Hydration Of Magnesium Sulphate

Hydration Of Magnesium Sulphate
Introduction
Magnesium sulphate is used for a variety of purposes i.e. bath salt and as a laxative. It is a hydrated
salt and is required to be stored in a sealed container to maintain the water. Magnesium sulphate in a
solution is sprayed on plants or poured on soil, as magnesium is vital for plant growth and
respiration, it forms part of the chlorophyll molecule which is utilised by plants to convert sunlight
into energy.
This experiment was performed to determine the degree of hydration for a sample of magnesium
sulphate, the sample was heated in a crucible for ten minute periods and weighed between periods
until three concordant results were gathered.
Aim
To determine the mass/percentage of water within the magnesium sulphate sample.
Hypothesis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These results support the hypothesis, approximately 50% of MgSO4's mass will consist of water
molecules, made prior to the experiment. The theoretical number of molecules of H2O is seven,
however this experiment resulted in six molecules of H2O, and this may be due to multiple errors
that may have occurred during the experiment.
From the results gathered the formula of the hydrated salt is:
MgSO4 + 6H2O  MgSO4 + 6H2O
The theoretical formula of the hydrated salt is:
MgSO4 + 7H2O  MgSO4 +
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Rate Of Reaction Lab
The results and that were obtained in this lab are fairly reliable and reasonable. This is because if
you refer back to Graph 1.1 for example it is clear that there is a relative and steady increase in the
rate of reaction as the concentration of catalase was increased. Although in part A, the results were
fairly reliable and they clearly show the average increase in part B, one can see that the results that
were obtained during the experiment were outliers of each other. Looking back at the table from part
B when the 80% concentration of catalase was placed into the 3% Hydrogen Peroxide + 10%
Copper II Sulphate the results of time it took for the filter disk to reach the top seemed to be
unreasonable. In trial 1 and 2 the time that was recorded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the comparison of the two reactions occurring with the 80% in part A and B it makes sense that
the rate of reaction in part B is slower because of the non–competitive inhibitor that was acting upon
the catalase. But, the rate of reaction seems to be too low for the result too be realistic indicating a
human error and causing it to be slightly unreliable. Failing to change the hydrogen peroxide from
part A to a new solution in part B may be an example of human error. An experimental error that
may have affected the results obtained during the experiment was the labs failure to mention to mix
the two substances, hydrogen peroxide and copper II sulphate in part B. Failure to mention this
simple instruction may have led to the outliers in time retrieved in part B for the experiment. In the
first trial when the filter timed out at 240 seconds at the bottom of the beaker, it may have been
caused by the un–dissolved copper II sulphate still at the bottom of the beaker. Another experimental
error was that during the experiment it was stated that if one was able to hurry and do the first two
trials quickly then there may be time for a third

Comparing Solubility Of Sugar, Salt And Copper Sulphate...
Logs
Tuesday 26/04
Today, I finished my proposal for my EEI and started researching for calculations to predict the
solubility of my solutes. My decided solutes are sugar, salt and copper sulphate pentahydrate. I
decided I would be using 100mL of water as my solvent due to the abundance of solutes available
and that fact that 100mL is a nice, easy number to work with. I also spoke to Mrs Rach and she
informed me she has a surplus of copper sulphate so I don't have to be careful with how much I use.
She also gave me some measurements on how much copper sulphate should dissolve into 100mL of
water at varying degrees. It's a good start and I'm going to see if I can validate these measurements
once I work out the prediction equations. I'm hoping to have my risk assessment handed in by the
end of Friday's lesson, but first I have to decide on how much of each solute I need. I will do further
research during the week on solubility and the appropriate equations.
Friday 29/04 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I found predictions on the various solubilities of my chosen solutes, but I got really confused on the
difference between molality and molarity due to the similar wording of the definitions. Apparently,
at 20°C, 1.26 moles of copper sulphate will dissolve into 1L of water, which equates to about
31g/100mL. This clashes with the information Mrs Rach gave me last week that said that 20.8g of
copper sulphate would dissolve under the same conditions. I think I'm just going to see what the
results say and then leave it to the

Formula Of A Hydrate Lab
Title– Hydrated Crystals, Nic Turner, Mckinsey Bullock and Matthew Miller, Chemistry II, Mrs.
Shake, September 22, 2016. Introductory Paragraph– In this lab, we tested how much water was in a
3.00 gram amount of hydrated MgSO4 (Magnesium sulphate). MgSO4 is a salt; salts are often
associated with water being in their structure. This lab was conducted so that we would be able to
find the formula for the amount of water in the sample of magnesium sulphate. The goal was find
the formula of a hydrous substance if you are given two masses. State Problem /Purpose– The
objectives of this lab were to heat a known mass of a hydrated compound until water is no longer
present in the substance; it was also to calculate the formula for a hydrate using

How The Quality Of Water Affected By The Parameter
necessary to compact decay scale formation, and fouling of heat transfer surfaces throughout the
reactor facility and support system [3].
The most common step in water treatment process includes;  COAGULATION/FLOCCULATION
 SEDIMENTATION  FILTRATION  DISINFECTION  SLUDGE DRYING 
FLUORIDATION  PH CORRECTION 5.0 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
In this paper we are going to analyze the quality of water affected by the parameter. The quality of
water is not equal and constant. Water quality is affected by different type of parameters such as
Colour, Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, Taste and odour, PH is the physical parameters. Chloride,
calcium, magnesium, sulphate, total hardness is the chemical parameters.
5.1 Colour
Colour is measured in Hazen units. Colour can originate from organic matter in the soil through or
over, which the water has passed. It is optimal parameter consisting in absorbing of a part of
spectrum of visible radiation by substances in dissolved in water, colloidal substances, and
suspended particles present in water.
5.2 Turbidity
Turbidity is dirtiness of water and is measured by a light scattering technique. Turbidity is a measure
of how particles suspended in water affect water clarity.
5.3 PH
PH is a measure of a solution 's acidity. In water, small numbers of water molecules (H2O) will
break apart or disassociate into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH–). Other compounds
entering the water may react with these, leaving an imbalance in the

Copper Sulphate Lab Report
Determining the amount of Water of Crystallization Hydrated to Copper Sulphate
Daniel Benda
October 11th 2014
Hl Chemistry
Block: H
Word Count:
1354
Data Collection and Processing:
Raw Data:
Table 1: Raw data of Trials vs Mass of crucible and contents before and after heating
Trials Empty mass of crucible (±0.001g) Initial filled mass of crucible (±0.001g) Final Filled weight
of crucible (±0.001g)
T1 36.093 43.516 40.783
T2 48.160 56.218 53.143
T3 31.503 44.537 39.705
T4 34.345 38.677 37.082
T5 33.615 41.851 38.787
Data for trial 1–3 were gathered by Jose and me while 4 and 5 were gathered by Ronnie and
Michael
Qualitative observations:
As the hydrated salt is heated in the crucible it changes from a bright blue to a pale blue ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each crucible was a different weight, size and a slightly different shape. Also the amount of
substance measured into them was also a crude approximation on its own. This meant that each time
a sample was heated the rate of the evaporation happened at a completely different rate which could
have attributed the yield of a range of different results. Also when taking into consideration the
aforementioned minor residue of water after heating a greater uncertainty is created where one is
unable to account for the percentage that this water makes up. Furthermore with the different
quantities of substance in each trial that percentage manifests itself as different quantities which
affect the uncertainty to different degrees. Therefore if time allows for the experimenter it would be
suggested to use the same crucible and lid for each trial, thoroughly cleaning and drying it between
trials. It would also be suggested to use the same amount of substance for each

Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen Applied as Foliar...
PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
NATIONAL TEA RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Shinkiari, Mansehra
***
Dated: 09–02–2012
Sub: Research Paper for publication
Find enclosed herewith a paper entitled "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN
APPLIED AS FOLIAR SPRAY ON THE YIELD OF MATURE TEA UNDER DIFFERENT
AGRO–ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS." for publication in your reputed Journal. Hard copy of the
paper will be sent by post.
It is requested that above mentioned paper may please be published in next coming issue of your
Journal.
Submitted for further necessary action please.
Sd/– Shamsul Islam) SO, NTRI
Managing Editor,
Directorate of Publication, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been reported that 1000 kg tea leaf (dry weight) remove 40–50 kg Nitrogen (N), 4–8,5 kg
Phosphorus (P) and 16–19 kg Potassium (K). Bonheur and Wilson (1992) reported that without
fertilizer application the supply of nutrients available in the soil would become exhausted leading to
mineral deficiencies in the plants, severe reduction in yield and ultimately, the death of the plants.
Bonheur and Wilson (1992) also found that Nitrogen is very important for plant growth and is
present in the most important substances in the plant (Chlorophyll, nucleotides, hormones,
protoplasm, and vitamins etc). Besides, stem and older leaves also take 50 kg Nitrogen, 12 kg
Phosphorus and 32 kg Potassium. Weeds growing in tea field also absorb substantial quantity of the
nutrients and if not removed from the fields, result in permanent loss. The removal of nutrients thus,
has to be compensated by their external application. Besides, response of other nutrients viz.,
Sulphur, Magnesium, and Zinc etc is being noticed in high productive gardens. Rojoa et al. (1979)
revealed that the highest yields in Mauritius were given in tea by application of 375 kg nitrogen per

hectare per annum. Rikhter and Lyashko (1979) found in Russia that yields of tea were higher with
300 kg N ha–1 as compared to 450–600 kg N ha–1. Malenga

Pre-eclampsia and Complications Associated
Pre–eclampsia and complications associated with this condition account for 15% of direct maternal
mortality, 10% of perinatal mortality in Australia (Brennecke, East, Moses, & Blangero) and around
fifty thousand maternal deaths a year worldwide. (T. E. T. C. Group, 1995; Vigil–De Gracia et al.,
2006) It is estimated that pre–eclampsia complicates about 2–8% of pregnancies. (M. T. C. Group,
2002) Immediate recognition and treatment in the pre–hospital setting is important to reduce the risk
of hypertension related injuries (i.e. intracranial haemorrhage) and the progression of pre–eclampsia
to eclampsia. Treatment aims are immediate termination of seizures in pregnancy and rapid but safe
lowering of the patient's blood pressure.
This guideline presents the 2014 proposed clinical practice guidelines in the treatment of severe pre–
eclamspia and eclampsia.
Key changes from previous clinical practice guidelines include:
Advanced Care Paramedics carry and are authorised to administer magnesium sulphate in the
termination and prevention of seizures in pregnancy (where intravenous administration is
accessible)
Intensive Care Paramedics and Advanced Care Paramedics servicing areas where travel time can be
greater than half an hour to hospital carry and are authorised to administer Nifedipine as per CPG
Recognition
Eclampsia is the defined as the occurrence of a seizure in association with pre–eclampsia, (Duley,
Henderson–Smart, Walker, & Chou, 2010) with pre–eclampsia being

Glucosamine
Glucosamine is one of the biological components that helps to create more support for the joints and
helps to exert a protective effect against joint destruction in conditions associated with osteoarthritis.
In healthy glucosamine is produced in the body naturally. Because one of the ingredients of
glucosamine is glucose, a naturally occurring sugar classified as an amino sugar. However,
glucosamine does not behave in the body as an energy source. Instead, it serves to blend sulphur into
the cartilage and other body tissues. It is involved to maintain and repair the bones, joints, cartilage
& in the treatment of degenerative joint diseases (Chiusaroli et al., 2011; Distler and Anguelouch,
2006; Rangle and Sawitzke, 2012). Glucosamine is also involved in constructing nails, skin, eyes,
bones, ligaments, tendons, heart valves, discharging mucous from the respiratory system, digestive
system, and urinary tract. Chemically, the glucosamine (Figure 1.1) structure is an amino–
monosaccharide and a substrate of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. These are substrates of
hyaluronic acid that is a major component of joint fluid. Since glucosamine is a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Glucosamine is also a basic monomer of Chitin that is found in exoskeletons of invertebrate marine
creatures such as oysters, crabs or shrimps (Yang & Su, 2005). When chitin is hydrolyzed in the
presence of mineral acid like sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid glucosamine is produced.
(Mojarrad et al. 2007). Glucosamine sulphate is not a not stable as it is and degrade on absorbing
moisture due to its hygroscopic nature so it is converted into a salt form. Glucosamine HCl is co–
crystallized with potassium and sodium sulphate to produce glucosamine sulphate 2 KCl or 2 NaCl.
The content of Glucosamine base (active substance) in glucosamine sulphate 2 KCl is only 59%
w/w. Most of dietary supplements contain glucosamine sulphate 2 KCl rather than glucosamine
HCl. (Eliska and Frantisek

Concentration Of Zinc And Sodium Lab Report
Discussion: As figure 1 shown, ammonium sulphate have different concentrations from 0.1mol in
200ml water to 0.4mol. When concentration is increasing, the average change is from 0.26g–0.1g.
Also Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate have the same inverse relationship that when the
concentration is increasing, the weight of change decreases from 0.5–0.06g as shown in figure.... In
addition, the higher the concentration, the more effective the flame retardant is. Both ammonium
sulphate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate are Inorganic salts. Such as K2CO3 or MgCl2 that
are inorganic salts can suppress flaming combustion of cotton textile. As a flame retardant, it lowers
the combustion temperature of the material, decreases maximum weight loss rates, and

Persistent Fatigue Lab Report
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
It was only after I found myself experiencing symptoms of persistent fatigue did I decide to go see a
doctor. Having provided details about my fatigue, hair loss, dizziness and loss of focus, the doctor
decided to order a blood test to determine the cause of these symptoms. After performing a complete
blood count test (CBC), which is often used to measure the number of blood cells in a sample of
blood (including red blood cells and hemoglobin, the iron–containing molecule in red blood cells
that carries oxygen), results were reviewed and I was diagnosed with anemia, which was caused by
an iron deficiency. This means that my stores of iron were too low to support red blood cell
production.
Beef, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, concentrated sulfuric acid is very corrosive to eyes and skin.
Safety googles, gloves and an apron should be worn for this experiment. Preparation of iron (II)
solution: The mass of 5 iron tablets is measured by electronic balance. Using a mortar and pestle, the
weighted tablets are crushed manually and turned into homogeneous powder. Ground material is
transferred to a 250 cm3 glass beaker with 200cm3 of deionized water in it. The solution is stirred
with glass rod. This solution is transferred to a 250cm3 conical flask that had been previously
washed with deionized water. The solution is made up to the graduation mark with 50cm3 of 2.0M
H2SO4. The conical flask is stoppered and inverted 10 times to ensure sufficient mixing. Water is
sprayed around the glass surface to minimize chances of unwanted Fe residues.
Determining the concentration of iron Prior to the titration, all glassware is to be washed with
deionised water. Burette and pippete respectively are rinsed with the solution they will contain to
minimise error. Using a funnel, the burette is filled up with 0.1 M Potassium permanganate. Ensure
that the part below the tap is filled prior to adjusting to

Zinc's Four Levels
Zinc has an atomic structure of 4 levels. As shown above, these are the 4 shells.
The four levels display their individual energy, overall adding up to the atomic number of 30. This
can be seen below.
First energy level: 2
Second energy level: 8
Third energy level: 18
Fourth energy level: 2
Total energy level: 30
Where is Zinc located in the Periodic Table ???
Zinc can be found in Period 1 and Group 4 on the periodic table ( In red at the bottom)
This is because of the atomic number that zinc contains and therefore that is why zinc is placed in
that order in the periodic table
Similarities and differences between the compound 'Zinc Sulphate' and the element 'Zinc'
Similarities and differences between the compound 'Zinc Sulphate' and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The elemental symbol for Zinc is Zn, however the compound Zinc Sulphate has the formula of
ZnSO4.
The number of uses of Zinc in element and compound form
There are many uses of zinc in both elemental and compound form.
A major use for zinc metal is its industrial use. Zinc is involved in the galvanising process of iron as
well as steel's resistance to a chemical reaction made in the environment known as corrosion.
Alternatively, zinc is also used for medicinal purposes. It is the most essential chemical for human
functioning. Zinc sulphate also plays the same role as the normal element 'zinc'
Zinc is a shiny silvery and bluish element.
Zinc can be used together with many other elements to form alloys. For example, Brass is an alloy
of zinc and copper mixed together.
Most air changes (discolours) zinc. However, with a thin layer of a coating, the zinc cannot be
oxidised.
There is little evidence for the Greeks showing that they had known of the existence of 'zinc'. They

also claim that the called the zinc 'false silver', but had a reasoning that they could not produce
abundant amounts of

The Effect Of Concentration On The Electrical Energy...
Introduction: The Voltaic, or Daniel cell, is an electrochemical cell, invented in 1836 by a British
chemist, Frederic Daniel. The cell produces electricity through a redox reaction. The combined
electric potentials of two metals in the metal sulphate solution of the electrolyte generate voltage. If
the concentration of one of the electrolyte solutions is increased, the number of cations and anions
increase (depending on which electrolyte you increase), which increases the overall voltage
potential of the cell. Equilibrium conditions are not achieved when a current flow in the circuit. The
cell potential will usually be reduced by various mechanisms; this includes the development of over
potential. As the electrolyte concentrations change and the cell voltage is reduced, the cell will
operate for longer. The concentration of the salt bridge has to be such that it can effectively separate
two electrolyte solutions, but porous enough to allow the steady exchange of cations and anions
between the two electrolytes. The experiment uses a Voltaic cell to demonstrate the effect of
concentration on the electrical energy output. Hypothesis: The hypothesis put forward is that, as the
salt bridge and the Magnesium sulphate become more concentrated, the output of energy, measured
in volts, will subsequently become greater. This is because the combined electric potential will
increase as the concentration increases. There may also be a turning point where the electrical
energy output

Determining Enthalpy Change of a Displacement Reaction
Determining an enthalpy change of a displacement reaction
Aim:
To determine the enthalpy change for the displacement reaction between zinc powder and copper
(II) sulphate solution.
Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Cu2+ (s) + Zn2+ (aq)
Theory:
For the displacement reaction, an excess amount of zinc powder is added to the measured amount of
aqueous copper (II) sulphate. The temperature change over a period of time has to be measured and
thus, the enthalpy change for the reaction can be measured.
The equation of the above reaction is:
Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Cu2+ (s) + Zn2+ (aq)
Apparatus: * * Safety spectacles * Polystyrene cup with lid * Pipette, 25 cm3 * Pipette filler *
Weighing bottle * Spatula * Balance * Thermometer, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zn (s) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2e– And copper (II) ions were reduced to copper because it gained electrons
and its oxidation number changed from +2 in copper (II) ions to 0 in copper. Cu2+ (aq) + 2e– → Cu
(s) The overall equation of the reaction was:
Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Cu (s) + Zn2+ (aq) The zinc powder was black in colour while copper (II)
sulphate solution was blue in colour because of the presence of copper (II) ions. When the zinc
powder was added to the copper (II) sulphate solution and stirred, it was hard to observe the pattern
of the colour change because the polystyrene cup as covered with a lid. At the end of the experiment
when the lid was removed, it was found out that the blue colour of the copper (II) sulphate solution
has faded away. It was turned to pale grey and there were some precipitates present. It was the zinc
powder that was in excess to ensure that the copper (II) sulphate solution could react fully with the
zinc powder. The colour of the precipitate was black and were quite small in size, so it was a bit
hard to distinguish between the zinc powder present and the copper formed by the displacement
reaction because copper formed should be reddish brown is colour – which is also a dark colour and
thus two dark colours were hard to be distinguished. Zinc powder was used in the reaction instead of
a piece

Single Displacement Reaction: Lithium + Sodium
Semester 1 Chemistry BCD assessment Reactivity by: Nora Bessenyei Introduction A single
displacement reaction is often called substitution reaction. In a short definition a displacement
reaction is, when a more reactive element reacts with a compound and pushes out a less reactive
element. In a very basic terms when one element replaces another. Groups 1,2 and 7 are the
reactivity trends that are need to be known to understand displacement reaction. A simple example
to determine displacement reaction is the following: Lithium + Sodium,Chlorine = Lithium,Chlorine
+ Sodium ( Here what happened is basically the lithium replaced the sodium because it is more
active) The example above does not need to be balanced because we only have ... Show more
Iron is one of the transitional metal, and therefore it can have various charges. We can read from the
data table that mainly iron and the sulphates ends with some kind of powder on the bottom of the
test tubes. The temperature change of Iron is not extending from the other metals temperature. The
product is Iron Chloride ( FeCl2 ) and hydrogen gas. Nickel is the second least reactive of all the
metals I have examined. Nickel has no visible change. This is mainly because the time while I did
this experiment was not enough to see any visible changes. After a few days the hydrochloric acid
would change its colour to green. This can not be seen in our result because once again the time was
not enough. The product will be ( NiCl2 ) and hydrogen gas. Copper does not react with
Hydrochloric acid. This is because Copper is more positive than hydrogen, and it does not react with
HCl acid. The only thing we can see is powder on the bottom of the tube. Copper is placed in the
very end /bottom of the reactivity series. From that comes that there will only be only a minimal
change in temperature and Copper is one of the least reactive

Prac Report-Precipitation
Will it Precipitate?
Precipitation occurs when two aqueous (soluble solids) solutions are combined and the reaction
forms an insoluble solid. When insoluble solids are formed the process is known as a precipitation.
An insoluble solid is a solid that cannot dissolve unlike a soluble solid. Therefore only insoluble
solids can form precipitates.
In the following experiment six solutions were mixed with each other (groups of twos) in test tubes
to test which reaction will result in an insoluble solid. See method for more detail.
It is expected that the following compounds will form precipitates Silver Sulphate, Copper
Hydroxide, Copper Iodide, Silver Hydroxide, Silver Iodide, Cobalt Hydroxide and two Silver
Chlorides. This was worked out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Light blue solid (P) | Mustard solid. (P) | Sodium Chloride | | | White solid (P) | Pink water | No
reaction | Water slightly yellow | Silver Nitrate | | | | Pink water, brown solid (P) | White solid (P) |
Yellow solid (P) | Cobalt Chloride | | | | | Purple solid (P) | No reaction | Sodium Hydroxide | | | | | |
Slightly yellow water | Potassium Iodide | | | | | |

Lab Report On The Heat And Eat Meal Pack
Introduction In this unit we have conducted research and experiments on our chosen reactions to
create the highest exothermic reaction for the The Heat–and–Eat meal pack will use a chemical
reaction that involves two reactants. Reactant 1 is a solid and Reactant 2 is a liquid. The solid
reactant will be in a chamber next to the button. The button is pushed to start the reaction by
removing the barrier between the solid and liquid reactants. The reaction should produce heat for at
least 5–8 minutes. This will allow the meal to absorb the heat and be ready to eat within 10 minutes
of the diner starting the reaction. The Non–Magnesium Flameless Ration Heater TM (FRH) is
targeted for use in military operational ration packs and Hot Pack/Action Pack self–heating meals.
single case can provide nutritional variety, critical in crisis situations where appetite may be
suppressed by stress or emotional trauma. The entrée is ready in just 10 minutes by using the self–
heating unit. Aim and Hypothesis Aim: To plan, conduct, evaluate and report on an investigation of
chemical changes, and make recommendations for their use as an energy source in Heat–and–Eat
meal packs. Hypothesis: Reaction 3 will create the highest exothermic reaction in the test tube this is
because the chemicals are highly flammable the means they are high in exothermic relations. If we
use 4 grams of zinc powder the chemical retain with the copper sulphate solution will create the
highest temperature We changed the

Copper In Animals Research Paper
Copper does not decompose in the environment, and because of this it can accumulate in plants and
animals are in the soil. Because of the serious impact on plants that Cu metal is a serious threat to
agricultural land, depending on the acidity of the soil and the presence of organic matter. When
farmland soil polluted with copper, animals will absorb concentrations that are harmful to their
health. Mainly sheep suffer a great deal from copper poisoning, because the effects of Cu are shown
at fairly low concentrations. Cases of mass animal diseases recorded in livestock farms located near
industrial sites, polluting particles of copper compounds in aerosol form. Pollution copper–
compliance with the rules of use of preparations of copper in plants, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Anhydrous sulphate (CuSO4) is a light grey powder which immediately react with moisture
contained in the atmosphere and converted into sulphate pentahydrate which has the form of a bright
blue crystals of copper sulphate (CuSO4▪5H2O) used for copper plating to protect the wood from
rotting as well as the destruction of algae in pounds. During dehydration it turns into a colourless
anhydrous salt CuSO4 which easily absorb work getting in blue colour. Due to this property it is
used as a desiccant as well as the humidity indicator.
There were several cases of poisoning in sheep. Outbreaks occur more frequently in domestic
animals. That copper is the most common inorganic substances to cause poisoning in pets.
Revealing two types intoxication: chronic (long accumulation of copper in the liver) and acute (after
incorrect copper injection). Chronic copper poisoning. Pervasive nature occurs copper content
exceeds permissible limits. This leads to a sudden release of copper in circulation causing severe
liver damage, destruction of red blood cells and jaundice. Clinical copper poisoning. Symptoms
associated with chronic copper poisoning, which causes that the animal becomes very weak. Many
sheep spend time wandering aimlessly, with his head down, and no signs of activity. In the course of
the disease develop jaundice, anaemia, breathing becomes rapid and shallow. Toxic copper
accumulates in the liver usually within

Task 7 : Method Of An Copper Sulphate Solution Into A...
Task 7:
 Titrations:
Method:
1. Firstly you need to need to measure accurately 0.50g of your copper sulphate solution into a
100cm³ beaker
2. Then add about 50cm³ of distilled water ensuring you continue to stir until crystals have
dissolved. Then transfer the solution into a 100cm³ volumetric flask
3. Next rinse out the beaker with small amounts of distilled water and transfer the washings to the
volumetric flask to ensure none of the solution is wasted affecting the end result.
4. Once the beaker is sufficiently washed out make the volume in the flask up to the line with more
water. Then place a stopper in the flask and invert a few times to ensure the solution is mixed.
5. Then use a pipette and pipette filler to withdraw 10cm³of the solution and transfer it to a
100cm³conincal flask. Adding about 0.5g of solid potassium iodide to the conical flask ensuring to
swirl the contents so that the solution turns brown due to the formation of iodide with a beige
coloured precipitate of copper iodide.
6. Next fill a burette with 0.01mol of sodium thiosulphate ensuring you record the readings from the
burette and place them in an appropriate table.
7. Then add the sodium thiosulphate solution to the conical flask gradually until the iodine colour is
nearly removed. Then add 1cm³of starch solution and continue the titration until the blue–black
colour just goes. This indicates the end point.
8. Finally record the final burette reading and calculate the volume of sodium thiosulphate

Chemistry Internal Assessment
Chemistry Title: voltaic cell experiment a voltaic cell is a device made from connecting two
different metals together and immersing the combined piece into some sort of solution that creates
conductive atmosphere , the general purpose of a voltaic cell is to convert the chemical reaction
between the metals and the solution into an electrical charge , Hypothesis: the voltage produced by
magnesium and cupper = the sum of the voltage produced by magnasium and iron ; and iron and
cupper Variables: Independent variable: one metal use in one voltaic half cell: (half of the redox
reaction occurs at each half cell, Therefore, we can say that in each half cell a half reaction is taking
place , when the two halves are connect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From this we can argue that the errors I had during this experiment were not very big, and did not
affect my results too much. My result supports my

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Dye As An Alternative To...
In general all dyes were natural substances, derived mainly from plants and animals in ancient days.
In the 19th century natural dyes obtained from the plants and animal parts were the main colourants
for fabrics. The natural dyes present in plants and animals [1] impart colour to the fabric materials.
The awareness about the ecology and environment is increased nowadays. There is a greater need
today to revive the importance of natural dye and dyeing techniques as an alternative to synthetic
dyes. In the present scenario, the interest in the use of natural dyes has been growing rapidly due to
severe environmental standards resulted in avoiding the synthetic dyes, causing ill effects. These
standards are framed by many countries in response to toxic and allergic effects associated with the
synthetic dyes [2].
But the common drawbacks of natural dyes are their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bleached silk fabrics were dyed with dye extract. The wetted out silk samples were put into different
dye baths containing required amount of dye extract and water. After 10 minutes required amount of
sodium sulphate was added. After 20 minutes required amount of sodium chloride was added. The
dyeing was carried out for one hour at 50°C. The dyed samples were taken out, squeezed and used
for treatment with metal salts process. The dyed silk samples were treated with different metal salts
using 1–3% of any one of the chemical mordants, such as aluminium sulphate, nickel sulphate,
potassium dichromate, stannous chloride, copper sulphate and the myrobolan, at 60°C for 30 min in
material–to–liquor ratio of 1:20.
In all the above three methods, after the dyeing is over, the dyed samples were repeatedly washed
with water and then dried in air. Finally, the dyed samples were subjected to soaping with 2gpl soap
solution at 50°C for 10 min, followed by repeated water wash and drying under sun.
Determination of surface colour strength (K/S

The Effect of Catalyst an the Rate Of Reaction Essay
The Effect of Catalyst an the Rate Of Reaction
Chemistry Coursework
Does The Number of Drops of Catalyst Effect The Rate Of Reaction
Candidate Name: Ben Dodds
Candidate Number: 7158
School: Oundle School
Completion Date:
Introduction
We are studying the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid, the reaction is catalysed by copper
sulphate and this experiment is to test whether the amount of drops effect the rate of reaction.
Word Equation
Zinc(s) + Sulphuric acid(aq) à Hydrogen(g) + Zinc Sulphate(aq)
Symbol Equation
Zn + H2SO4 à H + ZnSO4
This reaction is catalysed by Copper sulphate (CuSO4)
Ionic Equation – Cancel Spectator ion (SO42–)
Zn + 2H+ à Zn2+ + H2
For this reaction to work there must be hard collisions between ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...

Then the time was taken for the reaction to produce 20 cm3 of hydrogen. The reaction was then
repeated with different drops of copper sulphate.
Variables and Things that are kept constant
===========================================
The variables are the number of drops of the catalyst, Copper
Sulphate1 Drop,
2 Drops,
5 Drops,
7 Drops,
10 Drops and
15 Drops.
The things that are kept constant are the amount of zinc, the number of solution and the strength of
the acid, mixing the distilled water and the 2M acids carefully to make 1M acids.
This is a fair test because the only thing that is changed is the drop of the copper sulphate and that is
what was measuring. We will be repeating the experiment to get a better average.
The only thing that can make his test unfair is the pressure and the temperature, if we wanted to be
more accurate we would put the reaction in a bath to keep the temperature constant as water heats up
a lot slower than air so during the time it takes to do the experiment the heat will remain the same.
Names and Quantities of the Solutions Used
==========================================
I will use 50cm3 1M Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4.To get 1M acid solution you add 25cm3 of Distilled
water and of sulphuric acid in either measuring cylinders or a graduated flask, which is more
accurate.
I will use Copper Sulphate, CUSO4 as the catalyst. I will use the following amounts of catalyst:
1 Drop,
2 Drops,
5 Drops,
7 Drops,
10 Drops and
15 Drops.

Activity Series Of Metals
The purpose of this lab was to analyze the reaction between various metals and ionic compounds to
test if they follow the Activity Series of metals. For the most part, our hypothesis was that when
metals and ionic compounds (sulphates) were combined, they will react according to the Activity
Series of metals. In our experiment we hypothesized that when magnesium metal and copper
sulphate combines, it will produce an aqueous solution of magnesium sulphate and copper metal.
When zinc metal and iron sulphate are combined, an aqueous solution of zinc sulphate and iron
metal is produced. When iron and tin chloride are combined, iron chloride and tin are formed. When
tin is combined with copper sulphate, an aqueous solution of tin sulphate and copper ... Show more
If we had a chance to change the experimental design and produce more accurate results, we would
change the amount of solution that were placed on the metals by adding more drops of the solution
to see if the metals needed more solution in order to have a reaction. We can also have a way to
make sure that the amount of metals and solutions are always controlled since we only made vague
or approximate units to measure such as "drops" or "pieces" to describe how much material we put
in. We would also clean off the tweezers after getting a new piece of metal to avoid contamination
or just drop the metal instead of placing it using tweezers in other experiments with other

Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater...
The treatment of surface wastewater is aimed at bringing contaminated water back to its previous
state for domestic use or otherwise. Some of the sources of wastewater include industrial effluents
from manufactures, agricultural effluents, agro–industrial as well as domestic wastewater from
sinks, bathtubs, toilets, and so on. Particles in the water from the various sources include bacteria,
organic matters, and sand which cause the water to be turbid or discoloured in appearance and have
an unpleasant odour.
As a result, the removal of the dissolved or suspended components from all these sources is critical
in wastewater treatment. This vital process includes coagulation and flocculation (both processes
work in tandem). In these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coagulation
Coagulation involves the addition of an electrolyte agent that is positively charged. This is added to
contaminated water to destabilize the colloidal suspension by combining with them to neutralize
their charges. Consequently, this prevents them from repelling each other. These neutral charged
particles are called pinflocs or microflocs and are now able to undergo flocculation for settling.
The most commonly used coagulants may be salts of aluminium based or iron based. Aluminium
based coagulants consist of sodium aluminate, poly–aluminium chloride (PAC) and aluminium
sulphate (alum). Iron coagulants are mainly ferric chloride, ferric chloride sulphate, ferrous sulfate
and ferric sulphate; also magnesium carbonate and hydrated sodium carbonate (lime) are used.
When these metal coagulants are added to water they rapidly undergo hydrolysis producing
hydrolyzed complexes that are multi–charged (example: bivalent 3+ charge). This gives the
aluminium and iron coagulants superior adsorption properties (causing the molecules to stick
together). The dissociation of two coagulants; Alum (aluminium sulphate and Ferrous sulphate)
when in water can be seen below.
Alum
Ferrous Sulphate
From the reactions above, the hydroxide ions (OH–) that will be generated from the compounds will
cause a change in pH of the water to becoming more basic. This then causes the Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)2
or Fe(OH)3 to form an insoluble precipitate along with

Copper Sulphate And Magnesium Sulphate Essay
Materials: Metals:
15 pieces of Cu(s) (copper)
7 pieces of Mg(s) (magnesium)
7 pieces of Zn(s) (zinc) Solutions:
H2O(l) distilled water
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
CuSO4(aq) copper (II) sulphate
ZnSO4(aq) zinc sulphate
MgSO4(aq) magnesium sulphate
SnCl2(aq) tin (II) chloride
ZnSO4(aq) zinc sulphate
FeSO4(aq) iron (II) sulphate
Tweezers
Two Spot Plates
Distilled Water Bottle
Safety Glasses
1 piece of paper
Pen / Pencil
Procedure:
1. Gathered all the required materials.
2. Put on safety glasses and made sure any loose clothing is tucked in.
3. Put a 15 pieces of copper with the tweezers on the spot plate in seven different spots.
4. Combined 15 drops of the copper sulphate with a metal.
5. Recorded any observations or if any reaction took place on a piece of paper.
6. Repeated the steps 1–3 with all the solutions that still need to go through the experiment.
7. Repeated the steps 1–4 for the metals that still needed to be placed in the experiment. (7 pieces of
Mg(s) and 7 pieces of Zn(s)).
8. Cleaned up work are and discarded waste into waste bucket.
9. Put materials in its correct place.
Results:
Table 1: The physical observations of the reactions of Cu(s), Mg(s) and Zn(s) with CuCl2(aq),
ZnSO4(aq), MgSO4(aq), SnCl2(aq), FeSO4(aq), HCl(aq) and H2O(l).

CuSO4 ZnSO4 MgSO4 SnCl2 FeSO4 HCl H2O
Mg bubbles, turns black slow reaction, turns black no reaction slow reaction, bubbles slow reaction,
bubbles, Mg turns black fast

Essay On Asd Children
How are Sulphate, B 12 and Tryptophan absorption in the body of ASD children? And How can this
help us understand ASD symptoms and detection? SULPHATE LOW blood plasma sulphate in 92%
of asd children. WARING 2001 and high sulphite in the urine. Waring explains how they started the
studies decades before in Waring 2010. And continues to describe how while investigating how
Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children metabolised paracetamol she discovered that to her
surprise children with ASD had low sulphite levels typically 10–15 percent of the control group.
This was perhaps the first piece of evidence that ASD has a biological cause and is not simply just in
the mind as had previously thought. It is also interesting that many people ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first stage in the sulphate production involves the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase (CDO). If CDO
has reduced activity then clearly the production of Sulphate will decrease. If this is the case with
those with ASD then the (CDO) would be less active. The CDO gene in humans is localised to
chromosome 5 (5q22–23). An analysis of 110 families with autism, where one sibling had ASD
suggested linkage on chromosomes 5 and 19. This indicates a genetic disorder that affects either the
absorption of nutrients or the carrying of the broken down nutrient through the Central nervous
system (CNS). B12 Yiting Zhang et al 2016 finds that vitamin B 12 is low in those with Autism.
This along with other studies that suggest a Casein and Gluten free diet and pilot study can help
alleviate symptoms of ASD. Which backs up the idea that ASD is, in fact, a biological issue that
affects the mind and body. These studies seem to indicate that those with ASD have an issue or
perhaps several issues that make the absorption or transfer of vital nutrients difficult. Resulting in
ASD symptoms. More research is needed to identify the precise areas of deficit and any potential
remedies or treatments. Symptoms of b 12 deficiency that could help explain or coincide with ASD
symptoms are: Light–headedness – could explain some symptoms such as odd behaviour or the need
to focus on things or

Reactions And Reactions Of Redox Reactions
Introduction:
Without the millions of chemical reactions that occur every day, life would be completely different.
An important class of common reactions includes those which involve the simultaneous transfer of
electrons between chemicals, commonly referred to as redox reactions or oxidation–reduction
reactions. Redox reactions are whole reactions composed of two different half reactions known as
oxidation (where electrons are lost) and reduction (where electrons are gained) (Chemguide, 2013).
When there is an increase in the oxidation state, the reaction is oxidation; when there is a decrease, it
is reduction. Oxidation cannot possibly occur without an affiliated reduction, and vice versa. Redox
reactions are notated as such:
Cu(s)  Cu2+ + 2e–
In the half–reaction above, a copper ion (with a plus 2 charge) is formed from the oxidation of solid
copper (with no charge). The "e–" in the equation is an electron which is free to reduce other
chemical atoms, such as in the half–reaction:
2Ag+(aq) + 2e–  2Ag(s)
Two electrons are added to the two silver ions in this half–reaction, in order to produce a solid silver.
These two half–reactions can be combined to form a redox equation as follows:
Cu(s)  Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
2 Ag+(aq) + 2e–  2Ag(s)
––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– –––
––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– ––– –––
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2e–  Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) + 2e–
OR
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
A

Determination Of Copper Sulphate Using Colorimetry Lab Report
Finding the concentration of an unknown sample of copper sulphate using colorimetry.
In this task the concentration of an unknown sample of copper sulphate using colorimetry was used
to find the concentration. In this investigation copper sulphate was used which is CuSO4.5H20 as a
formula. To make a standard solution which was 1M, the same clean equipment was used to make
up the standard solution as used to make sodium carbonate. However there was one difference and
that was that the hot distilled water was used to dissolve the copper sulphate crystals. There had to
be enough hot water in order to dissolve the crystals into the beaker and then add cold distilled water
to cool the solution.
After this, the solution was poured into a volumetric flask just about to the 1dm3 line and then it was
left there to cool to the same temperature as the room before filling precisely to the 1dm3 line with
distilled water. The molar mass of CuSO4.5H20 was 249.5 so that means 249.5g of copper sulphate
was needed to dissolve, in order to make a standard solution, into 1dm3of distilled water. Following
this, a linear dilution of the CuSO4.5H2O was made in order to be used to make a calibration curve
after using the colorimeter to write down the absorbance of each sample. A linear dilution is diluted
with distilled water in order for it to make the concentration weaker and weaker. For this
investigation, the dilutions made ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 M/l . It was essential to only make up
10cm3

Observing Double Displacement Reactions
Observing Double Displacement Reactions
Purpose:
The purpose of the lab is to determine and observe the different double displacement reactions that
occur when certain reactants are mixed. Double displacement reactions will be classified with the
use of indicators.
Introduction:
Chemical reactions occur very often in people's everyday lives. There are six main types of reaction.
These include decomposition reactions, synthesis reactions, single–displacement reactions, double
displacement reactions, combustion reactions, and nuclear reactions. Both single and double
displacement reactions can be broken down into more specific reactions. Single displacement
reactions can be classified as metal displacement, which is cation; and halogen displacement, which
is anion. Double displacement reactions will break into three different situations: formation of a gas,
formation of a solid (precipitate), and neutralization.
The lab is focused on the observation of double displacement reactions, as opposed to the other five
types. Double displacement reaction consists of two compounds, both with anions and cations,
reacting with each other. During the reaction, the positive cations of each compound switch places
with each other, creating two completely new compounds. Double displacement reactions generally
occur when both of the reactants are in aqueous form, or in other words, dissolved in water. When
determining the states of the products in a double displacement reaction, it

Determining The Ksp Value For Silver Acetate Essay
Determining the Ksp value for silver acetate.
Introduction:
An equilibrium constant for a solid substance that is dissolving in an aqueous solution is represented
by the solubility product constant, where the concentrations of different ions from the solid
substance (compound) are used to calculate the solubility product constant. If the solubility product
constant vale is high then the substance is very soluble in an aqueous solution. The solubility
product constant is denoted by Ksp, and for a common reaction: aA(s) ⇌ cC(aq)+dD(aq)T
The Ksp= [C(aq)]c[D(aq)]d
The concentration of the solid (aA) doesn't contribute to the equilibrium constant because their
concentration doesn't change the expression of the equilibrium constant. Any change in their
concentration isn't that important as the ions and therefore they are taken out of the expression,
hence, the solubility product constant represents the amount of solid that can be dissolved in a
solution.
One important effect on the solubility ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solution was swirled to induce precipitation, the swirling was for 30 minutes. The solution was
filtered through a dry filter paper and a dry funnel into a dry 250 ml beaker. The temperature of the
filtrate was then measured and recorded. A clean, dry burette was assembled and filled with the
potassium thiocyanate solution, the burette reading was recorded, then into a clean, 50 ml flask, 5.00
ml of the filtered silver acetate solution was pipetted. 30 drops of the indicator (saturated ferric alum
in 1.0 N HNO3), a few drop of the thiocyanate solution was added, then continued to be added
dropwise, with swirling after each addition, until one drop gives a permanent light orange colour.
The whole process of titrating silver acetate with potassium thiocyanate was repeated two more
times with batches of 5.00 ml of the saturated silver acetate

The Effect Of Iron Sulphate Concentration On The Growth Of...
A study on the effect of iron sulphate concentration on the growth of Triticum aestivum, as
measured by shoot length
Background:
For the plants development to carry out general processes, an example being photosynthesis,
required for life. There are different roles which can be changed, altered, removed or added that can
affect the plant, an example being an increase temperature, CO2. Iron is a micronutrient like iron,
used by plants for plant growth, it's role a key factor in enzyme present and able to carry out the the
processes and needed for the formation of chlorophyll. A reason as to why iron plays a key part in
the plants development, is due to the fact that the fundamental components of protein found in the
enzyme that controls a large sum of chemical reactions which happens in a plant. A study carried out
showed that iron aided in seed production needed for activity in enzymes, however in the correct
dosages.
A excess of iron can inhibit plant growth, also hindering photosynthetic electron transport. An
excess can also cause iron poisoning which causes the plants to change in colour from green to
yellow and the growth of the plant to be stunted. Increased levels of iron can similarly cause a huge
drop in plant's seed germination and iron intake
The plant experimented on, was wheat which is one of the world's most used products in creating
carbohydrate foods i.e. cereal. The discerning factor of wheat is that it carries more use in
comparison to rice or maize

Trout Fish
Heavy seasonal rain in rural areas has led to an increase of nutrient loads, from the topsoil into the
waterways. This can result in high concentrations of certain chemicals modifying aquatic plants,
quality of water affecting the health of trout fish. There are many probable causes resulting to the
death of trout fish, which could either be due to the fertiliser or the pH of the stormwater. The main
chemicals found in most fertilizer are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, known collectively as
NPK. They are the primary nutrients found in commercial fertiliser, each playing a key role in
helping the nutrition of the plant. However, the surrounding farms used a fertiliser rich in
ammonium, sulphate and phosphate. Due to the wide range of possible

Unknown Copper (II) Sulphate
Introduction
By using a spectrophotometer, we were able to measure the absorbance of Copper (II) sulphate with
increasing dilutions. From this we were able to create a graph showing the concentration as well as
the absorbance.
The Beer Lambert Law is the linear relationship between the absorbance and concentration. This has
a connection with the light behaviour as well because light behaviour effects the concentration and
absorbance. The more concentrated that a solution is, the less light passes through it.
Purpose
This lab allowed us to determine the concentration of an unknown Copper (II) sulphate solution.
This experiment was carried out in order to better understand the Beer–Lambert Law, from this lab
we proved that the higher the concentration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Papagapiou. The mean absorbance was used to graph, as seen in Figure 1.
I observed that the absorbency was decreasing. We were given the stock solution of 1.97 and we
were required to determine the rest. The absorbency was decreasing as the concentration was
decreasing, in other words, when more distilled water was being added.
Calculations
First, I calculated the concentration of the First Test Tube.
Compound: CuSO4 5H2O
Weight of compound: 249.68 g/mol m = 12.14 g v = 0.1 L
12.14 g x (1 mol)/(249.68 g) = 0.0486 mol
C = n/v =( 0.0486 mol)/(0.1 L) = 0.486 mol/L
Second Test Tube
C2 =

Recrystallisation and Chemical Separations Essay
Introduction:
Recrystallization is used for the purification of solid compounds. The recrystallization process relies
on the fact that majority of compounds are more soluble in hot solvent than in cold. The hot
saturated solution containing the compound will have unwanted impurities and will be filtered out
and cooled to produce the pure crystal constituents of the compound.
Thin layer chromatography can be used as a physical method to segregate compounds from natural
sources. E.g. Spinach leaves are visibly green, but consist of a variety of components that have more
colour than others. This experimental procedure uses compounds from spinach leaves that are
exposed to chromatography, TLC plate to indicate the different pigments ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Part C:
Clear silica gel turned visibly green once green food dye was added. The first band within column
(yellow) was collected after Nacl was added; methanol was added to the column to start the second
mobile phase which extracts the second band of (blue) liquid from the remaining silica gel + green
food dye solution. The column chromatography produced two beakers of blue and yellow from the
green food dye. Wavelengths of maximum absorption were calculated: yellow = 428nm; blue =
629nm; food dye green = 629 & 426nm.
Discussion:
Part A:
The warm water was added to the dehydrated mixture of table salt, sand and the copper sulphate.
The solution changed to a visibly blue homogenous colour. The sand and some of the copper
crystals that did not dissolve remained at the bottom of the beaker. A small amount of copper
sulphate residue was left in the collection funnel. The temperature of the solution was too high for
the mixture to bind and recrystallize; Ethanol was added to the mixture to lower solubility. The
beaker was then placed in a cooler for duration of 10mintues to decrease temperature and increase
the rate of recrystallization. When the beaker was removed from the cooler it was still visibly blue
indicating in was not a complete recovery. Recovered copper sulphate pentahydrate crystals were
solid, multi edged and uniform in assembly. High level of purity.

Part B:
The chromatogram involved

Gravimetric Analysis Of Sulfate
Quantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis
Table of Contents: 1. Synopsis
2. Objective
3. Theory
3.1: Summary
3.2: Technique
3.3: Chemicals
3.4: Instruments
4. Procedures
4.1: Precipitation of BaSO₄
4.2: Washing and Filtration of BaSO₄ Precipitate
4.3: Drying and Weighing of BaSO₄ Precipitate
5. Results and Calculations
6. Discussions
7. Conclusion
8. References
1. Synopsis:
This report is written about determining the quantitative amount of sulphate inside barium sulphate,
BaSO₄, using the method of gravimetric analysis. This quantitative determination is done by the
addition of a dilute solution of barium chloride slowly to a hot unknown sulfate solution ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The desiccator is a sealable enclosure that is used to preserve items sensitive to moisture in the open
air, such as cobalt chloride paper.
The digital analytical weighing balance is type of electronic balance made to measure small amounts
of mass up till several decimal figures. 4. Procedures:
In order to determine the quantitative amount of sulphate, the procedure that is split up into three

smaller sections. The first section is the precipitation of barium sulphate. The second section is the
washing and filtration of the barium sulphate precipitate. And, the third section is the drying and
weighing of the barium sulphate precipitate.
4.1 Precipitation of BaSO2: 1. Use the bulb filler and vacuum–assisted pipette to pipette 25ml of the
0.5% sodium sulphate solution into a 250ml beaker. 2. Add 50ml of water and 5 drops of
concentrated hydrochloric acid into the beaker. Note: Concentrated hydrochloric acid is highly
corrosive. Add the concentrated hydrochloric acid into the beaker while handling it in the fume hood
with protective gloves and goggles. 3. Heat the beaker until it is boiling. Use a glass rod to stir the
solution vigorously, while adding 10ml of 10% barium chloride solution from a measuring cylinder
drop–by–drop. 4. Use a watch glass to cover the beaker and adjust the heat to just below
temperatures. Leave it there to digest for 20 minutes. 5. To test for

Precipitation Reaction Lab Report
Investigating the Effect of Concentration of Reactants in a Precipitation Reaction When solutions of
two soluble salts are mixed, a solid may form. This solid is called a precipitate, and the reaction is
called a precipitation reaction. Precipitation reactions are used to make insoluble salts. In this
experiment you will be exploring how concentration of reactant effect the amount of product
(precipitate) being produced (RSC, 2015). Magnesium sulphate is known as Epsom salts. This is
because the water found at the spa at Epsom in Surrey contains this salt in quite high concentration.
Epsom salts are rarely used nowadays, but were used in medicine as a purgative (RSC, 2015).
Sodium carbonate is found naturally in high concentrations in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This was effectively completed by obtaining a number of data sets, calculating the average, then
producing a graph to visually illustrate the results. In regards to the hypothesis, it can be said that the
results are indeed supportive since a distinct positive relation between the variables can be observed.
As shown in the graph above, the (average) weight of the precipitate shares a directly proportionate
link with the volume of the Magnesium sulphate and Sodium carbonate solution. As expected in
almost any scientific investigation, errors of both systematic and random nature may have occurred.
These errors include, but are by no means limited to, inaccurate readings of measurement devices,
significant alterations in environment temperature, and incorrect ratios used to produce the solution.
First of all, the measuring cylinders used to measure the amount of liquid needed were read using
human judgement as a sign of when to stop. If these readings were not taken from a perpendicular
angle to the cylinder, the measurements may have been slightly inaccurate due to the observational
error that could have potentially occurred. Another possible error was temperature alterations. As
mentioned earlier, the temperature of the environment should've been monitored and kept at
standard room temperature (approx. 22°C). If the temperature experienced any significant changes
due to weather et cetera, then the chemical composition of the compounds may have

Gcse Controlled Assessment Report
GCSE Controlled Assessment Planning
Control Variables
Control Variables Effect on experiment if not controlled How the variable was controlled
Concentration of the acid The denser the solution, the slower the reaction. The slower the reaction,
the less copper is deposited in the given time period. Everyone used the same amount of copper
sulphate solution
Current passed through the circuit If it wasn't constant then the time, intervals wouldn't be equal. If
the current is larger, there will be more electrons flowing around the circuit and more copper will be
deposited. The use of a ammeter tells you the current stayed constant
Power Supply Effects voltage and current will change. The higher the voltage, the faster the ions
move. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also the top pan balance should be carefully wiped between readings to ensure that copper sulphate
solution, water or any other substance is not left on the balance from previous readings as this will
affect the reading.
I also must ensure that the cathode is properly dried before it is weighed so that we can obtain an
accurate result. And finally I must make sure that the electrodes are exposed to the same amount of
copper sulphate solution so they must be immersed to the same depth and in an equal amount of
copper sulphate solution each time.
The diagram below shows a labelled circuit which is used for the experiment. This is set up by
collecting all equipment needed and attaching the DC power supply to the ammeter with a wire this
is all connected to the anode and cathode with a red and black wire to differentiate between the two
electrodes. The two electrodes are shown to be placed in a beaker of copper sulphate

The Use Of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate ( Sds ) Polyacrylamide...
Feedback/Response
The overall feedback was to state the aim and conclusion clearly, include more in–text citations and
references and be more detailed in elements of experimental errors. This feedback was taken into
account, as I have included more in–text citations and references, expanded on experimental errors
in more detail and ensured my aim and conclusion is clear.
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to identify the class of immunoglobulins using, sodium
dodecyl sulphate (SDS) Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE); by making deductions about
the structure and molecular organisation of the protein. The experiment was conducted to calculate
the unknown molecular mass for reduced and non–reduced immunoglobulin, using SDS–PAGE by
measuring the distance migrated. Even though the method is intrinsically inaccurate, it's enough to
deduct the class of immunoglobulin using Mr The experiment displayed that the distance migrated
decreased as the molecular mass (Mr) increased. Based on the number of bands visible on the gel, it
was concluded that sample A was reduced with 2 bands; heavy chain with Mr of 52.939 kDa and
light chain with Mr of 23.470 kDa. Whereas the B sample was non–reduced, with a total molecular
mass of 152.415 kDa. This illustrates that both reduced and non–reduced immunoglobulins are of
class IgG.
Introduction
The SDS–PAGE technique is used to identify immunoglobulins. As Shi and Jackowski (1998)
explain; electrophoresis is a process of

Hydration Of Magnesium Sulphate

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