
created during this time that used polyphony and word painting which is essentially used to enhance
meaning and emotion of a text. The Renaissance Era was responsible for developing polyphonic
imitation with homophonic voices.
The Baroque Era began in 1600 with the creation instrumental music and the Baroque Orchestra, a
group of instrumentalist playing

Comparing The Mootet Tulerant And Lugebat
Until 1969 the motet Tulerant Domunium and Lugebat were considered and generally accepted to be
have composed by Josquin Otto Kade: first to realize that these two pieces are identical in ways
Doubted that Lugebat was a work by Josquin, but did believe that Tulerant was Later, Erich
Hertzmann: Tulernet is the first step toward but it is not yet true polychordal writing 1965–Helmuth
Osthoff declares Tulerant to be a contafractum of the first part of Lugebat Says style points toward
later composers 1969–Norbert Boker Heil identifies another musical twin of Tulerant. He also
compares other pieces and find that they are similar This causes him to declare Gombert as the
composer of Tulerant (now there is 2 people who could've composed this based ... Show more
In 1552; but the relationship of text and music is not as satisfactory as that in Lugebat. This means
that Gombert was not a suitable candidate to be the text writer of Tulerant (although he is credited
with the title) (why?) Gombert's credo is a large scale parody of the chanson incorporating about
half of its music Almost copies 54–55 242–248 is closely mirrored with 60–66 how do Tulerant and
Lugebat come to be attributed to Josquin German people liked his works and eagerly collected his
works; could have just automatically attributed the unknown works Reflections, After reading this
article, there are a few things that I see that stand out: Firstly is that the technique of parody is done
so much in the 16th century that it becomes difficult to know from whose work came this work and
which piece drew compositional ideas from that piece. The next thing that I found interesting was
the "problem" being addressed in the article was whether or not the two pieces were by Josquin.
Later on in the article it talks about Credo incorporating almost half of another piece's material. My
thought on this is how is this not plagiarism? How was the technique of parody distinguished from
taking someone else's material and calling it their own? Questions: 1. Why would some one NOT
claim a piece of music as their

Renaissance Humanism
In European history, the Renaissance marks the period from 15th and 16th century, more specifically
around 1450 to 1600. The Renaissance marks a time of "rebirth" of human creativity as well as a
time of exploration. Additionally, the Renaissance was a period of individualism, which is strongly
represented through the works of Leonardo da Vinci. In addition, unlike the previous era of the
Medieval Age, the Renaissance did not focus much on the afterlife, but rather embraced this idea of
humanism, which focused on the human and their achievements. This shift in interest from the
religious to the secular is also strongly evident in Renaissance literature and art in that they
concentrated on realism and the life–like representation of the human. During the Renaissance, the
shift from the religious to the secular along with the Protest Reformation led by Martin Luther
brought about a further decrease in the power of the Catholic church. Further, the church was no
longer the center of learning for the invention of the printing around 1450 made books and learning
more accessible to the general population.
There were three major characteristics at this time. First, since people were interested in humanism,
the emphasis on humanistic art, harmony and proportion, exploration of reasonable techniques, and
clear expression. "In humanistic thinking, man becomes the central figure of the universe." (Elders
73) It indicated that the power of church weakened. Second, due to the development

Ave Maria By Josquin Des Prez: Song Analysis
For the final presentation for this course, I am going to analyze one of my favorite songs, Ave Maria
by Josquin des Prez. Each year around this time, my parents always took me to an ensemble shows
in my town and this song was always one of the most popular songs. There are many different
versions of Ave Maria by various composers in different timeline. However, I personally favor
Josquin's version of Ave Maria the most because this piece gives the vibe of Mary I always thought
of; calm, bright, and magnificent rather than slow and intimidating vibe that few other Ave Maria by
different composers gives. Also, I recommended this piece to my choir teacher and we sang this
piece in a competition; it includes all four spectrum of soprano, alto, ... Show more content on
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However, the song itself with four different vocals harmonizes and echoes well that I felt there is no
need of instruments. Even though this piece is a very classic, it has a new and open revolutionary
open style with early imitative polyphony, which was a meaning two or more voices enter at
different times shortly after the first appearance of the harmony then each voice repeats the same
melody to make the harmony. It is composed of four voices including soprano, alto, tenor, bass.
Also, it shows the counterpoint component, meaning imitation of the second voice to the first voice
is a different pitch. Cengage describes that "to begin his motet, Josquin borrowed the opening phrase
of a well–known sequence in honor of the Virgin, Ave Maria, gratia plena", meaning Hail Mary, full
of grace. However, the opening sequence and the second strophe use four–part imitation and uses
paired voices to give more variances. Also on the second strophe, "Ave cuius conception, solemni
plena guadio," the four parts create homophonic texture (https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=QwCtYOb2OA4), meaning "there is one melody and all the voices and accompaniments move
rhythmically together" (http://dictionary.onmusic.org/terms/1726–homophonic), not independently
like in

Time Capsules from Renaissance and Baroque Periods
For almost two years, we have been in search of what we believed were time capsules, hidden away
between the years of 1400, when the Renaissance period started, and 1750 which marks the end of
the Baroque period. We are pleased to announce that our nearly twenty–four year search has ended
in the discovery of two such capsules. Each of these capsules contains information, vital to the
understanding of past cultures and their origins, and necessary to the development of culture today.
In what we 're now referring to as "Cap A", we have discovered two very well known pieces of Art.
One, now referred to as the world's most famous smile, is the Mona Lisa. Leonardo Da Vinci created
this masterpiece in 1503 using a style known as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He also composed and left for us, Missa Prolatium".
There was a second capsule discovered which we'll call Capsule B. In this capsule are reminders for
us of life during the Baroque Period. John Locke, who was born in 1632 and died at the age of 73,
left for us his most famous works. The Essay Concerning Human Understanding tries to answer the
questions where ideas come from and are our senses reliable. Another very famous, more reliable
philosopher, Baruch Spinoza left behind his works in which he discredited the scriptures because he
said they were all influenced by the period in which they were written. He claimed that Jesus
preached a religion of reason that valued love higher that all else. He was later excommunicated.
It seems, one week after his death, Peter Paul Rubens home was inventoried and there were
thousands of works found inside. The Adoration of the Magi, and Sampson and Delilah were found
among the collection of work. Renaissance literature that will forever be etched in our minds was
discovered in this capsule. One of the greatest influences of our time left evidence of his existence.
William Shakespeare deposited two of his most famous works into this capsule. Romeo and Juliet
and Hamlet were these two literary masterpieces. Although Shakespeare never published any of his
work, he did feel it important to leave these two plays in this capsule.
Antonio Vivaldi is the creator of

Middle Ages And Renaissance Era
Middle Ages and Renaissance Era The Middle Ages were not known for their choice in government,
ways of living, or their views on the Church. Rather, they were known for making the best of what
was given to the, which was music. During the early Middle Ages, peasants stayed bound to the land
they were given, but had to depend on landlords for protection. Also, many social bonds were ties of
kinship, which lead to the emergence of feudalism among the warrior aristocracy ("The Middle
Ages: Feudal Life", 2013).
By the high and late Middle ages, most people were beginning to do things on their own such as go
on their own quest to find themselves, to looking at what other options other than the Christian
Church were out there. However, the Church still played a huge role in the Middle Ages as the only
universal European institution. They saw themselves as the spiritual community of the Christian
believers that were in exile, awaiting for their day of deliverance by God ("The Middle Ages: Feudal
Life", 2013). During the rise of the church, the Catholic Church became a dominant form of
worship, and made sacred the most used form of music. This began the Gregorian chant, and then
was developed into polyphonic music called organum that was performed in the twelfth century in
Notre Dame. Continuing with the expansion of wider varieties of music, secular music was created,
and then culminated with sacred music for the very first time by one of the most influential
composers of the

Classical Music Essay
Music is such an amazing and wonderful thing. There are so many different possibilities when it
comes to music. One of the fascinating things about music is that there is always room for
improvement. Composers are making better and better music everyday. Music is always changing
and composers are creating new never before heard pieces constantly. There is such a wide range of
music that it is almost impossible for someone to not like at least one kind of music. The
combination of keys and instruments and different voices is endless. I will specifically talking about
classical music and how it has changed over time throughout this essay. It all had to start
somewhere, and that somewhere was during the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages were ... Show more
The next major time in classical music was referred to as the Baroque time period. The Baroque
time period went from (1600–1750). Music begin to seriously advance and change from the Middle
Ages to the Baroque era. The music from the Baroque time period is still known and loved to this
very day. Unlike the Middle Ages the Baroque time period began to have a unity of mood and a
continuity of rhythm. Composers began to put more feelings into what they were composing, they
would express their feelings through their music by hitting a certain note at a certain time. There
were a lot of instrumental achievements during this time. It went from almost no instruments during
the Middle Ages to several different instruments including orchestras during the Baroque era.
The Baroque time period made their music royal, or "fit for a king". There became several different
types of instrumental music these included: concertos which featured a soloist with an orchestra,
fugues which consisted of a composition based off of 1 theme called a subject , and suites which
were sets of dances that could be for solo or group instruments. There were also several different
forms of choral music which included: cantata form which was a sacred musical sermon, an oratorio
which was a scriptural form of music usually like an opera without the acting, dancing, scenery etc.,
and finally operas which were secular pieces that

How Music Should Be Portrayed And Performed
Music Notation and Print Today's time, music notation and printing is simply easy to access and
obtain. With exact notation on how music should be portrayed and performed. In today's world we
don't realize how fortunate we are to have this luxury. Music notation and print has come a long
way.
The earliest musical notation goes as far back to the ancient Greeks. Using the alphabet letters for
notation. Using the letters to make as many notations to make musical meaning. Inverting the letters,
placing them up right, lying on the right or left side with many combinations and variations was
used to maintain a wide variety of notations. Based on what we know of the system from the
treatises that old Greek philosophers, there were two sets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These neumes were placed on lines and spacing what would be our early staff with only four lines
and three spaces. Clefs were pointed out with the letters C,D,F, and G. the term clefs is a French
word meaning key. Its origin from the latin word "clavis", is also denoting key. The clef simply
implies its name, as keynote. The clefs during the gothic and ordinary style had specific locations on
the staff. The present day bass cleff is a modification of the old gothic F clef. Starting at the
beginning of the eighteenth century this clef was placed third line. Sometimes it would be placed on
the fifth line which indicated a basso profundo stave. The C clef always indicated middle C. at one
point in time it was placed on all lines of the stave. Now it has transformed in the modern day alto
clef. The more common clef is the G clef, or the modern day treble clef. The G clef was on the stave
with the large curve of the G on the first line. Other gothic signs include the common time sign, and
the alla breve time also known as cut time.
Eventually the neumes were replaced by dots of square and rectangular form which were elements
of the first notes. Next in the fourteenth century Guillaume Dufay added many improved content to
music notation. He added white note heads, to fill all values and rest. Later accidentals were
introduced. The flat sign was in a manuscript dated A.D. 930. The sharp

The Next Generation Analysis
This week we jumped into the Renaissance. The ground work for understanding the time period was
set with the initial discussion about the influences of humanism, the Reformation, and the relative
peace of the time. All of these aspects aided in allowing musicians and musical traditions mingle. In
the early 15th century there is a rise to prominence by the English, but also this mixing. The English
had a liking for using thirds and sixths in their music, something that came to be called contenance
angloise . This mixed in with the French preference for rhythmic complexity and forms, and the
Italian florid melodic writing, to create this new international style. The composers associated with
this time period are John Dunstable, Gilles Binchois, and Guillaume Du Fay. In the "next
generation" (1450–1490), there is a greater use of imitation, wider ranges, more equality among the
voices, minor prolations, and longer phrases. There was only one composer who we studied,
Antoine Busnoys. In the "next, next generation" (1490–), there is a breakaway from formes fixe , the
structure of works being based on the text, and greater equality of voices to the point where each
phrase is composed with all the voices in mind. The composers associated with this time period are
Jacob Obrecht, Heinrich Isaac, and Josquin de Prez. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in Alleluia, A newë work , there is the fauburden and subsequent fauxbourbon. The
first uses a line in the middle line with two voices on top and bottom improvising, while the latter
uses the top line as the center with the two lower voices improvising. There also is a change in the
definition of the motet: a polyphonic setting of latin text other than the mass cycle and the
polyphonic setting of sacred text in another

The Most Influential Composers Of Renaissance Music
The Renaissance Period was a time of immense cultural change. Music was an area that saw
particular rebirth. The musical rebirth began in Italy, as the Renaissance Period did as well. The
Renaissance was a time of innovation in music. Composers of the Renaissance Period contributed
much too musical theory, and they have many musical revolutions that radically changed the nature
of music from the Medieval Period. Some of these influential composers of the era were Leonel
Power, John Dunstaple, Gilles Binchois, Bartolomeo de Bologna, and Johannes Ockeghem, Josquin
des Prez, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, and Carlo Gesualdo.
These composers Renaissance style typically started out with works based on chants that were
religious in nature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Out of all the Renaissance composers he is cited, credited, and borrowed from more than any other
and is still considered important many years later. He also is famous for his composition work and
for how much he influenced future composers. Another composer born in the early fourteen
hundreds was Bartolomeo da Bologna. He was born in 1405 and died in 1427. He was an Italian
composer of the early Renaissance Period. He only had seven pieces survive, two piece were of
sacred music and the five were secular music that made him so notable. His music was new but the
lyrics were already existing and the five secular music pieces feature a parody movement. His works
marked the transition from Medieval to Renaissance.
Johannas Ockeghem born in 1410 and died in 1497. He is well known as the leading composer of
the Franco–Flemish school, which is famous for pieces that contain four vocal lines and feature an
extended low range. His most famous work is the Missa prolationum. One greater composer Josquin
des Prez born in 1450 and died in 1521 has a huge reputation in the Renaissance era. More than
three hundred and seventy of his compositions survive today. He helped invent the Motetchanson,
while in Milan, a piece that features three singers: one singing in Latin and two singing in

Music During The Italian Renaissance
The music has always been an important part in the Italian history, especially during the
Renaissance. Since the well–known movement of the Renaissance offered a "rebirth" of the country
it also brought many changes and development with it: changes and development in the art,
architecture, painting and in the field of music. Since I have decided to move to Corvallis to finish
my degree, I met so many people that had a lot of questions about my country, especially about our
history. They did not just ask about the recent history, but also about the Romans and everything that
happened after that. Many asked me if the Italian people are actually as romantic as their music is,
and every time I have to admit that our culture was primarily influenced ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was syllabic, with slight ornaments, punctuated by the rhythm that adheres well to the
pronunciation of the words and for the composers it was important to make the literary content clear
and with a good balance between the poetic meter and musical rhythm and the content was the
insistent repetition of typical cases of love and realistic places (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2017). The
frottola contained specific poems, including the barzelletta, the oda and the strambotto. The frottola
was then later supplanted by the madrigal that was pretty similar to the frottola because it was still
predominantly about love, but the texts were more decorous and sentimental (musicaclassica–amalia
n.d.). The madrigal therefore, preferred the imitation of the voices because each voice contributed to
the expression of the words of the poetic text. Most of the times the texts of the madrigal were not
so long and the madrigal was no longer written for one occasion, but for circles of people who
appreciated it as work of art in itself (musicaclassica–amalia

Josquin des Prez was born in Saint–Quentin ca.1450 and was a French composer who died at the
age of 71 on August 27th, 1521 in Condé–sur–l'Escaut from an unspecified cause. Josquin des Prez
was born in the County of Hainaut, Belgium. There is not much known about Josquin des Prez's
family, scholars have found that Prez had an uncle and an aunt in his early life. It is still unknown
weather Josquin des Prez had studied music, but it is believed that Josquin des Prez was taught by
Johannes Ockeghem in counterpoint, who was the most famous composer of that time. Josquin des
Prez traveled throughout many different places during his musical career; he began his musical
career in late 1475 to 1478 where he was a musician in the ducal chapel, then ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
"The Cricket" has two sections: how a drunk cricket can hold a long note, and how singing birds are
different than a cricket. After listening to another musical work by Josquin des Prez, "Missa Pange
Lingua" there were very similar musical structures to that of "The Cricket." "La Déploration de
Johannes Ockeghem" is Josquin des Prez's best–known works, "Based on a poem by Jean Molinet
and composed on the occasion of Johannes Ockeghem's death in February 1497, the piece is
considered one of the most moving memorials ever written." Another popular work of Josquin des
Prez is "Miserere" "which commemorates the execution of Girolamo Savonarola in 1498," it played
an important role of the Penitential Psalms. Josquin des Prez created a wide variety of music that
kept evolving with the constantly changing musical styles his works consisted of masses, mass
fragments, motets, motet–chansons, chansons, and frottole. Just before Josquin des Prez died, he
wrote his created his will by the Mayor of Condé. In his will, he established himself as the Chapter
of the

Why Did The Renaissance Come From Northern Europe?
Why did the Renaissance come later to northern Europe than to Italy and what were its distinctive
characteristics?
The Renaissance, a term coined by Giorgio Vasari in 1550 , is used to describe the period of cultural
and intellectual change which started in Italy and then spread across the rest of Europe. This
development in society led to Europe stepping out of the medieval era and becoming a powerhouse
on a global scale. The Italian Renaissance is what the majority of people think of when thinking
about the Renaissance period but that was just the starting point. The Italian Renaissance changed as
it spread across Europe, creating a French Renaissance, an English Renaissance and a Northern
Renaissance. The focus of this essay is the Northern Renaissance, discussing why it arrived later to
northern Europe and what distinguishes it from the Italian Renaissance. A key factor as to why the
Renaissance was later in arriving in northern Europe is due to its location. Northern Europe was
further removed from the centres of trade in the Mediterranean. As a result trade and progressive
ideas that come with wealth developed more slowly in the north of Europe. The cities of Milan,
Florence, and Venice had become very successful during the end of the Middle Ages. Northern Italy
was able to lead the Italian Renaissance due to the Mediterranean, the central location for trade.
They controlled trade with Asia mostly through the silk road and also through importing spices

Hildegard's O Rubor Sanguinis, And The Gregorian Chants
Life in the Middle Ages revolved around the Church, which was the Roman Catholic. So, we can
imagine early music was pretty much from church. Every morning at 9 o'clock was Mass, a
significant ceremony done to commemorate the Last Supper. At this church service, the music was
the Gregorian Chant. The Gregorian chant is performed in the Latin language, unison voice and
accompanied by no instruments which was believed that the text of the song which carried the
divine message from God was more important. The music was just to help you get to a spiritual
place (Wright, 4–1a). A woman named Hildegard of Bingen wrote a Gregorian chant piece called" O
Rubor Sanguinis (O Redness of Blood). As the tenth child of her parents, they gave her as a tithe to
the church. In turn, she received a great education especially learning to write and note music as
well as founded her own convent. Gregorian chants were either composed by men or women, it was
a rule of the church that both gender wasn't allowed to sing together. Men could sing in the church
or monasteries while women were more to convents. So, in Hildegard's O Rubor Sanguinis, you
hear only women voices as was the case with most of her music. Listening to the song, I can hear
the women's voices in unison which makes it easy to follow the melody. I can't clap to find a beat to
it which is understandable because it's sacred music and meant for prayer and meditation. You also
hear multiple notes being sung to one syllable or

Music Appreciation Period In The Renaissance Period
Music Appreciation class introduced me to the great masterpieces along with the talented artists
from the medieval period to present. It helped me understand more and appreciate art from different
periods more than a thousand years back. It refreshed me of the music terminologies and added
some more. We're able to recognize and identify musical instruments of various kinds of music. We
gained a better comprehension of a music's texture, melody, key, rhythm, style, or form. Some music
masterpieces in the past generations live up to the present time and continues to evolve. The
medieval period (476–1400) or the middle ages lasted about a thousand years. Medieval music
consists of liturgical music, songs, and instrumental pieces. The Gregorian chant was mainly for
sacred music. As the musical art progresses, plainchants transitioned into organum–the earliest
polyphonic texture, but added an independent line of music to the chant. The Notre Dame School of
Polyphony had two generations of composition within this school: The Ars Antigua (Old Art) and
the Ars Nova (New Art). Guillaume de Machaut set ordinary mass in its entirety. He beautifully
constructs and represents the most advanced compositional techniques of his time: includes four
voices with more ornamentation contrary motion compares to the earlier three–voice works. The rise
of humanism marks the Renaissance period. The Franco–Flemish School writes music in four
voices. The composers of this era use a secular tune as

Music Analysis: Profane Music
During this praxis I had to really connect with my partner to come up with this melody. It was
difficult at first to connect our emotions but we were able to accomplish it. I learned through this
exercise that the songs that I compose should connect emotionally with the listeners. It's about
bringing the emotional piece in the song and connecting it with your audience. Adding diverse
voices to the melody makes the melody more profound overall.
According to the terminology of music the conductus purpose was to introduce scripture reading.
They were song as the reader was "conducted" to the lectern. Over the next hundred years more
complex "conducti" in two or three parts became popular, eventually opening the era to the motet.
The motet was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, John Salisbury stated that too many notes were difficult to understand and that the
ornate character was unappealing to the average person. His concern was with the obscuring of the
words. Even reaction to the new motet were developed that came in the form of a Papal Bull by
Pope John XX 11 in 1323, offering up some very specific complaints. He criticized that this form
"depraved with descants and sometimes pad out the music with upper parts made out of profane
songs." He forbids these methods because the aim of worship was lost. However, Guillame de
Machaut was able to set the first of the ordinary of the mass into four voices from his own original
material. Meanwhile, John Wycliff had issues and challenged the Catholic Church. He believed that
everyone had the right to hear and interpret the bible in their own understanding. In result he held
the doctrine of Papal authority as doubtable. Wycliff criticized the music of the church and therefore
challenged its meaning. The complexity of the polyphony brought different changes in music. Like
Josquin des Prez the master of double imitation and Martin Luther. Luther took popular meaning of
things during that period and put words into it. After the Greek two hundred years later Luther felt
that music had the power for good and for ill. He emphasized on congregational

The Life Of Josquin Des Prez 's Early Life Remains A Mystery
HISTORICAL BACKGROUD Though much of Josquin des Prez's early life remains a mystery, it is
believed that he was either born in Hainaut (Belgium) or in France. For quite a while des Prez's was
believed to have been born in 1440 but recent studies have found that he was actually born some
years later, closer to the year 1450. After his father died around 1466, des Prez aunt and uncle, Gille
Lebloitte dit des Prez and Jacque Banestonne, renamed him their heir and in their will his name is
written Josquin Lebloitte. MUSICAL STYLE Josquin was deemed as the center of the Franco–
Flemish school, which is a style of polyphonic music that from the Burgundy States around the 15th
century. Josquin composed a wide variety of music. He did both sacred and secular and utilized all
of the vocal forms that existed in his time such as masses, motets, chansons and frottole. Masses are
"a musical setting for the texts used in the Christian Church at the celebration of the Mass, or
sacrament of Communion. Most Masses have been written for use in the Roman Catholic Church."
A motet is a composition based on biblical or prose text polyphonically styled. Chansons are
different types of songs that contain French lyrics. And frottole or frottola is "a secular part–song of
Italy of the 15th and 16th centuries that is largely homophonic and has the music repeated with each
verse" His work was very highly regarded in his time so much so that it was said to have even been

The Renaissance Era The Baroque Era And The Baroque Era
Constantly, music has been a part of everyday life for centuries, dating back to the earliest Biblical
records. But over the years there have been many ages contributing to music. All of them were
significant to history, but only three were the most inspiring. All three discovered new ways to
compose melodies people around the world still listen to and perform. These influential eras in
music are: the Renaissance era, the Baroque period, and the Classical era. The subjects will be in
order from earliest and so on, starting with the Renaissance.
The Renaissance Era
Dating back to the 1400s, the Renaissance era started at the end of the medieval era. The era had
many major composers and came up with an abundance of new instruments. Most composers had
been involved in the church because "secular" music was not as popular at that time.
Music was difficult to distribute to people in the early 1400s. Consequently, the development of the
printing press in the early 1400s, made it easier to deliver music to a more broad scale of people.
One composer who took advantage of the printing press was Thomas Tallis. He used it to make his
own music sought–after by the public. He was allowed "exclusive rights to use England's printing
press to publish music" (Green 1). Tallis specialized primarily in choir–like music. He was the most
well–known Renaissance artists of his time. A few of his works included Salve intemerata virgo,
Ave rosa sine spinis, and Ave Dei patris filia. Tallis even

How Did Church Music Develop
Between the ninth–century and the fifteenth–century, Church music significantly developed.
Presumably, during seven centuries, music had undergone several developments, not only in Church
music, but in secular music as well. However, many of these developments were adopted only to be
forgotten decades or a century or two later, which indicates that such developments were not too
significant to the overall development of music. Some developments, nevertheless, are significant
and have lived on to influence modern western music. Such developments are relevant to assessing
the growth of Church music in the Middle Ages. The primary developments are in the study of
harmony in conjunction with rhythm, notation, and the use of musical instruments. ... Show more
Church music in the ninth–century, namely, the Gregorian Chant, was, as Matthews, Platt and Noble
note, monophonic7 and lacked instrumental accompaniment.8 Similarly, Greek music was
monophonic, even though the melody was ornamented by instruments.9 This, however, did not last
long in isolation during the ninth–century, since a basic form of polyphonic10 music developed.11
This polyphonic music that developed was called Organum in which a principal voice or main
melody is duplicated at a fifth or fourth below by a harmonic voice called the organal voice.12
Moreover, the rise of polyphony continued to develop in the twelfth–century and onward into more
complex forms, but retained the basic principal.13 Furthermore, developing in the thirteenth–
century as an addition to organum, polyphonic conductus was homo–rhythmic but contained up to
four voices with the tenor often being newly composed rather than adapted from a chant.14
Although these developments did not see influence from Greek music, they are, nevertheless, a
continuation on Greek forms of complex modal melodies that the Gregorian Chants had been
influenced by. Thus, polyphonic music was built on the Gregorian Chant, but made possible the
beginnings of harmonious music that, consequently, influenced all of Western

Tonight's Music Analysis
For a composer, the modal system is useful for delineating a melodic "home" known as the final
tone. A note called the reciting tone acts as the secondary "home" for the melody. The balance
between these two "homes" creates drama for the listener. As the melody hangs on the reciting tone
it often creates a type of tension that is resolved when the melody returns to the final tone.
PHRYGIAN SKELETONS refers to the modal "skeletons" upon which tonight's music is built. The
selections chosen for tonight's performance can be seen as a gallery of techniques that composers
have used to handle the Phrygian mode. This mode stands out at once when one hears the idiomatic
minor second interval that separates the final tone from tone above it (typically ... Show more
One of the most celebrated of these was Heinrich Schütz. He began his adult life studying law,
deciding not to pursue the arts. In 1609 a person of high nobility noticed the musical talent of young
Schütz and offered him a stipend to study in Venice with renowned composer Giovanni Gabrieli.
The 24–year–old law student left for Venice with the intention of continuing his legal studies upon
his return. However, he would become the court organist in Cassel after his time in Venice and in
1615 he would take a position as court composer for the Elector of Saxony; a position he would hold
until his death in 1672. Schütz's career developed during one of the most devastating wars in
European history, The Thirty Years War, which took place between his 33rd and 63rd years of life.
This was a time when the face of German culture would be changed

Josquin Desprez Research Paper
Jessica Hafner
Professor Keates
Music 101
February 11, 2016
Josquin Desprez Josquin Desprez is one of the best known composers during the Renaissance
period. Not much is known about his early life, and it is speculated that his birthdate was during the
year 1450, likely in Picardie which is a region north of Paris. He died August 27, 1521. Although
there are many theories about his education, training, and career, it seems that he really started his
rise to fame in the 1470's when he became a singer for the courts of René I of Anjou and later began
to work for the ruling family of Milan, the Sforza's. In 1499 he became a choirmaster to Duke
Ercole I of Ferrara, which is where he wrote the largely popular Miserere. He spent the later part of
his life in France, which is where he served as a provost in the church of Condé. Josquin is viewed
as one of the most important and influential composers of his time. His music was expressive and
combined his musical innovations with traditional techniques that would later become the standard
forms that many others would follow. Josquin wrote sacred and secular music and composed many
motets, masses, and chansons. In his motets especially, Josquin liked to polyphony and textures to
highlight the emotion of the text that was in the motet. He used ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Much of the life of Josquin is a mystery, and many believe that some of his compositions were
actually imitated by people that would claim the pieces to be Josquin's so they would sell at a higher

Josquin Des Prez is a composer from the renaissance era from 1440 to 1521.
During Josquin's time in the renaissance era he acquired the title of the greatest
composer of his day. His style(Polyphonic) of composing became universally imitated and
admired as his mastery of the technique grew. Writers wrote about his reputation and fame and
theorist held is work as the best representing perfection such as Heinrich Glarean.
Compositions were attributed to Josquin anonymously by admirers, to try and increase the sale
of his works. Over 370 pieces of work have been attributed to him and only after the modern
analytical scholarship that some of the works were challenge whether or not it was actually his
work. These accusations were based on manuscript ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More is known about minor composers of the renaissance era than about
Josquin.
The type of music Josquin wrote was secular and sacred music. it's in all the significant
vocal forms including masses, motets, frottole and chansons. Josquin was praised for his
ingenious technical devices and his melodic gift. Modern scholars have tried to ascertain the
basic details of his biography, they have tried define his style so that they can fix misattributions,
but it has proven to be very difficult. Sometimes Josquin he would write in a austere style devoid
of ornamentation, and on the other he would write with great virtuosity.
There isn't much known about Josquin's early life. He was born around 1450 in either

modern day france or an area controlled by The Duke of Burgundy. When his father died he
went and lived with his aunt and uncle as their heir. His aunt and uncle named him Banestonne
and that Dez Prez was a nickname. Josquin was a choirboy with his friend and colleague Jean
Mouton. He might of also studied counterpoint from Ockeghem. Ockeghem someone he
admired very greatly in his lifetime.
Tu Pauperum Refugium is the song I listened to. It makes me think of a choir singing in

Renaissance Humanism Research Paper
Humanism in the Renaissance Humanism was the cultural and intellectual movement that erupted
mass creation during the Renaissance. Humanism allowed people to question their world, create
new inventions, invest in new ideas, and relish in their achievements as human beings. The rise of
Humanism heavily influenced the arts in the Renaissance, music in particular art. It brought the
awakening of the human mind and spirit. The emphasis on an individual's life is highlighted as a
major ideal of Renaissance music. Music that was once used purely for sacred ritual performance,
was now a source of entertainment and enlightenment; composers like Josquin Des Prez, started to
seek recognition for their pieces and their contributions to society, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As eyes shifted toward the arts and education, vocal music with instrumental accompaniment
became more valued and respected. Choirs, composers, instrumentalists, and performers all began
having instruments accompany their vocals. The focus shifted to instrumentalists being encouraged
into playing their own supporting background parts instead of playing exactly the same notes and
modes as the vocalists or choir. An important part of music in the Renaissance was was composer
glorification. Humanism encouraged the idea of an individual's achievements importance in society,
which lead to the start of exaltation of composers and their collection of works. During the
Renaissance arrangement vocal music became a way to do exactly that. It was a way to glorify the
composer, the musical piece, and also the performer. Arrangement vocal music was the reworking
and often expansion of a musical piece, so that the piece could be played and performed by choirs or
on different instruments. Josquin Des Prez "Mille Regretz" for example was rearranged and
'refurbished by Luis de Narvaez into an arrangement for the lute. The song now had repeated runs to
sustain notes played by the lute. This made each line longer, more interesting, and increasingly
easier to dance to. Narvaez used Des Prez's piece as a way of entertainment and also a way to
showcase his talent by playing on an

History Of Belgium
I. Introduction
II. Brief Discussion of Belgium's relevant history
III. Geographical Setting a. Location – between France (S) and Holland (N); Germany and
Luxembourg (E); and North Sea (W) b. Climate – Belgium has temperate weather, warm in summer
(May to September) and cool to cold in winter, with snow very likely. temperate; mild winters, cool
summers; rainy, humid, cloudy c. d. Topography – The coastal region, extending about 16–48 km
(10–30 mi) inland, consists of sand dunes, flat pasture land, and polders (land reclaimed from the
sea and protected by dikes), and attains a maximum of 15 m (50 ft) above sea level. Eastward, this
region gradually gives way to a gently rolling central plain, whose ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The role of education in society a. Primary b. Secondary c. Higher d. The structure of the
educational system consists of pre school (3–6 years); six years of primary school and six years of
secondary school. Belgium has two systems of education: the state system and the private (mostly
Catholic) system. Education is free in both of these systems, and the curriculum is the same. There
are four types of education: General Secondary Education (ASO): general education; mostly
theoretical that prepares students for higher education. Art Secondary Education (KSO): Along with
general subjects, students take visual arts, music, dance, drama, etc. A previous knowledge of the
subject is required. Professional Secondary Education (BSO): in this category students may choose
from a selection of courses such a hairdressing, car mechanics, and sewing, among others. Students
completing the 12th year level receive certificate of higher secondary education. This diploma is
sufficient for higher specialized study: interpreting, architecture, technical engineering, pedagogy,
etc. Only 16 17% of Belgian students graduate at this level. Education is considered very important
in Belgium. Therefore standard are high and students take school very

France Cultural Traits
Some cultural traits that have defined French society and culture since the 16th century are the
French music, and art. Both of these play a huge part of the French culture and is part of the main
reason why France is known for everything that they do. Many people would ask, "How did France
start all of these cultural traits?" A lot of people would also ask "Are there more traits that France
has?" I will be talking about in order of what these cultural traits are, why they are important, the
influence that these cultural traits had on the French natives and even tourists, and what I think of
the French cultural traits. The historical origin of the cultural traits that I chose were based on the
Renaissance. The Renaissance is the French word ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without these cultural traits of music, and art, who knows where the Renaissance would have
brought France, seeing as these were some of the biggest aspects of modernizing France. What
brought the cultural trait of art to France was the invasion of Italy, along with influences from the
Burgundy court. This invasion brought different paintings to France. Art can be seen almost
everywhere in France, but mainly French art is scene in the city of Paris. Some of the biggest and
best artists to emerge from France include: Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Camille Pissarro. All of
their art were influenced by France itself. These works of art can be found in the Louvre Museum,
which involves both traits of art and architecture. The Louvre Museum is one of the biggest
museums in the world, and in there resides two of the most famous paintings known all across the
globe. These paintings are the Mona Lisa and Venus de Milo. The second cultural trait which
defined French society and culture was the trait of music. The origin of music came from Burgundy,
which is known as the musical center of Europe. Most of famous composers come from Burgundy,
or study with different composers and musicians in Burgundy. One of the composers to originate
from France is Josquin des Prez. He is known

The Renaissance and Italy's Decline
The Renaissance and Italy's Decline
Definition: The period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages,
conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and
values. Set in the city–states of Italy in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the constant
uncertainty, both economic and political, and extreme volatility of the historical situation provided
the material for new intellectual, cultural, and social experiments that would at their conclusion
provide the means of constructing a new European mono–cultural identity, one focused on
humanistic studies, science, and the arts. This historical background is surprisingly volatile; while
one might assume that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Italy the Renaissance proper was preceded by an important "proto–renaissance" in the late 13th
and early 14th centuries, which drew inspiration from Franciscan radicalism. St. Francis had
rejected the formal Scholasticism of the prevailing Christian theology and gone out among the poor
praising the beauties and spiritual value of nature. His example inspired Italian artists and poets to
take pleasure in the world around them. The work of the most famous artist of the proto–renaissance
period, Giotto (1266/67 or 1276–1337), reveals a new pictorial style that depends on clear, simple
structure and great psychological penetration rather than on the flat, linear decorativeness and
hierarchical compositions of his predecessors and contemporaries. The great poet Dante lived at
about the same time as Giotto, and his poetry shows a similar concern with inward experience and
the subtle shades and variations of human nature. Although his Divine Comedy belongs to the
Middle Ages in its plan and ideas, its subjective spirit and power of expression look forward to the
Renaissance. Petrarch and Boccaccio also belong to this proto–renaissance period, both through
their extensive studies of Latin literature and

Renaissance Vs Middle Ages Essay
The Middle Ages were marked by an increase in trade and population, as well as improved
education and art. The changes brought about during this time allowed for further developments in
the coming Renaissance Age. Throughout these ages men began to expand their interests to new
occupations and enhance their current knowledge. Even though these two periods of history
experienced similar advancements, they actually had many different aspects. The Middle Ages and
the Renaissance differ in their emphasis, art, and music. The Middle Ages and the Renaissance
emphasized different aspects of life. In the Middle Ages, the people were very religious. They
focused on their eternal rewards and pleasing God, and they concentrated on the group more than ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The paintings of the Middle Ages were primarily for churches. They accentuated the spiritual realm
and future life in heaven. The church served as one of the only sponsors for medieval art, and the
artists painted for God's glory and received very little recognition for themselves. The portraits of
this time were flat and two–dimensional, so the glory of medieval art can be seen in the exquisite
cathedrals that were built. Renaissance art differed in that once again, focus shifted from the church
to man. Now secular patrons supported artists and commissioned portraits and sculptures to be put
on display in the town. Artists felt proud in their work and they wanted to be praised for their art.
Portraits no longer featured biblical characters or church leaders, rather, artists would paint images
of kings, merchants, and other wealthy men. During this time, painters began to develop techniques
of shading and perspective which made their portraits more realistic and three–dimensional. Unlike
the middle ages, the glory of Renaissance art is the paintings and sculptures. The frescoes of Giotto
di Bondone mark the transition between the two styles of art. Before him, paintings were stiff, the
people were emotionless, and the backgrounds were a solid color. Bondone sought to make this
more realistic as the people exhibit feelings and he painted detailed backgrounds to attempt a three–
dimensional

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