2. Scientific Method
Control group: comparison
group, compare result from
experimental groups.
Experimental group: tested
group, subject to experiment.
Dependent variable: factor
depending on I.V, it's the
result of experiment.
Independent variable: factor
you can modulate during the
experiment instant
Design
Observation
Collect information
Hypothesis
Experimental disgn
Experiment&data collecting
Data analysis
Conclusion
Write a scientific paper
Peer review
Publication
3. Macromolecules
Group Functions Examples Location
Carbohydrates
Store energy
Cooperation w/t lipids and
proteinsy
Glucose,
fructose,
maltose
Pasta, bread,
fruits, vegetables
Lipids (fats)
Store energy
Provide barriers
Thermic regulations
Phospholipids,
fatty acids
Oil, nuts
Proteins
Transport substances
Keep cell structure
Transmit signals
Make hormones
Human grown
Hemoglobin
Factor hormone
Meat, fish, milk,
eggs
Nucleic Acids
Store and communicate
genetic information
DNA
RNA
Macromolecules are the large molecules joined by smaller
organic molecules together.
6. Photosynthesis
Light energy is converted into chemical energy.
Chemical Formula:
6CO2 + 6H2O -light-> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Where does it occur? Chloroplast
2 phases:
1 light reaction:
Chloroplast capture light.
2 the Calvin Cycle:
Energy is store in glucose
7. Cellular respiration
Glycolysis: glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm.
Krebs cycle: transported to the mitochondria and
converted to carbon dioxide.
Electrons transportation: final step in the breaking down
of glucose. Electrons move along the mitochondrial
membrane from one protein to another.
• Protons and electrons are transferred to oxygen to form
water.
8. Carrier protein(molecules)
The proteins may assist in the movement of
substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport.
Facilitated diffusion is used especially in the case of
large polar molecules and charged ions; once such
ions are dissolved in water they cannot diffuse freely
across cell membranes
9. Energetic molecules
They are those that degrade cellular metabolism
we provide chemical energy in the form of ATP.
ATP
NADH
NADP
10. Lactic fermentation
Is a biological process by which glucose,
fructose, and sucrose are converted into
cellular energy and the metabolite lactate.
Occurs in some bacteria and animal cells,
such as muscle cells.
11. Energy
Energy is the ability to do work.
Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and
transformation of energy.
All organisms need energy to live.
