This document describes the key components and functions of different types of microscopes. It discusses the illumination system, magnification system, support system, and adjustment system of basic light microscopes. It also explains how darkfield microscopes use oblique illumination to view unstained specimens, how phase contrast microscopes convert differences in phase into optical intensity, and how fluorescence microscopes use ultraviolet light and fluorescent dyes to visualize structures. Finally, it provides details on how electron microscopes scan specimens with electron beams for very high resolution imaging of cellular and molecular structures.

7. • When rays from a light source is reflected by
the mirror into the sub-stage, condenser
which brings focus on the object.
• After illuminating (giving light) the object, the
light rays pass through objectives and produce
prime image in diaphragm, eye lens magnifies
it and focus it on retina of eye as virtual
image.

8. • Support system:
o Foot
o Arm
o Stage
o Body tube
• Magnification System:
o Objectives
o Eye piece

9. 3. Illumination system:
o Source of light
o Mirror
o Condenser
o Iris diaphragm
4. Adjustment system:
o Coarse adjustment screw
o Fine adjustment screw
o Condenser centring screw
o Iris
o Diaphragm

14. • Light coming from the light source is blocked
by a stoper peripheral rays are directed
against the microscopic objects from slide.
• The light coming through the condenser
around the stoper will miss objective lens.
Therefore, background will be black. The
object in the pathway reflect light which will
enter lenses system and making the object
visible.

15. • The dark field microscope is particularly
valuable for the examination of microbes in an
unstained conditions.
• This technique is useful for the diagnosis of
Treponema Pallidium (it causes syphilis).

19. • In this type of microscope, a special optical
system is used to convert different in phases
into different optical intensity. So, that some
structure appears dark than other.
• The light rays/ waves passing through
transparent objects such as cells, will imerge
out in different phases.

20. • Used for the examination of wet mount and
hanging drop preparation.
• It is used to observe cellular structure.

24. • The routine microscope can be converted into
a fluoroscence microscope by placing light
source having ultra-violet radiations and by
placing dark field condenser with suitable
filter system.
• The ultra violet radiation which strikes
fluoroscent substances and emitted visible
light. Therefore, the specimen is stained with
fluoroscence dye.

25. • The major use of this microscope is immuno
fluoroscence.
• It is very useful for Antigen-Antibody (Ag-Ab)
testing.

29. • Object is scanned with the high speed beam
of electrons obtained from an electron gun.
The electrons beam is focused with
electromagnetic lenses.
• The instrument is having high resolving power
due to electron beam which have small
wavelength about 0.005nm or one lakh times
shorter than the wavelength of visible light
(white light).

30. • It gives three dimensional view of an object.
• It gives high resolution and magnification.
• Preparation of specimen is rapid and simple.
• It is useful in topological studies.

31. • It can not be used to observe organism in wet
(living) state.
• For this specimen is exposed to vacuum.