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1. 20 Surprising Differences Between Prokaryotes
And Eukaryotes
The cell was discovered by Robert Hook, in 1665, and can be described as
a small room that acts as the structural and functional unit of life. There
are different types of them as well; some with membrane -bound organelles
and some without them. Based on what their internal structure looks like,
cells can be of two major types called Eukaryotic cell and Prokaryotic c ell.
But what is the major factor which compares prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Guess what? There isn’t one but multiple factors that set both types of a
cell apart from one another. Let’s look at all the ways prokaryotes and
eukaryotes differ:
Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes

2. There are two types of organisms based on how many cells they have. So,
organisms that only have a single cell which they are made of are called
unicellular organisms or single-celled organisms. On the other hand, the
organisms that are made of more than one cell (or a lot of them) are called
multi-cellular organisms.
Scientists found out that there are some living organisms that do not
contain a nucleus that is protected by a distinct cell membrane. And that
was the start of the discovery of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Therefore, prokaryotes and eukaryotes are majorly differentiated on the
basis of the fact whether their genetic materials are protected by a nuclear
envelope or if it is absent. Let’s see what prokaryotes and eukaryotes are
in detail:
What Is A Prokaryote?
These are single-celled or unicellular organisms in which membrane -bound
structures are absent. The most important structure without a membrane
is the nucleus. Cells of prokaryotes are smaller and super simple. They
normally have a diameter of about 0.1-5 μm in diameter. Super small, right?

3. What Does A Prokaryotic Cell Look Like?
Despite the absence of membrane-bound cell structures, prokaryotic cells
do have proper cellular regions for example their DNA can be found
bundled together in the nucleoid.
Other structures that you may find in the prokaryotic cell are the ribosomes
(these are responsible for protein synthesis), cell wall (protect the cell from
external environment and offer structure), cell membrane (it is also called
plasma membrane and it keeps the cell separate from the external
environment), capsule (it is a structure that surrounds the cell wall and is
made of carbohydrates), fimbriae (these are hair -like, thin structures that
are responsible for cellular attachment), pili (these are involved in multiple
functions such as DNA transfer and attachment, they are rod -shaped), and
flagella (these are tail-like, thin structures that help the cell to move).
Bacteria and archaea are two of the most common examples of prokaryotes.

4. Now, let’s move on to eukaryotes:
What Is A Eukaryote?
A eukaryote can be defined as an organism with cells that have a distinct
nucleus and all of its organelles are surrounded by a properly structured
plasma membrane.
What are organelles? Well, these are internal structures that can be found
in a cell performing multiple functions, including protein synthesis and
energy production
What Does A Eukaryotic Cell Look Like?
Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells as the former measure
around 10-100 μm. They are complex in structure, however, a surprising
fact is that even though most eukaryotes are multicellular organisms, you
can also find single-celled eukaryotes.

5. In a eukaryotic cell, every structure is bound by a membrane and performs
its own specific functions. Here is an overview of all the structures you may
stumble on when studying eukaryotic cells.
Some cellular structures that you can find in a eukaryotic cell are the
nucleus (this stores the genetic information in the form of chromatin),
nucleolus (it is where the ribosomal RNA is created and it is present inside
the nucleus of the cell), plasma membrane (it is made of phospholipids and
protects the cells and its organelles), cell wall (also known as the
cytoskeleton, it lets the cell move, offers structure and is involved in cell
division), ribosomes (these do protein synthesis), mitochondria (the
powerhouse of the cell that is involved in energy productio n), cytoplasm
(this is the part of the cell present between the plasma membrane and the
nuclear envelope), cytosol (it the gel -like substance that houses the
organelles), endoplasmic reticulum (this organelle is responsible for
protein transportation and maturation), vesicles & vacuoles (these are
membrane-bound sacs that play a role in storage and transportation).
Some other organelles that can be found in some eukaryotic cells (but not
all of them) are lysosome, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplasts. Protozoa ns,
algae, animals, fungi, and plants are the most common examples of
eukaryotes.
Bacteria vs Eukaryotes
The most important (and the most common too) difference between
bacteria and a eukaryote is the presence of a membrane -bounded nucleus
in a eukaryotic cell and its absence in bacteria. However, there is a
bacterium found in bacteria that is called Gemmata obscuriglobus. This is
a double membrane that surrounds the DNA in bacteria in a nucleus -like
structure. As this bacterium is contiguous with the plasm a membrane of
the bacteria, hence, it is not the same as a eukaryotic nuclear membrane.

6. In other words, there’s a fundamental organizational and kinetic difference
between bacteria and eukaryotes because the genetic information is
expressed in proteins and is converted into organization, function, and
cellular structure.
Difference Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
Here’s a summary of all the ways prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ from
each other:
Sr.
No
Character Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic Cell
1 Size 5-100 um 0.1- 5.0 um
2 Nucleus Present Absent
3
Membrane Bound
Nucleus
Present. Absent.
4 Chromosomes
More than one
chromosome is present.
Only one chromosome is present
(however, not true chromosome
plastids)
5 Cellular Structuring Multicellular Unicellular
6
Lysosomes &
Peroxisomes
Present Absent
7 Microtubules Present Absent
8 Endoplasmic reticulum Present Absent
9 Mitochondria Present Absent
10 Cytoskeleton Present Absent
11 Size of Ribosomes Larger Smaller
12 Golgi apparatus Present Absent
13 Chloroplasts Present (in plants)
Absent (however, chlorophyll is
scattered in the cytoplasm)
14 Cell Wall It is chemically simpler
It is chemically complex (Present in
plants & fungi)
15 Vacuoles Present Absent
16
Permeability of
Nuclear Membrane
Selective Not present

7. 17 Sexual Reproduction Present Absent
18
Endocytosis and
Exocytosis
Present Absent.
19 Pili and Fimbriae Absent May or may not be present
20
Occurrence of
transcription
Happens inside the
nucleus
Happens in the cytoplasm
And that’s all about prokaryotes and eukaryotes; what they are and what
are the factors that set them apart.
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