this PPT is fully animated and its just what u guys r lookin for im hamza azam by whome this ppt is done

2. Trees in a forest, fish in a river,
horseflies on a farm, lemurs in the
jungle, reeds in a pond, worms in
the soil — all these plants and
animals are made of the building
blocks we call cells. Like these
examples, many living things
consist of vast numbers of cells
working in concert with one
another.Other forms of life,
however, are made of only a single
cell, such as the many species
of bacteria and protozoa.Cells,
whether living on their own or as
part of a multicellular organism,
are usually too small to be seen
without a light microscope.
Cells share many common
features, yet they can look wildly
different. In fact, cells have
adapted over billions of years to a
wide array of environments and
functional roles. Nerve cells, for
example, have long, thin
extensions that can reach for
meters and serve to transmit
signals rapidly. Closely fitting,
brick-shaped plant cells have a
rigid outer layer that helps
provide the structural support
that trees and other plants
require.
Still, as different as these
cells are, they all rely on the
same basic strategies to
keep the outside out, allow
necessary substances in and
permit others to leave,
maintain their health, and
replicate themselves. In fact,
these traits are precisely
what make a cell a cell.
Long, tapered muscle cells
have an intrinsic stretchiness
that allows them to change
length within contracting
and relaxing biceps.

3. Researchers hypothesize that all
organisms on Earth today
originated from a single cell that
existed some 3.5 to 3.8 billion
years ago.This original cell was
likely little more than a sac of
small organic molecules and
RNA-like material that had both
informational and catalytic
functions. Over time, the more
stable DNA molecule evolved to
take over the information
storage function,
whereas proteins, with a greater
variety of structures than
nucleic acids, took over the
catalytic functions.
As described in the previous section, the
absence or presence of a nucleus — and
indeed, of all membrane-bound
organelles — is important enough to be a
defining feature by which cells are
categorized as either prokaryotes or
eukaryotes. Scientists believe that the
appearance of self-contained nuclei and
other organelles represents a major
advance in the evolution of cells. But
where did these structures come from?
More than one billion years ago, some
cells "ate" by engulfing objects that
floated in the liquid environment in which
they existed. Then, according to some
theories of cellular evolution, one of the
early eukaryotic cells engulfed a
prokaryote, and together the
two cells formed
a symbiotic relationship. In
particular, the engulfed cell
began to function as an
organelle within the larger
eukaryotic cell that consumed
it. Both chloroplasts and
mitochondria, which exist in
modern eukaryotic cells and
still retain their own genomes,
are thought to have arisen in
this manner

4. Cells are considered the basic
units of life in part because
they come in discrete and
easily recognizable packages.
That's because all cells are
surrounded by a structure
called the cell membrane —
which, much like the walls of a
house, serves as a clear
boundary between the cell's
internal and external
environments.The cell
membrane is sometimes also
referred to as the plasma
membrane.
Cell membranes are based on a framework
of fat-based molecules called
phospholipids, which physically prevent
water-loving, or hydrophilic, substances
from entering or escaping the cell.These
membranes are also studded with proteins
that serve various functions. Some of
these proteins act as gatekeepers,
determining what substances can and
cannot cross the membrane. Others
function as markers, identifying the cell as
part of the same organism or as foreign.
Still others work like fasteners, binding
cells together so they can function as a
unit.Yet other membrane proteins serve
as communicators, sending and receiving
signals from neighbouring cells and the
environment — whether friendly or
alarming
Within this membrane, a cell's interior
environment is water based. Called cytoplasm,
this liquid environment is packed full of cellular
machinery and structural elements. In fact, the
concentrations of proteins inside a cell far
outnumber those on the outside — whether
the outside is ocean water (as in the case of a
single-celled alga) or blood serum (as in the
case of a red blood cell). Although cell
membranes form natural barriers in watery
environments, a cell must nonetheless expend
quite a bit of energy to maintain the high
concentrations of intracellular constituents
necessary for its survival. Indeed, cells may use
as much as 30 percent of their energy just to
maintain the composition of their cytoplasm.

6. Plant cells are eukaryotic cells, or cells
with a membrane-bound nucleus.
Unlike prokaryotic cells, the DNA in a
plant cell is housed within the nucleus. In
addition to having a nucleus, plant cells
also contain other membrane-bound
organelles, or tiny cellular structures, that
carry out specific functions necessary for
normal cellular operation.Organelles
have a wide range of responsibilities that
include everything from producing
hormones and enzymes to providing
energy for a plant cell.

7. There are two main types or categories of cells: prokaryotic
cells and eukaryotic cells. Both of these types of cells have
several things in common. All cells are surrounded by a plasma
membrane, which is made of a double layer (a bilayer) of
phospholipids.Within this membrane, is the cytoplasm which
is composed of the fluid and organelles of the cell.
Bacteria (Kingdom Monera) are prokaryotes.They do
have DNA, but it is not organized into a true nucleus with a
nuclear envelope around it. Also, they lack many other internal
organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

8. Organisms in the other four kingdoms are eukaryotes.Their DNA is organized into a
true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope which consists of two bilayer membranes.
The nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains the genetic material which chemically directs all of
the cell’s activities. Usually this is in the form of long strands of chromatin made of DNA
and affiliated proteins.When a cell is getting ready to divide, the chromatin coils and
condenses into individual, distinguishable chromosomes. Because the nuclear envelope
consists of two bilayer membranes, there is a space between these two membranes called
a lumen.
Branching off from and continuous with the outer membrane of the
nuclear envelope is a double walled space which zigzags through the
cytoplasm.This is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER for short) and its central
space or lumen is a continuation of the lumen between the membranes
of the nuclear envelope.There are two kinds of ER: smooth ER and rough
ER.Typically ER closer to the nucleus is rough and that farther away is
smooth. Smooth ER is a transition area where chemicals like proteins the
cell has manufactured are stored in the lumen for transportation
elsewhere in the cell. Pieces of the smooth ER called vesicles pinch off
from the smooth ER and travel other places in the cell to transfer their
contents. Rough ER gets its name because it has other organelles
called ribosome's attached, which give it a rough appearance when
viewed by an electron microscope. Rough ER and its associated
ribosome's are involved in protein synthesis, with the new polypeptide
being threaded into the lumen of the ER as it is formed.

9. Branching off from and continuous with the outer membrane of the
nuclear envelope is a double walled space which zigzags through the
cytoplasm.This is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER for short) and its
central space or lumen is a continuation of the lumen between the
membranes of the nuclear envelope. There are two kinds of
ER: smooth ER and rough ER.Typically ER closer to the nucleus is
rough and that farther away is smooth. Smooth ER is a transition
area where chemicals like proteins the cell has manufactured are
stored in the lumen for transportation elsewhere in the cell. Pieces of
the smooth ER called vesicles pinch off from the smooth ER and
travel other places in the cell to transfer their contents. Rough ER
gets its name because it has other organelles
called ribosomes attached, which give it a rough appearance when
viewed by an electron microscope. Rough ER and its associated
ribosome's are involved in protein synthesis, with the new
polypeptide being threaded into the lumen of the ER as it is formed.

10. Vacuoles and vesicles are similar in that both are storage
organelles. Generally, vacuoles are larger than vesicles.
Plant cells generally have one large central vacuole that
takes up most of the space within the cell and is used for
storage of all sorts of molecules. Paramecium have a special
type called a contractile vacuole that serves to excrete
water from the cell, sort of like our kidneys excrete water
from our bodies.Vesicles are small enough and mobile
enough that they are often used to move chemicals to
other locations in the cell where they might be needed.
One of the places to which vesicles travel is the Golgi
apparatus or Golgi bodies.These look like stacks of water-
balloon-pancakes.They are sort of like the shipping and
receiving department of the cell. Materials are received as
vesicles unite with the Golgi apparatus, and sent elsewhere
as other vesicles pinch off. Materials are temporarily stored
in the Golgi bodies, and some further chemical reactions do
take place there.

11. Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic
cells, usually several or many per cell.They burn
sugar for fuel in the process of cellular respiration:
they’re the “engine” of the cell. Mitochondria
consist of a smooth outer membrane and a
convoluted inner membrane separated by
an intermembrane space.The convolutions of the
inner membrane are called cristae and the space
inside the inner membrane is the mitochondrial
matrix.As sugar is burned for fuel, a
mitochondrion shunts various chemicals back and
forth across the inner membrane (matrix to/from
intermembrane space).

12. Plant cells normally contain another type of organelle that is
not found in animals: chloroplasts. Chloroplasts convert light
energy (from the sun) to chemical energy via the process of
photosynthesis.The main pigment (green colour) located in
chloroplasts and involved in photosynthesis is chlorophyll.
Chloroplasts are surrounded by an outer
membrane and inner membrane separated by
an intermembrane space.The fluid within the centre of the
chloroplast is called stoma.Within this fluid is an
interconnected system of stacks of disks, kind of like more
water-balloon-pancakes. Each sack is called a thylakoid. and
has chlorophyll and other useful pigments built into its
membranes. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum.

13. It has been suggested that mitochondria and
chloroplasts may have originally arisen from prokaryotic
invaders. Evidence for this includes the fact that both of
these organelles contain their own DNA (separate from
that in the nucleus) and program some, but not all, of
their own protein synthesis.They control their own
replication within the cell, and often can move around
within the cell and change shape.They are both
surrounded by two bilayer membranes suggesting one
membrane originated from the plasma membrane of
the cell and one from the plasma membrane of the
hypothetical invader. Interestingly, because of the way
human eggs and sperm are formed and unite, while half
of the DNA in the nucleus of the newly formed embryo
comes from the mother and half comes from the father,
since sperm do not pass any of their mitochondria to the
offspring, the mitochondrial DNA comes only from the
mother.This has enabled some rather interesting
studies to be done tracing relationships among various
ethnic groups of people around the world based on
mitochondrial DNA.
The cytoskeleton is made of various types of
special proteins. Microtubules are hollow tubes
made of globular proteins. Most notably, they are
found in cilia, flagella, and centrioles.The
arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella
consists of nine doublets around the edge and
two single microtubules in the centre, all running
the length of the structure.This is referred to as
the “nine-plus-two formula.”
In centrioles, microtubules are arranged in 9 sets
of 3 each. Animal cells typically have a pair of
centrioles located just outside the nucleus and
oriented at right angles to each other.These
function in cell division.
Microfilaments are also part of the cytoskeleton
and are made of solid rods of globular proteins.

14. 9 + 2 Formula 9 Sets Of 3 : Cross Section 9 Sets Of 3 : 3-D

15. In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that
has a specific function, and it is usually separately enclosed within its
own lipid bilayer.
The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are to
cells what an organ is to the body (hence the name organelle, the
suffix being a diminutive). Organelles are identified by microscopy, and
can also be purified by cell fractionation.There are many types of
organelles, particularly in eukaryotic cells.While prokaryotes do not
possess organelles per se, some do contain protein-based micro
compartments , which are thought to act as primitive organelles.

18. All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the basic structural and functional
unit of life
All cells come from preexisting cells

28. Protoplasm
 The term "protoplasm," from proto, first, and plasma,
formed substance, was coined by the botanist Hugo
von Mohl, in 1846, for the "tough, slimy, granular,
semi-fluid“
 It was used 1839 by Czech physiologist Johannes
Evangelista Purkinje (1787-1869) to denote the
gelatinous fluid found in living cell.
 Compose of inorganic and organic compounds like
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

29. Plasma membrane / plasmolemma
Bi-lipid layer
Semi permeable
Serves as boundary between the outside
environment and the inside environment
Outer membrane of cell that controls movement
in and out of the cell

30. Fluid mosaic model
 -S.J. Singer and Garth
Nicolson in 1972
- fluid because of
I its hydrophobic components
such as lipids and
membrane proteins that
move laterally or sideways throughout the membrane.That means the membrane is not solid, bu
more like a 'fluid'.
-mosaic that is made up of many different parts the plasma membrane is composed
of different kinds of macromolecules

31. Most
commonly
found in
plant cells
& bacteria
Supports
& protects
cells
Made of
cellulose

33. Control center of the cell
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane/nuclear envelope
Contains genetic material – DNA arranged in thread
like structure called chromatin
Also contain RNA and proteins
Nucleolus – distinct part in the nucleus where
ribosome synthesis takes place

35. Surrounds nucleus
Made of two layers
Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus

36. In nucleus
Made of DNA
Contain instructions for
traits & characteristics

37. Inside nucleus
Contains RNA to build
proteins

38. Gel-like mixture
Surrounded by nuclear membrane
Contains hereditary material

39. Powerhouse of the cell
Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
Double membrane
Cristae – inner folds
Matrix – fluid part

40. Chloroplast
 Site for
photosynthesis
 Contains green
pigment called
chlorophyll

41. Chromoplast
 Gives the yellow,
orange, red color to
fruits and flowers

42. Leucoplast
 Non pigmented
 Located in roots
 Storage for
carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids

43. Each cell contains
thousands
Made up of RNA and
protein
Protein synthesis
Attached or free

44. Moves materials
around in cell
Serves as canal for
substances
Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
Rough type :
ribosomes embedded
in surface

45. Branching canal
No ribosome's
Transport for large
molecules
Stores calcium ions
in muscle cells

46. Contains attached
ribosomes
Transport
ribosomes

47. packaging organelle
Move materials within
the cell
Move materials out of
the cell

48. Digestive ‘organelle' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes

49. Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
Contains water
solution
Help plants maintain
shape

50. Cytoskeleton

51. Thin and fibrous
Bones and muscles of cells
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Centrioles and spindle
fiber
Amoeboid movement of
amoeba, cilia by paramecium
and flagellum by euglena are
made possible.