Six Primary Movements

Six Primary Movements
There are six primary movements that occur at the joints between the body segment; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and
circumduction.
1)Flexion happens when a decrease in the angle between two body segments happens like in the shoulder, elbow, hips and knee joints. An
1)Flexion happens when a decrease in the angle between two body segments happens like in the shoulder, elbow, hips andknee joints. An example
could be when using a dumbbell of 10 pounds to curl the biceps, flexion takes place at the elbow.
2) Extension its increases in the angle of two body segments. A great example is performing triceps extension with a dumbbell held by both hands and
lift over the head until both of the arms are extended.
3) Abduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inward rotation occurs when the body segments move towards the midline, and outward rotation occurs when the body segments move away from the
midline. A great example is, rotation of the neck it could be inwards or outwards, creating slow movements around the neck.
6) Circumduction is the sequential combination of movements outlining a geometric cone. An example of this is a circular arm movement as a
warm–up in which the arms are moving forward and backward.
One example of an exercise using a combination of several of these movements together is jumping squats with free weights. This exercise targets the
lower body, core and also the upper body. The quadriceps, the hamstrings, the gluteal, the lower back and the abdominals. The backmuscle act as
stabilizers to keep the body in a correct balance position. In the explosion phase, hip extends in a slight adduction knee extension and ankle plantar
flexion. During the landing phase, back into the squat position, all the muscle is in an eccentric position, the hip flexion with slight abduction, knee
flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion. Jumping squats with weights are just one of the extended workouts that utilize these principles. It is very important to
understand the fundamental movements of major body segments in order to design and execute appropriate workout for my clients and their personal

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Major Joint Movements : Catching A Softball That Is Hit...
1. Movement Analysis:
Main Motor Patterns: Catching a softball that is hit and throwing a softball that has been caught. Jumping and sprinting during practice or a game to
catch a ball.
Major Joint Movement:
A.Jumping (bilateral):
Jumping (bilateral): Hip and knee is in extension, while ankle is in plantar flexion, and shoulder abduction and flexion while in the air.
Jumping (unilateral)– a jump that is used with only one leg while running.
B.Sprinting (unilateral):
Hip extension from the foot meanwhile the foot strikes.
Hip flexion while foot strikes when taking off sprinting.
Knee extension while leg is driving up and knee flexion when leg is powering down.
Plantar flexion while the ankle is on the ground phase.
C.Throwing:
Shoulder extension and abduction while throwing, hip and elbow extension when catching a ball.
Shoulder abduction, elbow extension, and trunk rotation.
Hip and knee extension when throwing the softball.
Muscular Actions:
A.Jumping:
The knee is flexed and the hamstrings flex the knee.
The quadriceps for knee extension. While the calf is used for plantar flexion.
In the shoulder abduction and flexion is used for pectoralis, supraspinatus, and deltoids.
B.Sprinting:
Hip extension is called by gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles.
Hip extension is cause by adductor magnus muscle which is the inside the thighs.
The quadriceps extend the knee. The rectus femoris helps flex the hip.
Hamstrings, gracilis,

Concentric Movement Research Paper
Concentric: A concentric action is when the muscle length decreases to perform movement. The muscle provides the force to cause movement. When a
muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.
Eccentric: An eccentric action is when a muscle is lengthened during contraction. Themuscle provides the force to resist movement. This muscle action
results when the resistive force is greater than the muscle force generated.
Isometric: An isometric action is when the muscle activates with a force and tension but there is no movement at the joint. There is no lengthening or
contraction of the muscle fibers and the limbs don't move. When the myosin cross bridges attach to the actin, yet they do not slide past one another to
cause a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hamstring muscles concentrically contract to shorten the muscles to pull your hips forward. The knee is concentrically extending, and the quadriceps
muscles shorten to pull the knee back to a straight position.
The isometric movement occurs in the holding phase of the squat. The quadriceps muscles contract isometrically, it would still be under load/tension
but no movement would occur. The hamstrings hold the thigh in flexion.
As an OTA, it will be important to be able to describe and demonstrate each of these types of movements for several reasons. The client will need to
perform exercises correctly for safety and also to get the best benefit from doing them. I will be able to show my client the proper way but also be
able to observe if he/she is doing them incorrectly. Isometric exercises can be used for rehabilitation without placing stress on the joints, which is
helpful for clients who have joint problems or issues. Exercises that require joint movement can put a lot of stress on joints, especially over time or
with excessive usage.

Cervical Flexion: A Case Study
DOI: 2/3/2015. Patient is a 70–year–old male field technician who sustained injury while he was opening the door and was struck by ice on his head
and right eye. Per OMNI, he was treating with chiropractic care 2–3 times per week.
Based on the medical report dated 04/11/16 by Dr. Au, the patient complains of neckpain and presents for a cervical epidural steroid injection. Pain is
rated as 5/10 and described as stiff, tight and achy. Pain is worse with turning his head. He continues to do PT for his neck pain and shoulders with
benefit.
He is currently taking cyclobenzaprine with benefit.
On examination of the neck, there is tenderness over the facet joints and paraspinal muscles. Spasms are noted over the paraspinal muscles. There is
tenderness and trigger points in the trapezius muscles bilaterally. Range of motion is limited. Extension is 40 degrees. Flexion is 25 degrees. Rotation
is 40 degrees bilaterally. Lateral flexion is 25 degrees bilaterally.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Impression includes cervical radiculopathy and cervical disc degeneration.
Plan is to continue PT for the neck. Patient would benefit from PT to restore normal function and activities of daily living.
On the statement of medical necessity on the MG2 form dated 06/06/16, PT is requested, 2 times per week for 6 weeks for the neck. Patient is
diagnosed with cervical radiculopathy. It is medically necessary for the patient receive PT for the cervical spine. The patient has not achieved
pre–injury status. Patient has reduction of pain from 6/10 to 5/10. Physical examination reveals tenderness over the paraspinal muscles. PT will
increase functional abilities, increase range of motion, improve strength and endurance, and reduce pain and

Football: A Biomechanic Analysis
Introduction American football is one of greatest pastimes and the most popular spectator sport, reaching many households in the US and more than
150 countries when the Super Bowl is played (5). A sport that captivates the family, unites the audience, and supports its homeland, football is a
multi–billion–dollar industry. The intention of this paper is to zoom in on the biomechanics of this beloved sport, specifically understanding the
importance of the defensive lineman stance as it is critical to the success of a football team. To clarify, while a team could score play after play, if
their defense does not hold up the team may still lose and if the offense only has a few successes, but the defense is strong, the team is likely to perform
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the head and neck, the motion that occurs is an extension. Some muscles act concentrically or shortening. Other muscles act eccentrically, meaning
the muscles lengthen while producing force. Additionally, other movements involved include shoulder striking and flexing, elbowflexion, extension,
hip flexion, neutral back and core, shoulder, elbow,knee flexion, and forearm, wrist, hand extension and flexion, foot dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
(7). With myriad techniques required in this complex movement, it is important for proper strength and conditioning strategies in order to disrupt
the passing game and shut down the running game. Lineman are expected to excel in sprints and change of direction ability test (1) (9). "Regarding
professional football players, power, speed, and agility have been shown to be valid predictors of draft status and have been found to differentiate
between college players that are drafted by the NFL and players that do not get drafted (5)." The athletes have become stronger, faster, and more
powerful over the past 20 years

Explain The Six Fundamental Movements Of Major Body Segments
The six fundamental movements of major body segments are, abduction, extension, flexion, rotation, adduction, and circumduction. Abduction is the
movement of a body part away from the midline, an example of that would be lateral raises using a dumbbell. Another example would be the lateral
shuffle. It targets the muscles of the thighs, hips, and buttocks. Anextension movement would be the return from flexion and an exercise for this
would–be leg extensions. An example of a flexion movement is a hamstring stretch. Rotation is the circular movement of a body segment about a long
axis and an example is when a tennis player hits the ball backhanded. Adduction is movement of a body part toward the midline. An example of this
would be to use the

The Six Fundamental Movements Of Major Body Segments
The six fundamental movements of Major Body Segments are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. Flexion is a
decrease in the angle between two body segments. Flexion occurs at the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints. An example exercise is doing curls on
the arm curl machine. Extension is an increase in the angle between two body segments, or the return from flexion. An example exercise is by working
on the leg extension. Abduction is the movement of a body segment away from the midline. An example exercise for this body segment is a dumbbell
lateral raise, spreading of the fingers or toes, or the legs moving apart on a hip abductor machine. Adduction is the movement of a body segment toward
the midline, or

Different Types Of Movements Are Performed During Ballet...
Many different types of movements are performed during ballet dancing. One of the most common types of move is a turn, commonly referred to as a
pirouette. A pirouette is a french term that was started around the seventeen hundreds to mean a dancer turning (Lim, 2015). Pirouette is a general
description of a turn. Some detailed examples of pirouettes are en dedans, en dehors, attitudes, arabesque turns, grande pirouettes, fouettГ©s, and
vertical pirouettes (Law, 2014). During the Renaissance era in sixteenth century Italy, vertical pirouettes were developed for ballets. When a dancer
begins dance classes a vertical pirouette, it is one the first movements that they will learn. This paper is about how to perform the vertical pirouette
movement correctly as described in biomechanics terms. Pirouettes are turns that can be executed in either direction of rotation. There are five different
phases for a pirouette. The phases are the preliminary phase, recovery phase, force producing phase, the critical instant phase, and the follow–through
phase. Each phase had a different biomechanical principle that is applied, some phases could have more then one principle. During the preliminary
phase, there is hip rotation, knee flexion, foot dorsiflexion with placement in the dominant and non–dominant. A dance wants their support to have a
wide base and also they need to have a low center of gravity. The movement for the arms are abduction and extension with the thumb retracted in behind

Knee Flexion
Preliminary Phase (knee flexion) Mechanical purpose: At this phase power and balance are needed to make the free throw a success.While the
player is getting into the position they are mentally preparing for the throw. For this the player has placed their feet shoulder length apart with their
right foot a little bit in front of the left on the line. Doing this should have the arch of the right foot aligned with the toe of the left foot. This will
allow the player better balance while flexing at the knees and chest to be a center of gravity to have a greater support and is called the "staggered
stance". Biomechanical factors: In the preliminary phase knee and chest flexion happened to perform the phase. While the knee is flexing the hamstrings
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The knees, trunk and wrist will be fully extended puting all the power into the shot. It has been said that a full range of elbow movement is related
to greater success in the free throw. Biomechanical factors: In this phase the feet are in plantar flexion that have the feet lifted off the ground. The
knees and abdomen muscle are fully extended during this too. The triceps are contracting with the forearm extensors. The hand is in a supinated
position enabling the control of the ball. The shoulder is flexed in a vertical position, the forearm is in pronation while the fingers are pointing a little
outside. The force is contributed to the leading wrist that extends until the release of the ball. Biomechanical principles:This is where every body part
has extended towards the hoop. The ball is released from the fingertips launching into the air making its way for the score. Critical features: All the
parts of the body has been extended to make a lasting

Movement Analysis For An Instep Kick
Movement Analysis for an Instep Kick
A Review of the Biomechanics Involved in Soccer
Monica A. McKnight
American Military University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for Biomechanics SPHE324, taught by Professor
Jenny Johnson. "If you wanna get drafted, pay attention."
Movement Analysis for an Instep Kick
A Review of the Biomechanics Involved in Soccer Kicking a ball is a fundamental movement that most individuals have learned to do since taking
their first steps. However, kicking in the sport of soccer is the single most important aspect of the game. The success of the team derives heavily on
proper technique and form of each player on the field. Good technique will not only increase the quality of the game ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The placement of the non kicking foot determines the direction of the kick. The support leg also acts as a stabilizer by flexing at the knee once the
foot makes contact with the ground. (Lees, Asai, Andersen, Nunome & Sterzing, 2010) Pictured below in Figures 1 and 2 are two different athletes
with very diverse abilities. You can see both the direction of the planted foot and theflexion of the knee in both players.
Figure 1. A photo of stages 1 and 2 of the instep kick, the approach and foot planting, of a beginner athlete.
Figure 2. A photo of professional soccer player David Beckham in both stages of the instep kick demonstrating flexion of the knee and plating of the
foot. Taken from: O'leary, C. (n.d) Retrieved fromhttp://www.chrisoleary.com/projects/Soccer/Essays/FreeKickMechanics_DavidBeckham.html. The
next stage of the instep kick in soccer is the swing limb loading stage or the wind up of the kicking leg. This is the part of them movement that produces
power and force essentially transferring over into the next phase. This part of the movement involves a concentric contraction of the gluteus maximus
and hamstrings that results in hip extension making the hip rotate internally due to the concentric contraction of the gluteus medias. Knee flexion is the
main

Frailty In Geriatric Patients
While various objective tools have been validated for assessing frailty in the geriatric population, these are often unsuitable for busy clinics and
mobility–impaired patients. Although we have developed the Frailty Meter (FM) using two wearable sensors for frailty assessment during a 20–second
repetitive elbow flexion and extension task, there is a dearth of information regarding an automatic algorithm for identifying frailty with a practicality
for mHealth application. In this study, we proposed a practical wrist–type FM based on a wearable inertial sensor with an optimal algorithm for
assessing frailty regardless of patients' information including age, gender and body mass index. The data collected from 100 bedbound inpatients (age:
78.9В±9.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The University of Arizona Institutional Review Board approved the study and all patients provided written consent.
Frailty status was measured by Trauma–Specific Frailty Index (TSFI), a shorten version of Rockwood frailty questionnaire (20), suggested as a new
practical tool to identify frailty for predicting discharge disposition in geriatric trauma patients (21). The TSFI has been validated to be a stronger
predictor of frailty than other trauma risk indicators such as Injury Severity Score, head Abbreviated Injury Scale and Glasgow Coma Scale scores (21).
Based on the TSFI score, the patients were divided in to nonfrail (score в‰¤ 0.27) and frail (score > 0.27) groups. Trained researchers performed all
frailty

Exercise Analysis Bird Dog
Bird Dog Exercise Analysis
The female exerciser begins executing the bird dog while positioned on her hands and knees. She raises her left arm while simultaneously extending
her right hip and knee. The muscle fibers of her anterior deltoid engage and act as the agonist for shoulder flexion while the gluteus maximus engages
as the agonist for hip extension. The quadriceps femoris group act as the agonist for knee extension. The antagonists for shoulder flexion are the
posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and the triceps brachii. The antagonist for her hip extension is the iliopsoas while the
hamstring group is the antagonist for knee extension. The upper fibers of her pectoralis major, along with the biceps brachii

Evaluation Of A Patient Post Medial Knee Ligament...
II. Description of Analysis
A. Purpose
The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate a program of therapy designed to return to ambulation a patient post–lateral ankle ligament reconstruction.
The components of the anatomical analysis– joints and actions, muscles, types of contractions, biomechanics, neuromuscular considerations, and
safety– will help to further understanding so that a program of therapy will be properly and correctly administered to an individual recovering from a
lateral ankle ligament reconstruction surgery.
B. Classification This therapy program is designed to increase the strength of the calf and foot muscles thereby allowing the patient to give impetus to
his or her own body supported by a stationary surface such as the floor.
C. Description After undergoing surgery to reconstruct the lateral collateral ankle ligaments, the patient's lower leg, ankle, and foot will be
immobilized in a cast for six weeks. The patient will be touchdown weight bearing around 2–5 days post–surgery (Sherry, 2014). Upon removal of the
cast, he or she is ready to begin the therapy program. The program is centered on enhancing the mobility of the talocrural and subtalar joints by
strengthening the flexor and extensor muscles of the lower leg and foot (Moore, 2016). Treatment will progress in difficulty through three therapeutic
exercises. Each therapeutic exercise will consist of three phases: the preparatory phase, the force phase, and the recovery phase. This slow gradual

Explain The Six Fundamental Movements Of Major Body Segments
The six fundamental movements of major body segments are abduction, adduction, circumduction, extension, flexion, and rotation.
1.Abduction is the movement of a body segment that is moving away from the midline. An example of this would be a cable lateral raise.
2.Adduction is the movement of a body segment towards the midline of the body. The example of this would be the return of the cable lateral raise
back towards the center of the body.
3.Circumduction is the combination of movements outlining a geometric cone. An example exercise of circumduction would be arm circles that rotate
the circles in a cone figure.
4.Flexion is a decrease in the angle between two body segments. Flexion has a limited number of places that it can occur such

Guide to Obeserving Lameness in an Animal
Take a general history and then ask specific questions about the lameness (e.g. trauma, duration, progression). Perform a general physical exam before
beginning the orthopaedic exam.
1. Observe the animal weight bearing and seated
Let the animal wander around the consult room and observe the animal from all sides/angles and observe whether the animal moves with ease or
difficulty. Pay attention to: weight bearing (digits should spread evenly), joint angles, conformation, symmetry, stance abnormalities,muscle atrophy
and gross abnormalities.
2. Gait Assessment
Watch the dog at a walk, trot and run (if possible). Videos from the owner are also useful. The aim is to identify the lame limb(s). Watch the dog from
all sides.
Thoracic limb lameness: might see a head nod which goes 'down on the sound limb'.
Pelvic limb lameness: The sounds limb is closer to the central body axis where as the lame leg can be abducted or circumducted. There is increased
vertical displacement of the hindquarter on the lame limb side. Spinal sway can be seen in dogs with bilateral hip dysplasia.
Be aware of neurological conditions that may present as orthopaedic conditions e.g. ataxia, reduced proprioception, dragging feet.
3. Physical Exam General Points for ALL LIMBS
General anaesthesia, sedation and/or a muzzle may be required for a complete exam depending on the temperament and pain levels experienced by the
patient.
Start with the animal standing and facing away from you. Assess

Volleyball Is A Popular Sport Across The World For Both
Volleyball is a popular sport across the world for both males and females, whether it be competitively or recreationally (Mitchinson, 2013). The
objective of the game is to send the ball over the net and have it land inside the opponents' court. However, to even start the game or rally, one must
serve the ball from their side of the court to the other side of the court. This then gives the teams an opportunity to score a point. Therefore, serving is
one of the most important skills in volleyball since it is one of the few ways to continue to score points (Seminati, 2015). A type of serve often is the
overhand serve. This serve requires the subject to toss the ball with one hand and contact the ball with the opposite hand above the head.... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The players were tested using a ten–camera motion analysis system. Markers were placed on various spots on the body to assess movements at the
pelvis, thorax, shoulder, arm, and hand. The markers measure flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the trunk. For the upper limb, it
measured internal and external rotation. The players performed ten spike trials to various spots on the court. For these trials, were then analyzed and
Mitchinson concluded that there were no differences in the range of motion (ROM) of the injured and uninjured athletes. This article is important for
analyzing the biomechanics of a volleyball serve because the motion of the shoulder during a spike and a serve and almost identical. The article also
gave useful information on the sport of volleyball and the importance of having proper shoulder movement to successfully swing (Mitchinson, 2013).
Elena Seminati, and other scientists, conducted a study on the shoulder range of motion and humerus rotation in volleyball. The main purpose of the
study was to assess the performance/motions of the shoulder and use that information to determine ways to avoid injury. The introduction of the
research article gave crucial information on the importance of having correct biomechanics to avoid injury. It stated that shoulder injury is one of the
most common injuries in volleyball. The study analyzed 21 volleyball, both male and female, that competed at the national level. Sixteen markers were
placed

Anatomical Script of the Squat Technique Essay
Introduction
The squat technique is described as the King of all exercises (Bompa, 2002) as it is an effective exercise that works a variety of muscles including the
gluteals, hamstrings, quadriceps and abdominals. This report focused on the lower limb muscles only. Understanding different types of movement is
important for sport and exercise to help rehabilitate injuries of athletes. Coaches and trainers may find understanding the squat a good way to prevent
injuries as it is an excellent way to build the muscles of the lower limbs.
The four main phases of the squat technique are the starting phase, the downward phase, the holding phase and the upward phase. The aim of this
report was to fully understand the squat technique. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hamstrings contract eccentrically acting as the synergist and help the flexion of the hip to occur. The Rectus femoris of the quadriceps contract
eccentrically to help flex the hip, they are co–contracting with the hamstrings. The hip flexors may contract rapidly to stabalise the body on the way
down if there is a loss of balance (Wynsberghe et al., 1995). The adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor Magnus contract isometrically to prevent
adduction and abduction. The Sartorius muscle contracts eccentrically to cause flexion and abduction at the knee. The sartoris originates from the
anterior superior iliac spine and inserts onto the tibia. The adductor and abductor muscles at the hip joint contract to prevent movement that may cause
injury (Tortora and Derrickson, 2009).
Knee
On the downward phase flexion occurs at the knee, stopping at about 90 В°. Both quadriceps, acting as the agonist to flex the knee, and hamstrings,
which mainly stabilizes the knee, act as an antagonistic pair and co–contract eccentrically to allow flexion. The hamstring is also acting as the synergist
for the hip joint (Tortora and Derrickson, 2009). The Sartorius acts as the synergist and also contracts eccentrically to cause flexion at the knee
(Wynsberghe et al., 1995).
Ankle
On the downward phase dorsiflexion occurs at the ankle, the tibialis anterior acts as the synergist in this movement and contracts concentrically (Seeley
et al., 2003). The extensor halluces

Flexibility Lab Report
Measures of Flexibility and Their Correlations to Sit–and–Reach and Modified Sit–and–Reach Tests
Jacob Palmer
University of Puget Sound
March 3rd, 2015
Measures of Flexibility and Their Correlations to Sit–and–Reach and Modified Sit–and–Reach Tests
INTRODUCTION
Flexibility can be defined as the capability of something to bend easily without breaking. The flexibility of a person is commonly measured during
fitness tests, and the most frequently used test of a person's flexibility is the sit–and–reach (Jackson and Baker, 1986). Though it is commonly accepted
that the sit–and–reach produces an accurate and relative measure of a person's flexibility, the validity of the test has been examined a number of times
(Jackson and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For shoulder flexion 61% of the variance could be accounted for by the sit–and–reach. A correlation was also found between the modified
sit–and–reach test and both the shoulder extension and hip flexion tests. For shoulder extension 33% of the variance was accounted for by the modified
sit–and–reach and for hip flexion 22% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit–and–reach.
Table 1. Means and Standard Deviation of Flexibility Measures
Variable
Mean
Standard Deviation
Shoulder Flexion
181
16.3
Shoulder Extension
75
12.8

Hip Flexion
95
25.4
Hip Extension
38
15.2
Skin Distraction
31.5
14.5
Sit and Reach
4.9
1.5
Modified Sit and Reach
38.6
9.4
Table 2. Correlations and meaningfulness between the sit–and–reach and modified sit–and–reach and all other flexibility variables
Sit–and–Reach
Modified Sit–and–Reach
Variable r r^2 r r^2
Shoulder Flexion
.78
.61
.41
.17

Shoulder Extension
.24
.06
.57
.33
Hip Flexion
.23
.05
.47
.22
Hip Extension
–.12
.01
.15
.02
Skin Distraction
–.01
.00
–.20
.04
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this experiment was to identify which flexibility measurement tests correlate with the sit–and–reach and modified sit–and–reach tests.
In more recent studies, statistics have shown that both hip flexion test results and shoulder extension test results were directly correlated to modified
sit–and–reach test results (Mayorga–Vega, Merino–Marban, and Viciana, 2014). The data gathered for the sample

Hip Flexor Activity
During mid stance the peak height of the hip is seen to be higher on the prosthetic limb than in a non amputee. This is a result of the reduced flexion of
the prosthetic knee. Also the characteristic of the prosthetic foot influences the peak height too. After contralateral foot contact an abrupt transition from
hip extension to flexion is seen. In the late stance, an eccentric hip flexor activity is seen as compared to normal. This inturn generates higher hip flexor
moment. This greater moment further decelerates the extending hip and ensures that the HAT segment does not lag behind as the amputee pulls
themselves over the prosthesis.

noindent
Coming to swing now, it is seen that during early swing the hip flexors act concentrically

Rectus Femoris
The rectus femoris is one of the four muscles in the quadriceps group of the body and is located in the anterior aspect of the thigh. As a bi–articular
structure that crosses both the hip and knee joints, it functions to actively flex the hip and extend the knee. Thus when stretched, the rectus femoris
may constrain concurrent hip extension and knee flexion. However, if the rectus femoris were to constrain neither of the two actions, the length of the
muscle is established as passively sufficient. The two tests that give answer to whether the rectus femoris muscle is passively sufficient is based upon
the comparisons between hip extension with knee flexed vs. extended, and/or knee flexion with hip flexed vs. extended. However, note that either test
will provide the same results. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To examine whether or not the rectus femoris is passively sufficient, we can observe the PRoM of the hip or knee. Thus, make sure the re–positioning
of the second joint is accomplished by a load applied by methods other than the subject's activation of muscles such as gravity or external force
generators (e.g., other people). When the hip is extended, meaning the trunk and thigh are parallel, it is said to be in 0 degrees of flexion and any
extension beyond this point must be recorded as negative. Nevertheless, as long as an examiner follows the same generalized method, he or she is able
to use either joint spanned by the muscle to achieve the same

Trunk Flexion
We found that the muscle strength of trunk flexion showed significant differences within group and between groups. The results of the trunk back
extension showed significant differences within group. Our result of increased trunk strength was similar to previous study results. Within group
difference of muscle activation was higher in the BLSE group than in the HLSE group. This implies that the EO and RA were activated as the
agonist of trunk flexion, and that muscle hypertrophy can increase strength of trunk flexion when activated by the EO and RA. One study showed
EO activated approximately 32% of MVIC by bracing and 12% of MVIC by hollowing (Grenier & McGill, 2007). The % EMG max values in RA was
18% in the bracing strategy, while the RA value was approximately 6% in the hollowing strategy(Maeo et al., 2013). Thus, we suggest that trunk
flexion strength would be increased by muscle hypertrophy if the bracing strategy is applied in side plank exercise and prone plank exercises, which
activate EO and RA, for 12 weeks.
In trunk back extension, the % EMG max value of ES was 20% in bracing group and 10% in hollowing group, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
HLSE and BLSE can be recommended as applicable and generalized exercises for the improvement of trunk strength and low back disability of
elderly women with NSLBP. Especially, HLSE, which leads to preferential contraction of TrA and was more effective in improving low back disability.
BLSE was more efficient in strengthening the trunk muscle through muscle hypertrophy of co–contraction of antero–lateral trunk muscles for 12
weeks. However, further, large scale clinical studies are necessary to identify the therapeuticeffectiveness of hollowing and bracing strategies; male
participants and broad age groups must be studied to increase power and to detect

Thomas Test
Thomas Test During the Thomas test, the patient is lying supine (Face up) on the table, the examiner is standing besides the patient. The examiner
places one hand between the Lumbar lordotic curve and the table top. One leg is passively flexed to the patient's chest, allowing the knee to flex
during the movement. The opposite leg which is the one being tested rest flat on the table. If the test is positive for hip flexor tightness, the involved
leg rises off the table. The structures being implicated in the test are the Iliopsoas muscles, and tightness of the rectus femoris (Starkey & Brown,
2015). Another modification that can be applied to this test is to measure the hip position goniometrically or the patient can passively flex the hip...
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But they are also less comfortable to the patient because they might not be able to performed this test without pain. They are also more likely to
perform it wrong if not properly instructed (Anderson, 2007). The modified Thomas test is a little more difficult to applied because the patient has to
be supine while sitting by the edge of the table then bring the leg to his chest while trying to lay down. While the regular Thomas the patient is supine
and then actively bring his knees to their chest. but according to (Anderson, 2007, p. 19)"The results show that the Thomas test demonstrated poor
statistical reliability for intra and inter–rater comparisons among examiners". They are saying that the results will vary depending how the examiner
interpretates

Explain The Six Major Body Segments Movements
There are six fundamental movements of major body segments. They all range in movement to utilize the primary joints of the body.
First there is Flexion, which is a decrease of angles between body parts. One primary example of this would be calf raises, which cause dorsiflexion as
the ankles push upwards and the toes force down.
Second we have extension, which is the opposite of flexion, causing an increase in angles between body parts. The best example exercise for extension
would be leg extensions, which causes movement and extension at the knee in order to stretch and strengthen the legs.
Third there is abduction, the movement of the body segments away from the midline. One example of this would be hip abductor machine when the
legs move

Description Of Anatomical And Tracking Markers
EN3450 Biomechanics2 Coursework2 Student number and last 3 initials: 1258545HO Q1a) Anatomical and tracking markers are used in infra–red
light motion analysis to measure 3D displacement of tracking markers attached to Abnormal loading of the knee can cause knee joint injuries or
disease. Tracking markers are placed on each thigh and shank laterally by adhesive coban tape to reflect infra–red light for tracking. Infra–red light is
emitted by 9 cameras which are also responsible for detection of the reflected infra–red light. Anatomical markers are used as reference point for
anatomical calibration by using a marked pointer. Anatomical markers are typically placed at the medial and lateral epicondyle gap. 3 bony
landmarks can be marked to establish a segmental body axis system. Coordinates of the 3 segmental bony landmarks to tracking marker axis systems
within the global coordinate system can then be related together. By assuming rigid body, fixed bony axis systems are then developed in relation to
the tracking marker axis systems. Finally, during the walking trial, position of tracking markers relative to the global coordinate system can be
measured. Q1b) There are two assumptions of the motion analysis technique. Firstly, the bodies are assumed to be rigid, meaning the bodies will not
deform under applied forces. By assuming rigid body, parameters that describe the configuration of the system to the translation and rotation of
reference frames attached to each body are

Theory Of Tests Of Passive Sufficiency Essay
KPE160H1F – FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
ASSIGNMENT #1
1. Theory of Tests of Passive Sufficiency (3 marks)
a. In order to test the passive sufficiency of a bi–articular structure, such as a muscle, both joints which that structure crosses must first be identified.
Additionally, the movements of those two joints which will constrain that structure must be identified. Next, one joint must be selected, and placed into
the position that may constrain the structure. At the same time, the other joint must be placed in the position which will not put further strain on that
structure. The selected joint must then be measured for its range of motion. Next, the same must be done with the selected joint, but in contrast, the
other joint must be placed in the position which WILL further constrain the bi–articular structure. Once that has been done, the selected joint's range of
motion must be measured once more.
If the range of motion of the selected joint is equal when the other joint is in both positions, the bi–articular structure is passively sufficient. If the range
of motion of the selected joint is smaller in the selected joint when the other joint is in a position that will put further strain on the bi–articular structure,
that structure is not passively sufficient.
b. The rectus femoris crosses both the hip and knee. In order to test its passive sufficiency, either of the joints' ranges of motion could be measured. In
this example, range of motion will be measured at the

The Five Functions Of The Muscular System
Functions of the muscular system:
The muscular system has many functions. There are 5 main functions. Firstly, it allows us to balance via proprio receptors. In terms of balance, not
only do you rely on the two sensory organs in your inner ear but also receptors in your muscles and tendons help your body to balance. The receptors
in your muscles and tendons are called proprio receptors, these proprio receptors detect how stretched your joints, tendons and muscles are.
Secondly it allows movement as muscles cross joints and attach bone to bone. Muscles work in pairs and skeletal muscles can pull in one direction
and for this reason they always come in pairs. Due to the fact that two muscles work together, as one muscle in the pair contracts the other muscle
relaxes for example as the bicep contracts the triceps relaxes to once again straighten the joint out.
Thirdly our muscular system also allows blood circulation which is controlled by the heart. The muscular pump is a skeletal muscle group that help to
assist the heart in the circulation of blood to all the muscles around the body.
The muscular system also helps to keep us warm and keep us at the correct temperature. Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to
maintain its correct temperature of 37 degrees c. Muscles contribute to your bodies temperature because they receive messages from the brain when
you are cold. Our bodies response to being cold is shivering which warms you up on the other hand if you are

Gross Anatomy Lab Report Essay
Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
Purpose:
What is the purpose of this exercise? The purpose of this exercise is for students to identify and name the major muscles of the human body. Students
will also understand the muscle actions correspond with their locations in the body.
Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. There are some safety
concerns with this exercise. Gloves, masks and goggles should be worn at all times. Using the tools correctly is imparitive to making sure the student
remains unharmed. Exercise 1: Muscles of the Head and Neck Data Table 1– Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 3–4. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One antagonist for the should flexion is the sternocleidmastoid. E.What are the muscles between the ribs called? What do they do?
The muscles between the ribs are called Serratus Anterior. They are responsible for protecting, stabilizing and moving the scapula.
Exercise 3: Muscles of the Upper Body
Data Table 3 – Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 8–10.
Muscle|Movement(s) Performed|
Anconeus |Extends elbow|
Biceps brachii|Flexion of the elbow and shoulder|
Brachialis|Flexion of the elbow|
Brachioradialis |Flexes elbow|
Coracobrachialis|Flexes and horizontally the arm|
Extensor carpi radialis longus|Extends and Adducts the wrist|
Extensor carpi radialis brevis||
Extensor digitorum communis|Extends the wrist|
Flexor carpi radialis|Flexion and adducts the wrist|

Flexor carpi ulnaris|Flexion and Adducts the wrist|
Infraspinatus|Modulates deltoid, rotates humerus|
Palmaris longus|Flexion of the wrist|
Pronator teres|Flexes elbow|
Teres minor|Rotates humerus laterally|
Triceps brachii|Extends elbow, extends and adducts humerus|
QUESTIONS
A.List three agonist muscles that flex the elbow. Three agonist muscles that flex the elbow are the brachialis, brachioradialis, and Pronator teres.
B.List one antagonist for elbow flexion. An antagonist for elbow flexion is the tricep brachii.
C.List two muscles that flex the wrist and allow a human to make a fist. Two muscles that flex the

Hip Flexor Moment Lab Report
From cite{aus} and cite{childers2012measurement} the biomechanics of the hip is studied. When we walk, during the initial contact the hip moves
towards extension. However once the heel contacts the ground range of extension reduces. With short stump it stays in flexion.
The peak hip extension occurs late as compared to a normal gait which is $~65%$ stride c/w $55%$. This happens as an attempt to increase the step
length of the intact limb when no prosthetic push off is present. The work of the concentric hip extensor is to create the hip extensor moment. This hip
extensor moment is also seen to be higher than in the case of normal gait. This is prominent in the first half of the stance where extension of the knee an
d the hip happens. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tendency seen is higher power generation in shorter period of time in comparison with normal. The power required to lift a prosthesis may only
be $30–40%$ of the weight of a normal limb and it is this power generated in short period of time. The hip torque required during preswing and early
swing is observed to be less in knees with damping and stance resistance. This is due more anteriorally aligned knee axis. This is required to increase
the extension moment during heel contact. But at the same time, due to this alignment initiating flexion in preswing and early swing is a challenge.
During late swing the range of hip flexion is observed to be greater than normal that is at all walking speeds. Also the amount of hip flexor activity
was observed to be higher. These factors however increase the step length. By keeping the hip flexing the extending knee can be decelerated to reduce
terminal impact.
%Some amputees with constant friction knees transitioned from hip flexion, to extension, to flexion again, possibly to assist in knee extension by
reversing the direction of the thigh.

Plantar Flexion
"Full–movement neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves plantar flexor spasticity and ankle active dorsiflexion in stroke patients: a randomized
controlled study"
This was an interesting article. It examined the use of electrical stimulation as a treatment for spasticity in the ankle plantar muscles, specifically the
tibias posterior, gastrocnemius, and soleus. Electrodes were placed over the extensor digitorum longus muscles and the extensor hallicus muscles of
post stroke patients with plantar flexor spasticity. Various intensities were tested. The article explains that spasticity in the ankle plantar flexors can lead
to an equinovarus or strephenopodia deformity. The article also recognizes the common use of botulinum injections which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The control group received only standard physical therapy treatments (stretching and strengthening exercises). There were three experimental groups.
One group received estim to the intensity of stimulating only sensory nerves. The next group received estim with an intensity that minimally stimulated
motor neurons. The final group received "full movement neuromuscular electric stimulation," which was an estim intensity to the maximum tolerated
intensity to receive maximum muscle movement. All three experimental groups also received standard PT interventions (stretching and strengthening
exercises). At the start of the four week trial there were no measured differences between the groups. After the four week, all four groups had
decreased spasticity, however only the FMNES group retained a significant after a two week fallow up and there were no significant differences
among the other three groups. Also only the FMNES group retained increased dorsiflexion strength after the two week follow up (which was
significantly greater than the control). An LSD post–hoc test revealed that all four groups had an equal significant reductions in "timed up and go"
walking time at the two week follow

Biomechanics Assignment
Biomechanics Assignment
Lower Extremity
All answers came from Basic Biomechanics – 6th Edition.
Hall, Susan J. (Susan Jean), 1953– Basic biomechanics/ Susan J. Hall–6th ed. p. cm.
1. Name the ligaments that surround the hip joint
Ligament 1 Iliofemoral Ligament
Ligament 2 Pubofemoral Ligament
Ligament 3 Ischiofemoral Ligament
1b. Based on the name of the ligament determine where each ligament attaches on the Os Coxae
Ligament 1 – connects the pelvis to the femur at the front of the joint.
Ligament 2 – attaches the most forward part of the pelvis to the femur
Ligament 3– attaches to the ischium and between the two trochanters of the femur.
2. What are the bones that make up the pelvic girdle It is the pair of hipbones which is made up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It inserts on the tibia and goes through the lateral condyle of the femur.
7. Movement of the knee joint
Action of the KneeMuscles responsible for it
Knee flexionGastrocnemius, Plantaris
Knee ExtensionRectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, intermedius, medialis
8. Where is plantar fascia located, and what is the role of plantar fascia?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. List all the muscles responsible for Plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, Inversion and Eversion
PlantarflexionDorsiflexionInversionEversion
GastrocnemiusTibalis anteriorTibalis anteriorExtensor digitorum longus
PlantarisExtensor digitorum longusExtensor hallucius longusPeroneus tertius

SoleusPeroneus tertiusFlexor digitorum longusPeroneus–longus,brevis
Peroneus–longus,brevis,Extensor hallucius longusFlexor hallcius longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallcius longus
Tibialis posteriorTibialis posterior
10. Describe the articulations of the following joints
a.Subtalar – allows inversion and eversion of the feet.
b. Tibiotalar – dorsiflexion and plantar

Flexion Movement
Flexion – Otherwise known as bending, this is when the angle that is present between articulating bones is decreased such as the angle betweem the
humerus and the radius/ulnar bones of the arm/forearm. When there is flexion at the elbow joint, the angle between the humerus and the radius/ulnar
bones decreases and results in flexion
Extension – This is the opposite of flexion where the angle of the articulating bones actually increases. For example, if the arm is straightened at the
elbow joint, the angle between the articulating bones of the humerus and radius/ulnar is increased.
Abduction – This is when a body part is moved away from the midline of the body such as the movement of the hip that results in the leg being raised
up away from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two types of this movement: internal rotation which is when there is rotation towards the body and external rotation which is movement
away from the body
Pronation – This occurs at the elbow joint and involves internal rotation of the elbow joint and the crossing over of the radius and ulna bones. It's when
the palm of the hand moves from facing upward to downward
Supination – This is the opposite of pronation and occurs when the elbow joint experiences external rotation and the radius and ulna bones are lined
up. This can be seen as the movement from a downward facing palm to an upward facing palm. A way to remember this is 'sup' sounding like
'soup' and you would hold a bowl of soup with your palm facing upward.
Inversion – This is when the sole of the foot is turned inwards towards the midline of the body
Eversion – This movement is the opposite of inversion and occurs when the sole of the foot moves outwards and away from the midline of the body
Elevation – This occurs when a body part moves upward in the vertical plane such as the shrugging of shoulders
Depression – This is the opposite of elevation and is when a body part is moved downwards in

Agonist Muscles
Example 1: javelin
Preparatory phase
Joints involvedArticulating bonesActionAgonist Muscle
ShoulderHumerus & scapulaHorizontal hyperextension
Posterior deltoids and latissimus dorsi
ElbowHumerus & ulnaExtension
Triceps brachii
Throwing contains of two phases, the preparatory phase and the throwing phase. predominantly the majority of actions are rotational in the transverse
plane and longitudinal axis and also both joints mainly involved are the elbow, the elbow is a type of joint called a hinge joint made up by the
humerus and ulna, and the shoulder, the shoulder is different to the elbow as it's a ball socket this is found between the humerus and the scapula.
Preparatory phase
Before throwing the javelin the arm that isn't holding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
your calf must contract to extend your ankle this is called plantar flexion, while the muscles on the front of your shin contracts to hold your ankle rigid.
The action muscle in place there is called an isometric contraction, where the muscles create tension but, they are not causing any actual joint
movement they are just holding the ankle in place.
The power of kicking a ball predominantly comes from the knee straightening. This knee extension, can only happen if the top thigh muscles contract.
These muscles are called your quadriceps, that have four individual components; the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis rectus femoris and vastus
intermedius. these all join just above the shin therefore being able to lift the lower leg
Moving your leg forward from your hip is a movement called hip flexion. This is the biggest joint action in football, as it starts as an extension and
finishes with a significant push forward going past the body's midline. To allow hip flexion to occur, your three hamstring muscles–– semitendinosus,
semimembranosus and biceps femoris –– must relax. Tight hamstrings may effect your tecniwue and ability to

A Study On Strength Training Essay
Introduction In strength training, the squat is a compound, full body exercise that trains primarily the muscles of the thighs, hips and gluteus, quads
(vastus lateralus, medialis and intermedius and rectus femoris), hamstrings, as well as strengthening the bones, ligaments and insertion of the tendons
throughout the lower body. Squats are considered a vital exercise for increasing the strength and size of the legs and buttocks, as well as developing
core. The lower back, the upper back, the abdominals, the trunk muscles and the shoulders and arms are all essential to the exercise. Up until the 1950s,
the squat was not a mainstream lift. Weightlifters used the 'split ' to lift weights, where one leg is placed stretched out behind and the other bent in
front. The upper body was seen as more important for a long time. However, soon the squat became recognised as the great physical conditioner it really
is, working every muscle in the body. The squat is one of the power three in competitive powerlifting along with the bench press and deadlift. Different
squats include, front squat, back squat, goblet squat this report will be concentrating on the back squat. Biomechanical Principals Muscle mechanics
Main muscles involved in the squat include erector spinae, the core musculature, gluteus muscles, quadriceps, hamstrings and calves. The core
musculature engages in an isometric contraction. During the descending movement in a squat the hips, gluteus maximus, hamstring all

Muscle Contraction Report
First Muscles perform three types of contractions: concentric, eccentric, and isometric. When executing a strength exercise, all three of the muscle
contractions are involved. As you perform a movement, the main muscles undergo a concentric contraction while the opposite muscles undergo an
eccentric contraction. The adjacent parts of the body that are not in use are stabilized via the isometric contraction.
The strongest phase is during the eccentric contraction which controlling and stopping movement and prepares the muscles for an explosive type
contraction and counteracts the pull of gravity to guide the movement. When it is strong enough, it stops the movement.
1)Biceps curl: the primary muscles are Biceps Brachii, Brachialis &Brachioradialis.
During upward phase (lifting/curl the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Upward phase, the spine flexed to create concentric contraction to rectus abdominous. (Concentric phase of movement). Holding in this
position is an isometric phase of the movement. And in the downward phase spine extended to create an eccentric contraction which is the –strongest
phase– eccentric phase of the movement.
8)Back hyperextension: the primary muscle is erector spinae .during spine extension the primary muscle undergoes concentric contraction. (Concentric
phase of movement). (Upward phase).and to hold the erector spinae in the isometric phase of the exercise. While downward phase the spine flexed and
the primary muscle undergo an eccentric contraction & that is an eccentric phase of the movement.
9)Leg curl: the primary muscles are Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus. In the upward phase knee flexed to create a concentric
contraction (concentric phase of movement).holding with the knee flexed is an isometric phase of the movement. And in the downward phase, Knee
extended & the primary muscles undergo eccentric contraction which is eccentric phase & the strongest phase of the

The Common Technique for Free Throw
Introduction The basketball game played by two teams consisting of five players. In the basketball game, the basketball player tries to outscore their
opponent by passing, handling or dribbling the basketball into position for shooting the ball into their offensive basket. When either of the team player
violated or foul, the fouled player attempts a free–throw of the ball changes (Mood, Masker & Rink, 1991). The free drop is important later in the
game because of the free throws comprise a significantly larger portion of total points made during the final 5 minutes than the first 35 minutes of the
game for both gaining and losing teams (Kozar, 1994). The fouled player required to shoot from the free throw line. The free throw line is 15 feet from
the basket and has ample time to attempt the shot, so that is the easiest shots in basketball. A successful free throw needed a good concentration,
relaxation, but the most important is a good mechanic in the shot. Also, the player does more practice can increase the success percentage in a free
throw. This paper will be concentrating on the common technique of free throw which are including the approach and stance phase, backswing phase,
force producing phase, follow through and projectile motion.
Approach and stance phase Most of the basketball player has different preliminary movement to prepare free throw. The basketball player attempted to
relax themselves and free the muscle tension before they shot which are shaking

Carpometacarpal Articulations: Two Parts Of The Ulna
21.Carpometacarpal joints
a.The carpometacarpal articulations are planar synovial joints that connect the carpal to the metacarpal bones (Starkey, et al., 2011).
22.Distal 2/3rds of the Ulna
a.The distal two thirds of the ulna is the bottom half of the ulnar shaft that many flexor and extensor muscles from the hand and wrist insert (Starkey, et
al., 2011).
23.Ulnar Styloid process
a.The ulnar styloid process is the small, pillar–like, posteromedial projection of the distal end of the ulna (AnatomyExpert, 2014).
24.Ulnar collateral ligament
a.The ulnar collateral ligament originates from the ulnar styloid process, and inserts onto the triquetrum and the pisiform bones (Starkey, et al., 2011).
b.This ligament restricts radial deviation and is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trapezium
a.The trapezium is located between the scaphoid bone and the thumb's proximal metacarpal bone (Starkey, et al., 2011).
33.Lunate
a.The lunate is the prominate structure along the joint of the wrist while being in line with the 3rd metacarpal (Starkey, et al., 2011).
b.This bone is located 1.5cm distal to Lister's tubercle, and the scapholunate articulation is a common site for sprains (Starkey, et al., 2011).
34.Triquetrum
a.The triquetrum is the most medial bone of the hand, and is located approximately one finger's width above the ulnar styloid process (Starkey, et al.,
2011).
35.Pisiform
a.The pisiform is a small rounded protuberance on the palmar side of the hand, directly anterior to the triquetrum (Starkey, et al., 2011).
b.This bone moves when the wrist is passively flexed since it lies on the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon (Starkey, et al., 2011).
36.Hamate and hook
a.The hamate is in line with the center of the ulna, distal to the pisiform (Starkey, et al., 2011).
b.The hook of the hamate is a hard palmar projection that moves with the hand as the wrist is flexed, and can be palpated by placing a thumb along
the pisiform while applying a direct force with the DIP (Starkey, et al.,

A Healthy Form Of Recreation
Bicycling is a healthy form of recreation that people all over the world participate in to various degrees. As an exercise activity, cycling is recognized
as a low impact sport that minimizes the potential for damaged muscles or inflammation and soreness in the joints. That said, it's important to be aware
that cycling involves a repetitive motion, roughly 4000 pedal revolutions per hour for the average recreational cyclist, in the hip, knee and ankle joints
during the pedal stroke. Like all repetitive activities, there is a potential for overuse injuries to develop if the proper mechanics of the action are not
identified and practiced. This report analyzes the proper mechanics of the pedal stroke, identifies the main biomechanical causes attributed to overuse
injuries in the hip, knee and ankle joints and provides suggestions on how to correct those biomechanical differences through muscle development and
flexibility exercises.
Phases of the Pedal Stroke
The bicycle pedal stroke involving the lower limb consists of four phases within a 360–degree rotation. As a point of reference, the top of the pedal
stroke begins at 12 o'clock, or 0 degrees, moving clockwise. The focus here is to analyzing the three joints, hip, knee and ankle along the sagittal and
frontal planes. When viewing the three joints from the frontal plane, there should be vertical alignment between the medial joints of the hip, knee and
ankle. Angles of the three joints during pedal rotation are

Essay On Flexion Contracture
Introduction: Flexion contracture (FC) is a commonly encountered deformity in patient undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Hemophilic
arthropathy of the knee joint is the most common joint involvement in patients with hemophilia which often leads to FC. Clinical course of FC after
replacement of an osteoarthritic knee is well reported in the literature. However, to our experience in a high volume referral center, the course may be
different in patients with hemophilic arthropathy.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to define the clinical course of flexion contracture after TKA in patients with haemophilia.
Methods: Between April 2010 and April 2014, 65 patients with haemophilic arthropathy and flexion contracture were enrolled and underwent TKA.
Intraoperatively, we employed usual soft tissue and bony techniques for management of flexion deformity. Postoperatively, all the patients passed a
course of supervised physical therapy emphasizing on muscle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mean age of the patients was 36.5В±8.4. The knee society score, WOMAC and SF36 quality of life scores had been significantly improved at 12
months post–surgery. The mean preoperative flexion contracture (27.6В±11.2) was significantly corrected (14.2В±6.2) at the end of the procedure
(p<0.05). The largest part of the residual deformity improved within 6 months of surgery.
Conclusions: According to our data, we believe residual on–table postoperative flexion contracture after TKA in haemophilic knees can significantly
improve over time. Our findings, is in contrast to most studies on osteoarthritic patients where flexion contracture tend to persist and complete
intraoperative correction of the deformity is advised. The different pathophysiology of the disease, as well as, the age and activity level of the patients
may have a role in this regard. Supervised protocol for physical therapy can also be of utmost

Six Primary Movements

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