2. Problem: Restaurants and grocery stores want
to be able to sell apple slices, but once you slice
the apple, it begins to brown. Is it possible to
create an apple that doesn’t turn brown?
How would you do this?
3. Farmers have been changing organisms for years through….
●Selective Breeding
Choosing the “best” traits for breeding
●Most domestic animals are products of this
process, also known as artificial selection.
4. Sometimes new breeds are created because a chance MUTATION
changes some aspect of the organism.
Scottish Fold cat - a mutation results in the
ears turning downward.
Wild mustard plants are the ancestors of many of
these grocery store staples.
7. Organisms can also be changed by crossbreeding
them with other organisms to try to blend the traits.
Poodles don’t shed, if you want
a non-shedding type of golden
retriever, try a “golden-doodle.”
You could also get a
“labradoodle!”
8. These are also referred to as hybrids. Some of the
fruit you eat are actually hybrids.
Tangerine + grapefruit = tangelo
How could you use
hybridization to create a
non-browning apple?
Granny smith apples are a cross between the
european wild apple and the domestic apple
9. Let’s review some concepts we’ve talked about so far:
1. Biotechnology
2. Artificial selection
3. Selective breeding
4. Hybridization
5. Domestication
6. Mutants
10. What if we could insert genes
into a species without having to
go through the breeding
process?
GENETIC MODIFICATION
(genetic engineering)
Organisms that contain
genes from more than one
species (or inserted genes)
are called:
TRANSGENIC organisms
11. Gene causes these mice to glow in the dark. Normally,
the gene is found in jellyfish.
12. Transgenic Organisms
- Contain genes from other species
1.Bacteria contain human insulin genes
2.Animals who can produce more milk (or spider silk!)
3.Plants that are resistant to pests
13.
14. GMO = genetically modified organism
● organism whose genome has been altered by the
techniques of genetic engineering
● Genes are usually added
● Sometimes genes are removed
How could we
use genetic
modification to
create a non-
browning
apple?
What would we
need to know?
15. DNA extraction –
process where DNA is
removed from cells
The sequence of DNA
can be used for:
- paternity tests
- solving crimes
- establishing lineages
(evolution)
- diagnosing disorders
16. How is DNA analyzed? Gel Electrophoresis
- DNA is cut into fragments, and separated by size.
17.
18.
19. This image shows a DNA
fingerprint where DNA
from a bloodstain at a
crime scene is compared
to suspect DNA.
Which suspect is a match
to the bloodstain?
20. This is what a DNA fingerprint would look like for a paternity test.
Which male is the father?
22. Cloning
1. Organisms with the same genetic code
2. Twins are natural clones
3. Clones can be created in the lab
The first clones were
made with this
process:
ARTIFICIAL
TWINNING
27. 1. An animal that contains the genes of
another species, like the glow-in-the-
dark mice, is called a __________
organism.
2. A _______ is a genetically identical
organism.
3. In humans, a naturally occurring
clone is a ________
4. The first mammal that was cloned
from a skin cell was a _______
28. 5. With regard to cloning...it is
necessary to have which of the
following? Check all that apply...
___Cell from the adult to be cloned
___Egg with nucleus intact
___Embryo
___Surrogate mother
___ Sperm
___ Stem cells
___ Egg with nucleus removed
29. This “arctic apple” has been modified to
remove the gene that causes browning.
It is not transgenic.
