Beetroot Lab Report

Beetroot Lab Report
The Effect of Temperature on the Light Transmission on the Permeability of a Beetroot Cell
When the bathing solution is between 3°C and 60°C the light transmission decreases. The light
transmission decreases more rapidly when the bathing solution is over 60°C. The amount of beetroot
pigment released does increase as the bathing temperature increases. The light transmission average
was 85.8% when the bathing solution was 3°C so less pigment was released. At 80°C the light
transmission was 33.0% which shows that more pigment was released from the beetroot cell at a
higher temperature.
The cell membrane increases in fluidity as the temperature begins to increase (3°C to 60°C). The
phospholipids have no bonds and begin to move around more which releases ... Show more content
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It would be difficult to keep the temperature constant for this amount of time so we put the boiling
tube with the bathing solution into a beaker of water at the required temperature. This insulted the
bathing solution so that it stayed at the right temperature for the full 2 minutes. Some groups did not
do this so over the 2 minutes the temperature was not exact. If the bathing solution was not at the
correct temperature the results may not be as reliable. Using an electronic thermostatic water bath
would keep the temperature of the bathing solution constant during the 2 minutes and therefore the
results would be more reliable.
For the lowest temperature, 3°C, we used ice. The highest light transmission is 97% and the lowest
is 77%. This large range could be because as th experiment went on the temperature of the ice
increased. The 97% could have been measured in the beginning and the 77% measure at the end.
The results for 3°C could be taken again all at the same time. The results taken at 20°C have the
smallest range. This could be because it was the closest to room temperature and therefore easier to
maintain the bathing solution
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Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the...
Aim: In this investigation I will be measuring the effects of temperature on the membrane
permeability of beetroot. I will be measuring the amount of anthocyanin that will diffuse out of the
beetroot. The way in which I will measure the anthocyanin is to check the light absorbency of the
solution using a colorimeter. The higher the reading on colorimeter the more anthocyanin present in
the solution To find out the permeability of the beetroot membrane I will firstly cut out cylinders of
beetroot using a cork borer, I will slice them into a certain width and then place them into distilled
water at different temperatures. Using a colorimeter I will measure the anthocyanin that will diffuse
into the distilled water, the higher the reading ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beetroot A beetroot will be used to investigate the affect of temperature on the cell membrane
permeability. I will ensure that all the beetroot pieces used have the same surface area. I can do this
by using equal sized cylinders of beetroot giving a large membrane surface for the anthocyanin to
leak out from. Also to ensure a fair test the beetroot should be from the same batch as different
beetroots may have different membranes but if they are all from the same batch the membranes
should be the same, so I should use beetroot from the same batch. Water bath There will be several
water baths at different temperatures in order to do the tests on at different temperatures. The water
baths may not provide accurate temperature e.g. (20 ºC may be 21 ºC) so I will carry out each test at
each temp on the same day to ensure a fair test. So I will be measuring the actual temperature (using
a thermometer) and the precision of the thermometer is to 1d.p which is 0.5 ºC. White tile A white
tile will be placed underneath the beetroot pieces when cutting them to give me a flat surface to cut
the beetroot on in order for me to be accurately cut the beetroot pieces at a 90 º angle. Also the white
tile will prevent any damage to surface of the beetroot and any stains to the table. Thermometer I
will use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the water in the water baths. This will ensure
the reliability of my results, as it will allow me to make sure the water

Beetroot Lab Report
The cell membrane is the boundary barrier for every cell, it selectively allows organic molecules and
substances in and out of the cells. During this lab we were specifically looking at the flow of water
across the cell membrane in sheep blood cells, Elodea (waterweed) cells, and brewer's yeast. We
also looked at what damage could be caused by physical and chemical stress to the cell membrane
by examining beetroot cells that were exposed to a variety of temperature treatments.
Water molecules are far too small to be seen with a brightfield microscope but the cells themselves
can give indications that water is moving in or out of the cell. This allows us to observe osmosis,
much easier. While viewing the red blood cells, we were able to view ... Show more content on
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Both the membrane and the solute concentration are factors in how a cell operates in a solution. The
tonicity will then depend on how that concentration is able to flow across the membrane. We
discovered that cells without a cell wall typically fare best in an isotonic environment, where the
water will stay at the same rate in both directions, keeping everything stable. Plant cells, or any
others with a cell wall, use the cell wall to expand a bit further by applying a back pressure called
turgor pressure to oppose any further water uptake. This allows the cell to get fat and happy in a
turgid state, which most plant cells find to be the healthiest for them. We also learned how both
physical and chemical stress can damage the cellular structure. Something as simple as a change in
temperature to the complete breakdown of a protein structure can have far reaching

Essay on Effect of Ethanol on Beetroot Membrane
Biology Coursework
Hypothesis: To investigate the effect of different concentrations of ethanol on the permeability of
beetroot cell membranes.
Prediction: By exposing a membrane to a solvent, ethanol, it will increase its permeability. So the
higher the concentration of the solvent, the more permeable the membrane will be. But if the
concentration of the ethanol is beyond a certain limit, it may break down the cell membrane to the
point where there is in fact no overall effect as the ethanol would disturb the lipids in the membrane.
Therefore, more of the red pigment in the beetroot would leak as the lipids control the substances
that enter and leave the cell membrane.
However the ethanol might also impair particular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When beetroot is sliced or cut, the cells are also sliced, causing the pigment to spill out. The thinner
the slices are, the larger the surface area, which would increase the rate of pigment leakage. But if
the membrane is destroyed and the phospholipid bilayer and are changed, more pigment, betacyanin
leaks by means of diffusion.
The basic structure of betacyanins
Betacyanin
Betalaines are the red pigments of beetroot. They are water–soluble and exist as internal salts in the
sap vacuoles of plant cells. Betalaines are made up of red betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins.
Betacyanines include about 90% of beetroot betalaines. The most important betacyanin is betain.
This makes up 75–95% of the total colouring found in the beetroot. Jm
Ethanol:
C2H5OH :
[pic]
Generally ethanol is an alcohol found in alcoholic drinks. At 100% concentration, it is pure and a
colourless liquid with a strong odour (due to weak Van der Wall forces :D. Ethanol is produced by
the fermentation of carbohydrates in yeast cells and is used frequently as a solvent.

Proteins which make up about 70% of cell membranes are affected by the pH of ethanol. Proteins
are made of amino–acids which can form hydrogen bonds with the many hydrogen atoms found in
the molecule.
The position of some of these hydrogen atoms formed change when the pH of a solution changes.
Therefore the shape of the protein molecule alters due to the change in pH.

The Membrane And Cytoplasmic Membranes
The plasma membrane and cytoplasmic membranes of plants, like those of animal cells, are
composed of lipids and proteins that are often glycosylated. Likewise, the composition from one
membrane type to another is highly diverse. There is some evidence to suggest that the composition,
particularly of the lipid component, may change in response to environmental conditions such as
temperature, water stress, etc. as well as during growth, development and ultimately senescence of
the cell. It is believed that these changes are required to adjust the physical characteristics of
membrane structures so that they may perform their necessary physiological tasks when
environmental factors change. If the environmental conditions are altered beyond the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this review the importance of lipid phase behaviour is discussed in the context of membrane
stability at different temperatures.
The dark red and purple pigments in beetroot are located in the cell vacuole and are chemical
compounds called 'betalains'. The pigments cannot pass through membranes, but can pass through
the cellulose cell walls if the membranes are disrupted – by heat (for example cooking) or after a
long period pickled in vinegar.
Method:
First collect a cylinder of beetroot by pushing the corer into the beetroot and withdrawing it. The
cylinder remains inside the corer– so push it out with the end of a pencil.
Collect 6 cylinders, with the pieces of 5 cm long with a segregated knife.
The beetroot was cut to 5cm. Because the beetroot has been cut some of the cell membranes had
been broken, which means some anthocyanin will leak out. This must be completely washed off in
order to maintain the reliability of the results.
The water must then be heated to 70oC (the first temperature for the experiment)
Once the water is at the correct temperature (measured using the thermometer), one piece of
beetroot is placed into the hot water, in a test tube, directly and left for exactly 2 minute (using a
stopwatch).
This procedure will be repeated with the other 5 pieces of beetroot and the temperature should be
changed accordingly. The temperatures will be

How Does Temperature Affect The Permeability Of The Plasma...
Introduction
Membranes contain phospholipid bilayer these are two layers of phospholipids which are facing in
opposite directions to each other. The non–polar tails are hydrophobic which are water–hating, what
makes it difficult for polar molecules/ions to pass through them are the fatty acid tails which also act
as a barrier to water–soluble substances. These molecules move in and out of the cell by diffusion,
osmosis and active transport. Diffusion is the net movement of particles down a concentration
gradient for example when gases move about and will move from where there is a high
concentration to where they are in lower concentration. By osmosis, the diffusion of water through
the plasma membrane is possible because the lipids bilayers are water–resistant to important
molecules and small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide, these molecules and ions diffuse
freely across the cell membrane. By active transport, ions and molecules are forced using metabolic
energy to move against their concentrated gradient. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will lead to a higher reading on the colorimeter. At about 59°C proteins start to become
denatured losing their shape preventing the normal movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Above 60°C proteins become totally denatured. At these temperatures the fatty acid melts leading to
a reduced stability of the membrane.
Betalain are the red coloured pigment which happens in the vacuoles of the beetroot cell, a
membrane called the tonoplast is what surrounds each vacuole. The leakage of the beetroot red
coloured pigment which is the Betalain, out of the cell will determine how permeable the cell
membrane is at a certain time. As the water gets darker by the dye more light is

Effect of Detergent Concentration on Membrane Permeability...
Aim: To investigate how effect of Detergent Concentration (cont.) has on Membrane permeability of
Beetroot cells.
Hypothesis: I predict that as detergent concentration increases, the solution will become less clear,
plus mass increases. The increases in mass will indicate that the water potential of the Beetroot cell
is lower than that of the surrounding sucrose solution. The Beetroot discs will become flaccid and
decrease in mass if the water potential of the surrounding solution is lower than the water potential
inside the beetroot cell. I predict that Osmosis will not occur (at 0% cont.) if the water potential of
the sucrose solution (detergent) and the water potential of the cell's cytoplasm are equal. I also
predict that an increase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has been shown by a steady increase in Anthon cyanine leaked out of plant cells as the
concentration and temperature increases.
The purpose of a cell membrane is to control the transport of substances moving into and out of a
cell. The membrane is an extremely thin layer (8 to 10 nanometers (nm)) thick, which is partially
permeable. It consists mostly of lipids and proteins. The lipids found in cell membranes belong to a
class known as triglycerides, so called because they have one molecule of glycerol chemically
linked to three molecules of fatty acids. The majority belong to one subgroup of triglycerides known
as phospholipids.
The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. The hydrophobic tails of the detergent
molecules are taken up by this bilayer. The detergent's hydrophilic heads will then repel (Micelle, an
electrically charge particle built up from polymer molecules or ions and occurring in certain
colloidal electrolytic solutions like soaps and detergents) the individual phospholipids and this will
mean they are 'disrupted'. The detergent will then enter the cell, and the tonoplast surrounding the
membrane. Therefore, the higher concentration of detergent, the more detergent molecules, and this
means there is more chance of the extra detergent molecules being taken up by the cell membranes.
If more detergent is taken up by the cell membranes, more

Effect of Temperature on Permeability of Cell Membrane
To investigate the effect of variation in temperature on the permeability of cell membranes using
fresh beetroot
Aims
In this investigation, you will subject fresh, washed beetroot discs to different temperatures to
investigate the effect of temperature on the permeability of the plasma membrane.
Overview
The beetroot discs will be placed in distilled water at different temperatures. You will compare the
intensity of the beetroot pigment that has leaked out from the cells subjectively and possibly
objectively using a colorimeter. You can relate the findings to the effect of different temperatures on
the permeability of cell membranes in beetroot (as well as in other organisms).
Features of experimental design
The investigation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Assemble the bench mat, tripod, gauze, water bath and Bunsen burner. Do not light the Bunsen
burner yet.
6. Add 5.0 cm3 of distilled water from a beaker to each of the seven test tubes E25 to E75 and C25.
Put all seven test tubes into the water bath.
7. Check the temperature of the water in the water bath. Use the Bunsen burner to gently warm its
towards 25 °C. Stop heating just below that temperature at about 23 °C since more heat will be
conducted from the hot glass of the beaker. Measure the temperature in the water in the test tube
labelled E25. When it is the same as that of the water bath, record it in the table.
8. Add three beetroot discs to E25. Start the stop clock. After sixty seconds, use a test tube holder to
remove the test tube. Put the bung into it. Shake it ten times over 30 cm. Pour the liquid into the
receiving test tube (RT)and the discs into the waste beaker. Then pour the liquid back into E25 and
put it into the test tube rack for later examination.
9. Carry out the same procedure with the control tube C25.

10. Carry out the same procedure for the other temperatures. Use the Bunsen burner to raise the
temperature towards 35(C and carry out the same procedure with 3 more discs, as at 25(C. In the
same way, subject the beetroot discs in the various experimental tubes to sixty seconds at each of
45(C, 55(C, 65(C and 75(C. Use a paper towel for insulation or a

The Effects Of Environmental Stress On Cell Membranes
Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment was to indirectly study the effects of environmental stress on cell
membranes. Watercourses have been with discarding of domestic and manufacturing, for centuries.
Alarms have only escalated about the ecological alterations in the recent years of what would be the
consequences. Scientists have developed a thorough investigation in search of various man harmful
waste that is damaging the environment of watercourses.
The cell membranes are the utmost essential organelle that surrounds all living cells. Its purpose is
to control what goes in and out of the cells and is accountable for the various other properties of the
cells as well. The nucleus and other organelles also have membranes that are practically
indistinguishable. Membranes are organised in a mosaic arrangement, comprised of carbohydrates,
proteins and phospholipids. This can be seen in Figure 1. The objective of this indirect examination
is to study the causes of various solvents and conducts on live beetroot cells. The reason why
beetroot cells have been selected for this experiment is because they have a big membrane–bound
central vacuole, as seen in Figure 2. The red colour anthocyanin, which provides the beetroot its
bright colour is located in the vacuole. The cell membrane encloses the whole beetroot cell. The
anthocyanin cannot leak out if the membranes stay unharmed. The red colour can escape if the
membranes are hassled or broken.
Abstract:
Ethanol disrupts

The Effects Of Salinity On Crops By Denielle Walters
The Effects of Salinity in Crops
By Denielle Walters
Team Members; Iona Millen, Jade McMillan, Kiara Stone
Teacher– Mrs Dean Contents: Abstract:
In this experiment it was found that the higher the salt concentration in a solution, the lower the
mass of the Beetroot. As water travels out of the extracellular environment by Osmosis, the Cell
began to dehydrate and signs of cell Lysis occurred. Though Colorimeter reading results were
recorded, they did not align with the mass of the Beetroot data and were classified inaccurate.
Reviewing the results there was no consistent trend in the data (eg. as the salt content increased by
1% the mass loss decreased by 0.5g). It could only be stated that as the salt concentration was
increased the mass of the Beetroot decreased. This experiment is related to the Salinity issues
currently occurring in Australia. It has been established that the rising levels of salt in soil affects a
number of things like; Agricultural production, Water quality, Ecological health of streams,
Terrestrial biodiversity, Soil erosion, Flood risk, Infrastructure and fixtures, irrigation.
https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/soil/salinity/impacts/
If the effects of salinity continue, crops would not be able to grow therefore farmers would not be
making an income and the fresh healthy Fruits and Vegetables that are displayed in supermarkets
would be practically non–existent and the salt could potentially move into fresh water meaning the
fresh water

Plasma Membrane Lab Report
The Effects of Temperature and Detergent on the Plasma Membrane
Introduction
The Effects of Temperature and Detergent on the Plasma Membrane
Introduction
The fluid mosaic model developed by S.J Singer and Garth Nicolson in 1972 explains the structure
of the membrane. It shows this through the explanation of the phospholipid bilayer which contains
hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic heads as well as the peripheral and integral proteins which help
to hold the structure. The fluid mosaic model also says how the membrane is in a fluid form rather
than solid because of the constant movement within the membrane (Biology Online, 2008).
The cell membrane is a semi permeable protective layer which protects the cell from the outside
environment by only allowing in and out of the cell only what is needed in order to survive. The
cells that make up the red beetroot contain a compound called betacyanin which is the cause for the
red pigment of the beetroot (Carter–Edwards, 2011). The betacyanin is found within the vacuoles of
the cell and is soluble in water (Cellular membrane structure and function, n.d.). The proteins within
the membrane of the cell denature when subjected to high temperatures which causes the membrane
to break apart allowing the betacyanin within the cell to release causing a red pigment to release
from the beetroot. The higher the temperature and the longer at which the beetroot is exposed to it,
causes more pigment to release ("Beetroot Cell

The Effect Of Acid Concentrations Increases Permeability...
Change in pH concentrations increases permeability of beetroot (‎
Beta vulgaris) cell membranes
indicated through color intensity using the spectrophotometer
Joshua Elekwa
Introduction to cell Biology, Fall 2014
Mount Royal University
ABSTRACT
The cell membrane (Plasma membrane) functions to provide cell support, cell stability and control
entry and exit of materials from the cell. This study was conducted to test the effects of
environmental conditions such as the on beet root cell membrane (Beta vulgaris). Five trials using
varied pH concentrations were tested and absorbance rates were monitored. The experimental results
showed that the protein function decreased sequentially when the pH decreased. This allowed the
betacyanin dye to leak out which created the color that was needed to determine the intensity and
therefore the effect of the circumstances. This supported the hypothesis that the more acidic or basic
the environmental condition around the beet cell, the more permeable the, membrane indicated by
color intensity. Pigment leakage in the solution was analyzed by using a spectrophotometer.
INTRODUCTION
Plant cells have selectively permeable membrane that allows selective substances to penetrate into
the cell. Cell membranes are consisting of lipid layer that are made up of phospholipids. (Essays,
UK.2013). These phospholipids are amphipathic in nature, which have phospholipids head and tail
respectively. Phospholipids heads are hydrophilic and tails

Beetroot Juice Supplementation Experiment
The goal of this experiment was to determine whether or not beetroot juice supplementation could
impact performance of elite track athletes. It has already been shown that nitrate supplementation
can increase whole body exercise economy by increasing steady state VO2, however, this effect had
been relatively diminished when the treatment was administered to elite level athletes. This is
because elite trained athletes have higher plasma NO2 levels than ordinary individuals, therefore the
difference between their natural level and their peak tolerance for NO2 is a lesser range, resulting is
less room for supplementation. Finally, trained athletes have higher capillary densities, which may
decrease the reliance on the production of NO from NO3 during exercise, as well as reduce
development of hypoxic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subjects were given their treatment of either beetroot juice or placebo ninety minutes prior to
commencing the examination. Then, they began the treadmill portion of the exam, where VO2,
VCO2 and RER data was collected at each varying intensity of the test. After completion of the
treadmill test, subjects were then taken to an indoor track to complete the 1500m TT. This began 2.5
hours post–supplementation. After completion of the TT, subjects were then briefly quizzed to
confirm the anonymity of the treatment they received. There were four experimental trials
performed, with blood sampling occurring at the conclusion of each for plasma NO3 analysis.
Throughout the course of the experiment, dietary standards were set in order to reduce confounding
variables that would potentially alter the accuracy of the experimental procedure. Additionally, the
supplementation blinding used by the experimenters was very successful, as subjects were only able
to correctly identify the treatment they received 50% of the

What Are Superbeets?
Superbeets
The world is becoming more health conscious and beetroot is not a common food found at the
dinner table but it should be because it has a lot of health benefits. Superbeets is a beetroot extract
and when it is taken regularly it has shown an improvement in stamina, energy and improved blood
circulation. The powder is made through a low heat drying process and the founders of the product
claim that it will provide the highest percentage of Nitric Oxide concentrate. This is the ingredient
that is required for good blood circulation and taking the recommended dosage is the same as eating
3 beetroots or drink a 1/2 liter of beetroot juice
The Company
Superbeets is made by a company HumanN and it was started by Nathan S Bryan PhD, John L Ivy
PhD and started as Neogenis labs. The owners are dedicated to making ... Show more content on
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Because the beets are specially selected and each crop is carefully tested to make sure that they will
give all the nutrient and oxide levels required to have healthier blood pressure levels.
Superbeets does not have any other ingredients like caffeine but will help you have healthy
circulation, improved energy levels naturally because there are no stimulants added. This will in turn
also make sure that blood pressure level will be healthier and this is all due to Nitric Oxide levels in
the blood stream.
The other advantages of using Superbeets is
●You have healthy energy and by not using stimulants there is no shaking experienced.
●The health of the heart is promoted due to all the compounds and vitamins that are present in
Superbeets
●It assists blood pressure levels because of the better blood circulation that is associated with Nitric
Oxide
●It helps the digestive system and is also known to work as a diuretic which assists the liver getting
rid of

Beetroot Research Paper
It seems the health benefits of beetroot juice has made its nutritional way around for some time now.
With many still jumping on the bandwagon.
Does drinking organic beet juice really live up to all the noise it is making?
Beet juice is rumoured to be one of the healthiest foods you can juice. It is, of course, a superfood.
I have no doubt beetroot is a superfood as it is full of goodness. I just question if it can live up to all
the fuss it still continues to make.
Many websites I found promoting this food for juice had lots of wonderful things to say about it.
I am sure it does offer the body some health advantages. However, I wouldn't rely on beet juice as
the answer, rather as something else you can add along with many of the other ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, it is often called a liver–protecting food.
I read somewhere once studies on rats given beet juice show a support and improvement in liver
function.
On the other hand, excessive drinking of beet juice may cause a build up of iron, phosphorus, and
magnesium in the liver (3).
Stomach and colon cancer are two which may respond well to beet juice, by helping inhibit the
mutation of cancer cells.
Drinking beet juice regularly may also help with piles, constipation, anemia, diarrhea, and gout.
You may find relief from varicose veins and spider veins, drinking organic beet juice. It is good for
improving blood circulation.
Because of its rich source of vitamins and minerals, making beet juice a part of your anti–aging diet
will be good for improving skin tone.
Organic Beet Juice Nutrition

The thing that makes this juice so popular is a natural chemical found in beets called nitrate. Nitrates
are also found in spinach and celery.
Nitrate converts to nitric oxide and will improve blood flow and oxygen to the muscles (4).
The health benefits of beetroot juice do make it a wonderful antioxidant

Nitrate And Its Effects On Exercise Abuse In The Human Body
Nitrate (NO3–) supplementation has been widely researched for its effects on exercise performance
since Larsen et al 2007 found that it decreased the oxygen cost of submaximal aerobic exercise. The
effect of NO3– in the body is tied to the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is an endogenous
gas that plays a regulatory role in many processes in the human body, including; blood pressure,
calcium handling, mitochondrial biogenesis, excitation–coupling contraction, oxidative stress,
regulation of blood flow to muscle tissues, and skeletal muscle repair (Stamler & Meismer 2001).
NO is produced in the body via the L–Arginine pathway, where NO is synthesized by NO–synthase
enzymes (Stamler & Meismer 2001).
However, studies have discovered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This increase in exercise tolerance may be able to increase the performance of both moderate and
high intensity exercise, but the research is conflicting regarding nitrate's effectiveness on high–
intensity exercise. Nitrate supplementation seems to be a useful ergogenic aid that could help
increase the performance in diverse types of exercise.
The most widely researched and documented effects of nitrate intake been its ability to decrease the
oxygen cost of submaximal aerobic exercise, at least in moderately trained or sedentary individuals.
The first study to discover these findings was conducted by Larsen et al in 2007. They found that the
oxygen uptake of moderately fit males while cycling at a moderate intensity (45%–85% VO2max)
was reduced by an average of 0.16 L/min–1. The most shocking result of these findings were that it
happened without an increase in the formation of blood lactate levels or any changes to heart rate,
meaning that the nitrate supplementation did in fact increase muscle efficiency (Larsen et al, 2007).
These effects have been most commonly noted in cycling (Larsen et al, 2007; Baily et al 2015, 2010
and 2009) and running (Porcelli et al, 2015). Reducing the oxygen cost of exercise during aerobic
activities would benefit greatly in competition, as it would allow an individual to maintain a faster
pace at a lower percentage of their VO2max than they previously could, thus theoretically delaying
fatigue.
This effect of oxygen cost on

Photosynthesis Lab Report
The purpose of this investigation was to see and understand the relationship between the effect of
temperature and the rate at which the amount of anthocyanin leaves the cell. This was achieved by
using the colorimeter calculated through the Data Logger, and assessing the absorption of blue light
of the solution. In both the data collection tables, results were achieved to understand how the
absorption of blue light (470 nm) increased as the temperature increased as well. On Table 1, results
varied for each group but more or less gave accurate results. For example, the temperature was 20°C
for group 6, the absorption of blue light was 0.027 and when the temperature increased to 30°C, the
absorption of blue light was 0.031. It was understood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The average absorption for 50°C needed to increase, as other outside sources acquire, since there is
a relationship between the increase of temperature and the average amount of absorption of blue
light. This was most likely due to manipulative errors achieved while doing the experiment.
Regardless of that result, calculations for the correlation between the two variables, demonstrated
that there is a positive correlation, as shown on Table 3. A 95% confidence statistical analysis also
verified that the results were not due to chance, and the standard deviation demonstrated accurate
results. 95% was used to demonstrate that there is a relationship between the two and that it is not
specifically due t chance.
My hypothesis stated that "An increase in the temperature of the water, in which beetroot tap root
cylinders are bathed for one minute, from 20°C to 70°C at increments of 10°C, will cause an
increase to the amount of anthocyanin that leaves the cell and, consequently an increase in the
absorption of blue light by the pigment in the solution as measured by the colorimeter.". In Graph 1,
it was understood that the absorption of blue light increases as the temperature increases, supporting
my

Physiological Response To Exercise Analysis
Marathon running has been associated with a number of physiological lapses that occurs when the
body and the organs can no longer sustain itself. Specifically ultra–marathon running especially in
the heat. Exercise in the heat is a physiologically challenging for the function of the cardiovascular
(González–Alonso & Calbet 2003), thermoregulatory system (Johnson 2010; González–Alonso et
al. 2008; González–Alonso 2012). Thus exposure to prolonged exercise in the heat that increases the
body temperature increases the risk of heat illnesses (Armstrong et al. 2007) such as acute heat
exhaustion/syncope which range from acute to chronical which can eventually lead to death such as
heat stroke. Heat also impairs the capacity of performance, subsequently, ... Show more content on
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2014), due to its high concentration in nitric oxide (NO). There is research evidence suggesting that
NO plays a vital role within the coronary and the peripheral hemodynamic by increasing the
peripheral perfusion control and metabolic regulations during exercise (Pinna et al. 2014) and
therefore reduces the physiological responses to exercise. Specifically NO has been reported to
assist in the thermoregulation system, by increasing the blood flow and muscle contractibility and
maintaining glucose level (Cermak et al. 2012). Clementi & Nisoli (2005); Nisoli et al., (2004)
reported that exposure of cells to NO stimulates mitochondria biogenesis (Kingwell, 2000).
Ingestion of ~500ml per day of beetroot juice has been reported to reduce pulmonary oxygen uptake
(V̇ O₂) during submaximal exercise and increase tolerance of high–intensity work rates (Pinna et al.
2014), suggesting that nitrate can be a potent ergogenic aid. However, research is still missing
regrading effect of nitrate ingestion on athletic performance (Lansley, et al. 2011) study found that
the when 140ml of beetroot juice was ingested per day for six days during a 60 minute cycling time
trial had, and 10km time trial; the beetroot group performed better compared to the placebo group
which was administered with nitrate–depleted beetroot juice. However, the efficiency of beetroot
juice ability to be able to improve performance still lacking and current studies are not certain how
much beetroot juice an ultra–endurance athlete will need to ingest in order to improve

Biology Beetroot Lab Report
Investigating Effects of duration of heating on permeability of beetroot cell membrane
Introduction: Cell membranes contain many different types of molecules which have different roles
in the overall structure of the membrane. Phospholipids form a bilayer, which is the basic structure
of the membrane. Their non–polar tails form a barrier to most water soluble substances. Membrane
proteins serves as channels for transport of metabolites, some act as enzymes or carriers, while some
are receptors. Lastly carbohydrate molecules of the membrane are relatively short–chain
polysaccharides, which has multiple functions, for example, cell–cell recognition and acting as
receptor sites for chemical signals.
The plasma membrane is a permeable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus it forms holes, disrupting the membrane of the beetroot core which essentially prevents the
betacyanin pigment from leaving the cell. Also, when exposed under heat, the cholesterol,
glycolipids and phospholipids expand, putting pressure on the membrane from inside. The lipid part
of the membrane will become liquid, making it open to leakage. The proteins in the membrane will
denature, increasing the permeability in the surface. The combination of vibrating molecules and a
denaturing membrane would disrupt the organized structure of the membrane. And eventually with a
disrupted membrane, betacyanin pigment in the innermost compartment will leak out.
When the beetroot sample is heated for a longer period of time, it is exposed to the vigorous and
frequent vibrating molecules for a longer duration. This further disrupts the cell membranes making
them more fragile, thus more pigment will leak out into the external solution. With more leakage of
the betacyanin pigment, the % transmittance should be lower, indicating that the % of light that is
able to pass through the beetroot solution should be less as duration heated increases.
(Source: http://www.wisegeek.com/what–is–membrane–permeability.htm)
Based on previous knowledge, research and the above prediction, I would expect to get results
similar to:
The data collected of % transmittance can then be used as an indication of changes in membrane
permeability of

Essay on The Effects of Temperature on Beetroot Cell...
Effects of Temperature on Beetroot Cell Membranes
Background Information: A cell membranes is a thin structure that surrounds the whole cell. It
contains the cytoplasm of a cell. The cell membrane is made up of hydrophilic region and a
hydrophobic region. The hydrophilic region likes water, it is on the outside of the cell, the
hydrophobic region is the inside of the cell where its protected from H2O. The cell membrane's
outer surface lets larger molecules into the cell. The inner surface deals with proteins that are
important for development and cellular function. The cell membrane contains specific proteins and
lipid components that enable it to perform its roles for the cell or organelle. A cell membrane can
perform many different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After 90 seconds the test tube was removed and the water in the test tube was tipped out. 10ml of
tap water was then added to it and then left to stand in the test tube rack.
The beaker was then heated to 65c. The burner was then turned off and the water's temperature was
left to rise to 70c. 5 beetroot slices where then added to the test tube labelled 70c, then water was
added to the slices just to cover them. The 70c test tube was then placed into the beaker with the
water's temperature at 70c for 90 seconds. After 90 seconds the test tube was removed and the water
in the test tube was tipped out. 10ml of tap water was then added to it and then left to stand in the
test tube rack.
The beaker was then heated to 75c. The burner was then turned off and the water's temperature was
left to rise to 80c. 5 beetroot slices where then added to the test tube labelled 80c, then water was
added to the slices just to cover them. The 80c test tube was then placed into the beaker with the
water's temperature at 80c for 90 seconds. After 90 seconds the test tube was removed and the water
in the test tube was tipped out. 10ml of tap water was then added to it and then left to stand in the
test tube rack.
After 30 minutes the test tubes were shook and then held against a white background in a well lit
room. The colour of each solution was recorded.
Results:
Colour Intensity Scale 1 2

Beetroot Cell Membrane Permeability Experiment
Practical Assessment
Planning
AIM
Beetroot cells contain a red pigment, which is stored in the cell vacuole and a vacuole membrane to
prevent this leaking out of the cell surrounds it. The outer of the cell is also surrounded by a
membrane, which again helps contain the pigment inside the cell. In this experiment I aim to find
out the relationship between the leakage of red pigment from a beetroot cell and the surface area. To
do this successfully I will need to alter the surface area of the beetroot cells accurately and then
measure if any and how much dye is let out. I can hopefully then look at my results and then find a
relationship between the two factors and be able to explain exactly why any changes took place.
PREDICTION
For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason the water used will be at room temperature (23° approx) and will be performed on
the same day to allow no margin for any discrepancies.
Time – Time is an important factor. When leaving the beetroot in the test tubes it must be ensured
that they are in the water for exactly 20 minutes each. This will make sure that the same period of
time is given for dye leakage to occur. To control this, putting the beetroot into each test tube two
minutes apart will give enough time for them to be removed before the next test tube is ready to
have its contents removed.
pH – pH can affect the structure of a membrane and therefore cause it to be unable to function
efficiently. The pH's, which cause this affect, would be those that are acid or alkaline. Therefore we
must use water as our substance as it has a pH 7 and this is neutral and will have no affect on the
leakage of pigment.
APPARARATUS
·Safety goggles

·Cutting mat
·Test tube holder
·5 test tubes
·2 x 25 ml beaker
·Raw beetroot
·Mounted needle
·Cork borer or scalpel
·Stop watch
·Colorimeter
METHOD
1.Collect all the equipment required.
2.Use a cork borer to cut cylinders of raw beetroot. Ensure that all cuts made are at a vertical angle
and that each individual slice of beetroot is exactly 3mm in thickness. Cut five discs, as this will
provide a good enough range of results to draw a graph and also to make conclusions as to why the

Tonoplast Experiment
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Even though alcohol does not actually kill brain cells, it still can damage the brain. It does this by
damaging the dendrites (Krucik, 2013) which are the branch–like ends of the brain cells. Dendrites
are used for passing messages from one neuron to another, therefore damage to dendrites can cause
severe cognitive problems. (Lexton, 2016)
Alcohols:
Ethanol is found in alcoholic beverages and is a two carbon molecule. (Wilmar, 2014)
Methanol, sometimes referred to as wood alcohol, can cause blindness and death and it is also a one
carbon molecule. (Turnon, 2016) Propanol is fatal if consumed and is a three carbon molecule. One
reason why they are so dangerous to living organisms is that they can damage dendrites, as
mentioned before. However, many studies have come to conclusion that this is only possible if a
human consumes a certain amount and concentration of alcohol. This is the reason why I am testing
the effects at different concentrations: (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%).
Methanol, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tonoplast is quite large and typically contains water. In beetroot plants, this membrane–bound
vacuole (Tonoplast) also contains a water soluble red pigment, betacyanin, which is what gives
beetroot its colour. (Bjarnadottir, 2014) Due to the fact that the pigment is water soluble, not lipid
soluble, it remains in the vacuole when the cells are healthy. However if the integrity of a membrane
is disturbed, then the contents of the vacuole will release into the surrounding environment.
(Bjarnadottir, 2014)This usually means the cell is dead. If beetroot membranes are damaged–– red
pigment will leak out into the surrounding environment. Although these cells are not the same as the
dendrites they can still act as a model for a cellular damage analysis. This is why I have chosen
beetroot to serve as my 'biological membrane'. As well as this beetroot contains thiamine.
(Bjarnadottir,

Research Paper On Beetroot
Fruits and vegetables are often credited as powerful performance enhancers that are completely
natural and help people increase their performance levels. Beetroot is among those natural
ingredients that are packed with power. According to many researchers, Beetroot juice can act as a
serious energy drink because it contains nitrates.
Beetroot juice is a low cost solution that triggers the body into action. It produces nitric oxide in the
body which causes vasodilation. This allows the body to get more blood to the muscles therefore
increasing the athletic performance. Some experts also suggest that it improves the function of
mitochondria therefore allowing it to produce more power by using less available oxygen.
A study was carried out over this theory and found that athletes given the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They can produce nitrosamines when nitrates and nitrites react with certain proteins.
Beetroot juice however is free from such chemicals and therefore does not expose the body to the
risk of cancer due to the presence of nitrates. Let us look at some of the nutritional elements that it
contains and then study its benefits in detail that are so many that experts are in awe of this natural
stamina booster.
Nutritional Values
A single cup of beetroot contains around 58 calories. It also contains a lot of 13 grams of
carbohydrates while having 2 grams of protein. It also has trace amounts of Vitamin A, Vitamin C,
calcium and iron.
Beetroot also contains folate, Vitamin B6, choline and miners such as magnesium, potassium and
zinc. The additional elements of thiamine, riboflavin and betaine all have excellent health benefits.
Many of these ingredients contain nitrates which are the main chemical responsible for most of the
amazing health benefits adhered to the beetroot juice.
Benefits of Beetroot

Beetroot-And-Lunch Ideas
Chapter 4: Quick Salad and Lunch Ideas Recipe #6: Beetroot, Carrot and Radish Salad on
Watercress with Walnut Dressing Serves 2 Ingredients: For the dressing  4 Tbsp. extra virgin olive
oil  2 Tbsp. freshly squeezed lemon juice  1 piece, small garlic clove, grated  1 tsp. Dijon
mustard (for a spicier mix, substitute English mustard)  ½ tsp. honey  salt, to taste  white
pepper, to taste  ¼ cup walnuts For the salad  1 piece, large raw sugar beets  1 piece, small
carrot  1 piece, large radish  4 slices halloumi (or any grilling cheese like: kefalotyri, queso
panela, or provolone)  2 handfuls, generous watercress, rinsed, drained Directions: 1. For the
dressing: in a dry skillet, toast the walnuts until slightly brown and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In a mason jar (or any container with a tight–fitting lid,) add in the remaining ingredients. Seal the
jar and shake well to combine. Set aside. 3. For the salad: place two generous handfuls of watercress
on a serving plate. Place in the fridge to chill. 4. Peel the beetroot, radish, and carrot. Using Blade C,
turn the vegetables into thin zoodles. Place in the fridge to chill. 5. In a non–stick pan, gently grill
the halloumi slices until brown on both sides, about 3 to 4 minutes. Allow the halloumi to cool
before slicing into thin strips. 6. To assemble: pour in 2 tablespoons of the dressing into the bowl of
vegetables. Add in the chopped walnuts and sliced halloumi. Toss well to combine. Place salad on
the chilled plate of watercress. Add more dressing, if desired. Serve immediately. Salad tip: always
dress your salad greens at the last minute, then serve immediately. This prevents vegetables and
fruits from turning limp and soggy. If you are not sure if the salad will be eaten right away, you can
toss the salad at the table, and serve the dressing on the side. Another tip to preserve the crunchiness
of leafy greens is to spin–dry (use a salad spinner) the vegetables after rinsing. This quickly removes
most of the moisture without damaging the fragile

Beetroot Lab
Abstract The main objective of this experiment was to study the effects of ethanol has on a cell
membrane. A beetroot was cut into pieces and put into tubes filled with 10,20 and 30%
concentrations of ethanol. They were left submerged for one hour. At the end point time the solution
were transferred into different test tube to be first analyzed for relative concentration of pigment by
comparing it with different test tubes and later for statistical analysis by using a spectrophotometer.
The result showed that the ethanol does play a role in pigment release and higher the concentration
of ethanol more pigment is released.as the spectrophotometer findings proved it as the mean
absorbance of 10,20 and 30 % was determined to be 0.128,0.197 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Then choosing one from the three different treatments available such as temperature, detergent and
ethanol multiple concentration of tubes were prepared .one piece of beet was placed in each
concentration for a time decided by the lab group. At the end point time the solution were
transferred into different test tube to be first analyzed for relative concentration of pigment by
comparing it with different test tubes and later for statistical analysis by using a spectrophotometer.
As an experimental design for this experiment. We choose ethanol as a treatment and prepared three
different concentration of ethanol 10,20 and 30 %. To prepare 10,20 and 30% ethanol 1 ml,2 ml and
3 ml of of pure ethanol was used. Later the beetroot was cut in to equally sized pieces and were
merged in the one of the each concentration for one hour. Two other samples were prepared of 10,20
and 30% ethanol for statistical comparisons.At the end point of 1 hour relative comparison of each
solution was done and later each solution was one by one was transferred into a new test tube for
statistical comparison by the spectrophotometer. Before using the spectrophotometer.
Spectrophotometer was warmed by for ten minutes and was set to the desired wavelength. Later the
Spectrophotometer was set to zero by adjusting the amplifier knob. Before stating with the

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the...
Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Permeability of Membranes
The permeability of membranes can be altered in several ways. From previous preliminary work I
know that reagents, for example detergents and alcohol alter the arrangement of the phospholipids in
the membrane allowing substances to leak out of the cell. Temperature also affects the membrane.
As membranes relay on protein molecules to allow molecules to enter and leave the cell through
facilitated diffusion the temperature must not exceed the approximate temperature of 50°C as at
roughly this temperature proteins are denatured. This is due to an increase in kinetic energy making
atoms in the protein to vibrate more; this breaks hydrogen and ionic bonds. These proteins ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will be used, as it will provide me with a set of figures that a mean and standard deviation can
be taken from in order to produce more accurate results.
11.Samples to set the colorimeter, a sample of clear liquid, water and a liquid containing a deep
colour will be needed to set the scale of the colorimeter, the water will have a high transmission and
set it to 100% and the deep colour will give a low transmission and set it to zero (0%)
12.Syringe, to measure out volumes of water, this will be used as it provides a more accurate
measurement than a beaker.
13.Test tube rack, to store the samples of beetroot when they are taken from the water baths to
ensure nothing is spilled.
14.Tongs, to remove the test tubes from the water baths to minimise the risk of burns from hot
water.
Risk Assessment
Care will need to be taken when cutting lengths of beetroot with a scalpel. Beetroot should be cut in
a direction away from the body to minimise the risk of cutting yourself. A cutting mat should be
used as not to damage surfaces underneath by cutting or stained by any of the leaked pigment as a
result of cutting the beetroot. Plastic gloves and apron may be used to avoid the staining of hands
and clothes with beetroot pigment. Care will also need to be taken when placing and removing
samples of beetroot in hot water, tongs should be used to avoid burns.

Diagram
Method
Firstly the equipment needed should be gathered in order to carry out the

The Effect of Temperature on the Permeability of Beetroot...
The Effect of Temperature on the Permeability of Beetroot Membrane
Analysis
The graph shows the colorimeter readings increase as the temperature increases, they increase by the
most at higher temperatures. This is shown by a smooth curve.
This means that the beetroot samples release more dye at higher temperatures. This is because
higher temperatures cause the membrane structure to break down.
The membrane structure:
Membranes have two layers of molecules called phospolipids to make up their structure.
Phospholipis consist of a glycerol molecule plus two molecules of fatty and a phosphate group, this
looks like a head with two legs, their head is attracted to water, this means ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Intrinsic proteins occur across the whole width if the protein allowing the intake of substances into
the cell. Extrinsic proteins occur only in the outer or inner phospholipid bi–layer, but not through
both. These proteins are usually receptors.
Intrinsic channel proteins allow water soluble molecules to pass through it by forming a tiny gap in
itself, this is large enough for the substances.
Intrinsic carrier proteins carry water–soluble molecules through the membrane, this method is called
Â'Active TransportÂ'
Extrinsic proteins recognise and bind on specific molecules, eg. hormones. Membranes can also be
embedded in the inner membrane
The reason why the membrane structure breaks down at higher temperatures is because the proteins
are not very stable and break down with heat, called denaturing. An enzyme denatures because the
heat changes the shape of the active site o the substrate can not fit into it. Enzymes are always
denaturing, but at higher temperatures this occurs more rapidly. But at higher temperatures there are
more collisions between the substrate and the active site so this would increase the reactivity, so a

good balance must be found. The optimum temperature is about 43ËšC, this is called the optimum
temperature. As the proteins start to break down, there is no longer a

The Membrane Of A Eukaryotic Cell
A eukaryotic cell not only has a plasma membrane as its external boundary, but it also has a variety
of membranes that divide its interior into discrete partitions, separating processes and cell
mechanisms (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2012). The complex and varied design
of the phospholipid bilayer allows the membrane to serve the variety of specific functions required
by different types of cells. Moreover, one of the most significant properties of membranes is
selective permeability; permitting the passage and movement of ions and molecules to pass freely
through the membrane, but excludes others from doing so (Ek–Vitorin and Burt, 2013). One type of
membrane–bound vacuole is found in plant cells, the tonoplast is quite large and contains water
(Dee, 2000). Within Beta vulgaris cells, the membrane bound vacuole also contains a red, water
soluble pigment, known as betacyanin, that provides the beetroot with its characteristic colour
(Nottingham, 2004). As the pigment is water soluble, it remains in the vacuole of the cell, however
if the integrity of the membrane is disrupted (through direct chemical damage, channel damage,
injury via viruses, etc.) the contents of the vacuole will diffuse out into the surrounding environment
(Andrews, Almeida and Corrotte, 2014). Through practical analysis, the effects of various chemicals
on membrane permeability in B.vulgaris was observed through the utilization of various
concentrations of ethanol – 0%, 35% and 70%

Investigate the Effect of Temperature on Cell Membranes...
Investigate the Effect of Temperature on Cell Membranes and Membrane Structure
If you read a recipe for cooked beetroot it will usually recommend that you don't remove the outer
skin of the beetroot and don't cut off al the stalk and root if you want to avoid getting lots of red dye
in the cooking water. Beetroot contains red pigments called betalains, located within the cell
vacuole. Normally the pigments can't pass through membranes but they leak out when the beetroot
is cooked.
Aim – The aim of this practical is to use beetroot to examine the effect of the temperature on cell
membranes and relate the effects observed to membrane structure. To function correctly a cell needs
to be able to control transport across the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The polar heads lie at both surfaces, the kind of three–dimensional enclosed structure shown above
can form. The real shape tends to be globular (minimizing surface to volume ratio), and there are so
many more bipolar molecule pairs than shown here that the radius of curvature lacks the kind of
strain and distortion shown at the corners of this drawing.
A membrane is a phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins, polysaccharides and other sorts of
lipids. This patchwork of molecules is like a mosaic. Because the molecules move about within their
respective layer, the membrane behaves like a fluid. This is why the model is called the Fluid–
mosaic model.
There have been many theories as to the nature of the cell membrane.
In 1935 Daniellie and Davson put forward a possible structure, which was widely accepted. Their
model was composed of a double lipid layer coated on each side by protein. They Estimated that the
membrane was so thick, with the introduction of the electron microscope, membranes could be
clearly seen for the first time. Plasma membranes of both animal and plant cells showed a
characteristic three–layered
(trilarninar) appearance.
As we apply heat on to the beetroot, this denatures the proteins creating "holes" in the membrane
allowing pigment to be leeched out.
The denaturing of the proteins incorporated with the added kinetic energy added to the
polysaccharides allows pigment to be

Effects of Temperature on Cell Membranes
Investigating the effect of temperature on plant cell membranes
The purpose of this activity is:
to practise experimental and investigative skills to investigate the effect of temperature on cell
membrane structures
Procedure
SAFETY: Always carry scalpels clasped to a tile and with the tip pointing away from you.
Beetroot cells contain pigments called betalains that give the tissue its dark purple–red colour. The
pigment is contained in the cell vacuole.
Investigation
a. Collect 3 or 4 beetroot cores from the beaker provided. Cut each core into 2 cm sections until you
have enough for one core for each temperature of water bath that you will be using. Put your 2 cm
sections into a test tube with plenty of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that the vacuole contents will more readily leak into the water in the test tube. The
higher the temperature, the greater the disruption to the plasma membranes and the more pigment
will leak out in 30 minutes.
2. The factors controlled in this test are the ones that are the same from one group to another – the
size of the beetroot cores (their surface area and volume), the advance treatment of the beetroot
cores, the volume of water in the test tubes, the pre–heating (or chilling) of the water in the test
tubes using the water baths, the length of time the cores spend in the water baths, the treatment of
the cores after heating. The experiment could be made more reliable by using more samples of
beetroot, and by maintaining the temperature with thermostatically–controlled water baths.
3. The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of pigment released from the

Lab Report On Plant Cell Walls
Introduction:
Plant cell walls are composed of: Pectin matrices, cellulose microfibrils and branches of
hemicellulose. Cell walls give plant cells their rigid oblong shape (in morphogenesis) and its
strength aids the plant cell's maintenance of osmotic stability–preventing lysis and crenation when
exposed to hypertonic or hypotonic environments respectively. The apoplast pathway in the cell wall
is also completely permeable to ions and small particles–while preventing the entry of toxic
macromolecules.
Second to cell walls, plant cell membranes contain a variety of different lipids (made of fatty acids),
proteins and carbohydrates. The two–molecule thick–layered structure of membranes is made of a
bilayer of amphipathic phospholipids ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tonoplast is similar the external plasma membrane–in that there are also intrinsic
transmembrane proteins which govern the movement of a variety of ions and the one–way entry of
betalain molecules–produced via the flavonoid pathway in the cytoplasm.
In fig.1, the absorbance values of the resultant beetroot solutions show a clear increase with
increasing temperature, this is gradual from 23°C to 60°C, but this steeply increases until 70°C–
which was the last data point. Extrapolation may show an exponential increase, until all the red
pigment has been liberated from all of the beetroot cells, and the trend line would thus plateau
horizontally.
In fig.2, the absorbance readings of H2O and chloroform are relatively very small–almost
negligible, IMS has the second highest reading and Rapid freezing did the most damage to the
beetroot cells' membranes with a very high absorbance reading. This was so high that it couldn't be
detected by the monochromatic light from the spectrophotometer–dilutions were made as a result
and the absorbance was multiplied to its true value.
Discussion:
The monochromatic light of the spectrophotometer was set to a value of 540nm (the green region of
the visual spectrum). This is essential because the betacyanin pigments present in the vacuoles of
beetroot cells are what give the vegetable its distinctive red colour (light transmitted), so the
'compromise' green wavelength is absorbed in the greatest

Beetroot Lab Report
The effect of increasing temperature on the permeability of the cell membrane on Beetroot
Introduction
To study the effect of different temperatures on the cell membrane structure of beetroot, an
experiment took place. The cell membrane on beetroot stops the transport of any substances moving
into and out of the cell. The molecules move in and out by diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Hypothesis
Beetroot contains red pigments called betalains, located within the cells vacuole. In the cells of a
beetroot plant, a substance called anthocyanin is contained in the plasma membrane. The
anthocyanin gives the beetroot its purple look. When the cell

How Different Temperatures Effect The Cell Membrane Of A...
How different temperatures effect the cell membrane of a beetroot
Hypothesis: The more betalain is leaked when the membrane is in higher temperatures
Abstract:
The experiment which was conducted was to identify the effects of temperature of the beetroot
discs. Majority of the pigment from the beetroot is found within the vacuole which is called
anthocyanin and each of the vacuole is surrounded by a tonoplast membrane. Externally the
cytoplasm is surrounded by the plasma membrane hence the foundation of the experiment depends
on the temperature which will rapture the membrane and lead to a leakage of the pigment. The
experiment consists of several different temperatures and same sized beetroot discs, the beetroot
discs will be placed in 3 sets of discs in a tube test tube which will be placed in the distilled water in
same test tube. Using a colorimeter once the beetroot have been exposed to the temperatures the
colour of the distilled water will change therefore leaving a coloured water to be measured by a
colorimeter, this is because the colorimeter measures the light being passed through the solution.
Introduction:
The experiment is conducted to find out how the membrane is affected by different temperatures.
Betalain pigment increases with high temperatures because most mammalian proteins denature and
tertiary structure unravels because the strong covalent bonds between the R groups of amino acids in
the polypeptide chains are destroyed at temperatures over 45°C.

The And Its Effects On The Cell
The transport through the selectively permeable membrane is necessary for the cell to survive as it
receives vital molecules such as oxygen from the extra–cellular environment and being able to expel
waste products, like urea and ammonia, of the cell processes (4). The transport across the membrane
can involve or not the use of energy, provided by the scission of ATP molecules into ADP+P. In the
first case, we are talking about active transport. Energy is required in this kind of transport because
it happens against concentration gradient and therefore the substance has to be moved against its
natural tendency of diffusion (2). Active transport is also necessary when large molecules or large
quantities of substance are required into the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diffusion can be defined as the movement of certain molecules down to their concentration gradient
(from the side with higher concentration of solute, to the side with lower concentration of solute)
through a selectively permeable membrane. However, the movement of substances through the cell's
cytoplasm must be analysed as well since, after they have crossed the membrane, they will have to
reach the organelles. The dimensions of a cell are deeply influenced by the rate of this process,
because bigger cells will have a less immediate and efficient access to those substances. When the
molecules are small enough to get through the pores between the phospholipids, a simple diffusion
can happen. On the other hand, when the aid of channel or carrier proteins is necessary, we are
talking about facilitated diffusion (5). Facilitated diffusion can happen both because the molecules
are too big and because they are lipid–insoluble or ions. In these cases, the substances are not
allowed to cross the phospholipids bilayer and need the help of some proteins present in cell
membrane (6).
The process of osmosis is an example of diffusion: the water molecules move down to their
concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane (1). In fact, when the cell
membrane is impermeable to a solute, the solvent molecules (in biological systems, water
molecules) move from

To Study the Effect of Different Brands of Mouth Rinse on...
Practical Assessment Planning AIM甜菜根細胞中含有紅色素，這是儲存在細胞液泡和液泡
膜，以防止這種洩漏出來的細胞包圍它。 Beetroot cells contain a red pigment, which is stored in
the cell vacuole and a vacuole membrane to prevent this leaking out of the cell surrounds it. 最外層
的細胞周圍也由膜，這再次可使色素細胞內。 The outer of the cell is also surrounded by a
membrane, which again helps contain the pigment inside the cell. 在這個實驗中我的目標是找出
關係的漏從甜菜紅色素細胞和表面面積。 In this experiment I aim to find out the relationship
between the leakage of red pigment from a beetroot cell and the surface area. 要做到這一點成功，
我需要改變表面面積的甜菜根細胞，然後準確地測量，如果沒有多少染料租出。 To do this
successfully I will need to alter the surface area of the beetroot cells accurately and then measure if
any and how much dye is let out. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
變數，這將被改變，被稱為自變量。 The variables, which will be altered, are known as
independent variables. 變數，這將是衡量，被稱為因變量。 The variables, which will be
measure, are known as dependant variables. 在這個實驗中的自變量是表面面積，這將有所改
變。 In this experiment the independent variable is the surface area, which will be changed. 因變量
是洩漏的染料，這將是衡量找到兩者之間的關係。 The dependant variable is the leakage of
dye, which will be measured to find a relationship between the two. 也有其他因素在本實驗中，這
將需要進行控制，以防止它成為一個不公平的測試，它們是： – There are also other variables
in this experiment, which will need to be controlled to prevent it becoming an unfair test, these are:
– 溫度 – 由於這一事實，即膜是由蛋白質，溫度是一個非常重要的因素。 Temperature – Due
to the fact that membranes are made of proteins, temperature is a very important factor. 在溫度高於
50 ° C蛋白開始被摧毀，這將增加透氣性，因此雙方的細胞壁和液泡牆。 At temperatures
above approximately 50°C proteins begin to get destroyed; this would therefore increase the
permeability of both the cell wall and the vacuole wall. 這將使我們無法分辨它是否是改變表面積
或溫度造成任何改變染料洩漏。 This would make it impossible for us to distinguish as to
whether it was the change in surface area or the temperature that caused any change in dye leakage.
由於這個原因，用水將在室溫（23 °左右），將在同一天進行，讓沒有任何差異保證金。 For
this reason the water used will be at room temperature (23° approx) and will be performed on the
same day to allow no margin for any discrepancies. 時間 – 時間是一個重要因素。 Time – Time is
an important factor. 當離開甜菜根在試管中，必須確保它們在水中整整20分鐘。 When leaving
the beetroot in the test tubes it must be ensured

Betacyanin Lab Report
In figure 1, the Betacyanin are treated with different levels of sodium chloride. Most of these graphs
with different concentrations seem to have a deceleration curve. The concentrations of 0%, 1%, 5%,
and 10% seem to have a deceleration curve and that maybe due because they reached a point of
equilibrium so they start to level off. You can also see that the absorption is proportional to the
concentration, because it increase due to it concentration and that may be due to the ethanol that the
beetroots where in. Since the beetroots sat in ethanol while the time being it made the membrane
more permeable, allowing the salts to either increase the diffusion of the betacyanins or decrease it.
The concentrations of 2.5% and 7.5% seem to have a direct proportion. This could occur because it
had yet not had equilibrium, and the betacyanins were still being diffused. In the graph of 0%
concentration I received the value of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At lower concentration level sodium chloride would have a lower diffusion rate compared to
magnesium chloride. However at a higher concentration level sodium chloride would have a higher
diffusion rate compared to magnesium chloride. The higher the concentration level is for sodium
chloride the faster the rate betacyanin is diffused. The lower the concentration level is for
magnesium chloride the faster the rate betacyanin is diffused. The same salt can be cause different
diffusion rates based on its concentration. The concentration of a molecules can be too high that the
diffusion has to be release faster that it usually would, or they have to little of it that the membrane
cannot get enough. In other words one salt can help the membrane stabilize itself or it can either
make it worst by weakening it. My R2 for sodium chloride was equal to 0.02479 and my R2 for
magnesium chloride was 0.13685. Both my R2 were below .7, so it probably was not the best

Lab Report Osmosis on Potatoe
Practical Work Nº2: "Different methods to control osmosis"
Aim: observe and test the process of osmosis through different kinds of methods: the weigh (potato),
the density (beetroot) and under the light microscope (onion).
Hypothesis: according to the encyclopedia definition osmosis is the diffusion of a liquid (most often
assumed to be water, but it can be any liquid solvent) through a partially–permeable membrane from
a region of high solvent potential to a region of low solvent potential. Thus, this is what will happen.
Teacher's instructions: ▪ We shouldn't forget to include the experimental error in the results exposed
in the recollection of data. ▪ How to prepare a dilute solution from a more concentrated one: Vf . ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Loss or gain of the potatoes' mass and its water potential.
[pic]
Conclusion:
Within this experiment we could verify the passage of water from a region of high concentration
through a region of a lower concentration for when the potato was surrounded by a concentrated
environment (lower water potential) the potato lost mass, and when it was surrounded by a dilute
environment (higher water potential) it gained mass.
We could also estimate, with the graph, the concentration at which the potato neither loses nor gains
mass, that is when the water potential inside the potato is equal to the one outside. This equilibrium
occurs at 0,345M.(aprox.)
❖ BEETROOT:
Materials: a raw beetroot, boiling tubes with stoppers x 14, boiling tube rack, distilled water, sucrose
solutions (0.0M, 0.1M, 0.15M, 0.2M, 0.25M, 0.3M, 0.5M), cork borer, scalpel, pipette (±0,1ml),
Pasteur pipette, ruler (0.1mm) and marker for writing on glass.
Teacher's instructions:
▪ After cutting the pieces of beetroot, wash them to remove the superficial pigment.
▪ Place the pieces of beetroot on 7 test tubes.
▪ Deposit a drop of solution where the beetroot was in the

Essay about Permeability of Beetroot Cell Membranes
Permeability of Beetroot Cell Membranes
An experiment to investigate how temperature affects the
Permeability of beetroot cell membranes
Interpretation of Results:
0°C
20°C
30°C
40°C
55°C
0.24
0.28
0.75
0.79
0.22
0.26
0.35
0.41
0.81
From 0°C to 30°C there is a gradual increase of absorbency which shows that as the temperature
increases it is denaturing the cell wall and cell membrane and allowing the beetroot pigment to leek
out into the distilled water.
As soon as the sample of beetroot is placed into the distilled water diffusion occurs naturally, which
is the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration (beetroot sample) to a region
of low concentration (distilled water).
From ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within my data which I collected I have found one anomaly. The anomaly is taken from my second
row of results (highlighted in red).

At the temperature 40°C, the first result I collected from this temperature was 0.75 arbitrary units
and from the re–test results at the same temperature I got 0.41 arbitrary units. This is a difference of
0.34 arbitrary units.
This piece of data is not what I would have expected due to the first set of results, although the data
at 55°C on the first and second tests are relatively the same.
Evaluation of Practical Work:
The anomaly which I have identified at 40°C is 0.41 arbitrary units this could be due to the size of
the sample of beetroot used, if the sample was smaller than the other samples it was have less
pigment which would suggested why the result is lower than expected. Another suggestion for why
the result is lower than expected could be due to the loss of pigment in the preparation process, or
from where the sample was taken from on the beetroot.
If the sample was taken from the centre of the beetroot the sample may have had more pigment
contained within the cells, but if the sample was taken from closer to the surface of the beetroot it

Beetroot Essay
The reason why we got these results can be explained, when alcohol interacts with the cell
membrane is affects the normal formation of the lipid chains that form in a bilayer, it is believed that
alcohol binds underneath the charged head of the lipid and displaces water that is originally there [1]
this breaks up the membrane allowing more of the red pigment to diffuse out of the beetroot. [2] The
ethanol forms temporary bonds with the phospholipid heads in the bilayer as they are opposite
dipoles causing the phospholipids to move out of place causing gaps to form which allows large
molecules such as betalain to diffuse out of the cell. As well proteins, like enzymes, can become
denatured by the ethanol due to the same affect as with the phospholipids this can disrupt the
hydrogen bonds, which maintain secondary structure. The negative ethanol molecules cause the
bonds between the amino acid chains R–groups to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cholesterol in the membrane is not soluble in water but in ethanol it is soluble, at high
concentrations it actually begins to dissolve, as the cholesterol is no longer present and is used to
hold the phospholipids together, the bilayer comes more fluid, cholesterol helps provide stability so
once removed there becomes larger gaps in between the phospholipids causing larger molecules to
be able to diffuse out, such as betalain, therefore the cell membrane is increasingly more permeable
[3]. This is what caused the results that we got, as the concentration increased so did the gaps in the
membrane in size increase, allowing more pigment to diffuse out, especially at higher concentrations
when cholesterol too dissolved, then as the concentration got higher at 60% the results leveled off as
the effect stayed

Beetroot Lab Report

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Beetroot Lab Report