1. OPENING PRAYER
God Our Father, you endowed St. Albert the great, with the talent of
combining wisdom with divine faith. Keep us true to his teaching that
the advance of human knowledge may deepen our knowledge and love
of you.
Amen.
4. Classroom Rules
Be kind and respectful at all times.
Use school appropriate language.
Raise your hand if you want to speak.
Pay attention and listen to your teacher and
classmate when they are speaking.
Take down notes.
BE HAPPY
ENJOY
&and
ALWAYS DO YOUR
BEST
6. UNIT 1
Music of Medieval,
Renaissance, and Baroque
Periods
LESSON 1:
Music of Medieval Period
LESSON 2:
Music of Renaissance Period
LESSON 3:
Music of Baroque Period
10. 1.What can you say about the video
you just watched?
2.How does music evolve?
3.Why does an era has its own musical
characteristics and styles?
Analysis
11. The Western music
tradition and religious music
development can be traced
back in Europe during the
medieval period from 400
CE to 1400 CE. It is called
the Middle Ages, referring
between the fall of the
Roman Empire and the age
of reawakening and
discovery.
The Medieval Period is also
known as Middle Ages or
Dark Ages that started the
fall of the Roman Empire.
During this time, the
Christian Church influenced
the Europe’s culture and
political affairs.
12. There were many kinds of
music created during the
Middle Ages:
• Music for the knights
• For the nobles in the
castles
• Chants for the priests as
they celebrated the
Christian services in
cathedrals and
monasteries.
13. There were many kinds of
music created during the
Middle Ages:
• Music for the knights
• For the nobles in the
castles
• Chants for the priests as
they celebrated the
Christian services in
cathedrals and
monasteries.
Sadly, most of the sacred
music was never written
down.
Only music of the church
is well-preserved because
at that time only the
people of the Church were
educated.
Later on, they devised a
system to notate and copy
music.
14. St. Gregory The Great
GREGORIAN CHANT
Gregorian Chant was the
official music of the
Roman Catholic Church. It
Is referred to after Pope
Gregory I the Great.
It is also named as
plainsong or plainchant.
15. Characteristics of Gregorian
Chants
Monophonic (music that is
written for only one voice or
part)
Free meter
Usually based on Latin
Liturgy
Use of Neume Notation
Neume – it is a Gregorian
notations that uses different
signs, which are notes sung on
single syllable.
Each neume has a unique name.
A square, a diamond, or a bold
line represents a neume.
• Always starts at the beginning
of a syllable
• Always read from left to right
16. Neume Description
1. Punctum This is a single note.
2. Virga This is the same as punctum.
3. Podatus (pes) One note is written above another note like this: the
bottom note is sung first, followed by the note above
it.
4. Clivis (flexa) The higher note comes and is sung first.
5. Scandicus Three or more notes go upward and are sung from the
bottom.
6. Salicus Three or more notes go upward, but the middle one has
a vertical episema, slightly prolonging that note.
7. Climacus Three or more notes go downward; the first note is
sung first.
KINDS OF NEUME
17. Neume Description
8. Torculus (pes flexus) Three notes go up and then back down.
9. Porrectus (flexus
resupinus)
This has a high note, a low note and a high note. The
line starts at the first note and goes down to the
middle note.
10. Scandicus flexus Four notes go up and then drop down.
11. Porrectus flexus This is porrectus with a low note on the end.
12. Climacus resupinus This is the opposite of scandicus flexus.
13. Torculus resupinus One note skips upward.
14. Pes subbipunctus One note goes up and notes go down
15. Virga subtripinctis Four notes in a row go down.
16. Virga praetripunctis Four notes in a row go up.
KINDS OF NEUME
19. TEXT SETTINGS
SYLLABIC
There is one assigned note for each
syllable of text.
NEUMATIC
A group of neumes is assigned to
one syllable of text.
20. TEXT SETTINGS
SYLLABIC
There is one assigned note for each
syllable of text.
NEUMATIC
A group of neumes is assigned to
one syllable of text.
melismatic
There are many notes assigned to
one to one syllable of text, usually
combining several groups of neumes.
21. TEXT SETTINGS
SYLLABIC
There is one assigned note for each
syllable of text.
NEUMATIC
A group of neumes is assigned to one
syllable of text.
melismatic
There are many notes assigned to one
to one syllable of text, usually
combining several groups of neumes.
psalmodic
There are many syllables assigned to
one note of text.
22.
23. CHURCH MODES
The church modes were
scales used in both sacred
and secular music. They
composed of seven
different tones and an
eighth note that duplicates
the first note an octave
higher.
Patterns of whole steps
and half steps are
different.
24. The church modes were
scales used in both sacred
and secular music. They
composed of seven
different tones and an
eighth note that duplicates
the first note an octave
higher.
Patterns of whole steps
and half steps are
different.
There are 8 church modes,
classified as authentic and plagal.
The 4 authentic modes were:
dorian, phrygian, lydian, and
mixolydian.
The 4 plagal modes were:
hypodorian, hypophrygian,
hypolydian, and hypomixolydian.
CHURCH MODES
25. Development of Melody
Early medieval music was basically
monophonic in texture. But the music
transformed into one or more parts
accompanying the original chant. It is
usually in parallel motion of a fourth, a
fifth, or an octave above or below. This is
seen in the works of some famous medieval
period composers.
27. Guillaume de Machaut (ca. 1300 – 1377)
Guillaume de Machaut was a
French poet and composer. He
was the first to write a
polyphonic setting of the mass
ordinary. In most of his four-part
setting, he used the Ars Nova
techniques of isorhythm, a
repeated rhythmic pattern
throughout one or more voices.
28. Did you know that. . .
Gregorian is a German band
headed by Frank Peterson, a
German music producer. The
band performs Gregorian
chant-inspired versions of
modern pop and rock songs
29.
30. ORGANUM
An early church polyphony.
Organum consist of a
Gregorian chant and one or
more added musical lines
above the chant
A development of organum
was introduced by Perotin
and Leonin.
Léonin was the first known significant
composer of polyphonic organum. He was
probably French, probably lived and worked
in Paris at the Notre Dame Cathedral and
was the earliest member of the Notre
Dame school of polyphony and the ars
antiqua style who is known by name.
Leonin is the first
composer of
polyphonic music
who lived in the
latter part of 12th
century and earned
extensive fame.
31.
32.
33. Polyphony is a type of musical texture
consisting of two or more
simultaneous lines of independent
melody, as opposed to a musical
texture with just one voice,
monophony, or a texture with one
dominant melodic voice accompanied
by chords, homophony.
34. • Motet is the most important
form of the early polyphonic
music.
• The term “motet” derives
from French word mot,
referring to the words that
were added up to the vocal
lines.
• The composers during the 13th
century added more than one
new voice above plainchant,
making three – and four –voice
compositions of varied and
rich texture
Motet
35. Motet
• Motet is the most important
form of the early polyphonic
music.
• The term “motet” derives
from French word mot,
referring to the words that
were added up to the vocal
lines.
• The composers during the 13th
century added more than one
new voice above plainchant,
making three – and four –voice
compositions of varied and
rich texture
• Talea – in isorhythmic motet,
the tenor line was subjected to
a recurring rhythmic idea
• Motets were composed for
secular as well as religious
functions.
• The secular motet came to full
being in the art of Machaut.
•
36.
37. MASS
The mass is the Roman Catholic Church’s central and
leading worship service. Before the Machaut’s time,
composers writing polyphony for the mass had set
only one or two sections of what we called Proper of
the Mass - the sections of the mass that are sung
to texts that vary with each feast day. On the other
hand, the Ordinary of the Mass had chants with
unvarying texts that were sung almost every day.
38.
39. TROuBADOURS
Troubadours came from the word trobar meaning
“to compose”, “to discuss”, or “to find”.
Troubadours were travelling musicians who went
from one village to the next, and many also
travelled abroad. They performed chivalry and
courtly romantic music.
They were creators of words and melodies,
playing for both commoners and nobility.
40. TROUVЀRES
Trouvère refers to poet-composers who
were roughly contemporary with and
influenced by the troubadours, both
composing and performing lyric poetry.
41. Adam de la
Halle
(ca. 1245 – 1288)
Adam de la Halle was a French trouvere poet and composer. He is also known
as Adam le Bossu or “ Adam the Hunchback”. Aside from being a trouvere,
he was also an accomplished composer of rondeaux (two-part refrains),
chansons motets (polyphonic choral compositions, and jeux partis
(dialogue between two poets).
De la Halle wrote his famous work Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion (The
Play of Robin and Marian), around 1280s.
It is in the form of pastourelle, a kind of heraldic piece that usually
contains a dialogue between a knight and a peasant girl.
45. SACKBUT
This resembles a trombone instrument.
Early trombone, invented in the 15th century, probably in
Burgundy. It has thicker walls than the modern trombone,
imparting a softer tone, and its bell is narrower.
46. SHAWM
This has a reed (a small piece of wood) that vibrates
against the tongue or lips to produce sound. This
resembles an oboe instrument.
47. BAGPIPE
This is an ancient instrument made from a goat or sheep
skin and a reed pipe. This is used by the poorest people.
51. FLUTE
This is a recorder-like woodwind musical instrument. This
is one of the favourite musical instruments of the
minstrels to use when travelling.
52. RECORDER
This is a flute-like woodwind musical instrument. This is
held vertically from the lips of the player.
53. HARP
This was a favourite musical instrument of the
troubadours and minstrels.
54. FIDDLE
This is a bowed or plucked string instrument placed under
the chin of the player.
55. LUTE
This is a pear-shaped plucked string instrument with bent
neck and a fretted fingerboard.
56. POSITIVE
ORGAN
This is the principal musical instrument in monasteries and
cathedrals during the late medieval period. This was the
only instrument allowed by the church authorities.
Editor's Notes
This quote is written Heinrich Heine, who wrote many poems. This suggest that words have limitations as an expressive medium.
Heine suggest that medium of music can be utilized to allow expression. For many people, music can be better for them to express a certain feeling than putting it into words, this is particularly important for those people or individuals who chose not to or have difficulties using words.
2. the evolution of music in the era has different unique styles and sounds that were made music talks about a wide variety of sounds, it can be about history, it can be political and also cultural, some expressed their feeling through music
in the Middle Ages) a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor.
Chant - to repeat or sing a word or phrase continuously:
Noble – high rank
Through devising a system, the Church music spread to other monastic communities and was taught to succeeding generations.
During the Medieval period, Pope Gregory I made Gregorian Chants the approved music of the Catholic Church. It was named after him.
Medieval Mode, also known as Church Mode. Derived from ancient Greek music modes. The early Medieval church modes proposed by the ancient Roman theologian Boethius had eight modes: four normal modes and four sub modes. The range of the sub mode is five degrees lower than that of the normal mode. The musical scale in the Middle Ages is arranged from bottom to top, with four ending notes of Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, and Mixolydian.
Monophonic means using only a single line of music, unaccompanied by any other voices or instruments.
Ars nova refers to a musical style which flourished in the Kingdom of France and its surroundings during the Late Middle Ages. ARS NOVA OR NEW ART
Isorhythm is a musical technique using a repeating rhythmic pattern, called a talea, in at least one voice part throughout a composition. Taleae are typically applied to one or more melodic patterns of pitches or colores, which may be of the same or a different length from the talea.
the organum was plainsong Latin chant with the addition of a second voice to add a simple harmony to the chant.
The Gregorian chant was continuously performed in churches during the medieval period.
Organum is, in general, a plainchant melody with at least one added voice to enhance the harmony, developed in the Middle Ages
Usuall, here in organum the soloist sings the original chant melody while the choir sings the other parts in parallel motion.
early polyphony of the late Middle Ages that consists of one or more voice parts accompanying the cantus firmus often in parallel motion at a fourth, fifth, or octave above or below
This harmonizing technique, called organum, is the first true example of harmony. The first instances were extremely simple, consisting of adding a voice that exactly paralleled the original melody at the interval of a fourth or fifth (parallel organum).
This harmonizing technique, called organum, is the first true example of harmony. The first instances were extremely simple, consisting of adding a voice that exactly paralleled the original melody at the interval of a fourth or fifth (parallel organum).
Secular and religious concept were separated then as they are today.
Machaut expanded the form of earlier century to integrate the new improvements made possible by Ars Nova, especially the greater variety and flexibility of rhythm.
With Machauts creativity, the idea of the Ordinary of the Mass was adopted universally in the West. Henceforth, in writing a polyphonic mass for the church, the composer set the 5 texts of the Ordinary of the Mass ( KYRIE – THE LORD HAVE MERCY, GLORIA, CREDO-CREED-SUMASAMPALATAYA, SANCTUS-HOLY, AGNUS DEI- LAMB OF GOD- KORDERO NG DIYOS.
So they find ways to shape them musically into an integrated unit.
The KYRIE by Machaut is one of the famous mass songs during this period.
performed by instruments and not by voices.
The 14th century has seen the steady growth in the importance of instrumental music. Though art music was reserved for vocal music, instruments gradually found more and more useful.
What is a Troubadour?
A troubadour was a composer and performer of music and poetry between the 11th and 13th centuries, originating in Occitania (a region in southern Europe). They were responsible for entertaining the nobility of the region, and traveled from city-to-city performing various songs and epic poetry for all classes of audiences. Troubadours were the primary source of secular music for audiences during the medieval period.
The Occitan word trobador is widely regarded as the influencing origin of the French word troubadour, meaning "composer" or, "To compose, to discuss, or to invent." The exact etymology of the troubadour definition and word origins are varied with many alternative explanations. The first use of the word troubadour was found in the Occitan writings of Cercamon, one of the earliest troubadours in recorded history.
Troubadours would travel to different villages or towns performing secular songs
The musical traditions shown by the troubadours were carried gradually to Northern France . The influenced of trouveres reached even to Germany, where their german counterparts were called minnesingers.
Minnesinger - who performed songs of courtly love.
he trouvères were a group of epic poets and musicians from northern France similar to the troubadours of southern France and Occitania. Unlike the troubadours, the trouvères wrote and performed in a dialect native to northern France.
What is a peasant girl?
a a member of a class of low social status
Most of the medieval musicians used varied musical instruments. The different musical instrument were divided into two groups according to the amount of volume they produced. The loud or outdoor (hauts), and the soft or indoor (bas)
A fanfare is a short musical flourish that is typically played by trumpets,
Even if medieval musicians had access to a variety of musical instruments, little music was composed for instrumental performance.
During this period also, the measurement of time was one of the most important modes of human experience. Measurement was applied to music by means of a system of notation that regulated the two primary components of art : SOUND & TIME.