Anatomy And Physiology Research Paper

Anatomy And Physiology Research Paper
Anatomy and Physiology is the study of the human body. Anatomy is the study of the internal and
external structure of body parts. Physiology is the study of the function of those body parts. In an
anatomy and physiology course you will examine the body parts and the way that these body parts
function together to keep us alive. The definition of homeostasis is the means or ability to keep the
body stable in order to compensate for environmental changes. A really good example of
homeostasis is the body keeping the average temperature of 98.6 degrees. Homeostasis is important
because cells rely on the body to live and operate. Homeostasis keeps the body environment under
control and keeps the environment right for cells to live and operate. Without ... Show more content
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There are positive feedback mechanisms and negative feedback mechanisms. Positive feedback is a
closed system that occurs in a feedback loop and the response of the system relies on the feedback
system to function. A good example of this would be a blood clot. When a vessel is harmed,
platelets begin to stick to the harmed site and discharge chemicals that pull in more platelets. The
platelets keep on heaping up and discharge chemicals until a coagulation is formed and you now
have a blood clot. Negative feedback is a response that causes a decline in its function. It is a
reaction to some kind of stimulus. It usually causes the output of a system to lessen which in turn
tends to stabilize the system. The skin protects underlying tissues and organs, excretes salts, water,
and organic wastes. It also regulates your body temperature. The hair protects your scalp from UV
rays, cushions blows to the head, and insulates the skull. Nails protect the sensitive tips of your
fingers and your toes. Exocrine glands keep the skin oily, produce sweat, and secrete earwax to keep
the ear from drying out. Ensure the body's inner living tissues and
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The Clay Learning System-Maniken in My Anatomy and...
x
In terms of students impacted, I have at least 90 student each year that take Anatomy and
Physiology. Every student would use the equipment and materials regardless if they were special
education or gifted. My Anatomy and Physiology classes have every academic level represented,
and all of these students will have access to the equipment and activities. I could also use the Clay
Learning System/Maniken in my AP Biology course when it comes to the Animal System Unit.
Additionally, I have a large number of students each year who plans to pursue careers in the medical
field after high school. And, I believe these resources will afford them a tremendous opportunity in
preparing of those goals.
Clay modeling is an appropriate alternative to animal dissection for my students as it employs
cooperative learning opportunities and a kinesthetic approach that is essential for their learning. The
Anatomy in Clay has the potential to be used for almost every body system covered in Human
Anatomy and Physiology. x The human Maniken clay–sculpting experience may be more effective
than an animal dissection because the human–clay sculpting experience will engage the students
more actively and is more relevant to the human body.
In my human anatomy teaching laboratories, the animal dissection experience generally emphasizes
the isolation and identification of anatomical structures. This approach contrasts with that I hope the
students will do with human–clay sculpting. By creating the

Physiology Assignment
Physiology
Assignment
Physiology
Assignment
Short term responses
One short term response when playing basketball is when your face starts to go red, this happens
because the body gets too hot and it tries to cool the body down by bringing blood to the surface of
the skin to let some heat out and the skin also produces sweat to let out heat, therefore the skin
surface goes red. Another short term response to physical activity is that your breathing rate and
heart rate increases, the reason this occurs is because the muscles are being made to work harder and
as a result of that the muscles need more oxygen so therefore you need to breathe in more oxygen
and breathe out more carbon dioxide to keep the muscles going. Another short ... Show more content
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The increase in oxidative capacity is achieved by an increase in the number of mitochondria (An
organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration
and energy production occur.) within the muscle cells, an increase in the supply of ATP and an
increase in the quantity of enzymes involved in respiration. Another long term change that occurs
due to training is that the heart gets larger; the result in the change is due to increased stress on the
heart. The extra work of pumping blood against the increased pressure causes the heart wall to
thicken over time, the same way a body muscle increases in mass in response to weightlifting. A
long term change in the cardiovascular system as a result of training is that the resting heart rate gets
lower, the cardiovascular response happens because a person that has been training for a long time
has a lower heart rate because through exercise, they have a stronger heart; meaning that an athlete 's
heart can pump more blood and more oxygen out with one pump than a non–athlete 's heart could.
Another long term response in the cardiovascular system is that the blood supply increases, this
change is due to your body needing more oxygen because you are exercising, your muscles and all
your body organs are needing more energy and oxygen, this is because your body is working more
than usual. Your body needs to do many things such as sweat, which helps you cool down, and to

Elliptical Muscle Physiology Lab Report
How to use an elliptical Tone Thighs
Millions of people hit the gym in the United States each year to tone their bodies. A major problem
area for many people is their thighs. Toned thighs is seen as a sign of a healthy and muscular body
of individuals concerned with body image. You can use an elliptical to tone your thighs without
adding a significant amount of muscle.
Instructions
Ward back pain and excessive muscle accumulation through low resistance levels on the elliptical.
You should begin your elliptical sessions at the lowest possible resistance to relieve your legs in the
peculiarities of this machine.
To avoid a narrow focus on your quadriceps and hamstrings by keeping the elliptical ramp level is
low. Ramp rate should fluctuate

The Discovery Of A New Science
The Discovery of a New Science
A Brief History
Physiology has piqued human curiosity for thousands of years. In the early centuries, examination
and dissection of the human body was a taboo practice and consequently became mired due to
ethical or religious concerns. Scientist had no choice but to undertake inconceivable acts, such as
grave robbery in the name of learning and educating. They carried out dissections in secrecy. Human
physical and mental health practices have greatly benefitted because of the discoveries made by
these scientists' acts, once considered immoral.
The history of physiological psychology spans throughout centuries. Its origins are traceable back to
times before Christ. Several instances set the framework, which facilitated the development and
growth of physiology as one of the numerous subdivisions of psychology. There are three important
periods and several people that established this field. Contributors include Avicenna (980–
1037B.C.), Rene Descartes during the renaissance and several key contributors during the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The breakthroughs in these periods developed a new science
and led the way to the creation of other related subdivisions of psychology. Physiological
psychology is one among several subdivisions of biological psychology. This branch of psychology
is concerned with the response of normal and pathological processes of the central nervous system
(CNS). Physiological psychology mainly

Physiology: Human Body and Word Limit Essay
Your assignment now follows. Please read on.
PART1
LO1: KNOW THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING OF THE HUMAN BODY
Deliverables
(What you should do in this task)
Explain:
1. Cellular metabolism
Hint: Review utilization of O2, production of CO2, H+, and ATP.
2. How the body achieves homeostasis of the internal fluid environment through excretion of waste
products of metabolism.
Hint: Relate this to lung and kidney functions.
3. The role of the endocrine system in cellular metabolism (Give 2 examples)
4. Give 2 examples of abnormal growth (Hint: overweight/obesity; underweight)
Assessment criteria:
To fulfill this learning outcome, use the following as your guide an do the tasks above.
1. Outline the main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deliverables
A 25 year old civil servant has been referred to you for routine screening. He has a busy stressful
schedule at work, and you have been asked to perform a medical examination to certify him fit for
employment.
His anthropometric data are as follows:
BM–196 lb; Ht–63in; Waist circumference: 38in
Comment on the above figures.
Calculate his BMI and explain the significance of your findings to his health.
What further tests/measurements would you do to ensure fully normal cardiovascular health? Justify

your choice of measurements.
How would your findings inform care planning for this young man?
Assessment criteria
To fulfill this learning outcome, use the following as your guide , in doing the task above.
1. Explain the recording and use of routine measures in health and social care.
2. Assess how routine measures provide information about body functioning 3. Examine how
information about body functioning may inform care planning for individuals
Merit criteria:
1. Has analyzed the data and given the right interpretation to the findings.
2. Has explained each step of the calculation and measurements, and has analyzed the findings.
Distinction criteria:
Has identified further tests to order and justified the tests.
Has effectively used literature information to support the rationale for further testing
Word limit:650. Do not

Session 5 Anatomy and Physiology Lab Report
Joints and Body Movements
Laszlo Vass, Ed.D. Version 42–0014–00–01
Lab RepoRt assistant
This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report
Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment's questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables
that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students' writing of lab
reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.
Purpose:
What is the purpose of this exercise?
The learn about the different joints our bodies consist of and how those joints help our bodies
function and move.
Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what ...
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Each work together to keep a stable living environment for our bodies. The homeostasis of our
bodies are dependent on each function working properly and well together.
–––––––––––––––––––––––
Joints and Body MoveMents
Joints and Body MoveMents
Experiment
Experiment
159
159
©Hands–On Labs, Inc.
©Hands–On Labs, Inc.

www.LabPaq.com

The Respiratory System And The Physiology Behind Pulmonary...
DECLARATION
I hold a copy of this assignment that I can produce if the original is lost or damaged.
I hereby certify that no part of this assignment/product has been copied from any other student's
work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made in the assignment. No
part of this assignment/product has been written/produced for me by another person except where
such collaboration has been authorised by the subject lecturer/tutor concerned.
Signature: Reuel Avishek Mudliar Date: 20/10/14
PRACTICAL REPORT: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The complexity of the respiratory system and the physiology behind pulmonary respiration can be
considered extraordinary high. Within the single system, individual organs, actions and co–
ordinations are culminated to equate in the survival of humans. The respiratory system carries out
many roles within the body; control of bodily pH, aid in speech production and olfaction, regulation
of blood pressure and promotion of venous and lymphatic flow. Although these function are
necessary to optimally function, the exchange of gases from the internal bodily environment to the
external bodily environment is the most important function and role of the respiratory system
(Martini, Ober, Nath 2011).
Control of respiration is both voluntary and involuntary, the respiratory system is predominately
controlled by the autonomic nervous system centralized in the brainstem. The centres specifically
responsible are the

Essay on The Physiology of Fitness
BTEC Level 3 Unit 2: The Physiology of Fitness Describe the musculoskeletal and energy systems
response to acute exercise. What is an acute response? An acute response is an immediate response
to exercise. Acute exercise will last throughout the full length of your training session. During the
training session our bodies begin to respond to the exercises we are doing and begin to feel the
changes within our bodies and mind due to physical strain and stress of the physical activity in lots
of different ways. Musculoskeletal response Increased blood supply: the increased blood supply
occurs in the body due to the increase in demand for more oxygen and this is due to the working
muscles needing more oxygen and energy during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ATP–P system doesn't provide a lot of energy but it is used for quick and powerful movements.
For example: A 100m runner would use the ATP–PC system due to the fact that the athlete would
need a short powerful burst of movement to be able to get off the blocks quickly. Another example
of this energy is for a shot putter. They would use this energy system because they don't need a lot of
energy for their sport, all they need is a short powerful burst of energy to be able to get a strong,
powerful thrown and to be able to throw the shot–putt a long way. All these different sporting
examples last up to 8–10 seconds and this is the energy production. The speed of energy production
for Phosphocreatine is very fast, although the amount of ATP produced is very limited. The time it
takes to recover from the ATP–PC energy system is 30 seconds up to 4 minutes. The
phosphocreatine works when your body is working at high intensity at around 90–100%. The
strengths of the Phosphocreatine system is because the source is stored in the muscles and liver so it
can produce energy very quickly using a short burst. This means that there will be a higher force of
contraction. There are also no waste products within this system. Another advantage/strength of this
energy system is the recovery time. Phosphocreatine recovery time is shorter than the

Plant Physiology: The Shockwave Petunia Series Essay
"The shockwave petunia series has found its niche as the only small–flowered spreading series from
seed. They are one of the earliest to flower in the spreading petunia class, and they yield a
proliferation of 1 1/2 – 2" blooms that blanket the mounded plants." (Harris, 2014).
Plant Physiology
Pigments are chemical compounds, which reflect and absorb only certain wavelengths of visible
light. Because pigments interact with light to absorb only certain wavelengths, pigments are useful
to plants and other autotrophs, which make their own food through the process of photosynthesis.
(Unknown author,1997).
Chlorophylls (refer to appendix) contain a porphyrin ring. This is a stable ring–shaped molecule and
electrons are free to migrate." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within each vein, the xylem can be seen on top of the phloem. (ASBiology101, 2013).
Xylem tissue consists of the xylem vessels to transport water and dissolved minerals; fibres to help
support the plant and cells. These are long cells with thick walls impregnated with lignin (see
appendix). "Lignin in the walls in spiral circled patterns allows xylem to stretch as the plant grows
and enables the stem or branch to bend and makes the cells waterproof, and this causes the cells to
die, so their contents and end walls decompose, leaving a hollow tube of dead cells."
(ASBiology101, 2013).
The function of phloem is to transport sugars from one part of the plant to another and occur in both
directions. Phloem tissue consists of two types of cell: sieve tube elements and companion cells.
The sieve tubes transport mainly sucrose, which is dissolved in water to form sap. The tube contains
cross–walls called sieve plates, at intervals, with many pores to allow the sap to flow between. The
sieve tubes are small cells, each with a large nucleus, and dense cytoplasm. These are companion
cells. "Because of their many active processes, they have large numbers of mitochondria to produce
the required amount of ATP. These cells carry out the metabolic processes using the ATP energy,
such as loading the sucrose in the tubes." (ASBiology101, 2013).
Photosynthesis
"Photosynthesis is the process of capturing light energy and converting it to sugar

Disadvantages Of Athletic Training
ATHLETIC TRAINING
The era of athletic training began in the United States in the year of 1881. At that time the term
"Athletic trainer" referred to a professional who took care of athletes. Athletic trainers helped the
athletes to recover from injuries such that they can contribute more to the game; athletic trainers are
not only helpful after the injury as they also help the athletes to prevent them from any injuries or
disabilities. Since in today's world every sport is getting tougher and tougher it is very necessary to
have a good athletic trainer in your team so that any injury occurred can be taken care of. There is
also an association named as the National Athletic Trainer's Association for improving the services
rendered by Athletic Trainers.
Details of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kinesiology mainly concentrates on muscles, actions their origins, and insertions.
Nutrition– Nutrition is a course which mainly puts emphasizes on basic nutritional concepts and
principles, their application to personal health and relationship between food and its use by the
human body for regulation, energy, structure, and good health. Discussion of problems in nutrition
during different stages of the life cycle and specific chronic diseases will be addressed.
Therapeutic Modalities– Therapeutic Modalities is a course which looks into the background of
clinical application of therapeutic modalities in training of athletes. Students will need to understand
the theories, physiological effects, safety measures, precautions and contraindications of different
therapeutic modalities used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries.
Acute Care of Injury and Illness– Acute care of injury and illness is a particular course which
mainly puts emphasize on the techniques are adopted in times of emergencies such as sudden illness
due to participation in a particular sport.
Graduate assistant

Anatomy And Physiology: The Anatomical Position Of The...
Anatomy and physiology are like two sides of a sheet of paper: they describe the study of different
things, but yet they are so closely related. Simply put, anatomy is the study of the structure of body
parts, whereas physiology is the study of the functions and relationships of body parts (Tortora &
Derrickson, nd, pg. 1). There is a commonly used language of special terms that health–care
professionals and scientists use when referring to body functions and their functions (Tortora &
Derrickson, nd, pg. 12). For example, the erect position of the body with the face directed forward,
the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward, used as a reference in describing the
relation of body parts to one another, would be defined as the Anatomical Position (Tortora &
Derrickson, nd, pg. 12). In order for various body structures to be located properly, specific
directional terms must be applied. Directional terms are "words that describe the position of one
body part relative to another." For example, towards the lower part of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, if I woke up this morning with a pain in my lower left abdomen, located next to my
belly button, and throughout the day my pain continues to increase to the point where I feel the need
to go to the emergency room. Using the following Anatomical and directional terms, I would
describe having pain in the LLQ. Which is the Lower Left Quadrant of the abdomen. There are
several major organs in this quadrant including: Ovary (women), Uterus (women), Bladder, large
and small intestines, and the prostate (men) (Tortora & Derrickson, nd, pg. 20). Yet at the same time
it could be a referred pain, meaning having a problem in one part of the body may instead be felt
elsewhere in the body as

Anatomy And Physiology
Detailed plan of to include aims and objectives
Explain what is meant by anatomy and physiology
Anatomy is the branch of biology which describes the structure of the body and the relationship of
one part to another.
Physiology is the study of how each part functions. Outline the components of the circulatory
system, including blood
The essential components of the circulatory system are, the heart, blood and blood vessels, it is
means by which food and oxygen are carried around the body, it includes the pulmonary circulation,
the blood travels through the lungs where blood is oxygenated, and the systematic circulation,
through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. (Wikipedia ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The heart has valves to prevent blood from flowing backs into the heart, there are two types of
valves, 1. the atrioventricular valves called the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve or bicuspid
valve.
2. The semilunar valves, the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve.
The SA node sets the pace of the heart, the AV node picks up the signal from the SA node and send
it to the AV bundle (bundle of his). The AV bundle is a strand of that runs through the septum and
into the interventricular septum, it splits into the left and right branches in the interventricular
septum until they reach the apex of the heart.
Branching off to the left and the right bundle branches are many of the purkinje fibers that Carry the
signal to the walls of the ventricles, causing the cardiac muscle to contract (systole) and relax
(diastole) to pump the blood out of the heart. (Inner body

Running And Physiology
In our physiology we had to take our heart rate before and after our run. Every day we ran in the
morning and afternoon. Some days we either ran the same course or we would switch it up and run a
different course.
Basically, running is strength training because we would run either up or down the stairs or around
the school, or in the middle of the school outside. In my observations I always said that after running
my heart would at least go up twice as much as my before heart rate. Since day one we had to do the
physiology. Every day we ran I had a really fast heart rate.
Running can improve your heart health because it gets blood rushing through your system. Also,
you get lots of oxygen running through your body. It can impact your life

Reflective Essay On Human Physiology
When I decided to take human physiology in delta. I wasn't sure if I was going to do well in class.
Most of my friends who previously took the class told me not to take it in delta because all the
instructor who teaches physiology are all bad. But when I started the class I realized that those
students who said to not take it in delta where students who never tried in the first place. It turns out,
the instructor I was taking in human physiology name Mr.Tommy, was one of the best teacher I've
come across throughout the years I've been in school and although he was dubbed by most of the
students who previously took him as a bad teacher. I find Mr. Tommy to be a good teacher because
he was respectful, inspiring and creative. Mr.Tommy was a very respectful teacher. I like how he
treats his students. He respects us even though the grade we received in his class is very low. Most
of the students who took his class average a very low score. Yet despite the outcome of the grade he
is always respectful to all his student. Whenever I had a hard time understanding the lecture and I
ask a question to him. He doesn't give you that look that other teacher does. Some teacher makes
students feel like they are stupid as a result student get intimidated to ask questions. Instead of
asking important question students rely on other sources which is not very helpful. Mr. Tommy
knows that by nature of his class is hard so in a student perspective, he knows all the frustration we
feel. In

NPB 101L Physiology Lab Report Sample
The conceptual overview, along with the experimental procedures are found in the NPB 101L
Physiology Lab Manual 2nd Edition. More specifically, pages 55 to 63 provided a full insight to all
the experiments in the respiratory lab. In addition, a list of required materials was given for every
experiment. The authors of this lab manual were Erwin Bautista and Julia Korber. As for data
acquisition, the BIOPAC software was used to collect and record data for all the trials. Furthermore,
the teaching assistants had calibrated each station prior to initiating the lab exercises. For the
entirety of the respiratory lab, a human subject was used in all the experiments. A 22–year–old
female was the participant for the first two experiments regarding ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The same method was utilized to find expiratory reserve volume. Except, the I–beam cursor was
dragged in–between the trough of a normal and maximum exhalation. As for tidal volume, it was
discovered using the absolute value between the peak and the trough of a normal wave. The last data
to be found using the BIOPAC was the subject's vital capacity. Here, the I–beam cursor was dragged
from the peak of the maximum inhalation to the trough of maximum exhalation. Other vital
information that can be extracted from the BIOPAC software was the respiratory rate of the subject.
Counting every wave peak for the last 30 seconds and multiplying the value by 2 yielded the
respiratory rate. Having these information, minute ventilation can now be calculated by multiplying
respiratory rate with tidal wave volume. This led to the calculation of alveolar ventilation since the
formula is minute ventilation minus dead space volume. In order to find out the subject's dead space
volume, her weight was multiplied with the respiratory rate. Moving on to Part 2 of the respiratory
lab, the experiment was designed to observe the difference between length of breath–hold and
ventilation type. These ventilation types consist of normal breathing, re–breathing, and
hyperventilating. The second component to part 2 was to see a correlation between the

Exercise Physiology And Training Programs
Exercise Physiology and Training Programs.
Research Report
The contents included in this report will outline; the meaning of fitness, components of fitness,
measurements and evaluation of physical performance capacities, the three energy systems, oxygen
consumption and delivery, training methods and training principles.
2
Table of contents
Contents
Table of contents 1
Part A 2
Introduction 2
Part B 2
Touch analysis 2
Part C 3
Fitness components and energy systems 3
Part D 3
Process and effects of training 3
Part E 4
Evaluation and conclusion 4
Bibliography 5
Appendices 6
Appendix 1 6
Appendix 2 7
Part A
Introduction
Exercise physiology, as explained by exercise.com, is the study of how the body reacts to physical ...
Part B
Touch analysis
Touch Football was only formalized in the 1970's and is now played in all of Australia. Coaches of
Rugby teams used variations of for offseason activities. The game came to be known as Touch

Rugby/Football, now simply known as touch. The main differences in the rules of the game of touch
and rugby league is that there is no tackling you have to touch the attacking player instead, kicking
is not allowed, the dummy half cannot get touched and the ball is not allowed to drop to the ground.
In the game of touch there are three positions and two players at each position on the field, the
positions are middle, link and wing. The main roles for the middle are to ruck/drive the ball down
the field in attack and to close down the defence. The predominant energy system used at a
professional level is the lactic acid system but as they are subbed off regularly and at a senior high
school level we do not have the luxury of enough players to sub on the energy system used changes
to the aerobic system. Knowledge of rucking patterns and organisation helps make a great middle.
The key roles in the position of link are to set up tries for the wing position and controlling the
defensive and offensive line. The focal energy system used by the link position is the lactic acid
system. The ability to find gaps in the defence separates good links from great ones.
Lastly, the wing position, finishes off the set plays by scoring

The Physiology Of The Lungs
Physiology of the Lungs There are several factors that oppose and promote alveolar collapse,
including the transmural pressure gradient, pulmonary surfactant, alveolar interdependence (all
opposing factors), alveolar surface tension and the elasticity of stretched pulmonary connective
tissue fibres (promoting factors). I will discuss these different aspects of lung physiology here.
Transmural Pressure Gradient and Elasticity of Stretched Pulmonary Connective Tissue Fibres
There are three important pressures involved in respiration. These are the atmospheric, intra–
alveolar and intrapleural pressures. The atmospheric pressure sits relatively constant at
approximately 760mmHg, and is simply the pressure exerted by the atmospheric air at sea level.1
The intra–alveolar pressure is the pressure within the alveoli, which varies in different stages of the
respiratory cycle, but eventually equates with the atmospheric pressure. Upon inspiration, the chest
wall expands outwardly and the diaphragm contracts downwards, pulling the lungs with them and so
forcing the alveoli open. The pressure within the alveoli falls and air enters the lungs down the
pressure gradient. On expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and the chest wall and stretched lungs will
recoil to their pre–inspiratory size due to their elastic properties. This recoil causes the intra–alveolar
pressure to rise and so air will leave the lungs following the pressure gradient until the intra–alveolar
pressure is equal to that of

Exercise Physiology Of Ski Racing Essay
Task 2: Exercise Physiology
Ski racing is a sport where you race quickly down a ski slope around gates. There are short–term
effects whilst performing the sport and long term from training.
1. Short Term Responses
Cardiovascular Respiratory Muscular
Heart rate increases
Body temperature increase, particularly in the face. Respiration rate increases Muscle Pain
Heart rate increase:
During a race your muscles are contracting very frequently and working very hard, especially the
leg muscles, this means a lot of oxygen and waste removal is required to keep the muscles working.
Blood delivers oxygen to the muscles and helps to remove wastes such as lactic acid, during a race
the heart rate increases to perform these tasks. This affects my sport as the increased heart rate
allows muscles to contract more frequently and last longer without burning and feeling like 'jelly',
by providing them with more oxygen and waste removal you can therefore work harder and perform
to a higher level.
Body temperature increase:
For muscles to work at a high level and contract frequently they require energy, this energy is
obtained by burning fuels in a chain of chemical reactions. Heat is a by–product of these reactions
and they cause the body temperature to increase. Heat is released predominantly by blood vessels
coming to the skins surface, particularly in the face; this is because much of the heat energy is
carried away from the muscles by the blood. After a race, which is

Anatomy And Physiology Essay
How we came to know what we know now about anatomy and physiology has always been a great
curiosity of anyone interested in the medical field. Knowing the history can lead to even more
discoveries in the future. When you think of anatomy you imagine something like this picture below.
But here is where it all began....
The beginning of anatomy and physiology, ironically, began with a curiosity in biology. The first
man to create an important contribution to biology was Alcmaeon, in the 5th century, BC. He was
the first scientist to have worked with dissection. His focus was in trying to find out from where and
how human intelligence came to be. His research never intended to be anatomical. He merely
stumbled upon anatomical research. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is famous for his dissection of apes and pigs, it is said he never once dissected a human cadaver.
He believed apes were anatomically identical to humans. His work was never questioned until 100's
of years later when, Vesalius, a Renaissance anatomist showed people the difference between apes
and humans. He discovered more than 200 differences. In 1540, Vesalius showed exactly what
Galen was wrong about. Galen's work was much respected regardless. He got a lot right, but also a
fair amount wrong . For example, he stated that apes had hearts with 3 ventricles, as did humans.
During the Renaissance era, slicing open human cadavers was approved by many people, but
unfortunately a lot of professors bypassed the idea. Vesalius was a very dedicated man. He did
dissect criminals, but he also managed to snatch the bodies himself. Based on his research, Vesalius
created a very detailed book called De Humani Corporis Fabrica.(The Structure of the Human
Body). This was the most famous anatomy book of that era.
Just like Galen, Hippocrates never once dissected a human cadaver. He stated that "dissection was
unpleasant if not cruel," as stated on page 53 of the book Stiff by Mary Roach. Hippocrates believed
tendons to be nerves and believed the brain was a mucous secreting gland. Hippocrates was dubbed
the Father of Medicine.
In 1489 to 1515, Leonardo da Vinci, began to illustrate anatomical features. He is ordered to stop
dissecting in 1515 by

Questions On Advanced Physiology Of Exercise
KIN 560 – Advanced Physiology of Exercise
Exam 1
Please type all your responses in this word document.
Save the document with your last name in the file name (e.g., "KIN 560 Exam 1_Sollanek").
SAVE OFTEN AS YOU WORK. UNFORTUNATLEY, LOST WORK AS A RESULT OF
COMPUTER CRASHES IS NOT A VALID EXCUSE.
You must answer question #1.
Of the remaining questions (#2 – #12), please answer any 7 you wish to tackle.
In total, you will answer 8 of the 12 questions below.
You do not need to write a book; however, you need to make sure you answer the question being
asked in sufficient detail. Show me what you know. But keep an eye on the clock. You have around
15 mins to answer each question.
Once complete, upload your word document into the Moodle assignment where you downloaded
this word document from. Make sure you scroll down and hit the submit button.
1. Using examples from the topics in the lectures and article presentations we have had so far,
identify and explore a unifying theme of this material.
A unifying theme of the material thus far is skeletal muscle adaptation. We have looked at the
adaptations of resistance exercise using body builders as our prime example compared to
adaptations in endurance athletes such as marathon runners as well as sprinters. In the article
presentations, we have also looked at diet manipulation and timing of exercise (once a day vs twice
daily) and the effects on training responses. We know that the load and ATP demand play a

Medical Physiology
It's cold, lifeless body lay in front of me in a metal tray as my body hovered over it. The body was
stiff; unmoving, as it reeked of formaldehyde.
But let's not start there, lets go back a little. It was my fourth year at Michigan Tech's Summer Youth
Programs. This year I chose to take Medical Physiology. I wonder when I'm getting my degree, I
comically thought to myself with a snicker. Medical Physiology was delightfully fun actually,
learning about the different bones in our body and different systems. Although it was mostly a result
of all the dissections we were doing. Which we were in the middle of one right now.
The pale mink lay in front of six people, unaware of what horrors it's body is going to be going
through in death. I felt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another group next to us was attempting to cut the skull open to examine what the brain looked like.
"We should try that too!" A group member chimed in.
"No!" Yelled myself and a few other members.
"That's so cruel! How about we just do not do something that horrible?" There was a unison of "all
right's" and the dissection continued, without us cutting into his skull.
As the dissection headed toward its end, we inspected and identified his organs. We took out his
heart, liver, and intestines. Laying them out on the tray and taking out some more. Wow, I could go
for some noodles right now, I contemplated to myself, making plans on getting some Fettuccine
Alfredo once dinner rolled around.
Once fully done we cleaned up and talked amongst ourselves. The South Korean kids talked to their
friends and I talked to Mary and Minshik.
"So you watch," he began as he pointed to my Attack On Titan shirt.
"Attack On Titan?" I asked

Anatomy And Physiology Study Guide
1. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology
Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape for the body and its parts and their relationship to
one another. Anatomy is most commonly related to gross anatomical studies because in these studies
preserved animals and their organs are dissected and examined. And microscopic anatomy is the
study of body structures that can only be seen through a microscope. Physiology is the study of how
the body and its parts work or function. Physiology is similar to anatomy in a way that they have
many subdivisions. Physiology has; neurophysiology which explain the function of the nervous
system. It also has cardiac physiology which is the study of the heart. Anatomy and Physiology are
related because it helps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next is movement which is the activities promoted by the muscular system. The next is
responsiveness which is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then react to them. The
next is digestion which is the process of breaking down foods into simple molecules. The next is
metabolism which is the chemical reaction that occurs within the body by breaking down complex
substances into simpler building blocks. The next is excretion which is the process of removing
waste from the body. The next is reproduction which is the production of offspring. The last is
growth which is the increasing size of the number of

A Career In The Medical Field
From a young age, my dreams of the future have always focused on a career in the medical field. I
would dress up like a doctor and run around putting band aids on everything, filling out charts, and
tapping people's knees to check their reflexes. My pediatrician, Dr. Kyle, unfailingly made sure I
was comfortable and was capable of helping me calm down when I was worried about getting a
shot. She made my yearly check–ups fun and I looked forward to seeing her. She consistently asked
me what I wanted to be when I grow up and when I admitted I wanted to be a doctor, she
encouraged me to pursue medicine. Initially, I aspired to be an equestrian veterinarian, but realized I
would prefer patients who could speak to me and answer my questions. From there my career
ambitions flourished and I considered a career as a coroner, anatomy and physiology teacher, and an
orthopedic surgeon. Many things have motivated me in pursuing a career in the medical field:
personal motivation, life experiences, inspiring teachers, and most importantly, my passion for
science.
All of my life I have striven to prove ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since my freshmen biology class, I have filled my schedule with as many science classes as I could
take such as marine biology, psychology, and medical terminology. These classes open doors in my
future for the large variety of science–related careers I could choose in the medical field. While
attending UW Madison I aim to have a better understanding of which career I would like to do.
Additionally, I will use the opportunities of internships and research to help further establish myself
in a career in the medical field. As more people join the ranks in the medical field it allows science
and technology to strive and make extraordinary advancements that aids society in progress. I would
love to be a part of the medical

Explain The Anatomy And Physiology Of Physiology
Anatomy is the study of how the body is built – the various structures and organs.
Physiology is how those various parts function "talk'' to each other – their interactions and how they
work on a cellular and multicellular level.
Bone.
There are three main elements to the composition of the bone.
Organic, Inorganic and Water.
Organic consists of osteoid and bone cells – 25%.
Inorganic consists of calcium phosphate mainly – 50%.
Water also makes up 25% of the composition of the bone. (Riddle, J. 1985)
All bones are many different sizes and shapes and are made up of several different tissues. Each
bone belongs to a particular category of bone:
Short, Long, Flat and Irregular. (Riddle, J. 1985) The bone is a solid system of living cells and fibers
that are assisted by calcium salts. Bones also have blood vessels and nerves and other non materials.
Diagram 1 – Bone
Long Bone.
Long bones are strong bones and they are longer in length than they are wide, they must be able to
withstand the force created when the body moves, each bone has a tubular shaft with a central cavity
and two rounded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scoliosis is a condition that causes a persons spine to curve from side to side in the shape of an "s or
c". In most cases there is no known cause and this is called Idiopathic Scoliosis. People of all ages
can develop Scoliosis, girls are more common to develop this than boys. Curvature of the spine can
progressively get worse during the period of a growth spurt. There are a number of types of
Scoliosis, these are:
Congenital Scoliosis, this occurs at birth due to the spine not forming properly during pregnancy.
Infantile Scoliosis, this occurs in children under the age of 3.
Juvenile Scoliosis, this occurs in children between the ages of 4 – 10.
Adolescent Scoliosis, this occurs in children between the ages of 11 – 18.
Neuromuscular Scoliosis, this occurs due to a problem with the nervous system which intern affects
the

Fatigue In The Body: Exercise Physiology
Fatigue in the Body
William Cotton
Exercise Physiology
Fatigue can occur anywhere in the body. Fatigue is defined as the inability of an organism, organ, or
part to function normally because of prolonged exertion. It is a result of mental and physical
exertion. Fatigue is something that almost everyone experiences no matter what field of work s/he
may be working with. Athletes are the main focus when talking about fatigue. This is because
athletes are the population that performs prolonged exertions the most. A lot must occur before
fatigue sets in an individual. The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are the
main sites of where fatigue can occur. Within these are a numerous of amounts of sites that fatigue
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E and Powers K. S.: Exercise Physiology Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, ed 9,
New York, 2015 McGraw–Hill
Kelly L. McMullen, Nicole L. Cosby, Jay Hertel, Christopher D. Ingersoll, and Joseph M. Hart
(2011) Lower Extremity Neuromuscular Control Immediately After Fatiguing Hip–Abduction
Exercise. Journal of Athletic Training: Nov/Dec 2011, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 607–614.
Matthew S. Harkey, Phillip A. Gribble, and Brian G. Pietrosimone (2014) Disinhibitory
Interventions and Voluntary Quadriceps Activation: A Systematic Review. Journal of Athletic
Training: May/Jun 2014, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 411–421.
Nelson Cortes, Eric Greska, Roger Kollock, Jatin Ambegaonkar, and James A. Onate (2013)
Changes in Lower Extremity Biomechanics Due to a Short–Term Fatigue Protocol. Journal of
Athletic Training: May/Jun 2013, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 306–313
Principles of athletic training (8th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Year Book. Arnheim, D., & Prentice, W.

Physiology And Physiology Of Insulin
Physiology of insulin Insulin is the primary factor which controls the storage and metabolism of
ingested metabolic fuels. Insulin production is more or less constant within the beta cells,
irrespective of blood glucose levels. It is stored within vacuoles and released by exocytosis. The
release of the hormone is triggered due to rise in blood glucose levels after eating. The
carbohydrates present in food are converted to glucose and absorbed in blood and used by the body
as fuel. Insulin is the principal hormone released into the blood by beta cells that regulates glucose
uptake from the blood into most cells (primarily muscle and fat cells). Insulin is also responsible for
conversion of glucose to glycogen for internal storage in liver and muscle cells. Lowered ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lack of Insulin may signal in converting many of the bi–directional processes of metabolism i.e.,
catabolic to an anabolic direction, and vice versa. In particular, a low insulin level may trigger
ketosis (the fat burning metabolic phase). Therefore deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its
receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus. (Guyton and Hall, 2005; Bilous and
Donnelly, 2010)
Insulin and metabolic control
The main effects of insulin on metabolic control are
To promote the transport of sugar into the muscle and adipose tissue.
To accelerate protein synthesis by promoting the incorporation of amino acids into protein in muscle
or adipose tissue.
To alter membrane potential of adipose tissue.
To accelerate the passage of certain ions notably potassium and phosphate into muscle tissue.
To increase the synthesis of certain enzymes involved in blood sugar regulation such as hepatic
glucokinase or certain enzymes which play a part in glucose metabolism.
To suppress the release of long chain fatty acid from adipose

Anatomy And Physiology: Case Study
1. Identify a related pair of medical, anatomical, or physiology terms that has given you difficulty.
The anatomical terms that have always given me problems are the name of the parts of the bone in
legs and arms: diaphysis, epiphysis, and metaphysis.
2. Explain the system you use to distinguish them in your mind. Include references to any texts or
tools used.
Since I noticed that I have to go back to my references to be able to identify the parts of the bone, I
created a "formula." I used the first letter of the name of the part of the bone with a number in front
to remember that there are two parts with the same name: 2E2M1D that stands for epiphysis x 2,
metaphysis x 2 and diaphysis x 1. Knowing that there are a distal and a proximal

PHYSIOLOGY
To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to:
LO1 Know the structure and functioning of the human body
1.1 outline the main anatomical features of the human body
1.
1.2 discuss how body systems interact to ensure the body functions and grows
LO2 Understand the relationship between body functioning and relevant detailed anatomy and
physiology
2.1 explain normal body responses to everyday activities
2.
2.2 discuss how body responses are explained by cellular and tissue structure and physiology
3.
2.3 explain how the body coordinates its internal activities
LO3 Understand how routine data collected in health and social care informs the planning of care
for individuals
3.1 explain the recording and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Task 2 (L.O–2: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and M2, M3, D1).
A 25 year old individual is working full time as a volunteer in a charity organization. His daily job is
to distribute leaflets door to door and take part in charity events. He is now preparing for a marathon
run organized by his charity foundation which will be held in 6 months' time.
(2.1) Explain how his body responds to his physical activities (particularly in relation to musculo–
skeletal system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system).
(2.2) Discuss how body responses are explained by cellular and tissue structure and physiology.
(2.3)Further, identify how his body will coordinate its internal activities.
Deliverables: Learning Outcome 2 (to be met through assessment requirements 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3)
Merit criterion:
To achieve M2 you will have to mention appropriate references and valid academic sources for
gaining information.
To achieve M3 you have to identify and analyze the effects of physical activity on special
anatomical features of the body in relation to Musculo–Skeletal system.

Distinction Criteria:
To achieve D1 you have to explain in detail the physiological adaptation to exercise and attributed
them to specific cellular and tissue changes in cardiovascular system (How RBC's are produced,
explain and justify).
Task 3 (L.0–3: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and M3, D1, D3).
A 65 year old busy and obese businessman reports to GP Practice with

Anatomy And Physiology And Describe Their Subdivisions
1) Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions.
– Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Body structures
can be seen, felt, and examined closely.
– Gross, or macroscopic, anatomy: Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as
the heart, lungs and kidneys.
– Regional anatomy, all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular
region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time. – Systemic
anatomy– Body structure is studied system by system. When studying the cardiovascular system,
you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body. – Surface anatomy– Study of
internal structures as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits.
Blood flows in one direction through heart because heart has valves that prevent backflow.
3) Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain
their relationships.
1. Chemical level– atoms combine to form molecules.
2. Cellular level– molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to form organelles, basic
components of the microscopic cells. Cells are smallest units of living things.
3. Tissue level– Tissue are groups of similar cells that have a common function. The four basic
tissue types:
– Epithelium– covers body surfaces and lines its cavities.
– Muscle provides movement.
– Connective tissue supports and protects body organs.
– Nervous tissue provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical
impulses.
4. Organ level– Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ is a discrete structure
composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.
5. Organ system level– Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an
organ system.
6. Organismal level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us
alive. Contains organism, the living human being.
4) List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly explain the major
functions of each

Essay on Mckinley Anatomy and Physiology Answers
ch01ch01
Student:
___________________________________________________________________________
1. The word "anatomy" comes from:
A. Latin and means "to be born".
B. Hebrew and means "shape".
C. Greek and means "to cut apart".
D. German and means "body".
E. Italian and means "form". 2. Anatomy is the study of:
A. stars.
B. function.
C. sharp tools.
D. structure and form.
E. word histories. 3. Since the body has been the same for thousands of years, anatomy is considered
a static classification system instead of a dynamic science.
True False 4. A scientist who describes the layers of the heart wall and their relationship to the
surrounding pericardium would be a(n):
A. anatomist. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
D. maladaptive in that it harbors bacteria. 20. Some researchers think pheromones are important
tools in human communication. Pheromones are chemical signals that one individual sends to
another. What research questions might be asked by anatomists and what questions might be asked
by physiologists to determine if pheromones are important to humans?
21. Both anatomists and physiologists are aware that form and function are interrelated.
True False 22. The mechanism by which the body propels food through the digestive tract is
primarily a topic of study for:
A. anatomists.
B. physiologists. 23. The term that refers to the ability of organisms to react to changes in the
environment is:
A. responsiveness.
B. reproduction.
C. metabolism.
D. development.
E. organization. 24. The various chemical reactions that organisms carry out are collectively called:
A. reproduction.

B. homeostasis.
C. metabolism.
D. responsiveness.
E. development. 25. Homeostasis refers to an organism's ability to regulate its internal environment
despite changes in the external environment.
True False 26. The category of reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller
ones is known as:
A. anabolism.
B. catabolism.
C. synthesis.
D. homeostasis.
E. enzymatic. 27. The group of metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to
form

Week One Study Guide Anatomy and Physiology Essay
WEEK 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology, and explain their relationship using an example of a
human structure with its corresponding function. Anatomy: The branch of science concerned with
the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other organisms, esp. as revealed by dissection.
Physiology: The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their
parts. Anatomy and physiology are connected in the way of not being able to understand one
without the other. For example, to understand your lungs functions of breathing through physiology,
you have to understand the parts and structure of them (anatomy) such as the bronchial tree and ...
8. Define various directional terms (i.e. superior, inferior, etc.), and compare different body parts
using these terms (i.e. the elbow is proximal to the wrist). Anterior: (In front of, front) The toes are
anterior to the heel when you look straight at a body. Posterior: (After, behind, following, toward the
rear) The lungs are posterior to the ribcage. Distal: (Away from, farther from the origin) The skull is
distal from the pelvic bone. Proximal: (Near, closer to the origin) The nose is proximal to the mouth.
Dorsal: (Near the upper surface, toward the back) Your spine is dorsal. Ventral: (Toward the bottom,
toward the belly) The intestines have a ventral location. Superior: (Above, over) The elbow is
superior to the pelvic bone. Inferior: (Below, under) The femur is inferior to the ribcage. Lateral:
(Toward the side, away from the mid–line) The ribs are lateral. Medial: (Toward the mid–line,
middle, away from the side) Your sternum is medial. Rostral: (Toward the front) Toes are rostral.
Caudal: (Toward the back, toward the tail) Your tailbone is caudal.
9. List both anterior and posterior anatomical landmarks (i.e. orbital, inguinal, etc.). Anterior:
Cervical, coxal, digital, femoral, fibular, inguinal, etc Posterior: popliteal, cephalic,

Physiology And Homeostatsis
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTATIS PHYSIOLOGY
1.1 Intro to Physiology
Physiology: the study of the functions of living things, how the human body works
Two approaches explain the events that occur in body –purpose of the body process – mechanism in
which the process occurs
Physiologists view the body as a machine whose mechanisms of action can explained in terms of
cause and effect sequences of physical and chemical processes.
Physiology is closely related to anatomy: the study of the structure of the body.
The nutrient –absorbing intestinal cells have a multitude of fingerlike projections in contact with the
digested food. Based on knowledge of structure –function relationships, explain the functional
advantage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exocrine Glands: secrete through ducts to the outside of the body. Endocrine Glands: lack ducts and
release their secretory products known as hormones internally into the blood.
–Connective Tissue: few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material, connects,
supports, and anchors various body parts. Cells produce specific structural molecules that they
release into the extracellular spaces between the cells.
Organ Level
Organs: two or more types of primary tissue organized to perform a particular function or functions,
each layer of tissue has its on job in the function
EX. Stomach, smooth: contracts to mix foods, epithelial: secrete digestive enzymes nervous:
controls contraction and secretion, connective: holds it all together.
Body System Level
Body systems: Collection of related organs, how groups of organs are organized. Each system is a
collection of organs that perform related functions and interact for a common activity essential for
survival of the body.
The body has 11 systems:
Circulatory: heart blood vessels, blood
Digestive: mouth pharynx, esophogas, stomach, intestine, salivary glands, pancreas, liver,
gallbladder Respiratory: nose pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Urinary: kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, urethra Skeletal: bones, cartilage, joints Muscular: skeletal muscles Integumentary:
skin, hair, nails
Immune:

Essay On Anatomy And Physiology
UNDERLYING CONCEPTS
A. Theoretical Background
1. Anatomy and Physiology The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with
oxygen and to dispose of carbon dioxide. To do this, at least four distinct events, collectively called
respiration, must occur. Pulmonary ventilation is when air moves in and out of the lungs so that
gasses in the air sacs are continuously refreshed, and this process is commonly called breathing.
External respiration is when gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli takes place.
Respiratory gas transport is when oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported to and from the lungs
and tissue cells of the body via the bloodstream. Internal respiration is when systemic capillaries,
gas exchanges are made between the blood and tissue cells. To take breathe in, there are mechanical
activities that must occur. Rule is the volume changes leading to pressure changes, which leads to
the flow of gasses to equalize pressure. Inspiration is when air flows into the lungs, chest is
expanded laterally, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chemical factors are the most important factors that modify respiratory rate and depth. The levels of
carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood, increased levels of carbon dioxide and decreased blood pH
are the most important stimuli leading to an increase in the rate and depth of breathing, while a
decrease in oxygen levels become important stimuli when the levels are dangerously low.
Hyperventilation blows off more carbon dioxide and decreases the amount of carbonic acid, which
returns blood pH to normal range when carbon dioxide or other sources of acids begin to accumulate
in the blood. Hypoventilation or extremely slow or shallow breathing allows carbon dioxide to
accumulate in the blood and brings blood pH back into normal range when blood starts to become
slightly

Exercise Physiology Paper
Exercise physiology studies how the body responds to physical activity and how the body can adjust
to physical activity over periods of time. (The College of St. Scholastica, 2016). The job of exercise
physiologists is to condition clients to achieve higher levels of fitness. (The College of St.
Scholastica, 2016). "Exercise physiologists measure the metabolic responses of the body to exercise
and training through various endurance, flexibility, and strength programs." (Lumpkin, 2017, p.39).
They can prescribe exercise for rehabilitation from illness and injuries, because of their knowledge
of bodily functions and their reaction to muscular fitness. (Lumpkin, 2017). Athletes can greatly
benefit from exercise physiologists to improve their performance and endurance. Exercise
physiologists can also help clinical patients with chronic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(Ivy, 2007). Hippocrates was the first advocate of exercise and its effect on health. (Ivy, 2007). The
first exercise physiology laboratory was established at Harvard University in the late 1800s by
George Fitz, a Harvard Medical School graduate. (Lumpkin, 2017). Fitz, who was head of the
program, created it to train graduates to direct athletic clubs, such as the YMCA. This was the
beginning of higher–level education courses being offered in the exercise physiology field. (Ivy,
2007). The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory did over three–hundred research studies related to exercise
and its effects on the human body from 1927–1947. The labs greatly contributed to today's
understanding of exercise physiology and helped raise awareness for it. By the 1940s, exercise
physiology became an important part of physical education programs in colleges. (Ivy, 2007).
Although this was the beginning of research in the field of exercise physiology, the studies of
physical activity really began to take off with the 1954 establishment of the American College of
Sports Medicine. (Lumpkin,

Anatomy And Physiology During The Hellenistic Period
Anatomy is to physiology, as geography is to history; it describes the theatre of events. Medical
culture that emphasized the study of anatomy through human vivisection peaked in Alexandria in
the 3rd century BC, with Herophilus and Erasistratus– the two primary anatomists of the 3rd
century– spearheading this movement. Alexandria was the ideal place to study anatomy and
physiology during the Hellenistic period since the research was not tied down by civil laws, taboos,
or moralism that prevailed on the Greek mainland. Although the practice of human vivisection was
decreed by the priesthood throughout the rest of Egypt and Athens, it was not so in this well–
insulated center of learning.
Herophilus and Erasistratus, owing to their freedom to perform experiments and autopsies on living
human cadavers, made phenomenal anatomical discoveries that significantly advanced the
understanding of the human body. Herophilus developed the theory of the diagnostic value of the
pulse and produced an elaborate classification of the different types of pulse according to criteria
such as speed, rhythm, intensity, and evenness. He established that the brain was the center of the
nervous system, not the heart. His work on the eye, stated to be accurate even in modern medicine,
revealed the existence of the optic nerve, the vitreous humor, and retina. Erasistratus emphasized the
role of mechanical processes in digestion, elaborately describing the movement and breakdown of
food as it passed

Analysis Of Van Mechelen 's Injury Prevention Model
As you can see theoretical perspectives provide frameworks for asking research questions,
deciphering information and expanding concepts too deeper meanings. Theories also enable
multiple perspective analysis, which gives people the opportunity, to make informed decisions based
around the aforementioned frameworks. Take for example van Mechelen's injury prevention model.
This theory has initiated works seeking to expand, develop and improve upon it.
This interpretive process is loosely carried forward in relation to the previous studies of physiology,
sociology and psychology. Take for example psychology when looking at key issues and research
methods. The general explorative path a psychologist would investigate in a study of injury and
rehabilitation covers, motivation, confidence, intensity, focus and emotions which are regarded to
have the most influence on a performers well–being (Cashmore, 2002). These five psychological
divisions derive from Taylors (2001) performance pyramid, are categorised in ascending order from
general training influences to immediate competitive performance impact. At the pyramids base lays
motivation, simply put without motivation you have no desire to train, to rehabilitate, to reach
previous goals. Motivation ensures athletes have positive mind–sets allowing necessary time to
refocus, re–energise and start again. Following motivation comes confidence, confidence in ability,
confidence in rehabilitation, confidence in family and friends

Musculoskeletal Physiology
It is know that the musculoskeletal physiology is different for men and women, with women
generally having less muscle mass and bone mass. It is also know that when astronauts come back to
Earth after a mission they experience change in the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal system due
to the unloading of microgravity. One article I found talks about the effect of gender and sex on
adaption to space. It is noted that beyond 2 weeks of unloading, women experience greater loss in
whole muscle volume and fiber area, mainly type II fiber. At the same time, type I fiber loss is
shown with preferential atrophy in both men and women (Ploutz–Snyder et al., 2014). Decreased
muscle mass or atrophy results from protein degradation induced by unloading. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is know that while being on bed rest, immobilized, and non–weight bearing for a prolong period
of time, not only do our muscles atrophy but our cartilages become unhealthy and weak. Muscles act
to stabilize and dispute forces across joints, with prolong unloading the loss of muscles mass and
strength can contribute to joint injury and early degenerative joint changes (Ploutz–Snyder et al.,
2014). OA of the knee is common in women because of the loss of estrogen's anabolic effect on
cartilage after menopause. Articular cartilage health is impacted by the quality of the underlying
subchondral bone and evidence suggest that osteopenia of the bone contributes to cartilage
degeneration (Ploutz–Snyder et al., 2014). Since the cartilage is damage it releases inflammatory
components, which in turn leads to bone loss. We know that calcium and vitamin D play a role in
calcium balance and bone metabolism. During flight astronauts receive very little sunlight and
therefore have low calcium intake and vitamin D deficiency. Supplementations can be taken but this
can increase the risk of osteoporosis because it does not counteract the increase in bone resorption
and decrease in bone formation (Iwamoto, Takeda, & Sato, 2005). An intervention to prevent bone
loss and joint injury would be a progressive strengthening and weight–bearing exercises. This will
not only help the surrounding muscles get stronger

Exercise Physiology
Pate and Durstine (2004) define exercise physiology as the study of physical activity and the effect
it has on the body, including its tissues and cells, over brief or extended periods of time. Over the
years this discipline has made contributions to human health and has lead to athletic success through
maximizing human potential.
Clinical sports medicine has been greatly impacted by exercise physiology for a number of reasons,
but most importantly has made improvements in enhancing athletic performance through methods
that facilitate prevention and allow proper treatment for sports–related injury, along with testing that
can give insight to further the success of athletes. Clinical physiologists focus on exercise design
and determine how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regular participation in physical activity betters the body's ability to optimize oxygen consumption,
making it easier for oxygen to be transported to all areas of the body; this not only improves overall
health, but it also results in a less fatigued process when expending energy (Burton et al., 2004).
Shaw, B.S. and Shaw, I. were interested in determining whether resistance training would alter the
VO2 max levels of individuals, reducing the risks for coronary artery disease (CAD). They studied
28 male subjects who were either matched to a control group exempting exercise or the resistance–
training group. Through their experimental pre–test and post–test design, the researchers observed
that the pre–test and post–test VO2 max levels were relatively sedentary for the control group with
values of 25.097 ml/kg/min and 23.778 ml/kg/min, but significantly increased for the resistance–
training group from 26.674 ml/kg/min to 30.981 ml/kg/min. Their research concluded that with
increased VO2 max levels found in those participating in resistance training exercises, the risks of
CAD were significantly lowered, and as a result suggested that this type of training could be
implementing into more training programs to improve the health of individuals (Shaw, B.S. & Shaw,
I., 2005). To further support this claim, a broader group of individuals and a larger sample size could
be

Anatomy And Physiology Research Paper

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Anatomy And Physiology Research Paper