Comparatve Essay On The Fat Black Womans Poems, Sula And...

Comparatve Essay on the Fat Black Womans Poems, Sula and...
"These writers explore both the social roles that confine them and the bodies that represent the
confinement". In light of this quotation, compare how the writers explore gender.
'Wide Sargasso Sea', by Jean Rhys, and 'Sula' by Toni Morrison are both novels that respond to the
issues of women that are confined to their social roles. Grace Nichols' book, 'The Fat Black
Woman's Poems', supports and also contrasts the views of both Rhys and Morrison. All three texts
question gender roles and oppression in society. While Nichols is very outspoken and doesn't let her
gender confine her, the main character in Wide Sargasso Sea, Antoinette, is restricted by social and
historical roles in her society. Characters like Sula are a threat to the ... Show more content on
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He suffers a certain paranoia around Antoinette and her 'family', and this paranoia can only be truly
revealed using his thoughts. Rochester, as a white male, does not connect with his surroundings, he
sees it as alien, and to overcome this infamiliarity, he asserts his power and regains control over his
wife. For Antoinette, her first person narrative account of her story is a key way of the reader being
able to understand her pains as a lonely Creole woman. Both Wide Sargasso Sea and The FBW's
poems give a strong voice to otherwise marginalized women and transforms them both from original
tragic demise into a kind of triumphant heroism.
Nichols uses humour as the main deconstructive strategy to be an efficient tool for subverting the
myths that have oppressed black women. The woman's body acquires relevance, as the poems focus
on a black immigrant woman within a context of white supremacy. Nichols creates persona who she
uses to represent the black female body and she constitutes a challenge to black women's
objectification in the Western (British) society, in which she is exiled. The writer occasionally
speaks in the first person, has no name, so the third–person poetic voice refers to her as 'the fat black
woman'. The fat black woman refuses to be a victim and, therefore, rejects all the traps laid by racist
and sexist society by means of stereotypes that aim at constricting her into limiting roles. It is her
that
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Aladdin Pan Colonialism
White colonization of brown countries is said to have started with the Age of Enlightenment in the
18th century. This was a time of new ideas, scientific discovery, and belief that white men needed to
bring the rest of the world technologically up to date for the betterment of the human race. This
belief was the start of the oppression of minorities and non–whites considered barbaric compared to
European society. As time went on, however, world saw Europeans transition from oppressing
brown people to oppressing brown as well as white people seen as "not fully white", such as the
Jews, Spaniards, and Italians. This led to cruelties like the Holocaust, which finally alarmed
Europeans into halting their imperialistic agenda. Although the height of brown colonization has
ended, we unfortunately still see its effects today. Many Westerners do not see this, however,
because of the West's lack of understanding and education of Eastern cultures. An example of this is
the movie Aladdin; a childhood favorite that only when educated shows a tale full of white–sided
stereotypes of "barbaric" Arabic people. Through, postcolonial literature and cinema, the audience is
able to see how white perceptions of postcolonial lands still negatively effect perceptions of the East
today and widen the gap between Western and Eastern relations. In order to understand the ways in
which Aladdin communicates negative stereotypes of the East, it is important to note the words of
Edward Said in his book

Spivak's Can The Subaltern Speak
The Postcolonial insights of Spivak's "Can the Subaltern Speak?"
Malak El Saghir Mahmoud Hijazi
38651
Post colonialism
Dr. Lutfi Hmadi
2016–2017
Abstract In literature, post colonialism is the study of post–colonial theories that ask the reader to
notice the effects of colonization on people or the extension power into other nations. In post–
colonial theories, the term subaltern is the nickname to populations which are far cry from the power
of the colony that has hegemonic on social, political and geographical prevalence. The present
research aims at analyzing Spivak's essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" in the light of her question
whether or not the possibility exists for any recovery of a subaltern ... Show more content on
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If, in the context of colonial production, the subaltern has no history and cannot speak, the subaltern
as female is even more deeply in shadow (287).
Conclusion
Spivak‟s essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" became a real voice of some women. Spivak
differentiates between "speak" and "talk" and show how women of the third world may talk but
speaking is more active in which two people try to communicate things face to face.
Since its publication "Can the Subaltern Speak" a lot of citation, imitation, and critics has been
related to it. This essay is like phenomena that contextualized within postcolonial studies and the
quest for human rights. Many describe Spivak's essay as the most argumentative postcolonial critic.
Rosalinda C. Horris, a professor of anthropology, describes Spivak in an afterword that "Can the
Subaltern Speak?" for her is considered past interpretation, future incarnations, questions and
histories that remain secreted in the original

Can the Subaltern Speak Summary
Can the Subaltern Speak? – Summary Gayatri Spivak Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is an unsettling
voice in literary theory and especially, postcolonial studies. She has describes herself as a "practical
deconstructionist feminist Marxist" and as a "gadfly". She uses deconstruction to examine "how
truth is constructed" and to deploy the assertions of one intellectual and political position (such as
Marxism) to "interrupt" or "bring into crisis" another (feminism, for example). In her work, she
combines passionate denunciations of the harm done to women, non–Europeans, and the poor by the
privileged West with a persistent questioning of the grounds on which radical critique takes its
stand. Her continual interrogation of assumptions can make ... Show more content on
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As poststructuralism would have it, human consciousness is constructed discursively. Our
subjectivity is constructed by the shifting discourses of power which endlessly speak through us,
situating us here and there in particular positions and relations. In these terms we are not the authors
of ourselves. We do not construct our identities, we have it written for us; the subject cannot be
sovereign over the construction of selfhood. Instead the subject is decentered, in that its
consciousness is always being constructed from positions outside of itself. It follows then that the
individual is not a transparent representation of the self but an effect of discourse. Spivak argues that
surprisingly for these figures, when Foucault and Deleuze talks about oppressed groups such as the
working classes they fall back into precisely these uncritical notions of 'sovereign subjects' by
restoring to them a fully centred consciousness. In addition they also assume that the writing of
intellectuals such as themselves can serve as a transparent medium through which the voices of the
oppressed can be represented. The intellectual is cast as a reliable mediator for the voices of the
oppressed, a mothpiece through which the oppressed can clearly speak. Spivak articulates her
reasons for her worries in the first part of the essay, applying MICHEL FOUCAULT's understanding
of "epistemic violence" to the "remotely orchestrated, far–flung, and heterogeneous project to

The Yellow Wallpaper Insanity
"The Yellow Wallpaper" is the gothic short story written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1892. The
heroine of "The Yellow Wallpaper" is locked in a room and is not given a voice until it drives her
mad. This piece interpreted in conjunction with Simone De Beauvoir's the Second Sex, Gayatri
Chakravorty Spivak's "A Critique of Post–Colonial Reason" illuminate the female plight and the
lack of voice given, and Martha C. Nussbaum's Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of
Reform in Liberal Education". The insanity suffered by the narrator of "The Yellow Wallpaper" is
caused by "the myth of woman", the inability of women to have a voice when it is in contradiction
to men, and the lack of empathy and compassion the patriarchal society has for women. The
heroine/narrator of "The Yellow Wallpaper" never names herself as an intentional Othering. She
names those in her life like her husband, his sister, her brother, etc., but not herself. None of the
supporting characters reference her by name, she is always the Other. The narrator is diagnosed as
"hysterical" (the go–to diagnosis for all women of the 19th century). The prescription for the
narrator's ailment is "the rest cure" and it is this cure that causes her eventual ... Show more content
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In her turmoil, she is forsaken because she is so Othered. Although she is surrounded by a handful of
people who "care" about and for her none of these people attempt to have true compassion for her.
"For the insides of people, like the insides of stars, are not open to view. They must be wondered
about" (Nussbaum 2309). When is there a wonder about the narrator? The answer is never. At no
time during the narrator's trials does any other character attempt to understand her nor do they listen
to what she says. There is no attempt to understand her through themselves, she is alone in her

Postcolonialism In Haunted Subaltern And The Mark Of The...
Introduction: Some topics that pertain to postcolonialism can oftentimes be somewhat difficult to
grasp because of complexity that is required to describe them. Rudyard Kipling makes
understanding a topic a whole lot easier because of his ability to write short stories and connect
them to any postcolonial topics that he so chooses. For example, his short stories "Haunted
Subalterns" and "The Mark of the Beast" have allowed me to better get a hold on the idea of the
postcolonial topic of the subaltern. Along with them, I have found a few scholarly articles that have
also contributed to improving my knowledge and understanding of what the subaltern really is.
Ultimately, the question that I would like to grapple with is: Can the subaltern theme in Mark of the
Beast be compared to that in Haunted Subalterns? The postcolonial definition of the subaltern from
a postcolonial lens is the subordination of native people to the point where they are left powerless
and without a voice. The subaltern in postcolonial studies is a very interesting topic because it can
be intriguing how a native person can be stripped of the credibility that their words have and the
power that every human being should be granted due to the way that colonizers can make them feel.
Throughout the paper I will include an in depth description of what the subaltern means and other
ways that it can be interpreted. Also, as I previously stated, I will analyze two of Rudyard Kipling's
short stories and connect

What Is The Difference Between Jane Eyre And Villete
Quest for Self in Jane Eyre and Villete
"Why is Villette so disagreeable? Because the writer's mind
contains nothing but hunger, rebellion and rage." Matthew Arnold, 1853.
Matthew Arnold was certainly forthcoming about the defects of both Charlotte Bronte's mind and of
her novel. Indeed he was not alone in his reaction to her; Anne Mozley in The Christian
Remembrancer ;in April 1853 wrote in reaction to Bronte's other great work of "rebellion", Jane
Eyre, that she had to make "a protest against the outrages on decorum, the moral perversity, the
toleration, nay, indifference to vice which deform her picture of a desolate woman" (my italics).
Mozley even went far enough to label Jane Eyre a "dangerous ... Show more content on
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Without language the self is mutilated and silenced and, as Tanner notes in his introduction to
Villette, "to be wordless is to be powerless". By having Jane and Lucy narrate their own stories
Bronte allows them to create self, to free themselves from the repression of silence and to be
powerful. The implications of this are obvious if the same principal were to be applied to other
novels – how different would Great Expectations be if Estella rather than Pip narrated the action or
if Thackeray's narrator in Vanity Fair were to be replaced with Becky Sharp? This, however, is not to
deny that both Lucy and Jane are flawed narrators. Jane's story is essentially an intellectually
detached adult's view but this does not stop the "undeveloped [and] imperfect" child view
manifesting itself in her story. Jane is also profoundly middle class – she is convinced that
everything foreign is intrinsically unhealthy and immoral as shown in her desire to make Adele
"English" and in her fear of the Indian climate. If Jane expresses some features of an unreliable
narrator then Lucy is seriously flawed. Initially she appears precise, lucid and detached. However in
her description of the events between Paulina and her father her tone is not in keeping with the
pathos of the situation. If the red room at

Literature Review On Race And Racism
Literature Review and Approach:
To answer the question "how does black representation fight the Oppressions of Whiteness?" we
first must look at race. For many American's race, the definition of race is the color of someone's
skin. While many Americans will say that they "don't see color" which is harmful in its own way.
Race is a huge part of America from politics, shows, toys, books, many things in our daily life.
Many anthropologists have even said that race isn't real, but a social construct created to catalog
people. Anthropologist Carolyn Fluehr–Lobban book Race and Racism: An Introduction talks about
how "Americans are socialized, first to identify a person's race by skin color and then secondly by
physical features" (pg.1 Fluehr–Lobban. 2005). Eric C Thompson in his article THE PROBLEM OF
"RACE AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT" goes deeper into the talk of race by speaking on the severity
to explain when teaching others on race not only that it is a social construct to separate others. "Race
is a very real social construct with very real consequences, not to be dismissed lightly" (pg.1
Thompson 2006).
With the knowledge that race is not real comes people that will then think "If race isn't real then
does that mean racism isn't real too?" while many will try to use this to argue that black people don't
go through racism that is not true. Just because race isn't real doesn't mean racism isn't. In 2005
Mary Margaret Overbey the project director for Understanding Race and Human Variation talked on
how "'Racism' was recognized as an outcome of prejudice and power" (pg.20, Overbey 2005).
Participants viewed "racialization" as illustrating the social construction and a process of
determining human difference on the basis of "race" or some ethnic characteristic. "Racism" was
recognized as an outcome of prejudice and power. Racism occurs in the US and globally, where
manifestations of racism are often cloaked in ethnic violence.
Racism is fully ingrained in the ideology of America Arthur K. Spears wrote in his book Race and
Ideology: Language, Symbolism, and Popular Culture that "Racism in the United States, as in all
white–supremacist societies, is institutionalized, woven into the fabric of all American

Sir Thomas More And Jonathan Swift Essay
For whom are empires built? Sprawling across regional and temporal territories, empires not only
affect their citizenry. Indeed, through their inclusion, empires establish an exclusivity that renders
both in and out of its populations a kind of distrust. It remains to be seen if there is an ideal empire,
but in conceptualizing the shortcomings of an empire 's trajectories, there are significant
observations to be made. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the sixteenth and eighteenth century
writings of Sir Thomas More and Jonathan Swift. Here, individuals for the first time interrogate the
governmental systems which predate them to a particular effect, though their means are drastically
different. Shared between the authors is a critical engagement with the lasting effects of the British
empire that dominated the world around them. Though they can be balanced in either opposition
(with Swift as the darker of the two or, for that matter, More), More represents for Swift something
of a mentor. As one scholar notes, Swift 's " 'catholicism ' in religion and politics, his contempt for
nationalism, factionalism, and individualism that informs the utopian passages of Gulliver 's Travels
and owes its philosophical debt to More" (Traugott 535). A Modest Proposal was written around the
same time as Gulliver 's Travels and both were different forms of critical engagement; the content of
the latter most obviously attributed to More in the Lilliputians – individuals whose political

Literature Review On Racism And Racism
Literature Review and Approach
To answer the question "how does black representation fight the Oppressions of Whiteness?" we
first must look at race. For many American's race, the definition for race is the color of someone's
skin. While many Americans will say that they "don't see color" which is harmful in its own way.
Race is a huge part of America from politics, shows, toys, books, many things in our daily life.
Many anthropologists have even said that race isn't real, but a social construct created to catalog
people. Anthropologist Carolyn Fluehr–Lobban book Race and Racism: An Introduction talks about
how "Americans are socialized first to identify a person's race by skin color and then secondly by
physical features" (pg.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the United States, it has come to be by talking or acting white that one is civilized or at the very
least speaking in Mainstream American English. Which is to say if a black person shows there
Blackness by using their language which from many
Blackness for the topic of this paper is the weapon in which the black community uses in order to
fight the oppression of whiteness. Helan E. Page talked about some of the strategized that were used
in No Black Public Sphere In White Public Space: Racialized Information And Hi–tech Diffusion In
The Global African Diaspora that black people used to be able to gain visibility was "In exchange
for control of African American markets, major companies that previously overlooked the black
market now grant blacks a new visibility in the nation's public sphere" This sphere is mainstream
media and even though with doing this it does come to the discussion of self–representation and if
that is possible to have when black people are not the ones that fully control it.
With the talk of self–representation also opens the door wide open to tokenization, authenticity, and
authorization. When it comes with dealing with self–representation there is always a problem of
tokenization and "speaking in the name of" a group. Tokenization is where the token speaker
becomes what Dr.Smith calls the concrete experience to the audience.

The Woman Who Walked Into Doors
Paula's voice, in which the entire novel is related, combines convincing staccato storytelling, slangy
working–class diction, frank revelations, and agonized reconstruction of the past in sometimes
profane and often touching tones. Here Paula remembers her teenaged self, both attracted and
repelled by the man she will so disastrously marry: He was a ride. It was the best way to describe
him, from the first time I heard of him to the last time I saw him. He wasn't,t gorgeous. There was
never anything gorgeous about him. When we made love the first time in the field when we were
drunk, especially me, and I didn't really know what was happening, only his weight and wanting to
get sick@ I felt terrible after it, scared and soggy, guilty and ... Show more content on
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Paula is "the woman who walked into doors"[1] because she explains her cuts, bruises, and broken
bones by her clumsiness–walking into doors, falling down stairs–rather than their real causes, her
husband's violent physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. This euphemism shows the contradiction of
subaltern speech: it can suggest and imply but it cannot truly speak in a language that society is
willing or able to decode. In fact, the entire novel rests on the inherent contradiction of subaltern
speech because Paula, a subaltern figure, narrates the entire book. The book shows Paula as she
struggles to "know and speak [herself]," to borrow a phrase from Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's "Can
the Subaltern Speak?"[2] In Spivak's problematic, the "there is no unrepresentable subaltern subject
that and know and speak itself;" however, this impossibility is a deconstructive (im)possibility,[3]
neither final nor absolute. Spivak's writings on fictional representations of subalterns, such as her
preface to Mahasweta Devi's Imaginary Maps[4] and "A Literary Representation of the Subaltern,"
as well as "Can the Subaltern Speak?", explore the contradictions that this impossible speech
produces. Doyle's novel suggests another way to theorize this contradiction by looking at its

Can the Subaltern Speak
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak Can the Subaltern Speak? An understanding of contemporary relations
of power, and of the Western intellectual's role within them, requires an examination of the
intersection of a theory of representation and the political economy of global capitalism. A theory of
representation points, on the one hand, to the domain of ideology, meaning, and subjectivity, and, on
the other hand, to the domain of politics, the state, and the law. The original title of this paper was
"Power, Desire, Interest."1 Indeed, whatever power these meditations command may have been
earned by a politically interested refusal to push to the limit the founding presuppositions of my
desires, as far as they are within my grasp. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why should such occlusions be sanctioned in precisely those intellectuals who are our best prophets
of heterogeneity and the Other? The link to the workers' struggle is located in the desire to blow up
power at any point of its application. This site is apparently based on a simple valorization of any
desire destructive of any power. Walter Benjamin comments on Baudelaire's comparable politics by
way of quotations from Marx: 272 Marx continues in his description of the conspirateurs de
profession as follows: " ... They have no other aim but the immediate one of overthrowing the
existing government, and they profoundly despise the more theoretical enlightenment of the workers
as to their class interests. Thus their anger–not proletarian but plebian–at the habits noirs (black
coats), the more or less educated people who represent [vertretenjthat side of the movement and of
whom they can never become entirely independent, as they cannot of the official representatives
[Reprasentantenj of the party." Baudelaire's political insights do not go fundamentally beyond the
insights of these professional conspirators.... He could perhaps have made Flaubert's statement, "Of
all of politics I understand only one thing: the revolt," his own. 6 The link to the workers' struggle is
located, simply, in desire. Elsewhere, Deleuze and Guattari have attempted an alternative definition
of desire, revising

tempcolon Comparing Language in Shakespeare's Tempest...
Colonial Language in Shakespeare's The Tempest and Aime Cesaire's A Tempest
Language and literature are the most subtle and seductive tools of domination. They gradually shape
thoughts and attitudes on an almost subconscious level. Perhaps Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak states
this condition most succinctly in her essay "The Burden of English" when she writes, "Literature
buys your assent in an almost clandestine way...for good or ill, as medicine or poison, perhaps
always a bit of both"(137). By examining Shakespeare's "The Tempest" and Cesaire's "A Tempest",
the diabolic and diagnostic functions of language and literature can be explored. Both plays place
characters who are foreign to each other in equally unknown and foreign ... Show more content on
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"You taught me language and my profit on't/ Is, I know how to curse" (363–4). Shakespeare's
Caliban, though, is concerned as much with revenge as he is his own freedom. Through his ability to
speak a European tongue, Caliban is able to persuade Stephano and Trinculo to attempt to overthrow
Prospero. In the end, the attempt fails miserably. Caliban begs for forgiveness and Prospero's power
is essentially unchallenged. Prospero as teacher, slave owner, father, and Duke dictates the outcome
of the play.
Cesaire's Caliban uses the same tool, language given to him by Prospero, to subvert Prospero's
power and to win his freedom. Like the original, the contemporary Caliban realizes that his
education is a sinister form of slavery. Learning Prospero's language means learning to understand
and obey orders. He even attributes his alleged attempted rape of Miranda to his education,
claiming, "you're the one [Prospero] who put those dirty thoughts in my head" (13). The efforts of
Cesaire's Caliban, while full of resentment, are focused primarily on freedom. He wants to rid
himself to be free of his name and become X for this very reason. The images of the native as dark,
mysterious, primitive, wild, and primally sensual are bound to his given name. These images help to
define Prospero and his European mindset, rather than articulating anything authentic

Feminism in Frankenstein Essay examples
Over the years, the monster in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein has become universally portrayed in one
way: a tall, green–skinned, dumb brute with no language or reasoning abilities. Society has turned
the story of Frankenstein into a mere horror story, dehumanizing the monster more than was
intended in Shelley's novel. However, the message of Frankenstein is a far cry from the freak show
displayed by the media. While many people may only see Frankenstein as a grotesque story meant
to thrill its audience, its purpose goes much deeper as it advocates for the equal rights of women in
society. Perhaps the strongest evidence of feminism in Frankenstein stems from what happens when
Victor Frankenstein tries to create life without the help of a ... Show more content on
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It is because of this that Shelley seems to suggest that Frankenstein overstepped his boundaries as a
man by trying to create life. In the critique, "Female Gothic: The Monster's Mother," Ellen Moers
points out that "Frankenstein's exploration of the forbidden boundaries of human science does not
cause the prolongation and extension of his own life, but the creation of a new one. He defies
mortality not by living forever, but by giving birth" (220). Clearly Frankenstein realizes he has
overstepped his boundaries as a man as those to whom he is closest are killed one by one as a result
of the creation of the monster: first his brother William, then Justine, Clerval, Elizabeth, his father,
and, ultimately, himself. This could be seen as analogous to men in society during the nineteenth
century and before: overstepping their boundaries by creating a patriarchal society. Shelley seems to
suggest that if men were to continue to take as much control away from women as they were back
then, society would eventually become a "monster" that would destroy everyone. In addition to her
proposition that a patriarchal society will ultimately lead to chaos, Shelley uses the character of
Frankenstein to illustrate that men are not the strong leaders of society they claim to be.
Frankenstein is brave enough to go as far as creating life without a woman; however, as soon as his
brainchild comes to life, Frankenstein essentially

Critical Theory
Choose 2 theories from Semester 1 and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the theories'
application. In this essay two theories will be examined in regards to their advantages and
disadvantages, when applied. For this, Feminism and Post–Colonialism will be used, as both
theories unite in their aim to deconstruct the dominant ideologies and stereotypes in a patriarchal
and imperialistic 'white European male ' dominated society, thus overthrowing centuries of
colonization, subordination, marginalization and exploitation Feminists seek to reconstruct decrepit
ideas of femininity, and extinguish female oppression over the years. Feminist literary criticism, in
the first and seconds waves, critique patriarchal language, by exposing ... Show more content on
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Allowing for the more marginalized Authors to be regarded, accepted and even praised suggests an
attempt of overpowering the current biasness in novel critics. An example of this biasness would be;
Alas! A woman that attempts the pen Such an intruder on the rights of men –Madwoman in the Attic
(1) Woman were taught to be seen and not heard, they were to be oogled by men, while being silent
and angelic like creatures themselves such as the infamous 'Madame Bovary' by Gustave Flaubert
where gynocritics have analysed Emma Bovarys position in an imperial society 'interpreting her
existential malaise and obsession with fantasy as a product of her limited role in bourgeois society'.
In Tony Tanners article for example he argues that Emmas sickness relates to the woolliness of her
position in society. Woman were seen as unfit and simply incapable of writing. Millett argues that
sexual politics is mens attempt of maintaining dominion over woman. This theory encouraged
universities to make a study into falsely projected images and stereotypes of woman in fiction. Thus,
encouraging other writers to get involved such as, Elaine Showalters 'A literature of their own', and
Susan Gubar's 'The madwoman in the attic.' This study of female representation in literature aimed
to undo a patriarchal strategy which included 'feminine' and 'female' as one, regardless of differences
in personality, and 'to avoid patriarchal notions of aesthetics, history

Is Sexism Still a Force in Our Culture?
Is Sexism Still a Force in Our Culture?
Sexism against women has been prevalent for hundreds of years, despite the fact that there is
nothing inherently sexist about human existence, or that of other animals. In fact, there exist a
number of animal species that are not sexist, and the sustained prevalence of sexism among humans
is a topic that necessitates investigation. This paper examines sexism as it relates to contemporary
culture, with particular emphasis paid to whether women have overcome the oppression that they
lived with during preceding generations. Specifically, this paper begins with an examination of the
different ways in which sexism manifests in today's culture, then discusses the specific ways in
which sexism has been combated. Ultimately, it is argued that while substantial developments have
been made in combating sexism, gender discrimination is still inextricably linked with culture.
Sexism is still embedded in the fiber of contemporary culture. However, to further explore the ways
in which sexism is intertwined with culture, it is first necessary to define culture. For the purposes of
this investigation, culture refers to the corporate environment and forms of employment, as well as
the different entertainment industries and canonical literary texts that are endorsed in schools and
the greater society. Although not necessarily a product of culture, this paper also investigates the
possibility that there is inherent sexism that manifests through

The Stereotypes Of Colonialism And Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism is an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that analyze,
explain, and respond to the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism, to the human
consequences of controlling a country and establishing settlers for the economic exploitation of the
native people and their land.
According to Edward said, Said's book Orientalism (1978) is considered the foundational work on
which post–colonial theory developed. Said, then, could be considered the 'father' of
postcolonialism. His work, including Orientalism, focused on exploring and questioning the
artificial boundaries, or the stereotypical boundaries, that have been drawn between the East and
West, specifically as they relate to the Middle East. In doing this, Said focused specifically on our
stereotypes of Middle Easterners, however, these same ideas can be extended to include ... Show
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Postcolonial is related to the colonize , and can be affected to the economic system , politic, and also
the cultural the country it self, and it can't be separated with the other aspects. Through the theories,
the condition of the internal in the movie is full of despair and rudeless. And it can be applied in this
movie exactly.
Subaltern sub theory Subaltern is a part of the theory above, and can be define as a condition
internal and external, and Gayati spivak assumed that, the condition is between black people and
white skin, they can't be unite as well, they make their own assumption, for instance, white skin is
more better than black skin. The level of strata is more determine than everything, but Spivak wants
the condition is there is no marginality, and being normal . so the movie also can be applied with this
sub theory because the internal elements is full of slavery and torture of black people, with white

Colonialism And Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism and Feminism
Abstract
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a remarkably comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical
and theoretical dimensions of colonial and postcolonial studies. National fantasies, be they colonial,
anti–colonial or postcolonial also play upon the connection between woman, land or nation.
Feminist theory and postcolonial theory are occupied with similar questions of representation, voice,
marginalization, and the relation between politics and literature. Given that both critical projections
employ multidisciplinary perspectives, they are each attentive, at least in principle, to historical
context and the geopolitical co–ordinates the subject in question. The identification of women as
national mother stems from a wider association of nation with the family. The topic of feminism and
postcolonialism is integrally tied to the project of literary postcoloniality and its concerns with the
critical reading and interpretation of colonial and postcolonial texts.
Introduction:
It is fair say that beginning postcolonialism is an especially challenging procedure because it is
particularly difficult to answer those questions with which we started. Such is the variety of
activities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spivak confesses in A Critique of Postcolonial Reason that contemplation of "this failure of
communication" had "so unnerved" her that, in her initial discussions of Bhaduri's suicide she had
been let to write, "in the accent of passions lament the subaltern cannot

Analysis Of ' S Americanah Through A Post Colonial Prism
Faniyi 15
Kayode Faniyi
129013097
Dr. Solomon Azumurana
ENG 894
REFRACTING CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE'S AMERICANAH THROUGH A POST–
COLONIAL PRISM
1. Introduction
Respected Marxist critic Frederic Jameson once described every instance of "third world literature"
as necessarily nationally allegorical (69), an assertion spectacularly assailed by Aijaz Ahmad (77–
82).
But it is possible to close our eyes to Ahmad's very valid misgivings and take a bird's eye view of
Jameson's assertion: read in reaction to the phenomenon of imperialism, perhaps the literature of
dominated peoples is the literature of self–assertion, however blind to Jameson's national allegorical
(or anticolonial) imperative, and however "hybrid". That last expression might as ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
But first, I must situate Americanah in its post–colonial moment.
2. Situating Americanah in the Post–Colonial Moment
Since it is published in 2013, the material reality of Americanah is conditioned, however distantly it
seems now, by the phenomenon of colonialism–it is written in English, for instance. Although
published in 2013, the temporality and spatiality of Americanah's narrative extends backwards to the
late 70s when its major protagonist, Ifemelu, was born. As a child, she witnesses the death by firing
squad of that famous robbery kingpin, Lawrence Anini (148), and lives through coups, coups
attempts, strikes and the usual brand of public dysfunction that still haunts Nigeria, therefore linking
its post–coloniality with that decidedly African brand of introverted, introspective post–
independence post–coloniality of disillusionment exemplified by novels such as Ayi Kwei Armah's
The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, Chinua Achebe's No Longer at Ease and Anthills of the
Savannah, and soon enough with the post–coloniality of globalization (and the neoliberal ideology
that has hijacked it). As we see in the novel, this disillusionment is the animus of her exile. Ifemelu
arrives America in 1997, the year in which Kudirat Abiola, activist wife of M.K.O Abiola, was
killed (116). Here, Americanah's post–coloniality takes a new turn. This new turn, inaugurated by
Ifemelu's (voluntary

Whiteness In The Bluest Eye
Toni Morrison's first novel, The Bluest Eye, challenges Western standards of beauty. The book also
expresses that the perception of beauty is socially constructed. With its richness of language and
boldness of vision, it also recognises the possibility of whiteness used as a standard of beauty and
blackness being diminished. Toni Morrison focuses on the black female characters, Pauline and
Pecola Breedlove, suffering through the construction of femininity in an ethnicized society. This
essay will discuss these two characters as being "absented" from reality, since they are rejected as
ugly. I will substantiate this essay by making use of two major theories: "Repetition–in–Rapture" by
Gayatri Spivak and "Powers of Horror, an Essay on Abjection" by Julia Kristeva. The essay will also
offer various textual evidence to show the outcome of each character's internalised oppression.
The Bluest Eye explores the remaining effects of black self–hatred through the main characters of
Pecola and Pauline Breedlove. Both of these black female characters are consumed with the
constant culturally–imposed concepts of Western beauty and purity to the point where they have
detached with themselves. Furthermore, as an effect, have a disastrous tendency to subconsciously
act out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spivak (1987: 202) states that "The rupture shows itself to be also a repitition.They fall back upon
notions of conciousness–as–agent, totally, and upon a culturalism, that are discontinuous with the
critique of humanism. They seem unaware of the historico–political provenance of their various
Western 'collaborators'". This theory can briefly then be described as the previously oppressed
becoming the oppressor. Hence it can be said that Pecola Breedlove and her family are oppressed
within their own black community, who are also oppressed by the white

Can The Subaltern Speak Essay
Malak Alssaghir Mahmoud Hijazi
ENG–Post Colonialism Mr. Lutfi Hmadi
LU 5th branch / Faculty of Arts and Human Science
March , 2017
Power , Desire and Interest in Spivak's
"Can the Subaltern Speak ?"
In literature, postcolonialism is the study of post–colonial theories that ask the reader to notice the
effects of colonization or the extension power into other nations, have on people. In post–colonial
theories, the term subaltern is the nickname to populations which are far cry from the power of the
colony that has hegemonic on social, political and geographical prevalence.
What is subaltern?
According to a dictionary, synonyms of the term subaltern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Can The Subaltern Speak?
Spivak's essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" is originally published in Cary Nelson and Lawrence
Grossberg's Marxist and the Interpretation of culture(1988).(3)
In this essay, Spivak encourages and motivates but at the same time, she criticizes the effort of the
subaltern studies group in establishing a voice. As a feminist, Spivak wants to give a voice for those
who used to be silent. She describes how colonists prove their well–intentioned in India
differentiating between British civilization and Indian "Barbarism".
In her work, she joins her disapproval of the abuse against women, non–Europeans, and the poor by
the wealthy west. Spivak faces in her essay "epistemic violence" done by sermons of knowledge that
shape the whole world. This epistemic violence is like a curse over subjects of discourses. It is
similar to Edward Said idea(1935–2003; public intellectual and founder of the academic field of
postcolonial studies).(4)His idea of otherness in "Orientalism" display the bigotry of western
scholars who write in a biased way about the East in order to create "

Research Proposal Phd Digital Arts And Humanities Oxford...
Research Proposal PhD Digital Arts and Humanities UCC Cork Michael Kurzmeier
The information age is also the age of massive data collection, of databases, records, data mining
and big data in all it's empowering and destructive potential. Not only since the Snowden leaks of
2012 has the question of, who records and who is being recorded become of interest to a wide
audience. Access to such data collection, the knowledge about it and the subjects' relation to all–
encompassing technology have been the basis of many influential writings of the last two decades.
From works such as Empire (Hardt and Negri) that investigate the effects of an all–encompassing
global communication network on what Habermas called the "public sphere" to Geert Lovink's
investigation into the roots and practices of critical Internet culture, scholars agree on the existing
and growing importance of data access. In addition to that exists another school of thought more
concerned with the realizations of (digital) memory. Starting from Derrida's writing on the archive
(Derrida), to works such as Wolfgang Ernst's Media Archeology, scholars are interested in the
effects of media as memory agents.
However, none of these works have yet adequately addressed the question of sustainable storage in
relation to the power systems as described above. As the pace in the global information network
increases every day and news about data collection, surveillance and leaks have become almost
daily news, the question

The Bluest Eye, By Toni Morrison
The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, presents the reader with some of the strong racial imbalances
present in the African American communities in the United States. The novel, The Bluest Eye,
addresses many themes such as, feminism, rape culture, repetition in rupture, abjection, oppression,
racism and the innocence of youth (Morrison 1970). The evident issue in the novel is the way that
the African American people oppress not only themselves but others, to the standards of the white
American standards of things such as beauty. The characters, Pecola and Pauline, are the major
characters in the novel and are, as written by Morrison (1970), the ciphers of the way African
Americans treated each–other and themselves in a time of racial oppression ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
For the community in which the Breedloves find themselves, light skin is better and blue eyes
makes you beautiful (So also thought and believed by Pecola). In their society, the Black women
who look the most beautiful have an almost white skin (Inggris 2009:10). According to Inggris, the
character Maureen Peel is envied less for her wealth than for her skin colour. Just as Pecola tries to
conform and assimilates values of self–worth from the white world, Pauline receives her education
in self–hatred from the films that she watches, where she is introduced to White physical beauty.
Pauline works for the Fishers, a white family, where she adopts their lifestyle and values because for
her they are more meaningful than her

The Female Spirit By Amartya Kumar Sen
Amartya Kumar Sen seeks to subvert this, arguing that since independence, there has been liberation
of socioeconomic change and a distinct method of exercising the `real freedoms that women enjoy,
focusing on the growth of the individual woman in comparison to placing her in a 'repressive state.'
However, whilst Sen argues with an optimistic tone, it is important to note that the position of the
woman in independent India was still a problematic topic. The portrayal of women in the Indian
milieu can be thought of as rather extreme. On one hand she is admired as a `Devi' (Hindu goddess)
on the other, she is a commodity of suffering and humiliation. This can be recognised in A Married
Woman whereby Astha's sexual identity is the object ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On one hand Astha's mother represents the old ways, whereby the women's place is to satisfy her
husband `every morning she prayed for a good husband for her daughter' . On the other, her father
believed in the new where Astha's future `lay in her own hands,' thus rejecting idealised norms for
the Indian woman. Here, Astha's life is momentarily refrained from being placed in positions of
helplessness or weakness. It acts as a vehicle to uphold modern changes of the Indian milieu which
are `important to the changing positionality of Asian women.' However, despite India's separation
from British imperialism and gaining national independence, she failed to separate from the
outdated customs of Hindu society. These customs subjected women as naturally inferior, limited to
`producing offspring and the performance of household duties.' This ultimately rejects Astha's desire
to show an individual identity through independence and places her back in the seat of a subordinate
woman.
Astha's mother claims that it is her duty is to uphold family honour by securing a marriage with a
respectable suitor –Hemant. Within married life, Astha enjoys her opulent surroundings and
awakens her previously latent sexuality `she felt a woman of the world, the world that was covered
with the film of her desire, and the fluids of their sex.' Yet through this, feelings of repression and
suffering are noticeable `Hemant wasn't really listening

What Is The Theme Of Rudali By Mahashweta Dali
Introduction
Mahashweta Devi is an extraordinary woman who has written, worked and fought for the
marginalised tirelessly for the past six decades. She is a strange mix of an activist and a writer who
has carried both duties fiercely all her life. Away from the spotlight, she keeps working for the
welfare and betterment of those whom the media and mainstream conveniently keep forgetting. Her
writing is disturbing because it shows the reader her or his own true face.
She is certainly as a noted critic puts it 'one of the most important writers writing in India today.
Much more can be said of Mahashweta Devi. She stands with few equals among today's Asian
writers in the dedication and directness with which she has turned writing in to a form ... Show more
Rudali is one of the haunting stories that come from remote villages in Rajasthan. Sanichari is a
beautiful girl born in lower caste and her life is full of sufferings because of lower caste, poor
finances, lost parents, drunken parents and mischievous son. In her old age she has become like a
stone who doesn't complain and does'nt weep. Even a sharp eye drop that brings that brings artificial
tears in her eyes.
Her mother, an old professional Rudali, lives with her for couple of days but does'nt tell her that she
is her morn. She suggests her to become a fellow Rudali with her. But the problem is Sanichari can't
weep. When Sanichari's mom dies, she comes to know that she is her mother. Sanichari's tears come
back to her eyes after long years and she becomes a famous Rudali taking over her mother's
profession. The short story Rudali is a heart wrenching tale written by Bengali author and
Magsaysay award recipient Mahashweta Devi. The title of the story refers to a class of women
called Rudalis (professional mourners) who are called to cry at funerals of upper caste men.Rudali
records the transformation of Sanichari from a mere widow to a woman who is equipped to adapt
and manipulate the

Conflict In The Hunt
The first in Devi's Imaginary Maps, The Hunt is the story of an eighteen–year–old tribal woman,
Mary Oraon, from a tribal village in West Bengal. She is pestered and stalked by a male predator
and contractor Tehsildar Singh who has come to exploit the valuable wood of the Sal forest around
the village. When he grows lustful of her, she turns into the predator that he is and retaliates her
excruciating plight by slaying her molester. This act of self–defence of the protagonist emphasizes
the need for an organic intellectual like Mary in an oppressive society. Antonio Gramsci's idea of the
intellectual was critical as he was in the situation of creating a counter hegemony to persuade a huge
mass to transform from capitalism to socialism. His ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak states that "this voice of resistance makes Mary an organic
intellectual.... Mary Oraon in „The Hunt‟ is one of these figures" (Devi, Imaginary Maps 26–27).
The organic intellectual in The Hunt emphasizes the need for resistance to exploitation and the need
to empower and promote the status of tribal women through awareness and education. Mary's
intellectuality shows how gender stereotypes and patriarchal inconsistencies are not something
biological but rather they are only social, economic and culturally accepted norms. Mary's role as a
protector to her society, herself and her relations, her intellectuality to grow along with the dominant
Tehsildar and revolting her rapist and the fact that she rebels against his exploitation of the land and
the women, all done organically prove her as an organic intellectual. Mary Oraon is a role model for
all the victimized and oppressed women who are sexually harassed, her mixed blood emphasizes her
power. Spivak also states that "subaltern women need to recognize that 'internalized constraints
'inhibit their becoming organic intellectuals, and that ethical singularity...can help them overcome
this obstacle" (Murtuza 143). Mary Oraon is an example of such an organic intellectual who takes
her power on her own hands and turns the table over her

Similarities Between Colonialism And Feminism
Postcolonialism and Feminism
Abstract
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a remarkably comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical
and theoretical dimensions of colonial and postcolonial studies. National fantasies are they colonial,
anti–colonial or postcolonial also play upon the connection between woman, land or nation.
Feminist theory and postcolonial theory are occupied with similar questions of representation, voice,
marginalization, and the relation between politics and literature. Given that both critical projections
employ multidisciplinary perspectives, they are each attentive, at least in principle, to historical
context and the geopolitical co–ordinates the subject in question. The identification of women as
national mother stems from a wider association of nation with the family. The topic of feminism and
postcolonialism is integrally tied to the project of literary postcoloniality ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It analyses range across representations of women in once–colonized countries and in western
locations. Some critics have concentrated on the constructions of gender difference during the
colonial period, in both colonial and anti–colonial discourses; while others have concerned
themselves with the representations of women in postcolonial discourses with particular reference to
the work of women writers. At the level of theory, postcolonial feminist critics have raised a number
of conceptual, methodological and political problems involved in the study of representations of
gender. These problems are at once specific to feminist concerns, such as the possibility of finding
and international, cross– culture sisterhood between ' First world' and 'Third world' women, as well
as more general problems concerning who has the right to speak for whom, and the relationship
between the critic and their object of

Discuss The Role Of Women In America
Colonialism is and has been a reality during previous centuries. As a political and economical reality
it entailed significant consequences in the colonized country's politics, geographical maps, and
people's lives, fates and temperaments. As the consequences are hard to ignore the writers of the
formerly colonized countries never forgot to write about it and their people's lives before, during and
after their country's colonization. As Emecheta is one of these writer who is born and brought up in
Nigeria, a colony of British Empire until 1960, postcolonial approach is one of the most appropriate
critical methods to deal with her narratives. Besides, since she is focusing on women in the colonial
and postcolonial setting trying to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spivak believes that the Western World's master world's master are catachreses, or improper words,
because they claim to represent all women, all workers and all of the proletariat, when there are no
"true" examples of the "true workers", the "true women", the "true proletariat". Indeed, for Spivak,
the singularity of each of the disempowered people she engages with tests the limits of the dominant
narratives. Among the disempowered Spivak's analysis is basically directed at the subject–position
of the female subaltern, whom she describes as doubly marginalized by virtue of relative economic
disadvantage and gender subordination. Further to deal with the social position of the Third World
women Spivak also shifted the focus of essentialist debate from a concern with sexual differences
between men and women to focus on cultural differences between women in the "Third World" and
women in the "First World". She also proposes the idea of strategic essentialism and believes that
for minority groups, in particular, the use of essentialism as a short–term strategy to affirm political
identity can be effective, as long as this identity does not get fixed as an essential category by the
dominant group. Chandra Talpade Mohanty in her key text Under Western Eyes deals with the
issues of postcolonial feminism and

Theme Of Language In The Faulknerian Canon
Introduction
One concern that continually reappears in the Faulknerian canon is that of language and the power
that language may or may not possess. Language is analyzed and reanalyzed through the
experiences and thought patterns of an entire cast of characters. The poststructuralist dilemma
expressing the alienation of signifier from the signified is one of main questions posed: can
language ever truly comment on anything outside of language? Does the word ever transcend the
realm of language and affect the external world? Faulkner's fiction tackles these questions and
provides multiple answers simultaneously, which exemplifies just how complex this subject matter
can be. His fictional works reject conventional dichotomies such as "white/black", rich/poor",
"male/female", "master/slave" etc. as a social and linguistic deception, and discovers a reality where
people merge across social boundaries. The poststructuralist discourses on language often remind us
that oppositions are fixed by rhetorical strategies of antithesis or omission: that opposites not only
are independent but often merge with each other.
Faulkner counters the rhetorical figures of language with literary devices of his own. He employs a
style that unites or reverses apparent opposites and his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inferior texts are written to cater to such readings [the readings that project a text through what is
already known, preventing it from expanding beyond the conventional boundaries], good texts to
undo them... The Sound and the Fury is a novel which carries its resistance to the most extreme end
this side of incoherence. Its principal object is that it should not be read, in the sense that it seeks to
withstand from beginning to end every critical strategy. (New Essays on The Sound and the Fury

Being A Girl 's Mother
On being a Girl's Mother
I have wanted to be the mother of girls, not boys. I was afraid I would not be able to raise them
properly in such a male–centered world. I already had a son. I loved him very much, but I still
wanted to have a daughter. Then, that Friday, in June 25th, 1982, I went to the hospital just hoping
to deliver a girl. During the caesarian session, I fell asleep, I was feeling very tired. When I woke
up, I was in a room. My mother was with me. She told me it was a girl, a very beautiful little girl. I
asked the nurse to bring my daughter to me. The moment I saw that little baby, and I had her in my
arms, I knew I have just found the light of my life. She looked at me with the most beautiful eyes,
and I breastfed her. Till now, I think of that moment as the happiest moment of my life.
On Travelling to Florianópolis
Before 1993, I have thought of my hometown, Teresina, as the center of the world, as the place I
would live forever. In August that year, however, I met someone who was to become one of my best
friends, who asked me why I had not yet taken a Master degree. My answer was quite simple: there
were no Master courses in my city. Then he suggested me to go to Florianópolis, in Santa Catarina.
The Federal University there would be the best in my filed. I was a little scared, but I decided to
apply. In December 4th, 1993, I took the plane for Florianópolis. It was a seven–hour straight flight.
I will never forget the moment the plane was approaching the

Nationalism And The Imagination Sparknotes
Nationalism and the Imagination by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak has being the hardest text I have
read during my theory class at Sydney College of the Arts in 2014. My task was to read and explain
the text to my theory class and my lecturer Dr Adam Geczy in 8 minutes as a YouTube video. This
was an almost impossible task because Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination is a small book of
75 pages and at Sydney College of the Arts's library we are only able to borrow the book for 2
hours. I later found the book online as a pdf file. I have decided to leave my video presentation on
YouTube to help some lost and desperate sole searching for the meaning of Spivak's Nationalism
and the Imagination, before contemplating on killing your self ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During the course of understanding Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination, I had to look at other
texts to begin to comprehend the purpose of Spivak's talk on nationalism, Indian sovereignty,
marginalized women, subaltern, comparative literatures oral formulaic, postcolonialism, etc. One of
the best texts I came across was an e–book by Stephen Morton entitled Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
It was first published in 2003 by Routledge and you can find it online as a pdf file.
Morton analysis several of Spivak's works and then he explains in an uncomplicated manner the
reasons for Spivak's comments and her writing in general. Although Morton does not directly
comment on Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination you will be able to understand Nationalism
and the Imagination because Spivak draws from previous works that Morton includes in his e–book
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
Another way of understanding Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination is by reading the book
reviews on the book. There are several book reviews on Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination
online or you can find it through your university's library. I was using ProQuest to find articles on
Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination.
Last but not least, I watched several videos by Dr Jason J Campbell, user drjasonjcampbell. He was
great, easy to understand and he includes notes with all his videos that you can download if you
wish. What I liked the most about Dr

history of philosophy
History of philosophy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see History of Philosophy (disambiguation).
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling.You can assist
by editing it. (April 2013)
Philosophy
Philosophers
Aestheticians
Epistemologists
Ethicists
Logicians
Metaphysicians
Social and political philosophers
Traditions
Analytic
Continental
Eastern
Islamic
Platonic
Scholastic
Periods
Ancient
Medieval
Modern
Contemporary
Literature
Aesthetics
Epistemology
Ethics
Logic
Metaphysics
Political philosophy

Branches
Aesthetics
Epistemology
Ethics
Logic
Metaphysics
Political philosophy
Social philosophy
Lists
Index
Outline
Years
Problems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is said that following a visit to the Oracle of Delphi he spent much of his life questioning anyone
in Athens who would engage him, in order to disprove the oracular prophecy that there would be no
man wiser than Socrates. Through these live dialogues, he examined common but critical concepts
that lacked clear or concrete definitions, such as beauty and truth, and the virtues of piety, wisdom,
temperance, courage, and justice. Socrates' awareness of his own ignorance allowed him to discover
his errors as well as the errors of those who claimed knowledge based upon falsifiable or unclear
precepts and beliefs. He wrote nothing, but inspired many disciples, including many sons of
prominent Athenian citizens (including Plato), which led to his trial and executionin 399 B.C. on the
charge that his philosophy and sophistry were undermining the youth, piety, and moral fiber of the
city. He was offered a chance to flee from his fate but chose to remain in Athens, abide by his
principles, and drink the poison hemlock.
Socrates' most important student was Plato, who founded the Academy of Athens and wrote a
number of dialogues, which applied theSocratic method of inquiry to examine philosophical
problems. Some central ideas of Plato's dialogues are the Theory of Forms, i.e., that the mind is
imbued with an innate capacity to understand and contemplate concepts from a higher order
preeminent world, concepts more real, permanent, and universal than or representative of the things

Summary Of The Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison
A Study On Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye
Ying–Hua,Liao
Introduction
Toni Morrison was the winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Literature. She is a prominent
contemporary American writer devoted to the black literary and cultural movement. Her
achievements and dedication to the promotion of black culture have established her distinguished
status in American literature.
Many critics applaud Toni Morrison's artistic talent and contribution to American literature. Darwin
T. Turner, for example, has thus commented: "Morrison has already achieved status as a major
novelist––an artful creator of grotesques destined to live in worlds where seeds of love seldom
blossom." Linda W. Wagner approves Morrison's artistic genius in her mastery of ... Show more
. . . The contemplation of this black presence is central to any understanding of our national
literature and should not be permitted to hover at the margins of the literary imagination.6
Toni Morrison perceives a vacuum in American white male dominated literary discourse which
excludes black presence. "Black people have a story, and that story has to be heard."7 Therefore, she
endeavors to break the silence by telling the black people's story, and bridge the gap between white
male–centered literature and black subjugated culture. Morrison intends to reconstruct the black
image in a way she knows. Her writing effort to illustrate the richness of black culture includes
black language, music, myths and rituals. Above all, she includes "the traditional Black female
activities of rootworking, herbal medicine, conjure, and midwifery into the fabric of [her] stories"8
to reveal the black woman's cultural experiences. The unique experiences of blacks, specifically
those of black women, are treated with a distinctive voice in Morrison's works. They are brought
from the margin to the reconstructed center. Through her novels, the silence of black people is
broken; the void in white–male centered literature is filled. Morrison has incorporated black culture
into the national cultural narrative. Her writings also refract the author's dialogue with her times and
cultural

Buchi Emecheta and African Traditional Society Essay
Buchi Emecheta's literary terrain is the domestic experience of the female characters, and the way in
which these characters try to turn the table against the second–class and slavish status to which they
are subjected either by their husbands or the male–oriented traditions. Reading Buchi Emecheta
informs us of the ways fiction, especially women's writing, plays a role in constructing a world in
which women can live complete lives; a world that may provide women with opportunities for
freedom, creativity, self–expression, friendship and love. Welesley Brown Lloyd believes that; "of
all women writers in contemporary African literature Buchi Emecheta of Nigeria has been the most
sustained and vigorous voice of direct feminist protest" (35) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(xii) Emecheta's first novels which are set in Nigeria, The Salve Girl, The Bride Price and The Joys
of Motherhood work like a double–edged sword. On the one hand, they are portraits of "female
bondage" (Frank 749), describing African women in their total submergence and enslavement. On
the other, they depict the structures and institutions which empower women and increase their
participation in the socio–political, economic and spiritual activities in their community. In these
three novels she gives a picture of women in contemporary society as well as those in the past. The
realistic picture provided by the writer destroys women's contentment with the present state of
affairs while giving insights into the strategies that enable women to survive the oppressions of
patriarchal society. Two types of women are presented in these novels: those that concede to
oppression and domination of the patriarchal society and those who try hard to exploit the existing
institutions of their society for their best. It is mainly in these three novels that the writer intends to
show the positive possibilities offered to women in the traditional African society which helps them
have some degrees of authenticity and also remind the readers of colonialism's responsibilities in
depriving women of these rights and thus aggravating the subjugation. In an Igbo society there are

Political Critique of Race Relations in Alice Walker's...
The Color Purple as Political Critique of Race Relations If the integrated family of Doris Baines and
her adopted African grandson exposes the missionary pattern of integration in Africa as one based
on a false kinship that in fact denies the legitimacy of kinship bonds across racial lines, the
relationship between Miss Sophia and her white charge, Miss Eleanor Jane, serves an analogous
function for the American South. Sophia, of course, joins the mayor's household as a maid under
conditions more overtly racist than Doris Baines's adoption of her Akwee family: Because she
answers "hell no" (76) to Miss Millie's request that she come to work for her as a maid, Sophia is
brutally beaten by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sophia's feelings for Miss Eleanor are of course more ambivalent. When she first joins the mayor's
household, Sophia is completely indifferent to her charge, "wonder[ing] why she was ever born"
(88). After rejoining her own family, Sophia resents Miss Eleanor Jane's continuing intrusions into
her family life and suggests that the only reason she helps the white girl is because she's "on parole. .
. . Got to act nice" (174). But later Sophia admits that she does feel "something" for Miss Eleanor
Jane "because of all the people in your daddy's house, you showed me some human kindness" (225).
Whatever affection exists between the two women, however, has been shaped by the perverted
"kinship" relation within which it grew – a relationship the narrative uses to expose plantation
definitions of kinship in general and to explode the myth of the black mammy in particular.
Separated from her own family and forced to join the mayor's household against her will, living in a
room under the house and assigned the housekeeping and childraising duties, Sophia carries out a
role in the mayor's household which clearly recalls that of the stereotypical mammy on the Southern
plantation. However,

Critical Theory
Choose 2 theories from Semester 1 and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the theories'
application.
In this essay two theories will be examined in regards to their advantages and disadvantages, when
applied. For this, Feminism and Post–Colonialism will be used, as both theories unite in their aim to
deconstruct the dominant ideologies and stereotypes in a patriarchal and imperialistic 'white
European male ' dominated society, thus overthrowing centuries of colonization, subordination,
marginalization and exploitation
Feminists seek to reconstruct decrepit ideas of femininity, and extinguish female oppression over the
years. Feminist literary criticism, in the first and seconds waves, critique patriarchal language, by ...
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Nassab continues to say that Conrad may have been influenced by Authors with a similar view of
Africa such as Henry Stanleys, 'The dark Continent' Quoting Chinua Achebe, Nassaab tells us this
was, and still is, 'The dominant image of Africa in the Western imagination and Conrad merely
brought the peculiar gifts of his own mind to bear it'. Conrads constant portrayal of Africans as
Barbarians, and uneducated savages, reflects Africa as the antithesis of Europe. This preconception
was based largely on a lack of knowledge thus leaving Europeans predisposed to viewing Africans
in this way.
Conrad represents Africa as 'Other', he sets in our minds; 'a place where man's vaunted intelligence
and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant bestiality'. (Achebe) Applying a post–colonial
critique to this text unveils Conrads' biasness, nescience of and natural adherence to the discourse of
his time. Feminist criticism in this way also points out the image of women as 'other'. Just as Conrad
harbors racist ideologies toward Africa, he also reveals his fixed interpretations and biased male
vision of women. Conrad writes;
'Girl? What did I mention girl? Oh, she is out of it – completely. They, the woman I mean – are out
of it – should be out of it. We must help them stay in that beautiful world of their own, lest our
gestures get worse.'
Here Conrad completely undermines womens intelligence by suggesting they are/can be nothing
more than physically beautiful, painting an

Cultural Anthropology And The American Society
Lucas Mochal
General Education Task Assignment 1
10/3/2014
Cultural Anthropology
Feminist Approach to the American Society
One theoretical approach in the field of cultural anthropology is the Feminist Approach. The
feminist approach is an approach that helped females from all diverse cultures to band together for
equal rights or more freedom for themselves. A feminist theory can be described as an approach to
move towards empowering women worldwide. Feminism has been a problem in any culture from
any time in history, and feminist worldwide are all banding together for one reason: to become
independent and highly powered women. The main goals of feminism are to discuss the importance
of women, break the gender inequality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the later centuries in school girls were depicted to be in home economic classes to learn how to be
a homemaker, whereas boys were sought out to be in math and science classes. As the centuries
progressed society has changed immensely in how men have treated their women and how women
have overcome their typical roles in society. People have always had the impression that society is
driven by males. One big feministic move that women fought for was the right to be able to vote.
Women had never been able to vote because it was thought that men should only have the right to
choose who would be serving us locally and nationally. Liberal feminists thought that this idea was
unfair and that both genders should be able to vote, so they fought for the right for some women to
vote in 1918 and then in 1928 their appeal was approved and all women got the right to be able to
vote.
Another area that feminists fought to change was the view of women in the workplace. Many career
areas have always been depicted as a "men only" career such as Political, law enforcement, military
and construction. Feminist have taken the challenge to prove that this is a gender equal nation where
women are able to do the same amount of work that men can do if not better than men. In the earlier
centuries when it came to serving in the military you would never find a women serving because
they were known to be very weak and physically unfit to serve in the

The Conflict Of Literary, Amusing And Political Illustration
proach. The motivation, absorbed and calendar that complete such endeavor usually end in breadth
of conflict, that ends up in the crisis of literary, amusing and political illustration. As Simon
Featherstone credibility out, "In column corruption it [the crisis] could be a accurate account that
touches aloft the acute problems with analogy and aloft the bread–and–butter and abstract
administration of assembly and archetype of narratives of 'other' cultures. during this paper, i 'm
circuitous with two ambit of adherent analogy in abstract that I in actuality accept disconnected in
two sections. aural the antecedent breadth I in actuality accept approved to allowance the ascendant
discourses of Adherent problems and its analogy in literature. aural the additional breadth my affair
is to assay Arvind Adiga's The White Tiger aural the spectrum of those discourses i.e. about
ascendancy and ability apply in adherent discourses. axial postcolonial discourses, I altercate that
these two problems are commutual aural the analogy of bordering and analyze the choir of
unhearable in reconfiguring of adherent theorization. The adherent theorisation is directed to the
blow aloft the amount problems with cultural and bread–and–butter ability and accordingly the
analogy of bordering that are at centre aural the adroit of conduct itself. The angle of analogy of
postcolonial adherent relies on altercation that abstruse focus will be confused from hegemonic to
interact. the a lot of activity of

Borderlands By Gloria Anzaldúa
As human beings we tend to classify others by classifying ourselves (Eide 74 ). Nothing wrong with
that per se, if not for using problematic criteria, such as race, skin color, gender, sexual orientation,
class, religion, or ethnicity, in an often negative and derogatory way. As soon as individuals or
groups are considering themselves superior, they inherently impose inferiority upon others, and
discrimination and bigotry is born. Equality is still far from being common practice. A large part of
the problem is ignorance; ignorance about other cultures, religions, gender range, ethnicity and
many other characteristics. In her book Borderlands: La Frontera, Gloria Anzaldúa describes how
she has hopes for a new humanity, not inhibited by race or gender or any other social, political or
ethical label; a hybrid form, an epitome of all possible confluences: a cosmic race, with a rich gene
pool and a new consciousness (100–102). She believes this can be realized by uprooting all dualistic
thinking and teaching tolerance and openness from a very young age: 'nothing is thrust out, the
good, the bad and the ugly, nothing rejected, nothing abandoned' (Anzaldúa 101) . She uses the ...
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But, as with all resources, it might give rise to exactly the opposite of what is was meant for. It can
isolate the cause it stands for, thereby making the chasm between it and others even larger, instead
of bringing them closer together. It is a tool, nothing more: it can come in handy, but has no
secondary agenda, and is to be used very carefully. Anzaldúa's concept of a new consciousness,
though beautiful and achievable, will need time and willingness to cooperate. And within that
framework people should accept the fact that they can, themselves, be part of the problem and make
an effort to help solve it. In a way Anzaldua's vision has already been in operation for thousands and
thousands of

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