How Sonar Affects Sea Life

How Sonar Affects Sea Life
Sonar isn't a good thing to use in the ocean because it kills sea life and affects them and the
scientists in the water, if something goes wrong. Also, sonar is experimenting with bats and
experimenting on animals could go wrong. Sonar is used underwater to find different areas and it
makes it easier for scientists and people who are exploring the different regions underwater. It
creates a loud ping which shoots out and bounces off of different things. There are also two different
types one is Passive Sonar and the other is Active Sonar. Passive Sonar just detects for loud noises
while Active shoots out a ping.
Sonar affects sea life because if researchers are using active sonar the loud ping can make the
animals mostly whales go deaf and then they can't hear for signals from other whales and they could
die. Another way it affects them is because some scientists and researchers use Sonar to find mines
these mines are a danger to the ocean. When they are doing this they place metal scarps and other
garbage along the sea floor. If an animal were to eat one of the metal scarps they could die because
they wouldn't be able to digest it. According to National Geographic animals have been eating
plastic, if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They use their hearing to find food and other things. Scientists think that one day we will be able to
use sonar like a bat uses its hearing to find new things. It will seem as though "we are seeing but
without using our eyes" according to discovery education. In the video Super Sonar it shows a bat
being locked in a cage which isn't that big. Bats are free animals and should not be put in cages or
experimented on. According to the article What is it Like to be a Bat? the philosopher Thomas
Nagel came to the conclusion that it wasn't possible for a human being to imagine what it was like
to be a bat. This means we don't know how the bat is feeling being stuck in that
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Sonar: Comparing Dolphins And Whales
The Sonar is a system for the identification of things under water and for measuring the water's
depth by releasing sound pulses and finding or measuring their return after being detected.Sonar is
using an echo. When an animal or machine makes sounds it sends sound waves into the air around
it. Those waves bounce off objects, and some of them reflect back to the object that made the sound
. It's the sound waves you hear when you scream and it echos back.The range of low frequency
sonar is pretty cool. Dolphins and whales can tell the difference between things as small as BB's
from 50 feet away, and they use sonar much more than sight to find their food, families, and
direction. The sonar is being tested by the military. They are seeing how

Active Denial System Paper
Active Denial System The Active Denial System (ADS) is an electromagnetic, directed energy,
non–lethal weapon designed by the US military and built by Raytheon (Cumming, 2010). The ADS
works by producing 95GHz electromagnetic radiation that is focused in a beam at a target
(Wikipedia, 2014). These 3.2mm electromagnetic waves work on the same principal as a microwave
oven. The waves excite water and fat molecules instantly heating them through dielectric heating
(Wikipedia, 2014). Due to the extremely high frequency of these waves, the energy from them is
absorbed in within the first 0.4mm of skin, meaning they do not affect vital organs, blood vessels or
nerve endings (Wikipedia, 2014). Due to these attributes, and the results of numerous studies, in
which the worst injury inflicted by the ADS were pea sized blisters, with a 1 in 1000 chance of this
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This becomes a major problem when there is a large amount of water in the environment. In a
situation with low humidity, the ADS has an effective operating range in excess of 500m (Danyalov,
2014). The ADS though is adversely affected by weather conditions, such as fog, rain, snow, sleet,
and dust storms. The rain, fog, snow and sleet all reduce the range and effectiveness of the beam by
absorbing the radiation it produces. The dust storm reduces the range of the ADS, not by absorbing
the radiation, but by deflecting and dispersing it. Both of these situations mean that the full power of
the ray is no longer reaching its intended target, "which may moderate the ADS's sensation to warm
and comfortable"(Cumming, 2010). Along with aspects of the environment blocking the device, it
can be countered by very reflective material such as aluminium foil (Cumming, 2010). Along with
aluminium foil, a defence of sprinklers that produce a fine mist, similar to fire defence systems
found on rural homes, could be used to counter the

Sonar Essay
Even more recently, advancements in SONAR have led to the creation of multibeam SONAR and
side scan SONAR. Multibeam SONAR emits and receives sound over a large area, and allow
oceanographers to create the most accurate model a seafloor, a Holographic survey. The time
between when the SONAR beams are sent out and when they return is measured to model the ocean
floor. While effective for deeper rocky bottoms multibeam SONAR does not function well in
shallow flat bottoms. Thus side scan SONAR is used to model these flat bottoms, despite its
detractor of not being able to determine depth (Burgera, 2016). In conjunction with the SONAR
models, GPS is used to accurately construct large scale models of the ocean floor (Langer, 1991).
Sidescan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Changes in temperature can show the change in surface flow which affects the behavior of aquatic
life and weather, or the occurrence of an upwelling (Lathram, 1986). Changes in color can indicate
underwater seismic activity, pollution, or even algal blooms. Not only have satellites improved how
researchers obtain information about the ocean but they have also allowed for more accurate maps
of the ocean to be created.
One example of oceanographic research conducted with the aid of a satellite was the creation of the
Sea–Viewing Wide Field–of–View Sensor or SeaWIFS, by company Orbital Sciences (Pinkerton,
2003). The goal of the SeaWIFS mission was to determine the amount of chlorophyll produced by
marine phytoplankton in our oceans. Through the use of sensors that can record different optical
bands of light reflected from the oceans. Heat mapps where then constructed using this data, and all
testing was done in conjunction with NASA. While plankton are just microscopic plants they could
have enormous implications for the future of our planet, affecting everything from climate change to
the fish that we eat. Research was even conducted in confirming the accuracy of the SeaWIFS
sensors and determined that with upgraded software, the data collected was accurate (Pinkerton,
2003). SeaWIFS exceeded its original mission of a 5 year study of Earth's chlorophyll and sent back
readings for 13

Loch Ness Monster Outline
Guiding question: Have you ever wondered if one of the famous cryptids is real?
Thesis: The Loch Ness Monster is real.
––––––––––––––
Introduction
Stories of the Loch Ness monster have been told for centuries. The earliest reported sighting was in
500 a.d. by an Irish missionary named St. Columba. While in his adventures of spreading
Christianity, he saved a man from a monster by making the sign of the cross and ordering the beast
to leave. The Loch Ness Monster is not just from medieval mythology though, numerous people
have claimed they've seen it too. Describing it as 30 feet in length with a long neck and flipper in
the middle of its body. The best evidence for Nessies would be the Dinsdale film, many sonar
results, and underwater photographs obtained at the same time as strong sonar echoes.
Evidence #1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The waves produced by Nessie were a bow wake without a trail – more like an animal. The
propeller of a boat leaves a distinct mark of a trail. There was a hump shown in the wake and a
second hump seen briefly behind the first hump. It was large and moving below the surface at 10
mph. The end of the film shows paddle action and periodic splashes at the side of the wake. The
camera and film were sealed and developed at Kodak laboratories. This was not a boat but an
animal "unlike any species known by science to inhabit the loch" (The case for the Loch Ness
monster: the scientific

Why Do You Think Underwater Noises Affect The Ocean?
Do you think underwater noises affect the ocean or it doesn't affect the animals? Noises are
everywhere. People don't only make racket on land, but in the ocean to. Many boats and oil drilling
affect the animals in the ocean like whales. Anyone that lives in the city knows that the world is a
noisy place. Humans rely on many machines, planes, cars, trains, construction, and farming.
Underwater noise affects certain species like whales. Boats run their motors and scare away the
whales and turtles while they could be having fun. Just like humans, whales might also enjoy some
peace and quiet. Underwater noise has interfered with the whales ability to hear one another.
Scientists have attached digital recording devices to whales during

How Does Bat Sonar Work?
1.0 Introduction Weather plays an important role in our daily lives. When we watch weather
forecast, we can know whether it will rain next few days. But how do we predict weather
conditions? It is a device called meteorological radar. Meteorological radar can provide information
like the size, intensity, and height of the target. Actually, besides meteorological radar, there are
many kinds of helpful radar without which people will live a totally different life. What contributes
to the invention of radar? The answer is bat sonar. Bats can emit a high–frequency sound that people
cannot hear, and receive the returning waves to "see" the surroundings. However, how does bat
sonar work? What can bat sonar be applied for? Does bat sonar have unanswered problems? These
questions will be solved in the following report 2.0 Mechanics ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Most bats produce sounds in their larynxes and emit them by mouth or nose while other bats
produce echolocation sounds by tongue clicking. Basically, bats using larynxes produce sounds in
the way just like other mammalian. When they exhale, the air from their lungs vibrate the vocal
chords and produce sound waves. Some bats open their mouths while flying, producing sounds
through their mouths. Scientists also think some bats have special–structure nose that can collect
sounds so they may produce sounds from their noses. Other details were also found related to
mechanics of bats. The first thing is stylohyal, a special bone found in laryngeal echolocators.
Basically, this bone surrounds the tympanic bones, forming the auditory

Sonar Leadership Qualities
One of my favorite leaders was a great scientist in his own right. I worked with him at the Naval
Research Laboratory in Orlando, Florida for several years. We were working on sonar transducers. I
was one of his chosen interns with a strong background in mathematics, physics, and chemistry
during that time. He had a great leadership with unbelievable cultural communication salted with
grace, friendship, and loyalty. He communicated thoroughly with me and my teammates. His
communication style spoke life to us increasing our creativity and unlimited opportunities. It was
filled with openness, friendly conversations relaxing the laboratory's atmosphere and sharing ideas
with others. Also, his listening style helped me and other interns to

The Importance Of Echocardiography For Clinical Practice...
Module: Clinical Instrumentation
Module Code: 5BM020
Echocardiography
Word count: 1973
21/1/2015
Raj Chavda
1112009
Introduction
In this essay I will be discussing the importance of echocardiography in clinical practice as they are
used for screening, diagnosis, guiding treatment, assessing recovery and monitoring care. I will be
discussing the principles in which make echocardiography possible, the importance of selecting the
correct electromedical technique, the advantages and disadvantages and the clinical constraints
which may occur within different patient groups.
Echocardiography is routinely used in the diagnosis, management, and follow–up of patients with
any suspected or known heart disease. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sound consists of oscillating waves of compression and decompression of a transmitting medium
i.e. air or water, traveling at a fixed velocity (Støylen, 2015). The frequency of sound waves refers
to the number oscillations per second, with one cycle per second is considered a unit of 1 hertz
(Henderson, 2014). Sound waves oscillating above 20,000 Hz are categorised as ultrasound waves.
As sound waves are a transverse wave forms this means the only variant is its frequency and
wavelength despite the location in the spectrum. The wavelength is defined as the distance travelled
by sound in one cycle, or the distance between two identical points in the wave cycle i.e. the
distance from each oscillation (Cura Rodríguez, Seguí and Nicolau, 2012). In regards to wave forms
the wavelength shows very little significance as it is inversely proportional to frequency.
In reference to the structure a waveform, the significance of the wavelength is one of the main
factors affecting the resolution of an ultrasound image, this is because smaller wavelengths (higher
frequency) are absorbed more by soft tissue. This variable absorption rate with structures of
different impedances allows distinctive structures to be clearly represented. In echocardiography, the

wavelengths are often manipulated in order to view deeper structures within the patient but
compromising with resolution. In principle of

Communicating In Pods Essay
Kassi Brown Lab 2
Communication in Cetaceans
Current Research:
How Dolphins Communicate– Dolphins travel together in pods. Even though they are travelling in
pods it doesn't necessarily mean they are swimming side by side, so they have developed
communication tactics to communicate between one other. Dolphins use sound communication,
since sounds travels 4.5 to 5 times faster in the water. Over time dolphins have developed a very
high pitch whistles to communicate with others. Dolphins whistle for many different means of
communication such as, letting the rest of the pod know where they are, letting others know who is
in the pod, or about their state of mentality (if they are distressed). Dolphins do not always whistle
back right away to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Baleen whales are born with plates that have bristles attached to the plates (Whalefacts.org 2015).
Baleen whales will communicate using long very low frequency sounds. Humpback whales
communicate using melodic whale songs. These low sounds can be heard many miles away and
allow whales to communicate long distances. Which is helpful in keeping track of the other whales
when on long trips, looking for a mate, or to let others know of their claimed territory
(Whalefacts.org 2015).
Technology used to determine communication– Divers have carried computers underwater to record
the sounds of the marine mammals communicating. The computer will emit a light that picks up the
frequencies to will make a path to detect which way they are coming from. The diver will also carry
a device which is called a Twiddler that can choose and make a sound in response (New Scientist
2015). Sonar: Active Sonar: Scientists have discovered a way to be able to send signals into the
water to communicate with the marine mammals that are within range. We call this process "active
sonar." This process is still being researched in order to perfect it and to be able to understand what
the different sounds mean (Teacher.scholastic.com

The Dangers Encountered by the Orcinus Orca
The dangers encountered by the Orcinus orca
"Extinction means having no living representatives, having died out" (Dictionary.Com). We're
currently experiencing the worst spate of species die–offs since the loss of the dinosaurs 65 million
years ago" (Center for Biological Diversity). Among all the species, there are still animals that have
a hope of living the next generation. Despite being threatened they are not endangered. The orca
whale, commonly known as the killer whale is a prime example. To date approximately 50,000 orca
populations thrive though out the world. Previously the world wide estimate was double that, at
100,000 (Kirby). It has been found in resent studies that the orca population is decreasing due to
many hardships they face such as toxins, captivity, and depletion of food.
To date the killer whale is considered in the group of most successful predator. Not only throughout
the world, but definably in the oceanic world; Pods, the family of orca, range from 20 to 200
members (NOAA Fisheries). Seen inhabiting all oceans of the world, orca whales dwell from the
cold water upwelling's of the Artic to the warm waters of Hawaii. In 1964 the area, killer whale
appeared in public display for the first time the criminal making a 180 degree turn from "wolf of the
sea to cute cuddly sea panda.
Although killer whales are called whales, they are not actually in the whale family. Scientifically the
orca inheres in the dolphin family. In fact they are

How Does Anthropogenic Noise Affect Cetaceans
Introduction As human presence in the oceans is continually revealed to be detrimental to marine
life, one major area of concern is noise pollution in the ocean and its effects on marine mammals.
Sound is vital to marine mammals' communication and livelihood, so the disturbance of the sound
in their habitat has varying effects. The impact of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals,
specifically cetaceans, can be seen in various experiments and observations concerning the sounds
produced by shipping, construction, and sonars. All of which reveal potential and consequential
behavioral and physiological effects, which include acoustic masking, change in foraging behavior,
and mass strandings. Species studied include harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important that we continue to research known harmful anthropogenic sounds and their effects
on cetaceans to limit further damage, and to research other sources of noise due to humans and their
potential effects to prevent future harm. Through research, it is shown that various noise pollution
caused by humans can have detrimental effects on cetaceans such as harbor porpoises, bottlenose
dolphins, killer whales, and Cuvier's beaked whales. Shipping, windfarm construction, and sonar
can cause temporary or permanent hearing threshold changes, which can result in decreased
foraging ability and communication ability. Shipping has been seen to decrease foraging time and
cause acoustic masking. Sonar can cause death due to strandings and lesions. These all add up to
show that, overall, noise pollution by humans has a serious effect on the quality of life for cetaceans.
It is also important to recognize that absence of a detected reaction does not mean that there is no
impact on these cetaceans. It is possible that noise pollution can cause physiological and
psychological responses without any external symptoms we can detect. It may be important to
develop methods to observe these more subtle reactions to noise pollution that may impact
cetacean's way of life. It is important that humans realize the full extent of their effect on marine life
and create measures to prevent more harm. Noise pollution's effect on cetaceans affect not only
these species, but the other marine life they interact with and the ecosystems of the

Canada During The 20th Century
Many people look back at the twentieth century and feel that Canada did pretty well in terms of
playing important roles in many battles. It was even voted best place to live several times making an
international name for itself in peace keeping and independence. The 20th century saw a full scale
transformation of Canadian society. Although Canada during the 20th century was dominated by
chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history, such as the First World War and
World War II, Great Depression, nuclear power, space exploration, the Cold War and Post–Cold War
conflicts, world population growth, ecological extinction and the birth of the Digital Revolution.
Canada was great time during the 1900s in terms of our Technological Inventions/ changes, such as
Sonar, Walkie– talkie and Canadarm. Even though Sonar can be a danger to many mammals and
different species underwater, sonar technology has many different uses during the early 1900s. Such
as the ability to detect buried objects, provide military support and developments of the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As newer research began during the 1900s, the sonar started to make changes and new
developments. Active sonar, provides pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Gives warning if an
object is in the path and returns an "echo" to the sonar transducer. The transducer can determine the
range and orientation of the object. Passive sonar systems are used primarily to detect noise from
marine objects (such as submarines or ships). Unlike active sonar, passive sonar does not emit its
own signal, which is an advantage for military vessels that do not want to be found or for scientific
missions that concentrate on quietly "listening" to the ocean. The purpose for both sonar's is to
detect the acoustic signals emanating from external

The Body Found By Sid Bennett
Many kids grow up watching Disney movies, and young girls who idolize Ariel from The Little
Mermaid hope that mermaids might be real. In the mockumentary Mermaids: The Body Found,
directed by Sid Bennett, the idea of mermaids is explored when the actors proclaim that mermaids
were found among beached whales due to Navy Sonar tests (IMDB par 2). Bennett mixes fact with
fiction in an attempt to get people to relate to the beached whales. He makes a mockumentary that is
believable to many due to how closely it resembles a real documentary, complete with actors posing
as credible scientists. Despite having no evidence, people want to believe that myths such as
mermaids do exist. Bennett's purpose of the film is to convince people to care about how the Sonar
tests affect whales by trying to make it seem as if mermaids are going through the same thing.
However, he is unsuccessful because he fails to make a connection with the audience, does not have
enough credible information on mermaids, and does not focus enough on the whales themselves.
During the mockumentary, an anecdote is told about a mermaid who sacrifices himself to Megladon,
a huge, prehistoric shark, for his family so they can get away and stay safe (Mermaids n.p.). This is
an attempt to make the audience feel empathetic towards the mermaids and to relate to them. It is
human nature to protect young children and in the past it was the man's job to protect his family.
However, this is ineffective due to the randomness

Sonar Exploration Persuasive Essay
Offshore Drilling and Exploration is Destroying the Oceans It is a bright Sunday afternoon,
everyone in the neighborhood is drinking their morning coffee, no sign of a cloud in the sky,
breathing in the fresh morning air, then suddenly bombs start going off out of nowhere, people lose
their hearing, some even die. That is what animals experience during sonar exploration, it is very
invasive and exhausting to the animals. The sonic bursts (from sonar exploration) is a way for oil
minors to find where to drill, after they find where to drill, oil leaks from pipelines and boats, this is
ruining sea life habitats and surrounding coastal areas. Offshore oil drilling is not beneficial because
sonar exploration is killing animals, it is causing harm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mammals are losing their ability to hear, which makes some not able to communicate, which leads
to death or other health issues; All caused by sonar exploration to find where to drill for oil. Oil
drilling leads to spills that cause an enormous mortality rate on sea life, oil can also create harm to
animals, not only in the ocean, but in surrounding areas. In sum, Offshore drilling, and all to do, has
a negative effect on the ocean, thus should come to hult to improve the

The U-Boat
Another major way US forces combatted the U–Boat was by utilizing advancements in technology
in both World War I and World War II. During World War I advancements in technology mainly
included the use of aircraft in war. Before World War I airplanes had never been used to fight a war,
therefore when World War I broke out and planes were sent into battle this was new technology
(Lansford). During World War I aircraft were used to combat U–Boats in two ways, by
supplementing them to convoys, and by using them to drop aerial bombs (Lansford). Aircrafts were
added to convoys for various reasons these reasons included the fact that an aircraft could see more
terrain than a surface vessel and could engage quicker and more efficiently than ... Show more
One of the major reasons aerial bombings were so effective was due to the angle of sight aircrafts
had, they could see exactly where the U–Boat was versus the guessing surface vessels had to do to
know how far away a U–Boat was. Another reason aerial bombings were so effective was due to the
fact that aircraft were quicker than surface vessels and did not have to come so close to the U–Boat
and be noticed to drop their depth charges. These aerial bombings were very effective in destroying
U–Boats, they were essentially depth charges dropped from an aircraft and worked basically the
same way. These aerial bombs were not dropped on the U–Boat rather right behind or in front of it
as to allow the shock wave to destroy the U–Boat not the impact (Lansford). The utilization of
aircraft was on of the major ways the US and its allies combatted the U–Boat during World War I.
During World War II technological advancements mainly included radar and sonar. Radar and Sonar
were two different technologies used for the same purpose, to detect U–Boats. Radar was invented
around the beginning of World War II (Lansford), while Sonar was invented late in the first world
war (Fontenoy, "Sonar"). Sonar worked by doing two things at once, emitting sonic pulses and
receiving

What It Does It Exist?
In our history as a species, humankind has always been curious about itself. We have entire fields of
study dedicated to the understanding of what it means to be a human. One of the ways we explore
our species and the societies we build is through the discovery and careful recording of those people
and societies that have come before us. However, as early research destroyed more than it
conserved, new techniques were necessary to keep as much of our history intact as possible. This
led to new ways of conducting these investigations, preserving as much of the materials as possible.
Two such advances are ground penetrating radar (GPR) and side–scan sonar (SSS). Ground
penetrating radar was first suggested not long after radar itself was patented, but was not widely
available to the general public until the mid–20th century. The way it works is simple:
electromagnetic radiation that exists on the radio band of frequency is sent into the earth, and
different densities of materials reflect these waves back in different ways. A highly skilled operator
is absolutely essential in the use of GPR, as these waves are difficult to read and interpret. However,
with these returned waves understood properly, much information can be discovered without ever
compromising the site. Side–scan sonar is a similar application for an entirely different kind of
archaeological site: underwater. SSS uses sonar pulses aimed at the bottom of any body of water and
the reflections of these

Encysted Peritonitiation: A Case Study
An ovarian tumor, apparently uncomplicated, may be confused (depending upon its size) with the
following: Full bladder: Always examine the patient with the bladder empty; if necessary following
catheterization. One should not be confused with overflow incontinence in chronic retention as
normal urination, as stated by the patient.
Pregnancy: A pregnancy of 16–18 weeks is very much deceptive and one should be very much
careful to exclude pregnancy during childbearing period irrespective of the status of the women. If
necessary, the help of X–ray or sonar may be taken. If none is available, it is a sound policy to re–
examine the patient after 4 weeks when all the diagnostic features of pregnancy will be clinically
evident.
Fibroid: Confusion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cyst cavity is irrigated with normal saline. Cyst wall epithelium is destroyed by laser
vaporization. Large endometrioma (> 4 cm) is often associated with extensive adhesion to other
pelvic structures. Laparoscopy is necessary for ovarian cystectomy and adhesiolysis.
Encysted peritonitis: There may be features of tubercular affection elsewhere or in the abdomen.
The encysted mass is usually irregular, not movable with ill–defined margins and usually situated
high up. Pelvic examination usually gives a negative finding.
Ascites: There is fullness of the flanks. On percussion, flanks are dull with resonance in the center.
There may be presence of fluid thrill and positive shifting dullness. On auscultation, there is absence
of any rub sound unlike in ovarian tumor. Sometimes, the ovarian tumor is as big as a mucinous cyst
adenoma and it is difficult to differentiate by clinical examination alone. In such cases, abdominal
paracentesis and examination of the fluid can give a clue in the diagnosis.
Functional cyst: These cysts are small and reexamination after 12 weeks solves the diagnosis in
most cases. The follicular or corpus luteum cyst usually regresses, while neoplastic cyst usually
increases in size. Laparoscopy is of

What Is The Process Of The Acoustic Tomography Process
4 Research Methodology
In last months, my centre of attention was on understanding the qualification of atmosphere factors
perturbation in sound speed and comparing different acoustic tomography methods. Then, these
techniques have been applied to series of synthetic and obtained data from field trials.
This part contains tasks and activities will be provided with the aim of the PhD project as follows:
Estimate variations impact on tomography process
Develop tomographic method with acoustic variations effects
Simulation of UAV AAT using LES Data
Conduct And Analysis modeling
Write Thesis
4.1 Task 1: Estimate Variations Impact on Tomography Process
Atmosphere changes during time and space, as a result, the AAT collected data ... Show more
2017). So, there was not any chance to calculate the impact of temporal and spatial variations in
previous methods.
In order to improve the AAT method, it needs to compare the reconstruction of temperature and
wind velocity of RBF methods with synthetic data to quantify the amount of error. The deviation of
ray path will be investigated, from nominal straight line caused by variation in sound speed. For the
first step, it is required to employ improved ray path geometry calculations. Then, arrival time
correction of the ray will be considered. After that, the best–suited method will be recommended, in
which, the result has a proper approximation to the real condition.
4.3 Task 3: Simulation of UAV AAT using LES Data
NCAR provided a special dataset of realistic atmosphere condition derived from Large Eddy
simulation. These LES Data help us to compare the tomography reconstructed result with realistic
condition data. The LES contains atmosphere snapshots data in 5Km × 2Km × 2Km. In–situ
measurements in tomography process have not been used (Finn and Rogers 2015). The UAV–based
acoustic atmospheric tomography with RBF method will be calculated the atmosphere attributes
which approximate to the resolution of LES (Kevin, Rice et al. 2015).
LES data provide velocity in three direction, static pressure, virtual temperature and energy of the
atmosphere. A small amount of time (δt)

Why Fish Finders Work
A fish finder is a device that uses sonar to locate where fish are in a lake. It gives a graphical display
to show you where the fish are.
Why Do I Need To Use a Fish Finder?
Government research into lake fishing has brought us some interesting figures. It turns out that 90%
of the fish congregate in 10% of the lake. Have you ever gone fishing and not had a single bite?
While on the other side of the lake catch nets are brimming? If you had a fish finder you would be
able to identify the exact area where the fishing is best.
How Do Fish Finders Work?
Fish finders use sonar. They send out a sound wave to the bottom of the lake which then bounces
back to the receiver. The fish finder can then calculate how deep the lake is by the time it

Thesis Statement On Underwater Communication
Introduction
Now–a–days Wireless communication is a part and parcel of our daily life. Underwater Wireless
Communications is one of them. Many researches have been done since last two decade and still
going on for getting more economy. The world's oceans, sea, river etc has grab the 2/3 part of this
earth. So, wireless information transmission underwater bears great significant.
Goal
Thesis Outline
There are 3 major part of this thesis given below:
First part consist background of underwater communication, various options of underwater
communication, underwater channel as most challenging channels.
The second part consist OFDM implementation for underwater communication including basic
principle of OFDM.
The third part consist the simulation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For wireless underwater communication, there are several means such as radio waves, optical waves
and acoustics.
Radio waves:
Radio wave has extra low frequency (30 Hz–300 Hz) and it works well to propagate any distance in
sea water. But, for its low frequency, it is needed high transmission power and large antennas.
Optical waves:
An optical wave for wireless communication has big advantage as it exceed 1 Giga bps. It can't
cross water boundary easily, suffers from severe absorption and scattering suspending particles and
planktons is significant Moderate link range (up to tens of meters).
Acoustics:
.As underwater acoustic communication is a technique of sending and receiving message below
water but there are some main limitations and challenges like time variations of the channel,
available bandwidth (small), signal attenuation (strong), multi path propagation, under water
communication is difficult – especially for long distances.
Attenuation of Acoustic Propagation
Absorption is one of the draw backs for underwater acoustic channel caused by the water viscosity,
which depends on temperature and salinity (for larger frequencies), and the chemical composition of
the seawater (for

How Did Walkie Talkies Help Canada
Have you ever wondered what influenced the kind of technology we have today? Well, World War II
had a lot to do with it. Specifically, the Canadian scientists and inventors that helped Canada during
that war. They have created a large amount of the technology we used during World War II and that
we still use today. For example, walkie–talkies were made for soldiers in the army to communicate
with each other and radars were made to detect the location of aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, and
spacecraft. Radars also helped check how the weather conditions were. Furthermore, Canada didn't
defeat Germany in World War II by just using bombs and machine guns, Canada defeated Germany
because of the scientists and inventors that enhanced and made those ... Show more content on
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Robert Watson helped win the Battle of Britain with his invention: the radar. A radar is a detection
system that uses radio waves to determine the distance of objects through range, angle, and velocity.
The Canadian military used these radars on ships, aircraft, and motor vehicles. Radars were
essential for these vehicles because the terrains and weather can become very dangerous while
travelling. The radars would provide them with rescue if they ever got lost. In addition, radars were
used to help locate Germany's ships and planes that might be a potential threat (Ryerson 294). As a
result, many bomb threats and attacks from Germany were avoided. In summary, the inventions of
scientists and inventors helped Canada defeat Germany in World War II. Another invention that
Canada thought was a great asset were sonars. A sonar is a system for the detection of objects under
water. They measure the depths of water by emitting sound pulses and detecting when those pulses
are reflected back from the depths. During World War II, Canadian submarines used sonars to detect
other vessels that may be around them. For example, by using the sonars, submarines can find
German submarines (U–boats) and capture them before they cause harm. Thus, the British and
Canadians were able to radar information really quickly, usually 75 percent or

Sonar Media's Argument Analysis
Experts, like Ryan Duquette, who manages Hexigent, a digital forensic company believes that Sonar
Media may not have had its access revoked from twitter. He explains "that while companies ranging
from tech providers to public relations firms routinely dive into the "treasure trove" of publicly
available data, he argues that law enforcement agencies have a particularly compelling reason to do
so. "Law enforcement is no different, except they're using it for public safety, not to market the
latest and greatest coffee to somebody."(McQuigge) While expert, Chris Parsons, a researcher at the
University of Toronto's Citizen Lab, clarifies that the twitter ban could be justifiable as he explains,
"privacy laws in Canada offer a little more protection

The Titanic : The Causes And Impacts Of The Titanic
With a weight of 46,000 tons and a length of 882 feet, the Titanic was gigantic. The Titanic was part
of an Intense Competition Between Shipbuilders. When the Titanic was built, there was an intense
competition between the shipbuilders White Star Line and Cunard. J. Bruce Ismay, the chief
executive of White Star Line, talked about the construction of three ships when Cunard presented
two "standout" ships. The two ships that Cunard came out with were called Mauretania and
Lusitania. These ships were among the most luxurious and sophisticated. J. Bruce Ismay of the
White Star Line said that the three new ships were to be part of a new "Olympic" class of ships. Of
the "Olympic" ships, there were the Titanic, the Olympic, and the Britannic. This "Olympic" class of
ships were produced to compete against Cunard and its ships. White Star Line's three ships were
built to be the largest ships of their time and were made to have more comfort than speed. 2. There
were other "Unsettling" Events Besides the Titanic Hitting the Iceberg. One "unsettling" event that
happened to the Titanic besides the Titanic hitting the iceberg was that there was a small coal fire
found in one of the Titanic's bunkers. The stokers of the fire were ordered to control the fire at sea to
make sure that it wasn't a problem. A theory is that the fire from the coal became uncontrollable and
that made the Titanic attempt a full speed crossing across the Atlantic Ocean. The theory also says
that this was what led

The Main Themes Of Feluda, By Satyajit Ray
Feluda was written by Satyajit Ray, one of West Bengal's most famous sons and was regarded as
one of the greatest auteurs of world cinema. Both his writing and directing were deeply inﬂuenced
by Bengali culture and were primarily about connecting with the masses. His cre– ative voice was
so distinct that it shined through both studio interference and collective processes.
Targeted mainly at children and young adults, his various literary works remain an integral part of
Bengali culture and have heavily inﬂuenced the generations of Bengali writers that have followed. A
main theme ran through most of his central characters that they were immediately likeable and to a
certain extent Bengali at heart. Be it the slightly eccentric Professor Shonku ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The whimsicality of Jatayu, the youth and innocence of Topshe, the villainy of Meghraj and the
intensity and brilliance of Feluda all come together in Ray's world to make a story that spans
generations and has become an integral part of Bengali culture. What is most striking about Ray's
version of the investigator is that he isn't an im– possible character, Feluda loves sweets, scolds his
younger cousin and acts the part of a Bengali gentleman in a way that endears to him to young
readers who look up to him as an elder

The Navy's Sonar Thrones Affect Marine Life?
Many of today's machines create noise on land, but did you know that they also disturb the oceans?
However, the introduction of this noise has threatened the well being of marine life. Boats, oil
drilling equipment, and even military sonar activities have been known to create sound underwater.
Some scientists are cautious about these underwater disturbances because they may affect marine
life. However, the United States Navy disagree. The Navy's sonar equipment is used to gather
information about the ocean and protect the nation, but if the equipment affects marine life
negatively, then problems arise. Does this equipment affect marine life, and if so should it be in use?
Well, I believe that this underwater noise does affect marine life.

Remote Minehunting System ( Rms ) Of Littoral Combat Ship
This paper examines Remote Minehunting System (RMS) of Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) in detail.
LCS is a fast platform designed for executing operations in near–shore environments. But, it is
capable of conducting open–ocean operation as well. It is designed to defeat asymmetric threats.
Mines, submarines and fast surface craft can be shown as unique examples of asymmetric threats.
The LCS, which is a fast, maneuverable surface ship, provides warfighting capabilities for
tasks/missions including mine warfare, anti–submarine warfare (ASW) and anti–surface warfare
(ASUW). The RMS, which will be deployed on LCS, is a component of the LCS Mine
Countermeasures (MCM) mission package (MP). The mission package is called the Remote
Minehunting System. The system uses the Remote Multimission Vehicle (RMMV). The RMMV
vehicle is produced by Lockheed Martin. It conducts autonomous and/or semi autonomous
missions. It also carries AQS–20A minehunting sonar. The sonar attached to RMMV is specifically
designed for a variable depth forward–looking and side–scanning under sea. Raytheon makes the
AQS–20As. The RMS detects, classifies, and localizes non–buried bottom and moored mines. It
also identifies shallow–water bottom mines.
U.S. Navy plans to keep its ships out of the dangerous minefield with the RMS. Navy focuses on
decreasing core crew for mine warfare while conducting mine–hunting operations as well. Navy
envisions that this concept with RMS on LCS will prove a significant force

The Career Of A Ultrasound Technician
Is it a girl or boy ? As a Ultrasound Technician you could be the one answering this or a host of
other medical questions with help of ultrasound technology. The career of a Ultrasound Technician
is exciting and beautiful , because you are there through the whole growth process of one's child.
The research will describe the career of a Ultrasound Technician, what is required to become a
successful Ultrasound Technician and the impact this career has on society.
In 1801 Thomas Young described "phase shifting" in relation to light. Christian Doppler in 1842
created the "Doppler effect" which is how blood flows in pelvic vessels and the fetus. Pierre Curie
in 1880 described the piezoelectric effect, where ceramic to generate ultrasonic waves.Paul
Langevin in 1915 built the first hydrophone, microphone designed to be used to listen to underwater
sound ,also related to measurement of the fetus and abdominal masses. Watson–Watt developed the
radar in 1943 using electromagnetic waves. John Read published the first 2D images in 1952. 3D
ultrasound was first developed by Olaf von Ramm and Stephen Smith in 1987.
In North Carolina as of 2012, there was 1770 people employed as a Ultrasound tech. In United
States as of 2012 , there were 58,800 people employed as a ultrasound technician.
The projected number of people employed as a sonographer in 2022 will be 85,900, employment is
projected to grow 14–19%. About 59% percent of ultrasound technician are in public and private
hospitals ,

Spinner Dolphins
Benoit–Bird seek to investigate the acoustic communication of spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris
during the foraging behaviour in cooperative groups. Acoustic communication of marine mammals,
especially in foraging behaviour occurred in the underwater were not clear because it is hard to
detect due to limited approaches in the last few decades.
Aims were stated in the introduction of this paper. Author were attempted to figure out what kind of
sounds will spinner dolphins produced during the foraging behaviour and what were the relationship
between these sounds and different stages of foraging behaviour. Hypotheses were also clearly
stated in both abstract and introduction in this paper. Benoit–Bird hypothesized that the group social
communication of spinner dolphin during the foraging behaviour was mainly produced by a low
frequency acoustic, whistles while echolocation clicks in high frequency were more likely to detect
when they were trying to capture preys. These hypotheses were made by the used of information
from previous studies and thus they were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second, they formed a tight line stage reducing their interpair spacing, and began to undulate their
swimming path up and down. During the third stage, spinner dolphins formed a circle surrounding
the preys after prey densities increased as to avoid dolphins. Last stage, each pair of dolphins had
the opportunity actively fed on the prey for about 10s inside the circle before taking the positions of
other pairs. In this study, two response variables can be found which were the whistles rates and
echolocation click rates. Both of these response variables were dependent on the foraging patterns
as different foraging patterns produced different rates and sound. Besides that, the whistle rates and
echolocation rates can also affected by water depth because sound can only detected within
scattering layer in this

Military Equipment : Radar And Sonar Technologies
Many modern defensive technologies focus on protecting military equipment. Radar and sonar
technologies are standard additions to most planes, submarines, and ships. Radar and sonar allow
the plane or ship to locate any possible incoming enemy and allows submarines to better navigate
the seas in front of them. With a warning for upcoming enemies, these planes and ships have a much
greater chance of getting the first attack (America in the 20th Century: World War II). Many
aircrafts also use stealth technology that was created during World War Two in Germany. As this
technology has improved, it can make a plane seem invisible, and allows a plane to reduce its
reflection, radio frequency spectrum, and radar and infrared emissions. This makes the plane much
harder to locate by shortening signals that could be received by an enemy. Aircrafts with this
technology are much harder to attack, and therefore, offer a significant advantage in any hostile
aerial situation (Chow). With today 's advancement in technological defence, it would be very
difficult to pull off a large successful attack against a rival country. There are also modern methods
of defense focused on providing protection for individual soldier. One of the most practical new
options that soldiers have access to is a camera mounted on the end of their rifle. When a soldier
goes to inspect a building, they simply have to stick the end of their rifle through the entrance and
they can inspect the building from a safe

What To Do About Underwater Noise
I believe that underwater noise has an effect on marine animals such as whales. Using information
from the passages I will prove my point. Their numbers are declining rapidly and I believe that
underwater noise has some involvement in the rapid decrease in their population numbers. The
information given within the two passages will help prove my point. In the first passage titled "What
to Do about Underwater Noise" it is stated, "It interfered with their communications and caused
them to change their diving and feeding patterns." Since whales interact by sending sound waves to
one another the intensity of underwater noise has interfered with the whales' ability to hear each
other. Scientists also believe that underwater noise may even

Use Of A Fishfinder : Advanced Tips And Techniques
How to Use a Fishfinder: Advanced Tips and Techniques
There are many successful anglers who use their gut to locate and catch fish, however using a
fishfinder can open a whole new window to your fishing world. Modern day fish finders feature a
host of features with amazing capabilities. Any fishing enthusiast can use a fish finder to locate fish
with little difficulty because the technology will help clear the watery fog that alienates man from
fish. However, it will take you some time to learn how to use a fishfinder. The first lesson is reading
your product manual I order to familiarize yourself with the workings of the fishfinder.
As soon as you unbox your new fish finder, it is important to visit the manufacturer's website and
register your device so as to activate your product warranty. To get the most out of your fish finder,
you can actually use your fish finder in conjunction with a chartpotter to get pin point results. One
way to do this is by splitting the screen into two to display fishfinder and chartpotter windows.
When these devices work together, you will be able to record positions in order to enhance your fish
finding ability. If you have a device that does not have this capability, make sure it is upgraded.
Before you upgrade your device, check the software to make sure it is up to date. You can do this by
simply installing the software on a blank SD card and then placing it on the unit and follow through
your installation process. Your fish finder unit

Ultrasonography Research Paper
sonar that ships use. How ultrasonography works is that a device placed on the body will release
some high–frequency sound waves that will then record the sound waves' echoes. As these sound
waves bounce off of internal organs, they will intern locate the anatomical structures that are being
examined (Batdorf and Lacy). Ultrasonography completely depends on the user, meaning that only a
highly skilled and savvy professional can use this tool correctly (Finch). These professionals are
referred to as sonographers. Sonographers may deal with patients ranging from perfectly healthy to
close to death (Finch). Ultrasonography is mainly used for authenticating pregnancies and giving an
estimated date for the birth of the baby. Sonographers must have ... Show more content on
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A couple of examples are William Fry and Russell Meyers ("History"). William fry was working at
the University of Illinois while Russell Meyers was at the University of Iowa. They both performed
craniotomies where they used the high powered ultrasound to help patients suffering from
Parkinson's disease ("History"). William Fry also was working on improving the standards of
research and the standards on the medical instruments that were used at that time. In physical and
rehabilitation medicine, ultrasonic energy was starting to become used quite a bit. One of the many
men that were well known for doing this was Jerome Gersten. He worked at the University of
Colorado in 1953 and he used ultrasound to treat his patients who suffered from rheumatic arthritis
("History"). In the year 1940, H Gohr and Th. Wedekind exhibited their paper revealing the
possibility that an ultrasonic machine could be used as a diagnosis tool ("History"). They stated in
their paper that using ultrasonography to diagnose a patient would be able to reveal tumors,
abscesses, and such. Using ultrasonography, doctors would be able to treat their patients and would
be able to remove the tumors inside of them before they became a problem. Unfortunately for them,
however, they were unable to write any valid answers from the experiments that they had

Submarines: The Revolutionary And Civil Wars
Submarines have been around for longer than most people think. The first American attempts at
creating a submersible boat date back to the days of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. These boats,
however, turned out to be just as dangerous to the people on board as they were to the enemy boats.
So the concept was put aside for a while. But in the 1890's two men named John Holland and Simon
Lake built a practical underwater boat. The US Navy bought its first submarine from Mr. Holland on
April 11, 1900, a date which is thought of as the birthday of the US submarine force. Submarines
progressed in technology throughout the years and were used extensively and quite successfully in
both world wars. The major breakthrough in submarine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here is a brief description of what is going on. Fission uses a fairly common element called
uranium. Uranium has several isotopes, the most common of which is U–238. The isotope of
interest, however, is U–235. This is the only uranium isotope that can undergo induced fission. This
means that if a neutron were to come into contact with a U–235 atom, the atom would readily
absorb the neutron and would split into two smaller atoms. When this happens, there are enormous
amounts of energy and heat released.
There is an absolutely astonishing amount of energy released by this process, mostly in the form of
heat and gamma radiation. To put it in perspective, we can compare the energy available in gasoline
to that of uranium. If we take a U–235 enriched sample of uranium, such as that available on a
nuclear submarine, there would be about as much energy in a 1 pound sample as there would be in
about a million gallons of gas. In order for a sample of uranium to be this productive, it usually has
at least 2–3 percent U–235.
Now that we have a basic understanding of the fission process, we need to know how to harness all
of the available energy to drive the submarine. This is done by putting a nuclear power plant inside
the sub, often referred to as the propulsion plant. The propulsion plant uses a nuclear reactor to
fission U–235 to generate heat. There is water surrounding the reactor and the heat from

Components For Map Building Ultrasonic Range Sensor,...
Overall System
A– Hardware Subsystem
This system uses three components for map building Ultrasonic range sensor, Stepper motor driver
and Serial communication system. The microcontroller here is a central processing unit to
coordinate the previous three. Ultrasonic Range Sensor SRF05: The sensor operates in Mode 1
which uses a separate trigger and echo pins. These pins are connected to the PORT A of the
microcontroller and are responsible for triggering and measuring the time of flight of the echo. The
trigger pulse has a minimum duration of 10µS, for stable operation and an internal ultrasound burst
of 8 cycles at 40 kHz is sent. At the end of this process the state is preserved until an echo signal is
received. At the reception of an echo, the echo pin is cleared by the module and the microcontroller
detects it and stops the echo timer. Stepper Motor Driver This motor is driven using the control
signals from PORT D of the microcontroller. These signals are fed to a Darlington array which in
turn drives the motor at 12V. Utilization of the Darlington mechanism prevents drawing large
currents from the microcontroller at high loads. The resolution of the stepper motor is increased to
1.50 by utilizing a gear wheel with a gear reduction of 1:5. Readings are taken at each step location
by momentarily stopping the shaft and four such readings are averaged to obtain a single reading for
each 60. This helps the system to suppress any transient errors which

Harry Hess's Life And Accomplishments
Harry Hess was a smart person. He was born in New York City. He was very successful in the
military. The highest rank he achieved was Rear Admiral. After the military, he went back to work at
universities. He discovered flat topped underwater mountains which he named guyots. Hess also
came up with the theory of seafloor spreading and helped to explain continental drift and plate
tectonics. Harry used sonar technology to map out a large section of the seafloor during WWII.
Hess's findings revolutionized Earth science. Harry Hammond Hess was born on May 27, 1906. He
was born to Julian S. Hess, a member of the New York stock exchange and Elizabeth Engel Hess.
Harry Hess graduated from Yale University. Upon graduating, Hess taught for one year at Rutgers
University and spent a year as a research associate in the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie
Institution of Washington. He was a professor at Princeton University. He became the head of the
Geology department in 1950. Harry died of a heart attack on August 26, 1969 in Massachusetts. ...
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He had to stop studying this because he was called into active service during World War II since he
was in the Navy. During his time in the Navy, the boat had equipment for sounding the ocean floor.
Hess took advantage of this and mapped a large portion of the ocean floor. After the war ended,
Hess continued to study guyots and mid ocean ridges which run down the center of the ocean like an
underwater backbone. Harry Hess made a major contribution to the continental drift theory by
discovering seafloor spreading. Seafloor spreading showed that the continents moved by the
constantly spreading seafloor. His theory was proved when magnetized strips of rock were
discovered on the seafloor showing that the floor was spreading

Principles of Physics in Ultrasound Essay
Principles of Physics in Ultrasound
Physics has become an important part of medicine allowing specialist doctors and radiographers to
rapidly access a patient's condition and to help in long–term diagnosis.
This enables doctor's to treat patients before their condition deteriorates.
This procedure would not be possible without the use of X–rays, CAT scans, MRI scans, ultrasound
and endoscopes, which allow doctors to see inside the body with little or no surgery.
Without such equipment doctors would be forced to use invasive techniques, which could cause
patients more harm as it increases the risk of infection.
A sound or ultrasound wave consists of a mechanical disturbance of a ... Show more content on
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The early work in the 20th century used ultrasound as a therapy tool and it was not until the 1940's
that research began into its use as a diagnostic tool.
The use of ultrasound in medicine began during and shortly after the 2nd World War in various
centres around the world. (NSC, UK national screening committee)
The work of Dr.Karl Theodore Dussik in Austria in 1942 on transmission ultrasound investigation
of the brain provided the first published work on medical ultrasonic's.
Although other workers in the USA, Japan and Europe have also been cited as pioneers, the work of
Professor Ian Donald and his colleagues in Glasgow, in the mid 1950s, did much to facilitate the
development of practical technology and applications.
This lead to the wider use of ultrasound in medical practice in the subsequent decades.
Rapid technological advances in electronics and piezoelectric materials provided further
improvements from energy to greyscale images, and from still images to real–time moving images.
The technical advances at this time led to a rapid growth in the applications to which ultrasound
could be put.

The development of Doppler ultrasound had been progressing alongside the imaging technology,
but the fusing of the two technologies in Duplex scanning and the subsequent development of
colour Doppler imaging provided even more scope for investigating the

Social Animal Paper
Dolphins are highly social animals that travel in schools. It makes sense that they would sometimes
forage as a cooperative group. Several species have been observed to be group foragers. Some of
these species include spotted dolphins, Clymene dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins. The species
most associated with group foraging has been the dusky dolphin. Scientists have been trying to
determine how many dolphins actually forage in groups, and how they do it. It is hard to concretely
determine these, because quite a bit of foraging takes place under water. Scientists are still trying to
fully understand how these complex animals work.
Foraging is defined as "feeding and all behaviors associated with it (Dugatkin 2014)." There are
many different theories that researchers have used to show how foraging works. In a study about
foraging in groups, researchers Krause and Ruxton found that "increasing foraging group size
increases the amount of food each forager receives (Dugatkin)." This may ... Show more content on
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It was observed that dusky dolphins traveled in groups of 6–15 individuals. 20–30 of these small
groups may be in a 100 square km area. These small groups suddenly stop moving when a school of
fish is seen. Dolphins begin swimming around and underneath the school. They also leap at the
sides of the school. Observations show that the group of dolphins herd the fish to the surface so they
cannot escape. While the other dolphins maintain the bubble, one individual at a time will break
ranks and collect up to five anchovies. They will then join back into the barrier and another dolphin
will take its chance to eat. It was also observed that the group of dolphins did not feed for a long
time. The average time spent feeding on one group was five minutes. Eventually that school of fish
will escape and the group will move on and begin to hunt for some more fish for several

How Sonar Affects Sea Life

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