Sample Of Planning Department Business Plan

Sample of Planning Department Business Plan
[pic]
[pic] [pic]
Contents
Executive Summary 3
Mission Statement 3
Organizational Structure 4
Program of Services 5
Program One Current Planning 5
Services 5
Service level Objectives 6
Service Level Measures 7
Departmental Strategies 7
Citywide Goal 7
Future Outlook 8
Program Two Long Range Planning 8
Services 8
Service level Objectives 8
Service Level Measures 11
Departmental Strategies 11
Citywide Goal 11
Future Outlook 12
Funding Needs 12
Staffing 12
Operations & Maintenance 13
Capital 13
Key Issues 13
Departmental Analysis Appendix A
planning Department
2009/10 Business Plan
Executive Summary
Both the Current Planning (Development Review) and Long Range Planning (Comprehensive

Planning) programs relate directly to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Service level Objectives
These services are delivered in response to citizen, property owner, and developer questions and
applications. These services are conducted largely in the Current Planning program, which is staffed
by two planners. The Planner II devotes about 80% and the Assistant Director devotes 60% of work
time to these services. One long range planner (not in this program – in Long Range Planning) also
conducts many of these reviews (about 40% of work time allocated). A second long range planner
(not in this program) occasionally conducts casework (about 15% of work time). The Program also
includes two full time Development Coordinators. These positions provide full time support to
planning, engineering, and building as well as an interdepartmental reviewing team (Development
Review Committee). The Planner II also serves as the City's Land Manager, devoting roughly 5% of
work time to this function. The Director of Planning devotes about 50% of time providing direction,
oversight, and interdepartmental coordination on a weekly basis. Normal working hours where this
service is provided is Monday–Friday 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. with weekly night meetings. Most of
the service is provided at City Hall with occasional off–site meetings at other City facilities or with
customers. Work also involves site visits and inspections.
Service Level Measures
|Service Level
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

History Of Land Protection Regulation On Urban Development...
Farmland protection has become a contentious political issue in China due to the loss of cultivated
land in rapidly growing urban centers. In response to new information about rates of farmland
conversion, the national government placed a national moratorium on arable land conversion in
1997 and imposed stringent regulations on the encroachment of urban land on agricultural lands in
the Land Management Law of 1998 (Lin and Ho 2005). There has been speculation about the
efficacy of the regulations, which are challenging to enforce. Others have expressed concern that the
regulations could severely distort China's most productive urban land markets (Lichtenberg and
Ding 2009, Ding 2003).
This paper estimates the causal effect of the primary farmland protection regulation on urban land
development across China. I use a satellite–based data set that measures time–varying rates of
agricultural and urban land change before and after the regulatory change in 1998. Satellite data
have played an important role in assessments of farmland loss in China for over a decade, but have
not been used to examine the impact of the regulatory policy. I make use of an important feature of
the regulation's design, the 'no net loss' rule, which provides an arbitrary discontinuity in the
likelihood that the regulation will bind in different provinces. I estimate effects using the province–
level as well as across discontinuities at provincial borders. The simultaneity of regulatory decision–
making and

The Extent to Which the Principle of Sustainability Guides...
The Extent to Which the Principle of Sustainability Guides Land Use Policy Development
The idea of developing in such a way that the present can meet their needs without future
generations needs being compromised is not a new one. It has been practiced and continues to be
practiced by many groups of people across the world. For example, this principle is embedded in
Aboriginal beliefs that they come from the land, and must return to the land and so must be
custodians to the land. The Brundtland Commission, chaired by the Norwegian prime minister,
brought the concept to the foreground where the famous definition of sustainability was given. This
essay will discuss the idea of sustainability, how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
'Limits to Growth'[2] is a book that tried to explain how economic expansion must soon come to an
end , because of environmental limits. 'Our Common Future', the sequel to this book, starts from
essentially similar understandings of the nature of the economy–environment interconnections, but
draws the conclusion that growth can and should continue, however, this growth would take a
different form from past growth, and should be sustainable.
By the start of the 1990s about three–quarters of councils in England, Scotland and Wales already
had a 'green plan' of some kind in effect or in preparation, some explicitly recognising the need to
extend to global issues such as global warming as well as local matters. What was new in the 1990s
was the degree to which central government began to give formal support to sustainable
development, and to land use planning as a means of achieving it, in some cases producing the
relevant policies and legislation in response to international commitments. Sustainability is now one
of the UK governments key objectives. A commitment to national sustainability plans was a key
component of the UNCED agreements in 1992,

Land Use And Land Cover Changes
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
Land–use and land–cover changes (LULCC) induced by human and natural processes a major role
in global as well as regional scale patterns of the climate and biogeochemistry of the earth system
(Ramachandra et al., 2012).Now a day's Global warming is highly increasing as a result of massive
land–use and land–cover (LULC) changes. The change in land–use land–cover leads to
environmental change, rainy season fluctuation, increase sea surface temperature (SST) and land
surface temperature (LST). This massive land–use and land–cover change is due increase the need
of land for settlement and agricultural. Land is scarce (limited) natural resource which cannot be
change when the number of population increases. Land–use should be matched with land capacity
and at the same time it should respect the environment, and global climate system (FAO/UNEP,
1999).Land–use is converting over time and the most important driving force of land–use changes
the human need. Human population is increasing and it causes transformation of natural ecosystems
into human landscapes. Human settlements, the need for farmland and especially, large urban and
industrial areas significantly modify their environment. Changing from permeable and moist land
uses to impermeable and dry one with paving and building material can sharply affect energy budget
and land surface temperature (Guo et al., 2012), as well as

Land Use Development Patterns And The International...
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND TO STUDY
Land use development patterns (also called urban form, built environment, community design,
spatial development, and urban geography) is referred to as the human use of the earth's surface,
including the location, type and design of infrastructure such as roads and buildings. Land use
patterns can have diverse economic, social and environmental impacts and some are more accessible
and so reduce transportation costs to businesses and consumers.
Transportation on the other hand is the movement of people, information and goods from one
location to another. The specific purpose of transportation is to fulfill a demand for mobility, since
transportation can only exists if it moves people, freight and information around. Otherwise it has
no purpose. Since the 18th century till now, urbanization, multinational corporations, the
globalization of trade and the international division of labor are all forces shaping and taking
advantage of transportation at different, but often related, scales. Consequently, the fundamental
purpose of transport is geographic in nature, because it facilitates movements between different
locations. Transport thus plays a role in the structure and organization of space and territories, which
may vary according to the level of development.
ADEWOLE ADEMOLA PELUMI | 070503003
2
The connection between transportation and land use is a fundamental concept in planning.
Everything that happens to land use has transportation

Urban Land Use And Transportation Planning
Question 1. This approach has several advantages. First, it provides much more spatially–detailed
information than traditional data at the aggregate level of planning districts. Hence, using this
disaggregate information, we can suggest policy implications to establish specific land use and
transportation planning. UrbanSim, one of the advanced microsimulation model developed by
University of Washington, uses gridcells of 150*150 meter, which presents spatially detailed
structure and enables researchers to evaluate current urban land use patterns as well as predict future
urban land use change at the micro level. However, a building scale analysis provides much more
benefits because it is a more realistic model and can be easily combined with current urban big data.
For example, if this agent–based model is combined with complex human behaviors data, it can
provide much more specific information for predicting events of an emergency such as a building
fire and disasters from earthquake or tsunami. Also, if this model is combined with information on
spatial human activities from mobile–phone, it can provide great benefits for managing spatial and
temporal planning for the urban places. More specifically, we can identify hot spots during daytime
and nighttime, which can help to predict travel demands as well land use demand. Second, with the
building scale dataset, we can deal with a variety of urban problems and issues. For example, energy
is one of the big issues in our

The Increasing Need for Urban Planning
1. Introduction Quantitative urban studies are becoming increasingly important for planners
knowing that in the year 2015 more than half the global population will be residing in cities [1].
Suitable urban planning ought to be a top priority for future development but unfortunately sound
planning has not taken place especially in many African cities as heavy rural–urban migration
continues to cause cities to expand at uncontrollable rates [2]. As a consequence, the urban
population in Africa is increasing at a much faster rate than in the rest of the world, contributing to
the augmentation of the existing problems such as unsuitable land–use [3]. The concentration of
population in cities comprises as much as 60% of the total population in most countries. In these
immense urban settlements the environmental and social consequences are sometimes disastrous
[4]. Large cities in Africa such as Nakuru have experienced a fast growth rate of 13.3% between
1990 and 2006 [5]. The magnification has been attributed to a number of factors, mainly the
aperture of the new Naivasha–Nakuru road, which links the megacity of Nairobi. Post–election
violence is verbally expressed to be one of the contributing factors, since many displaced people
from neighboring towns migrated to Nakuru as a safe shelter. The main consequences in these
African cities include; urban sprawl, unsuitable land–use, inadequate transportation systems, air and
water pollution, depletion of natural resources,

The Accounting Software Installation Project Case Study
[pic]
UTS:ENGINEERING
49285: EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
SUBJECT OUTLINE
Subject Number: Emergency Management
Credit Points: 6
Subject Coordinator: Dr Jaya Kandasamy
Subject Lecturer: Peter Garland
Semester/Year: Spring 2007
Prerequisites: Completed a degree course
Co–requisites: Nil, but a basic knowledge of local government procedures is helpful
Anti–requisites: Nil, although some previous experience in local government and emergency
management is useful.
This subject aims to teach students the main elements of emergency management for natural
disasters and to a lesser degree terrorist attack. Students will understand the principles involved in
emergency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Appilcation of EM to natural disasters such as floods, bushfires, etc
Learning and Teaching Strategies
This subject includes three blocks of lectures, tutorials and fieldwork exercise through the semester.
Each block will be held at 1.30 pm to 5 pm on a Friday and 9.30 am to 5 pm on a Saturday. The
course is taught by lectures, tutorial sessions, assignments and a fieldwork exercise.

Subject Overview
The following information is the detailed overview of the subject: including general information
about the subject structure, delivery and staffing
Subject organisation and what we expect of you
This subject includes three blocks of lectures, tutorials and fieldwork exercise through the semester.
Each block will be held at 9.30 pm to 5 pm on a Friday and 9.30 am to 1 pm on a Saturday. Lectures
are supported by a lecture notes and readings and are placed on UTS online. You will gain most
from the lectures if you read each block 's material in advance.
The course is taught by lecture, assignment and fieldwork.
Subject content includes: what is emergency management, elements in emergency management in
local, state and federal governments, changing scene in emergency management, emergency risk
management, exercise management, managing an emergency centre, recovery management, land–
use

Land Use Planning in the Netherlands and the United States...
What can land use planners and decision–makers in the United States learn from planning practices
in the Netherlands? The Netherlands has accepted comprehensive land use planning as a standard
practice and integrates all levels of municipalities and communities in decision–making. However,
in many municipalities in the United States, there are still difficulties in obtaining community
action, control, and understanding of the existing plans and proposed policies.
The Netherlands and the United States have similar challenges in land use planning. Both countries
must deal with urban sprawl, farmland preservation, and nature development and preservation.
However, the history behind each country forms a basis for the differences in land ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the national level, there is development of schematic outlines of regional economic development
strategies, including specific priorities and types of development, open space preservation, and
levels and standards of environmental protection. At the regional level, the priorities are further
detailed in the form of regional and local land use plans that include zoning densities and specific
regulatory controls (Schultink, 1993). One of the most important environmental policies enacted is
the 1985 Land Development Act, which accepts physical planning policy as a guideline in land use
decisions (Schultink, 1993). Also, there is an Outline Plan for Land Development, of which the
chief objective is ãto develop rural areas in accordance with the functions allocated to them within
the overall framework of governmental policy,ä (Beun, 1988). In this plan a policy map identifies
areas that will benefit the most from land development (Grossman, 1987–88).
Land use planning in the Netherlands focuses on giving municipalities ã·the means to preserve land
on the long term; and to create equal opportunities for all,ä (Van Den Brink, 2000). Through the
integration of socio–economic developments and policies into planning instruments, each
community aims for the right allocation and management of

The Pattern of Residential Lot Size Zoning in Guangzhou,...
Introduction
Residential areas refer to spaces of land generally considered for housing activities, rather than for
commercial and industrial purposes. On the other hand, zoning is the process by which the local
government determines the uses of land for different purposes by designating each activity to a
given piece of land using a map of zones, which include residential, industrial, commercial and
forest activities among others. Residential zoning, therefore, is the process by which the government
control or oversee the constructions that are strictly for residential purposes, governed by laws and
mostly in use in developed cities. This essay is an in–depth analysis of residential zoning practises,
with a focus on the case of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, there are plans by the government, passed in 2009, which aimed at increasing the
development of the entire region of Pearl River Delta. As of 2014, the mayor of the region is Chen
Jianhua, and the CPC secretary is Wan Qignliang. The region has a GPD of $249 billion and per
capita income of $17,558, with an annual economic growth rate of 12.5 percent, making it a beta
city in the global ranking (O'Connor 34). According to the 2010 census results, the 10 districts in the
region had Biyun District registering the highest number of people, whereas Conghua district
registered the lowest at 2.2 million and 593,000 respectively. By comparison, the other districts
were populated in the following manner: Yuexiu (1.16), Liwan (898,000), Haizhu (1.56), Tainhe
(1.43), Huangpu (831,600), Panyu (1.76), Huadu (945,000), Nansha (259,900), and Zengcheng (1
million). The average population density of the city at the time of this census was 1,708 persons per
square Kilometre (Doel & Hubbard 314).
Lot size Zoning in Major Cities
Most cities in the world today carry out zoning activities to achieve different objective, the most
common of which is lot coverage, regulation of building heights, or functional zoning (which refers
to regulating the type of activities that are being carried out on a piece of land). In any given
political economy, lot size zoning is also referred to as

Essay on Houstons Land Use Policy
Priscilla Ortiz
Government 2306
Professor Andrew Teas
Houston Land Use Policy Houston is a large city with very unique qualities that most cities cannot
even begin to understand, but is this just Houstonian pride talking? No, actually one of the unique
qualities that Houston has is how we handle our land use planning. Houston is well known for not
having any zoning ordinances, which has become a well–known topic for a while now. People argue
weather our lack of zoning is chaotic, unorthodox, or independent and distinct. Another unique
quality that we have is where our political culture stands. Dr. Elazar's "Individualistic –
Traditionalistic" study of political culture talks about three categories moralistic, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The broader picture to Houston is that it comes from the biggest state in the U.S, Texas. Texas has a
vast amount of people and within these people there are different types of mindsets but there are
also similar ones things like this are what describe are Political culture which the book, Texas
Politics 12th edition, defines it as a shared system of values, beliefs and habits of behavior with
regard about politics. Dr. Elazar describes political culture as everyone being impacted by the
beliefs and values of the dominant groups in society; these groups can range in between three
categories of political culture moralistic, Individualistic, and traditionalistic. According to the book,
moralistic political culture is when citizens understand the state and the nation as commonwealths
designed to further the shared interest of everyone. In Individualistic political culture, citizens
understand the state and the nation as marketplaces in which people strive to better their personal
welfare, citizen participation is encouraged. In Traditionalistic political culture, citizens technically
believe in democracy, but emphasize respect to elite rule within a hierarchal society and citizen
participation is not encouraged. Texas stands right in between Individualistic and Traditionalistic in
the scale of political culture. Texas is a midpoint between individualistic and traditionalistic; some
people think that there is a

Spatial Planning And Spatial Planning
Spatial planning is assisting with a change in emphasis by governments in the way they think about
the role of planning to support, change and manage economic growth, improve quality of life,
through a growing understanding of the dynamics of sustained development. Spatial planning
focusses that planning can be more than the traditional regulatory and zoning practices of land use.
Spatial planning is regional planning, transportation, environment social and economic growth of an
area local region through new models, technologies. The spatial planning is more attributed to
Regional Planning, Localised Sustained development.
Labour Government's implementing the spatial planning as environmental manifesto focusing on
two related and critical issues. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resource management with skill development which needs to make spatial plans has to be
superior to the old traditional use of planning. The Land use plans were more of Governmental not
participative plans, but spatial plans have been stressed upon to achieve the decentralised localised
participation. Hence the importance of keeping in mind while spatial planning one should consider
of cultural, especially multicultural metro urban requirements.
How spatial planning is different from Land use planning:
The traditional Land Use planning was regulating the use and development of land by government
norms and conditions where as in spatial planning it's shaping the norms in more democratic way,
but ultimately in ground zero it becomes the same as authorities will decide.
Scheduling of policy frame work and decision of rules to regulate administrate are mapped and
designed for development work in land use planning where as in spatial planning its identifying key
areas of change inclusive development of all functional areas. But at the time of implementation of
the same it's the authorities and regional body for allocation of

Descriptive Statistics Of A Distribution Of Job...
Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics of variables used in this study. Based on the ACS 2009–
2013, the median housing price and median rent in Chicago metropolitan area are $266,371 and
$912, respectively. The average value of job accessibility and mixed land use are 1.01 and 2.57,
respectively. Figure 3 presents a Kernel distribution of job accessibility and mixed land use, which
shows that they have different distributions. Average room is 2.64 and average year built is 61.
Average housing cost is $1,368. Average age and average household size is 36 and 2.66,
respectively. The proportions of black and Hispanic are about 20%. Average residential density is
7.25 (housing/mile2), and the proportion of single housing is about 50%. The average distance to
nearest park is 0.38mile, and the average vacancy rate is 10%. As discussed above, our unit of
analysis is census tract, and 2,014 census tracts are used in this study.
Figure 3. Density of Job Accessibility Index and Mixed Land Use
Figure 4 presents the spatial distribution of job accessibility measured based on the equation (9) and
mixed land use measured based on the equation (11). Job accessibility decreases as distance from
the CBD increases, but interestingly job accessibility in the northern part from the CBD is high.
Although many reasons may affect this spatial distribution of job accessibility, this can be simply
explained that job supply is higher than job demand. This pattern of job accessibility seems

Fia Analysis
Applied Public Finance
Fiscal Impact Analysis 3 – FIA 3 Assignment * Briefly describe (1–2 pages) the American Farmland
Trust (AFT) Cost of Community Services methodology and illustrate the COCS approach from the
Skagit County, WA case study.
The American Farmland Trust Cost of Community Services methodology compares the ratio of
expenditures to revenue for different land uses, which are used in municipal land–use planning.
Land uses, from residential / commercial / industrial , agricultural / and open space, largely
determine the different revenues and expenditures of the municipal government because they
generated different amounts of revenue from being taxed at different rates. Expenditures also vary
from municipal services ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They used the same classifications of 1) residential development, 2) commercial development, 3)
industrial development and 4) farm, forest and open land. The relevant data that they collected
information were gathered from: * Skagit County, Washington, 1997 Annual Budget * 1997 Skagit
County Expense Versus Budget Report * Total assessed property values broken down by land use
School Budget for 1997–1998 school year * 1997 reports of county departmental activity *
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) map showing total county area distinguished by land use *
Total land area and total road mileage for the county, each broken down by land use Next they
conducted interviews with county officials and used budget records to allocate revenue and
expenses into land use categories and then entered the appropriate information into a computer
spreadsheet for calculations for this final findings.
For every dollar of revenue from residential development, $1.25 was required in expenditures. For
every one–dollar of revenue from commercial development, 34 cents was required in expenditures.
For every dollar of revenue from industrial development, 29 cents was required in services. For

Aviation Centered Spatial Development And The Regional...
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature in this field centers on on the different land–use theories that would be applicable to
aviation – centered spatial development. The early theorictial concepts of airport development
focused on the regional development of the Central Business District (CBDs) where airports were
often located on the outlining areas of cities. Land–use around airports was not viewed as an
integral component in the economic vitality of urban planning. Early land – use theories included:
Concentric Zone Theory – Burgess (1925) which stated that cities grew outwards from the centre in
a series of rings; the Sector Model – Hoyt (1939) which detailed that city growth sectors radiated
out from the CBD along transport routes; and Multiple Nuclei Theory – Harris and Ullman (1945)
which expounded that as an urban area grows, it develops around a number of different business
centres or nuclei. Each nucleus acts as a growth point to which growth occurs outwards from each
nucleus, until they all merge into one large urban area.
The most influential land – use theory for airport–centered spatial development was that of the
Single Nulcei Theory. This theory, although similar to that of Multiple Nuclei Theory, instead of
sprouting from several economic catalysts, had one primary catalyst serve as the central source of
outward growth for the larger outlining or urban area. All these theories served as precursors for my
research, as the airport city and aerotropolis

Strategies for Clean, Green and Solar Gandhinagar
The integrated master plan 2031, suggests strategies for clean, green and solar Gandhinagar. The
vision statement of the plan focuses on indorsing a vibrant Gandhinagar, which fundamentally
possess green city qualities.
Envisioning Gandhinagar to be: A leading green capital city in the world with a unique identity and
vibrancy
Having a strong and diverse economic raise
Having environmentally sustainable infrastructure technologies
An ideal place for living including learning, working, consuming and leisure in an inclusive manner
Goals of Master Plan: Goal1: to achieve clean, green and solar agenda
Environmental improvement strategies
Economic development strategies
Infrastructure development strategies
Goal 2: to position its exclusive identity in Ahmedabad–Gandhinagar twin city context
Goal 3: to shape GNA, genius loci of GUDA
4.3.2 Development Plan
I. GUDA DP for 2011
Under the section–12 of GTPUDA–1976; DP of GUDA was prepared. The aim of DP was to
facilitate transformation of GUDA in to a vibrant urban centre which provides a high quality of
infrastructure and service delivery. The GTPUDA–1976, demands that GUDA DP shall specify the
method for land use conversion and regulation.
Following are considerations which were taken into account while conceptualising the structure of
draft DP.
OBJECTIVES
Facilitating Growth & Economic Development To boost the spatial and economic growth in both
GMC and GUDA the land market has been opened for TP schemes. GUDA villages will

Sprawl Essay
Sprawl
What is Sprawl?
Once upon a time, sprawl was a fairly neutral term to describe car dependent, low–density economic
growth beyond the bounds of older suburbs. Now it is used almost exclusively to describe the dark
side of that growth: unbearable traffic, vanishing open space, increasing levels of air and water
pollution, and higher taxes to perpetuate the cycle of new schools, sewers, and roads. And that's just
what the residents of older suburbs are feeling. Sprawl is even less attractive to urban residents who
are left behind and involuntarily subsidize the outward migration ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sprawl is on politicians' minds. Sprawl in on the minds of the electorate as well. In a recent survey
on resident's biggest concerns about their communities, respondents said that that sprawl and traffic
tied with crime as their primary concern.
Some communities are adopting "smart growth" policies, which regulate the
development of open spaces to ensure land isn't completely consumed by housing tracts and strip
malls and create land–use policies to preserve farmland. But critics of smart growth say it is unfair
to restrict land use and that people have a right to build and develop land where they can afford to
do it.
Some "smart growth" policies include:
strengthen and direct development toward existing communities
a range of housing choices
walk–able neighborhoods
attractive communities with a sense of place
mixed land uses
preservation of farmland and natural areas
a variety of transportation choices
compact building design
On One Hand...
The thirst for more houses farther and farther away from established urban centers poses a grave
threat to the environment and our quality of life. Greedy developers consume

Causes Of Deforestation
Deforestation conflicts and Solutions
The population in the majority of countries around the world is increasing, which places pressure on
local economies to yield additional food or clear additional land for urban developmental urgencies
such as housing and commerce, which leads to a method called deforestation. Cutting down forests
not only generates revenue from sales such as that of timber, but also clears land for use in
development. On the other hand, forests are vital fragments of local and global ecosystems. Cutting
down forests, especially jungles and rain forests, often threatens not only species of wildlife but also
decreases oxygen for us and ultimately contributes to dangerous factors such as global warming.
Therefore, we have two stakeholders, one that believes in development, and one that believes in
preservation. The points of view that are taken from both of these stakeholders may seem
incompatible; however, the compromise of deforestation can be implemented through Eco–forestry,
land use planning, and Reforestation.
The developmental stakeholder mentioned above, wants just that, development. They are regular
citizens who wish to use the forests trees and land to expand urbanization and to use its sources
beneficially. Some examples of these types of individuals are workers such as Farmers,
Constructionists, Loggers, and Miners. Farmers use the method of deforestation to cut down trees to
have greater areas for planting crops and raising livestock to

The Forecast Of Construction Industry
Forecast of Construction Industry
At the present time, China's government has focused it policies on projects and reforms, offering
China considerable urban infrastructure opportunities. This means that it is expected that China's
expenditures in construction will continue to grow through 2019, powered by an increase in urban
population, continued industrialisation, expanding foreign investment and rising personal income
levels.
In addition to this, 'the government's effort to sustain growth in the manufacturing sector, improve
the country's infrastructure, expand municipal utilities, and balance regional economic disparity will
help growth in construction spending'. (Freedonia).
Despite this, it is predicted that China's further growth may incur a slowdown and could possibly
reach 'historical lows in the short term, with housing construction registering a decline for the first
time ever' (South Morning China Post). Forecasts for the short–to medium–term future of the
market remain positive as shown below in the table.
Forecasts for selected indicators in China's Construction Sector
Long–Term Forecast
Despite China's immense growth throughout the decades, it is projected that the construction
industry will not continue to grow at it's usual 'peak'. As stated by 'Joe Zhou, (head of research in
China at JLL real estate consultancy), "China has passed the peak in terms of construction activity, l
would say the peak was more lie 2013. Last year (2014), we saw

D.Amendment To 2030 Comprehensive Plan – Public Hearing.
D. AMENDMENT TO 2030 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN – Public Hearing
10. Amendment to Future Land Use Map, 1500 block Spring Drive, 3.8 acres, from low density
residential land use to general commercial land use
Mr. Mosley reported this agenda item is linked to the rezoning request agenda #11 that concerns the
same property and applicant. The Planning Commission should consider changing the Future Land
Use Map of the 2030 Comprehensive Plan before the rezoning in agenda #11 is reviewed.
The 2030 Future Land Use Map provides that 3.8 acres, accessed from the 1500 block of Spring
Drive, is located in the "low density residential" land use category (see map in your packet). The
adjacent 4.9 acres is located in the "general commercial" land use ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Prince provided no reports.
Chairman Cherry opened the public hearing.
Mr. Samford Dykes, lives across Dale Avenue. I am concerned about the use that will go there. Will
it be a factory or likeable to the community. We have a 10 year old that I have concerns about how
this will be used by the owner.
Ms. Dykes, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Dykes, stated my mother has lived here for 57 years. She
owners 3 properties on Dale Avenue. There income is the two rental houses on Dale Avenue. They
are elderly parents of a 10 year old girl. They are concerned about how this property will be used
and might be a detriment to there home. They are concerned about the noise, the lighting, the traffic
increase on Dale Avenue. My mother bedroom faces Dale Avenue. I would like for the Commission
to table this to give my parents time to further understand what is happening. They just have not had
enough time and do not understand how things work.
Council Member Cannon stated the developer has not said what the use will be.
Ms. Dykes stated I was told by the owner it was going to be office use. They already have a similar
use off of Spring Drive.
Mr. Mosley explained the Planning Commission and City Council steps in the amendment and
rezoning process.
Chairman Cherry closed the public hearing.

Mr. Gunter stated if there is no motion it remains residential on the map as far as the Comprehensive
Plan is concerned.
Mr. Vance stated we have owned this since 2006. We

Neighborhood Case Study
Is a PNA Whittier's Next Step in Neighborhood Advocacy and Planning?
In 2012, the Whittier Alliance released a strategic plan for the next five years that pinpointed critical
steps towards increasing commercial activity and housing investments, raising environmental
standards, and improving the Alliance's organizational structure. Could the adoption of a Private
Neighborhood Association (PNA), as presented by the Mercatus Policy Series , support these steps?
In my opinion, a full PNA will not move the Alliance forward. However, the Whittier Alliance could
benefit and advance these goals if they adopted certain principles introduced by PNAs, specifically:
growing community participation, empowering local knowledge in the Whittier neighborhood, and
working to devolve some planning authority from the city and regional governments into the
neighborhood's hands.
Increasing Community Participation
Getting people interested and invested in urban and community planning decisions often presents a
challenge. Too often, communities across the country are reacting passively to planning changes
instead of taking the initiative in proposing or influencing plans at the start. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
While one might argue that, in the PNA model, a community of renters mobilized to share their
preferences and vote with their feet might easily leave the neighborhood if decisions favorable to
businesses and property owners and contrary to their interests prevail, this breezy conclusion rests
on the shaky assumption that there exist alternative, no–less–affordable neighborhoods nearby.
Finding a way to increase Whittier residents' stake in planning decisions along with balancing the
powers of businesses, property owners, and renters is the direction in which the Alliance must
proceed, and it is clear that adopting a PNA will diverge from this good

Contemporary Cities Methods Of Resilience
3. Contemporary cities methods of resilience.
In this section we will look at how practices of urban planning, design and management can be used
to make cities more secure against the hazards of the natural environment. The effects of
urbanisation and climate change are going to continue to cause more frequent and destructive
challenges towards humanity, so the implementation of these methods is crucial in preventing
social, economic and environmental losses. (too big to flood) These different methods will be
analysed to understand if they are successful methods of mitigation, which will be dependent upon
each individual country.
The role of the government will be crucial in making cities more resilient. Cuba is a hazard hotspot,
being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Resilience and preparedness is a result of education in the school curricula, which teaches people
what to expect and what to do in such an event. Further information is circulated through media and
consolidated with national simulation exercises, which are rehearsed in the period leading up to the
hurricane season. A well constructed community approach of risk assessment, identifies vulnerable
people and those who can offer assistance during a disaster. The community approach means people
help each other to safety early before disaster strikes. This information is taken up to national level
and formulated into a community plan, which is relayed to all, so everyone knows what to do, and
who to help. An amazing method of mitigation from little money and resources but made successful
through strong governance and the cohesion of a willing community. Other developing Countries
would achieve similar benefits from such a method of mitigation.
Land use planning is a long slow process, which is not keeping up to speed with the rapid urban
growth of informal settlements. Planning is however, a vitally important role in urban security.
Therefore with governmental commitment and the correct resources, informal settlements can be
effectively implemented into the formal planning structure. This would allow building regulations
and controlled expansion to be monitored, ensuring less vulnerability of structures. This method of
risk

Human Impacts Toward Soil Biodiversity
METHODS
Data Collation
Data was collected from published studies or in–press studies that focused on human impacts
toward soil biodiversity. Potential relevant studies must compare multiple sites which having
different land use type and/or intensity. In addition, species abundance, richness, occurrence, or
other diversity metrics must be present in the study, so that diversity can be estimated. Furthermore,
the information of the sites location is also very important, studies which have the sites coordinates
are more preferable. The coordinates are very useful not just to pinpoint the exact location on the
map, but also to help us acquire other information, e.g. climate, biome, and ecoregion (all paper
criteria similar to Newbold et al. 2015). To find these potential relevant studies, I used Web of
Science (http://webofknowledge.com/) and Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.co.uk) as the
search engine with "soil invertebrate", "land–use", "pitfall trap", and "ground invertebrate" as my
search term.
The corresponding authors of the suitable studies were contacted, asking whether they are willing to
share their raw data (which were not usually made fully available in the paper or supplementary
files). From the total of 24 authors contacted, five of them agreed to give me the raw data. After
receiving the data, they were coded into a structured pdf form and excel spreadsheet. The pdf form
captured the site– and species–specific information provided by the papers or

Zoning
Simply put, zoning, in a planning or land use context, is the classification of the land in a
community into districts with different regulations for its utilization. Zoning and other methods of
land use control have evolved with the primary objectives of promoting the health, safety, and
wellbeing of residents while minimizing the negative impacts of one activity or use upon others.
Zoning is effectively a legislative process whereby a community prioritizes values associated with
land, development, and associated activities. A zoning system generally includes map or plan
elements which define areas where like regulations apply, and a textual, usually relatively locally
legislated ordinance, code, or law consisting of definitions and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The final general type of zoning regulation limits the physical and spatial form of development.
Examples of this type include restrictions on building heights, setbacks, road widths, building
materials, and architectural style.
In the first third of the 20th century, the United States saw zoning become an accepted tool in land
use regulation. New York City passed a zoning plan in 1916. This set of rules primarily focused on
building form and setbacks, and included a now routine provision for variances. The New York law
was primarily a response to a technological innovation–the skyscraper–and the arising concerns
associated with it.
Many States adopted the Standard State Zoning Enabling Acts of 1922, which was offered as a
model by the U.S. Department of Commerce and provided a framework and codified a general legal
basis for zoning across the country. The Department of Commerce also introduced a Standard City
Planning Enabling Act, which was widely adopted beginning in 1928. These acts put into place the
general structure of local and regional planning and zoning which is still used today. Elements and
entities such as the Planning Commission, the Master Plan, subdivision control measures, and
provision for regional planning bodies and plans were primarily introduced by the Standard City
Planning Enabling Act.
The best known legal foundation for zoning in the

Adaptation Of Climate And Simplifying Informal Settlements
ADAPTATION OF CLIMATE AND STANDARDIZING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN
ELDORET
BY
Caroline Jepkemboi Cheplong
Email; carojep2015@hotmail.com
JULY, 2015
ABSTRACT
Due to the progressive development of human societies, their ecological and environmental
influence has been steadily increasing. The spatial expansion and higher population and housing
density of cities with its multiplier effect on land use and land cover change (LUCC) have been
recognized as the most important aspects of cities climate change which is triggered by the need for
urban services provision for the influx of human population. The shortages of housing in particular,
and other urban services provision is the fundamental cause and effects of development of illegal
and informal settlements. With analysis from empirical study in Eldoret town, the study discusses
the need for urban land regularization as a requisite to combat the driving forces for formation of
informal settlements and its impacts on cities climate. After presenting a series of concepts and
definitions related to urban land informality and illegality, standardization and tenure security from
the literature, we then discuss the data methods for the study. A detail of the research results
focusing on the nature and the impacts of informal and illegal settlement in both the city centre and
the hinterlands using the UN–Habitat Slum indicators is presented. We conclude on implication
cities' climate change dynamics

Natural Resource Conflicts And Conflict
Introduction
This chapter examines the relevant literature both domestic and abroad and key concepts that frame
the study and justifies their use. These Prior research on land use conflicts, Land conflicts and
Livelihoods, Mining and Customary land Use, Customary Land use Tenure in Liberia, Land Use
Conflicts between Communities and Concessions companies in Liberia, Sime Darby Concession
conflict in Liberia will focus on the domestic literature, followed by the Concept of Conflict,
Conflicts Analysis Tools/Model and summary of the chapter.
2.2 Land Conflict and Livelihoods
Thomson and Kanaan (2003), propounded that the origin of Conflicts in human society date back to
antiquity and studies into conflicts are manifested by the works of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All these are entangled in complex bundles of rights and interests and have been fields of power
struggles (Marfo, 2003). Skewed power share among communities, Companies and the land
services, as well as some other interest groups, show the distribution of control over the land use
leading to conflicts. Access to and the use of these natural resources plays an important role in many
conflicts.
Touch Siphat in (2009) attempts to understand the impact of economic land concessions for agro–
industrial production promoted by government. This promotion heavily impacts on the locals'
livelihoods and obstructs decentralized natural resources management, especially in natural forest
resources. They also examined locals' response to such a development scheme. The study found that
in regard to "economic growth", the state has very strong control over natural resources and people.
Further, as a post–war nation, the state commits to developing its economy by gathering
involvement from different stakeholders, including international donors, development agencies,
NGOs, and local people in the development process. Yet privatization of natural resources such as
land, forestry, mining and so forth can be also found in the country in favor of a globalizing
economy. In terms of economic liberalization, Cambodia has been integrated into the regional and
global economies.
This approach offers a good opportunity to

Air Traffic Control System Of Sdf
SMF's location provides for the most efficient flight operations and the future airport developments
will cost–effectively satisfy the growing aviation demand in the area. The runway, taxiway, and
ramp configurations at SMF provide an efficient access system for arriving and departing aircraft
today, but there are current assessments in progress of runway lengths required for future non–stop
service to European and Asian destinations. The current instrument and visual landing systems meet
the required flight operations standards based on the airports total flight operations and weather. The
air traffic control system is state–of–the–art and meets the current and future operational
requirements well into the year 2035 according to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2008, the Sacramento County Airport System began a monumental improvement project worth
1.03 billion dollars for terminal modernization of the old Terminal B. The new complex is almost
three times bigger and has an automated state–of–the–art people mover. The new terminal won the
"Green Project of the Year" award by the Sacramento Business Journal due to its smart technology
and green design, which is reducing energy, costs exponentially. This modern approach makes
today's daily ground access operations sufficient to meet the current and future demand. Airport
planners and managers at SMF have effectively applied the modus operandi of terminal and ground
access operations. SMF's master plan reveals the impending future facilities that will expediently
process the upcoming volumes of airport visitors well into 2020 and beyond (Master, 2004).
The Sacramento County Airport System has been successful at maintaining a balanced economic,
political, and social climate at SMF. The continuous engagement from the airport's management
with the community that it serves, its tenants, suppliers, and service providers is evident. The
community and SMF have worked together to identify some of the environmental effects in the
surrounding communities. The major environmental categories affecting SMF are Aircraft Noise,
Compatible Land Use, and Air Quality. Secondary categories

Urbanization Of The 21st Century
Introduction
The 21st century is witnessing an increase of the world's population into urban dwellers. Dramatic
movement of people into major towns and cities of the world is caused by rapid sprawl; this is
observed in developed and developing countries. This increasing recognition is inevitable; therefore
the solution to urban problems depends largely on effective planning, infrastructural management
and development. Usually, unplanned population growth is associated to population demands that
supersede infrastructure and service capacity, leading to the degradation of the environment.
Urbanization is important, but its development is effected at the expense of deforestation,
destruction of biotopes, fragmentation of ecosystems, consequently shrinking of the open space
among many other things. A city should be a complex system that should entail several interactive
sub–systems, it should be affected by various factors including governmental land policies,
population growth, transportation infrastructure, market behavior to mention just a few.
Land use and transportation systems are considered as the two most vital subsystems determining
the long term urban form and structure. Meanwhile, urban growth is one of the most important
topics in urban studies, and its main driving forces are population growth and transportation
development. Rapid urban growth stresses the capacity of governments to provide adequate basic
services such as road network.
Everyone has seen urban

Land Use And Transportation Planning: A Case Study
1. Introduction
Today's land use planning and policies are intended to preserve values of cultural resources and
enhance sustainable communities and neighborhoods. Among various specific components to
achieve it in planning practice, recently improvement of job accessibility and encouragement of
mixed land use have been rising topics in the planning field. This is because well–designed and
well–utilized these two features through the land use and transportation planning not only can
reduce individual vehicle mile travel (VMT) and urban traffic congestion (Ewing and Cervero,
2010), but also can provide lively urban places (Jacobs, 1961). However, although numerous studies
have provided empirical evidence of their effectiveness – for example, reducing a physical distance
between jobs and housing through these two components increases public transportation use,
walking and bicycling (Cervero and Duncan, 2006), little attention has been paid to demand side of
the land use components. Namely, little is known about whether the land use features really meet the
residents' needs. Some scholars pointed out that most previous studies have only focused on the
supply–oriented policies or planning (Koster and Rouwendal, 2012; Plaut and Boarnet, 2003).
However, in order to create sustainable urban places and better living environments given the
limited amount of urban land, land use planning or policies carefully reflecting demanders' needs
are essential.
Koster and Rouwendal (2012)

The New Castle Town Council
In 2008 the New Castle Town Council appointed an eleven–member Steering Committee made up
of local residents, business interests, and members of the Planning Commission and Town Council
to guide a new vision for the long–term growth and development of the community. This effort was
in response to pending growth pressures, for which the community was not fully prepared. After
some months and considerable community input, the Planning Commission recommended and the
Town Council adopted the Town of New Castle Comprehensive Plan on May 27, 2009.
Prior to the adoption of the Plan, the National and local economies were strong. As a result, New
Castle had begun to experience significant change. The intent of the Plan was to establish a path for
community growth that, while accommodating new housing, businesses, services, jobs, parks/open
spaces, non–motorized access systems, transportation, environmental protection and community
infrastructure, would ensure that growth and change would not adversely the small–town character
and community values that residents wanted to preserve.
As the community planning process neared its conclusion, the National economy began to
experience a slow–down, which in time became significant. Growth and development in the
Roaring Fork and Colorado River Valleys also were affected. This economic downturn
fundamentally stopped new development activity in New Castle. Moe recently, while the upper
valley resort economy has experienced improvement

Zoning Laws And Zoning Ordinance Regulations
Zoning definition – Zoning is the exercise of the police power that governs where and how land
may be used and developed. The purpose of zoning is to protect and further the public health, safety
and welfare and it lawful exercise maybe go beyond these objectives. [IICLE, Illinois Municipal
Law Section 2.2]
Zoning divides a jurisdiction into a number of zones or land–use districts. A zoning ordinance
consists of both a text and a map. The text establishes the zoning districts and details regulations
applicable to each district and land use. The map designates the location and boundaries of each
zone created by the text. Id.
Zoning ordinance regulations most often take the form of maximum or minimum standards; for
example, minimum lot ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, developers must interact with the local governments legislative and/or administrative
bodies.
3. Subdivision Approvals
Subdivision regulations are directed toward two purposes: (a) to ensure that development is
provided adequate infrastructure such as water, sewers, streets, and sidewalks; and (b) to facilitate
real estate conveyancing by imposing standards for the platting of land (requiring a survey to show
streets, blocks, and lots in a subdivision and the recording of the survey). Subdivisions must,
however, comply with the requirements of the zoning ordinance. Subdivision may be achieved by
one of the following methods:
Parcel Map
Tract Map
Vesting Map
4. Site Specific Permits – If the proposed development does not comply with existing zoning codes,
then rezoning or zone change is required for approval.
Conditional Use Permits (CUP) – certain uses of land may only be allowed upon approval of a CUP.
Uses that often require a CUP include schools, hospitals and group homes.
Variances – used to avoid restrictions imposed by the zoning code.
Design Review – Sometimes required before issuing building permits.
5. Environment review (where applicable)
b. Time required for each step – The initial start up process will take thousands of hours for

conceptual design and development. The initial design, municipal approval process for a master plan
project can take anywhere from 6 months to 2 years,

Development Plan and Control
rDevelopment planning is practised in all three tiers of the Government in Peninsular Malaysia. At
the national level, development planning is guided by the National Physical Plan (NPP) and other
sectoral national policies that are passed by the Cabinet. They address the strategic issues of national
importance and provide the overall framework for subsequent drawing up of the other more detailed
Development Plans. Contextually, development planning in the country operates within the stated
goals outlined in Vision 2020. Similarly at the state level, development is guided by the State
Development Plans, and other national sectoral policies that are formulated from time to time by the
respective state governments. Local level physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Functions of the National Physical Plan includes : 1) strengthen national planning through spatial
dimension in economic policy. 2) Coordinate sectoral agencies through the provision of spatial
allocation of sectoral policies. 3) Develop a framework for planning at state and local levels, 4) and
Form of physical planning policy. In addition, Section 6B(4) of Act 172 states that the NPP shall be
reviewed every five years in tandem with the review of the National Five Year Development Plans,
or as and when directed by the NPPC. The spatial planning vision, policies, measures and land
allocations of the NPP will be implemented primarily (i.e. delivery vehicle) through the State
Structure Plans. In. addition, the Federal Government shall implement the NPP through the control
of development budgeting i.e. granting financial allocation to development programmes,
particularly key national infrastructure project, of public implementing agencies on the basis of NPP
spatial policies. Under section 6B (5) of Act 172, it is incumbent upon the implementing agencies of
the Federal Government and all State Governments to assist in ensuring that the objectives of the
NPP are realised. Structure Plans The Structure Plan(SP) sets out the policies and general proposals
for the development and other use of land within each state; thus providing guidance for spatial
development on states' issues of structural

Spatial Justice: The Concept Of Spatial Justice
In the third part of the book, Harvey talks about the concept where Spatial justice connects together
social justice and spaces, most dominantly. It is also mentioned that Spatial Organization is a crucial
dimension and aspect of Society and it precisely reflects social facts and influences social relations
.Hence, justice and injustice both the aspects becomes more visible in space. Therefore, it becomes
important to understand social injustice in totality and formulate territorial policies accordingly
aiming to tackle them by analysing the interactions between space and society. It is at this junction
that the concept of spatial justice has been developed. Space as we know, is a fundamental
dimension of human societies, social justice is embedded in it. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This can be guided by concept of spatial justice, which combines together Social Justice with space.
It is major challenge because it is goal of many policies of planning. So it is also important to
analyse the concept of spatial justice along with social, which is never questioned to the extent that
it has been taken for granted. The concept of Spatial Justice opens up several perspectives for
various other

Challenge 2 : Land Use Planning
Challenge 2: Land Use Planning
Fukushima is the third largest prefecture in Japan (≅13,800 km). Before GEFE, Fukushima had a
population of almost 2 million people, many of whom lived in the capital, Fukushima City. As a
result of a diverse geography (high peaked mountains, forests, and over 150km of coastline),
Fukushima was a major food production source for Japan. In fact, Nakadori region was the fourth
largest agricultural region in Japan, yielding rice, peaches, apples, pears, tomatoes, and cucumbers.
Tobacco, raw silk and livestock were major exports from the region and the fishing industry
boomed. Since GEFE, Fukushima has dropped from the nation's fourth–largest rice producer to its
seventh, with production reportedly slipping 17% and an estimated 100,000 farmers have lost an
estimated 105 billion yen ($1 billion). The fishing industry lost 75% of its workers while the
number of commercial fishing boats went from 185,465 to 153,034.
Fukushima Prefecture's infrastructure was greatly affected by the earthquake's force, with parts of
Hama–dori region experiencing more than 6.0 magnitude and Fukushima City, in Naka–dori region,
measuring more than 5.0. The tsunami that followed shortly thereafter hit the eastern coast of
Fukushima, causing widespread damage and death. A recorded 1,900 people died and another 1,600
suffered significant injuries. 173,000 residential units were damaged and an estimated 17,000 were
destroyed. Approximately 17,700 non–residential buildings

Real Life Model Paper
A model provides a representation of a real life system (Oguz, 2004). Elements of real life are
represented in the model as variables and allow for analysis of these selected variables, their
relationships, and the interdependencies between them (Oguz, 2004). Models provide a platform to
investigate historical data, virtually manipulate these variable, and assess potential implications of
current or future policies and programs on these variables.
Land use change and urban growth is one such real life event that has been analyzed and modeled
using a variety of different techniques. Understanding the change in land use and urban growth
patterns enable forecasting and possible prediction of consequences of human behavior and natural
phenomenon. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This drawback was addressed by emergence of polycentric and zonal land use models in the late
1930s and 1940s (Rodrigue, 2015). A model proposed by Hoyt (1939), based on a study of
residential areas of North America, stated that land use pattern and growth were not sharply defined
as concentric circles but rather were sectors within a circle and major transportation corridors were
responsible for defining these sectors (Rodrigue, 2015). Harris and Ullman (1945) proposed a model
which also stated that cities do not grow around central business district but rather develop as nodes
that differentiate and are further specialized based on factors such as accessibility, proximity
interactions with other similar or different areas, as well as location suitability based on price, rent
and so on (Rodrigue, 2015). Following these concepts of land use and urban growth, hybrid models,
such as that of Isard (1955), were developed in the latter half of the 1950. These models
amalgamated the behaviors of various concentric, sector, and nuclei models into one model to
explain land use change and urban growth (Rodrigue, 2015). The limitations of these traditional
models have been their static and linear nature, which made it difficult for these models to
encompass and generate certain parameters such as complex surface features, as well as their focus
on mostly large geographic units such as administrative regions, that provided insufficient spatial
information for setting up detailed land use and growth models (Qi,

The New Challenge Of Spatial Planning Essay
The new challenge of spatial planning in UK–––localism dilemmas
1. Introduction:
The planning system in England has been subject to dramatic shifts when the Coalition government
was reselected after almost 70 years since 2010. (Gallent, Nick & Hamiduddin, Iqbal & Manuela
Madeddu, 2013) This may be proved that the localism can have a significantly impact on urban
planning or spatial area field especially after the Localism Bill was promoted and enacted in
Parliament on November 2011. However, considerable of key questions had been raised with the
implementation of Localism Act: what kind of impact the localist planning have on spatial area and
whether it is a proper formation for the contemporary English spatial planning to practice localism.
This assignment will try to find out what localism is and demonstrate the impact of localism in
England. The aim of this assignment is not only to address these questions but also in purpose of
assessing the advantages and disadvantages of localism to demonstrate the achievements that spatial
planning can earn from the localism.
This paper will begin by focusing on the development of localism in England. It will then illustrate
the spatial city planning in England. The third part will be comparison of the positive or negative
influence the localism has on English spatial planning. The aim is to show whether it is appropriate
framework for English planning system to promote localism. The following part will show the
conclusion,

Impact Of The Land Administration Projects
Changes in Customary Land Administration and Building Synergy in Pluralistic Institutional
Environment in Sub–Sahara Africa: Examining the Impact of the Land Administration Projects
(LAP) in Ghana
Research Background and Problem
Plurality of institutions is a unique feature of the land administration system in Africa. This system
is characterized by the operations of traditional landholding institutions that have been in existence
and has been holding land time immemorial on ground of ancestry together with statutory
established formal land agencies that is required to complement efforts of the former. Traditional
institutions in some countries continue to play key role in the system, despite widespread
implementation of the formalization ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is argued that 'multiple institutional and legal structures could bring about contradictions and
insecurity regarding whose rights count, whose rights will be supported in the event of a contest,
and which decision–making structures are paramount resulting in 'institution shopping' (Toulmin,
2009). In Ghana, the pluralism systems are poorly articulated and has been the cause of growing
contradiction and conflict (Kasanga and Kotey, 2001). This can be substantiated by studies from
Yeboah and Shaw (2011) that find the traditional institutions are making makeshift plans in order to
sell lands even without the knowledge of the appropriate planning authority. Also, Biitir and Nara
(2016) finds that land governance in Ghana is hampered by lack of cooperation and collaboration
between these institutions. The state of the pure distinct operations of the customary and statutory
land tenure institutions therefore denies synergistic effect (Cousin and Hornby, 2005).
In the wake of the aforementioned factors and address resulting problems, previous and present
governments of Ghana have made attempts to streamline the system through land policies and
projects. The Land Administration Projects (LAP) is currently being implemented (Government of
Ghana, 2008). This

China 's Recent Urban Planning
Study Context and Data Sources
2.1 Beijing's Recent Urban Planning
Beijing is the capital of China and one of the most populous cities in the world. The current
population as of 2014 was over 21 million. The area of Beijing Metropolitan Area (BMA) is 16,410
square kilometers. According to land use dataset of Beijing Institute of City Planning, the total
urban area as of 2012 was 1,675 square kilometers. The BMA currently comprises 16 administrative
subdivisions, as presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1 The Beijing Metropolitan Area Since the latest administrative boundary adjustment of
Beijing in 1958, there have been five urban master plans drafted in 1958, 1973, 1982, 1992 and
2004. Each master plan was associated with a planned overall land use map. Individual land parcels
in the map were assigned with a land classification of either urban (residential, commercial,
industrial, public green land, and mixed–use land) or non–urban (farmland, forestland, and wetland)
(Long, Gu, & Han, 2012). The maps guide the future urban development, and actual land uses
should conform to the land classification plan.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, the BMA has experienced an unprecedented increase in
population growth and urban development. By the year 2003, Beijing's population and urban built–
up area had already surpassed the capacity set forth in the 1992 –2010 Master Plan, seven years
ahead of the plan's scheduled expiration date. To address new challenges and plan for greater

Urbanization Study in India
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Urbanization is the defining phenomenon of the 21st century. For the first time in history, more than
half the world's population lives in cities, with 90 percent of urban growth taking place in the
developing world. Increasing population growth in the existing urban areas and rapid urbanisation is
leading to need for increased land area to accommodate the growing population. Rapid urbanization
is turning villages are into towns, towns into big cities and cities in to metropolitan cities. This is
leading to various emerging challenges that urban areas today have to address like inadequate
housing, inefficient physical infrastructure like water, sanitation, transport, inadequate social
infrastructure like education and health, spiralling construction costs and land prices.
Therefore the critical planning is required for all the necessary inputs including the infrastructure,
social amenities and land. It is projected that over the next 20 years, India is going to witness nearly
2 billion additional urban population in the existing urban areas, while one billion already live in
slums. However, only by efficient planning and management can rapidly growing cities be able to
harness this potential, accommodate new urban dwellers, and adequately deliver basic services and
infrastructure (World Bank Institute).
The challenge is to address and effectively manage the pressure on cities and towns and to manage
new growth. There is also a need for

Sample Of Planning Department Business Plan

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Sample Of Planning Department Business Plan

Similar to Sample Of Planning Department Business Plan (20)

More from Carla Potier

More from Carla Potier (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Sample Of Planning Department Business Plan