E-Stilbene Lab Report

E-Stilbene Lab Report
(E)–Stilbene is a trans–1,2–diphenyl ethane. When a bromine is added in presence of a double bond,
the bromine will be added across a double bond. In this particular case of (E)–Stilbene's exposure to
bromine, there are three possible products that can be produced. The first is called a meso–stilbene
dibromide. It is a meso–isomer. The other two products that are enantiomers to each other. Those are
the D and L isomers. The D or L isomers are diastereomers towards a meso– isomer. The purpose of
this experiment is to verify the predominate stereoisomers and to determine the intermediate cation's
structure. The question is what is the distribution. When bromine is added to (E)–Stilbene, what
distribution will be observed in terms of isomers? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To compared this discrepancy, the percent yield is calculated by dividing actual yield by theoretical
yield and multiplying 100. First, the theoretical yield was determined. Originally, 0.92g of (E)–
Stilbene was used. Molecular weight of (E)–Stilbene is 180.25g/mol. 0.92g of (E)–Stilbene is equal
to 0.0051 mol of (E)–Stilbene (= 0.92g × 1mol/180.25g). Then, 5mL of 1M of Bromine was used as
a limiting reagent. The amount of bromine can react with (E)–Stilbene was 0.005mol (=5mL ×
1L/1000mL ×1 mol/L). Therefore, the theoretical yield is 0.005mol. For 100% yield, 0.005mol of
meso–Stilbene Dibromide will be precipitated. After the experiment, actually, only 0.862g was
precipitated. 0.862g of meso–Stilbene Dibromide is equal to 0.00478mol of meso–Stilbene
Dibromide (= 0.862g× 1mol/180.25g). The percent yield calculated in this lab is 95.6% (= (0.00478
mol)/(0.005 mol)×100%). The good yield should be in range of 60% and 65%. Since it is above this
range, the yield obtained in this lab was extremely good. When vacuum filtering the solid through
Buchner funnel, some of the product passed the funnel paper and this might cause the loss of the
product. However, the high yield is also possible meaning of presence of
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Greener Brominations Essay
Greener Brominations
Abstract
In this experiment, trans–stilbene was brominated and debrominated with the use of three methods:
bromination with pyridinium tribromide, bromination with hydrogen peroxide and hydrobromic
acid, and debromination with zinc. The yields of parts A, B, and C are as follows: 68.6 %, 54.6 %,
and 55.9 %.
Introduction
In the chemical process of bromination, an alkene is halogenated with bromine. Solvents that are
typically used include methylene chloride and carbon tetrachloride along with iodine, the traditional
reagent. However, because of the carcinogenic properties of the solvents and the corrosiveness of
iodine, other alternatives are utilized : bromination with pyridinium tribromide, bromination ...
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Finally, the product yield and melting point were recorded.
1Student Notes: Greener Brominations of Stilbene,
Data
molecular weight of (E)–stilbene 180.23 g/mol melting point (lit.) 122–124 °C
molecular weight of stilbene dibromide 338.02 g/mol melting point (lit.) 236–240 °C
A. Bromination of trans–stilbene with pyridinium tribromide
(E)–stilbene 2.0 g filter paper 0.4483 g watch glass 24.4018 g final 27.4208 g product (stilbene
dibromide) 2.5707 g melting point 238 °C
Theoretical Yield
= molar quantity of limiting reagent * molar mass of product
= (2.0 g (E)–stilbene / (180.23 g/mol)) * ( (338.02 g/mol) stilbene dibromide)
= 3.75 g

Fractional Yield
= (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) * 100 % = (2.5707 g / 3.75 g) * 100 %
= 68.6%
B. Bromination of trans–stilbene with hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide
(E)–stilbene 0.51 g filter paper 0.5184 g final 1.0407 g product (stilbene dibromide) 0.5223 g
melting point 220–222 °C
Theoretical Yield
= molar quantity of limiting reagent * molar mass of product
= (0.51 g (E)–stilbene / (180.23 g/mol)) * ((338.02 g/mol) stilbene dibromide)
= 0.957 g
Fractional Yield
= (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) * 100 % = (0.5223 g / 0.957 g) * 100 %
= 54.6%
C. Debromination of stilbene dibromide with zinc
stilbene dibromide 0.52 g filter paper 0.6070 g final 0.7618 g product 0.1548 g
melting

Brominated Vegetable Oil (BVO): Animal Study
According to Mercola (2015), Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is created by bonding vegetable oil
derived from soy or corn with the element bromine. This food additive is added to the beverages
such as sports drinks and sodas as an emulsifier to keep the citrus flavorings from separating and
floating to the surface of the drink (Mercola, 2015). BVO is added to approximately 10 % in many
energy, sports drinks and fruit drinks that sold in the US such as Powerade, Mountain Dew, Fanta.
Although this potentially hazardous ingredient has been banned in over 100 countries including
Japan at 2010 (Bendig et al., 2012) but it still remains a legal and commonly consumed food item in
the United States today.
BVO contains bromine, which is an ingredient commonly used in flame retardant materials that
affects brain development, fertility and possibly even cancer (Mercola, 2015). Other than that,
bromines are part of the halide family which is a group of elements that also includes chlorine,
fluorine and iodine that served as an endocrine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The diets were continued throughout gestation and lactation for the females after conception. Their
results suggested that the rats receiving 2 % of the food additive BVO in their feed became
completely infertile. At 1 % of BVO, the rats suffered impaired fertility, reduced maternal body
weight and reduced litter sizes but no evidence of malformations. Besides, postnatal mortality was
high at this dose and impaired growth was observed among the survivors. Another experiment that
done by Munro et al. (1969) found that all rats had arrested testicular development, thyroid
hyperplasia, fatty changes in the liver, myocarditis, renal tubular epithelial changes and reduced
liver enzyme activities when fed with semi–purified diet containing 0, 0.5% or 2.5% of brominated
cottonseed oil for 80

Free-Radical Chain Reaction Lab Report
Free–radical chain reactions involve the formation of halides and alkyl halides by reacting diatomic
halogens with reactive hydrogens attached to hydrocarbons. In this experiment, diatomic bromine
was reacted with various arenes to produce hydrobromic acid and alkyl halides. The mechanism
behind this reaction can be characterized by three distinct phases: initiation, propagation, and
termination. During the initiation step, bromine radicals are produced via thermal or photochemical
homolysis. These bromine radicals then react with hydrogens attached to a hydrocarbon in the
propagation step to produce hydrobromic acid and a carbon radical. The chain reaction continues
since the carbon radical formed can react with another diatomic bromine molecule, producing a
carbon–bromine bond and regenerating a bromine radical. The termination step ends the reaction by
reacting two bromine radicals with each other, lowering the concentration of highly reactive
bromine radicals in solution. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, when propane and diatomic bromine are reacted together, a 3:97 ratio of primary alkyl
halide to secondary alkyl halide is produced. In contrast, when propane and diatomic chlorine are
reacted together, a theoretical 3:1 ratio of primary alkyl halide to secondary alkyl halide is produced;
experimentally, the ratio is closer to 45:55. Thus, it was determined that diatomic bromine was
better suited to examine the reaction rates of the various

Water Chlorine Research Paper
Chlorine is a commonly known element highly notable for its use as a sanitizer in most swimming
pools. When poured into water, chlorine breaks down into various smaller chemicals, including
hypochlorous acid, that are efficient in killing different bacterias and viruses. Acids invade
bacterium and destroy the proteins' ability to function, causing the cell to die.
Adding the right amount of chlorine can be tricky business. Different conditions factor into how
much of the chemical is necessary, such as a build up of organic matter which calls for a sudden
onset of large amounts of chlorine for a short amount of time, or different pH levels of a pool which
may cause the effectiveness of chlorine to lower. When in highly acidic water, chlorines ability to
cleanse water decreases. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It relies on two types of metals: copper and silver. The copper gets rid of any algae while the silver
sanitizes the pool. However, ionizers don't reduce the use of chlorine significantly if the pool is used
regularly by many people. Ionizers also work best in running water and must be kept under a pump
to continue working properly. Furthermore, the use of metal in the pool can stain the pool and turn
swimmers hair and fingernail beds green. Ionizers can cost around $300 for a 40,000 gallon pool.
Metals will also need to be replaced seasonally and can cost up to $129.
An ozinator, or an ozone generator, is a machine attached to the filtration system of a pool. It uses
ozone gases to kill bacterias in the water. Ozonators reduce up to 90% of chlorine use in a pool and
does not take much power to use. Though water must be circulating 24/7 for the best results.
Ozonators also work best in dry climates, humidity decreases performance. Ozonators can cost
anywhere from $600 to $1200 depending on the size of the pool in addition to the cost of the
continuous water

Addition Of Bromine To Alkene
In this experiment, the addition of Bromine to an alkene was done. In doing so the solution
undergoes a halogen addition reaction, which is a simple reaction where a halogen molecule is
added to a double bonded carbon0carbon alkene functional group. In this experiment cholesterol
(the alkene used) is dissolved in 2 mL of methyl tert–butyl ether and Bromine (halogen) is added to
the solution to create a reaction. To proceed in the reaction Bromine, reddish–brown, solution is
added into a solution of the cholesterol and MTBE solution. After that is done, the solution is mixed
by swirling the flask around until getting a persistent light yellow colored solution, if not retrieved
more Bromine should be added. This solution is then cooled to form crystals, while the solution
cools a wash solution was made to wash the solution of cholesterol bromine when being filtered.
This wash is made of 1.4 mL HOAc (glacial acetic acid), and 2 mL of methyl tert–butyl ether. When
the solution is cooled it is to be filtered by vacuuming, when pouring the solution into the funnel, the
reaction vial was washed with the wash solution that was made. This is done to make sure you are
recovering all of the crystals in your solution. When the vacuuming is all set the crystals were left
out to dry for a week and the mass and melting point were retrieved. This type of reaction that
happened is a halogenation and an electrophilic addition reaction, which is a halogen addition
reaction. In this case,

Bromine Research Paper
Brock (Bromine)– Halogen. Bromine is a toxic element that is deep red in color and sharp in smell,
and is used in insecticides, agricultural chemicals. Different bromine compounds are also used as
flame retardants, but has been banned in the USA due to its toxicity. Brock is reflective of this
element because he is the villain– Sam (Samarium)– Lanthanide. Samarium is a rare element that is
silvery–white in color. Sam is a stealthy character that is rarely ever seen. She is the one that gets
her purse stolen by Brock with his superpowers. Frank (Francium)– Alkali Metal. Francium is a
highly radioactive metal, therefore highly toxic. It only has a life of 22 minutes. We chose this
element for Frank because he is the main strong guy, or superhero, but he is also very impulsive.
Noel (Nobelium)– Rare Earth Metal. Nobelium is a radioactive metal whose ... Show more content
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A silvery white metal that is fairly tough and is used in many ways including fireworks, due to its
ability to ignite easily, laptops and cameras, due to its low density. In the story, Maggie is the rock
within the group. She leads Frank to Sam and keep everything under control. Irwin (Iridium)–
Transition Metal. Iridium has a high melting point and low reactivity. Consequently it has a low
toxicity so it is used for the contacts in spark plugs, compasses, and pen tips. Irwin in this story is
just a static character that eats a hot dog and he's into the fight that Frank and Brock get into when
they meet when all of a sudden Frank throws Brock onto the hot dog cart he's standing next to.
Airen (Argon)– Noble Gas. Noble gases have a full valence electron shell, which means they have
no reactivity, or need to bond with other elements. It is used when an inert, or not easily reactive to
other elements, atmosphere is needed. It is perfect for the character Airen in this story because is the
hot dog vender and when his stand gets crushed there is hardly a reaction from

Bromination Of Trans-Cinnamic Acid Lab Report
Maci Mullins CHEM2130–001 10/9/2017 Stereochemistry of Bromine Addition to trans–Cinnamic
Acid Statement of Problem: What is the stereochemistry for the bromination of trans–cinnamic acid,
and how is it formed? Hypothesis: Two forms of stereochemistry can form product for the
bromination of trans–cinnamic acid. Cis addition, also known as syn addition, is one way of forming
product. This form of stereochemistry allows for the components of the reagent to add to the same
side of the double bond. Trans, also known as anti addition, is the second form of addition that can
create product for this experiment. Tran stereochemistry occurs when the components of the reagent
add to opposite sides of the double bond. In this experiment, the formation of either erythro–2,3–
dibromo–3–phenylpropanoic acid (trans/anti–R,S or S,R) or threo–2,3–dibromo–3–phenylpropanoic
acid (cis/syn–R,R or S,S) was expected to occur. Supporting Paragraphs: The literature values of
erythro–2,3–dibromo–3–phenylpropanoic acid and threo–2,3–dibromo–3–phenylpropanoic acid
were provided in the laboratory experiment text. Erythro–2,3–dibromo–phenylpropanoic acid held a
melting point of 204°C, while threo–2,3–dibromo–3–phenylpropanoic acid held a melting point of
95°C. These two products had vastly different melting point values, which made it clear to observe
the product created at the end of the experiment. Once the product was determined due to
comparison of melting points, the stereochemistry could be

Bromine Research Paper
Bromine is a naturally occurring element that is a liquid at room temperature. In it has a brownish–
red color with a bleach–like odor and it dissolve in water. An found in bromine is a naturally in the
earth's crust and in seawater in various chemical form. Can also be found as an alternative to
chlorine in swimming pool. Then some product containing bromine are used in agriculture and
sanitation as an fire retardants.
Bromine was discovered in 1826 and it was discovered by Antoine–Jerome Balard in Montpellier.
The origin of the name came from Greek. The bromine is a chemical element with symbol Br. The
bromine does not occur naturally on Earth as an element. Its salt are found in the crust it's about .4
part per million. In Bromine is less

Bromination Of Alkene Lab Report
For this experiment, an addition mechanism for the bromination of an alkene was observed along
with studying chirality. The bromination of the substituted alkenes was known as an oxidation
reaction and it produced different stereoisomers based on the alkene's geometry. The E–stilbene
when exposed to bromine produced dibromostilbene. Three products can potentially form from this
reaction which are meso, D, and L stilbene bromide. The goal of this experiment was to identify
which stereoisomer predominated in the reaction and determine the most favored cation
intermediate. The first step of the mechanism was to break the alkene pi bond and form a new C–Br
bond. When the alkene broke, a secondary carbocation formed. The bromide anion attached to ...
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In a round bottom flask, both the E–stilbene and the DCM were added along with a rice stir bar.
When stirring the solution containing the bromine, it is safer to place a keck clamp on the top of the
round bottom flask and rest the stopper on top, so no solution flies out of the round bottom flask.
This prevents sealing to occur and protects against bromine exposure. Sealing is dangerous because
DCM is a high vapor pressure and if the system is sealed then this can lead to a pressurized system
which is not safe. The stir bar was used to dissolve the solid. Then bromine was also added to the
solution. Then the solution was stirred once more for ten to fifteen minutes or until the orange color
had mostly disappeared and a white solid had formed in a colorless solution. After this, the
precipitate product was isolated and filtered by using a Buchner funnel and was washed with cold
DCM to ensure the removal of most of the bromine and any unreacted starting material as well as
most of the D/L isomer. Once the product has dried, the weight of the product was recorded and the
percent yield. The melting point was also taken to ensure that all of the unreacted starting material
along with the D/L isomers had been removed from the

Cyclohexene Lab Report
Cyclohexane + Cyclohexene Experiment Prelab What colour is cyclohexane? –Cyclohexane is a
colourless solution. What colour is cyclohexene? –Cyclohexene is a colourless solution. What
colour is bromine water? –Bromine water is an orange/brown colour. How will you determine if a
reaction has occurred in this experiment? –The bromine water will change in colour to a colourless
solution, i.e. bromine water and hydrocarbon will become colourless solution Based on the
experimental procedure of the bromine test, suggest a procedure to confirm your results using
acidified potassium permanganate solution, including the colour you expect before reaction and the
colour that indicates a successful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2007, p. 173). Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, being that they only contain
hydrogen and carbon atoms (Taylor et al. 2007, p. 173). Hydrocarbons are structured in a way that
the carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon are covalently bonded to the other carbon atoms present in a
chain like structure (BBC n.d., p. 1). The carbon–carbon bonds exist in 3 forms, single, double or
triple bonds. Compounds containing only single carbon–carbon bonds are referred to as alkanes (or
cycloalkanes) and all end with the suffix –ane (Taylor et al. 2007, p. 174). Compounds containing a
double bond are known as alkenes (or cycloalkenes) and all end with the suffix –ene (Taylor et al.
2007, p. 176). Finally compounds containing a triple bond are called alkynes (or cycloalkynes) and
all end with the suffix –yne (Taylor et al. 2007, p. 177). When naming hydrocarbons certain prefixes
must be used in regards to the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain, such as meth (one), eth
(two), prop (three) and but (four) (FSU n.d.). Below examples ethane, ethene and ethyne can be

Alternatives to Chlorine in Swimming Pools Essay
Despite the significant benefits of pool chlorines in their capacity to kill hazardous bacteria, it is
evident that some of the side effects can be disadvantageous. The general smell of chlorine can be
overwhelmingly unpleasant, and the agent can irritate the skin and eyes. It is also has the capability
to bleach some fabrics, potentially damaging clothing. Most significantly, excessive air pockets of
chlorine gas that surround pools can be hazardous for peoples' health and possibly even be
carcinogenic. For these reasons, some industries have started to investigate new alternative methods
to chlorine for sterilising pools. According to Smith and Monteath et al. (2006, pp. 1 – 37), 'some of
these are good alternatives, but they do not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence it is possible for the Bromine to continue to sanitise the pool without reducing much of its
concentration in that respect. Bromine is also very popular for its resistance to relatively high
temperatures, making it ideal for spa water treatment as well. The aspect making it so popular in
swimming pools is the efficacy of its primary by–product as well as its original form. When bromine
reacts with organic substances such as ammonia, it forms bromamines – just as chlorine reacts with
organic compounds to form chloramines. It is these chloramines in most swimming pools that are
responsible for much of the difficulties chlorinated pools entail, producing an unpleasant smell and
irritating people's eyes and skin (in fact it is often these chloramines that people often receive
allergic reactions to) and being largely ineffective sanitisers. Bromamines however are quite the
opposite, producing very little smell, having minimal impact on skin and eye irritation and retaining
the efficacy of the bromine compound. These relatively beneficial factors portray Bromine as a
significantly more efficient pool sanitiser.
However, there are disadvantages to the use of this compound. While the sanitising agent of
Bromine is extremely effective, the oxidising efficacy is very poor. Also, as mentioned previously,
the method of initially introducing the bromine compound to the pool is complex and as a result,
expensive. It is also a much heavier element than

Methylcyclohexane Lab Report
Arenes 5. Introduction In this experiment, the relative rates of free–radical chain bromination where
determined. Five arenes were used for this comparison along with two controls for each set. One set
was kept in the dark while the other was put under light. This allowed for better observation of the
reactions, as the light set would proceed fast to show which arenes reacted slowest, while the dark
set would proceed slowly to show relative differences between the faster reacting arenes. The time it
took for the arenes to react was recorded to determine the relative rates of the reactions. 6. Data and
Results The five arenes used for this experiment were toluene, ethylbenzene, tert–butylbenzene,
cyclohexane, and methylcyclohexane. All solutions were a dark orange right after the addition of
bromine. Toluene had 1º benzylic and 2º aromatic hydrogens. Ethylbenzene had 2º benzylic, 1º
aliphatic, and 2º aromatic hydrogens. tert–butylbenzene had 1º aliphatic and 2º aromatic hydrogens.
Cyclohexane had 2º aliphatic hydrogens and methylcyclohexane had 1º, 2º, and 3º aliphatic
hydrogens. In the set that was exposed to light, Ethylbenzene was the first to react. It turned from a
dark orange color to a colorless liquid. Next, toluene turned colorless. After that, none of the other
solutions turned colorless. However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically, secondary benzylic hydrogens are more reactive than primary benzylic
hydrogens, which are more reactive than tertiary aliphatic hydrogens and so on. This is due to the
fact that secondary benzylic hydrogens are more accessible than primary benzylic hydrogens due to
less steric hindrance. With less steric hindrance, the transition states formed from secondary
benzylic hydrogens are more stable than transition states formed from primary benzylic hydrogens
and therefore the resulting products are more

How Does Bromine Affect The Globe
Does the little known element bromine affect the globe so much to the point that without it, human
life would cease to exist? The answer could be surprising. bromine is a natural, liquid at room
temperature element that belongs to the group Halogen, which includes similar elements such as
chlorine, iodine, and astatine. It is an extremely poisonous element that could cause long–term
kidney and brain issues from its systematic poisoning effect; the element bromine is a reddish–
brown color and exceedingly fetid. Though it was originated from a college student's work, a French
scientist wrote an article about bromine before the student could pursue it. No matter how it was
discovered, scientists are grateful for it. If bromine disappeared in the

Bromine Essay
Bromine is one of the lesser known elements on the periodic table and is often underappreciated for
what it does and has done for us. Starting from the scientific discoveries to the economical benefits,
it's help in improving the world is undeniable. The element was added to the periodic table in 1826
after being discovered by Antoine–Jérôme Balard in Montpellier, France. However, he was not the
first to discover it. Carl Löwig from Heidelberg, Germany, discovered it a year earlier. When Löwig
had showed his discovery to his professor, he was told to produce more of it. By the time he had
figured out how to produce more and done so, Balard had already published his own results on the
element. The physical characteristics are what helps make element 35 unique. It has 35 protons, 35
electrons, and 45 neutrons. Bromine's boiling point is 138 °F [59 °C], and its freezing point is 19 °F
[–7.2 °C]. Its atomic mass is 79.90 grams per mole. "It is the only nonmetallic element that is liquid
at room temperature." (Appelman, 2006) It has a reddish brown color and is not safe to touch or
consume in any way. The foul smelling vapor from the element ... Show more content on
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It's main use, before the decrease in lead gasoline, was in the use of the additive ethylene dibromide.
Other bromine combinations were once used in pesticides, insecticides, and disinfectants
(Schroeder, 2014). In today's society, Bromine's most–common use is in methyl bromide, a
fumigant. Other uses include being incorporated into some medicines such as anesthetics and
sedatives. Halogens, in general, are often used for flame–retardants. The most effective include
Bromine. Another important contribution to society is being a part water filtration. "Inorganic
bromine compounds function in water sanitation, and silver bromide is used in photographic film.
Bromine also appears in quartz–halide light bulbs." (Schroeder,

Compare And Contrast The Synthesis Of 2-Contaminophenol...
Recently, several new methods have been reported, some of the most common methods for the
synthesis of 2–substituted benzothiazole have been given below.
1. Hofmann method
2–Mercaptobenzothiazole (Fig. 1) was first obtained by A. W. Hofmann by the reaction of carbon
disulfide and o–aminophenol in 1887. He also obtained the same product by the action of sodium
hydro–sulfide on chlorophenyl mustard oil (1–chlorobenzothiazole). 2–Mercaptobenzothiazole was
recrystallized from alcohol and melting point was found to be 179 oC. The product was easily
oxidized to a disulfide derivative (M.P. 180 oC). Further, Hofmann noted formation of 2–
anilinobenzothiazole from the reaction of 2–aminothiophenol and phenyl isothiocyanate.45
Fig. 1
2. Jacobsen cyclisation
Jacobson and Frankenbacher in 1886 have synthesized 2–marcaptobenzothiazole by heating of
azobenzene with carbon disulfide in a sealed tube at 250 oC for 5 hours. The 2–
marcaptobenzothiazole oxidized to its disulfide derivative in presence of potassium dichromate in
acetic acid. Jacobson and Frankenbacher further reported synthesis and cyclization of ... Show more
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Bromine catalyzed synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives
Recently, several methods were reported which utilized bromine as catalyst. Basically, cyclization
with bromine was achieved by oxidation of aniline or substituted anilines or arylthioureas in acid or
chloroform medium with alkali thiocyanates.
Hugerschoff in the early 1900s had synthesized 2–aminobenzothiazole by the cyclization of
arylthiourea in presence of molecular bromine in chloroform (Scheme 2).48 Scheme 2 Johanson and
Hamilton have prepared 2–amino–6–ethylmercapto benzothiazole by bromine promoted oxidation
of 4–methylmercaptophenylthiourea (Scheme 3).49 Scheme 3
Patel and Agravat have synthesized various 4, 5 or 6–substituted–2–aminobenzothiazoles through
reaction of 4, 5 or 6–substituted anilines with ammonium thiocyanate and bromine (Scheme 4).50
Scheme

Methylcyclohexane Lab Report
An alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ester, and ether are examples of the functional group. One of the
functional group that tends not to think about is a plain old hydrogen. It is a functional group, but it
is normally ignored. It is drawn sometimes, but often time in the structure, it will be left out. There
is a reason for the fact that the Hydrogen is normally disregarded. That is because there are not
many chemistries can be done with Hydrogen which is not an extremely reactive functional group.
The hydrogen is generally mentioned in terms of proton and acid–base chemistry.
However, there actually is a reaction can be done with Hydrogen, a free radical substitution which is
performed with halogen. The general reaction is like R–H +X2  R–H +HX, ... Show more content
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The five different molecules are toluene, ethylbenzene, tertiary butyl benzene, cyclohexane, and
methylcyclohexane. The idea behind this experiment is there is a preconceived list of prediction
which is going to react with bromine fastest on down to the slowest. There are the different types of
hydrogen that are existed on these molecules and relative reactivity towards each other. There are
three different groups of hydrogen. First is an aromatic hydrogen which is included in toluene,
ethylbenzene, and tertiary butylbenzene. The definition of aromatic hydrogen is a hydrogen that is
attached to an aromatic ring. The second group is aliphatic which is included in ethylbenzene,
tertiary butylbenzene, cyclohexane, and methylcyclohexane. The definition of aliphatic hydrogen is
a hydrogen that is attached to the sp3 hybridized carbon. Moreover, that sp3 hybridized carbon is
attached to the sp3 hybridized carbon. Therefore, the aliphatic is sp3 hybridization all around. The
last group is what is known as benzylic which is included in toluene and ethylbenzene. Benzylic
hydrogen is a hydrogen attached to sp3 hybridized carbon and that carbon is attached to an aromatic
ring. Within the aliphatic, there are subcategories: primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°).
Primary aliphatic is in toluene, ethylbenzene, and methylcyclohexane. Secondary aliphatic is in
cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane. Tertiary aliphatic is in methylcyclohexane. Within the
benzylic, there are subcategories: primary (1°) and secondary (2°). Primary benzylic is in toluene,
and secondary benzylic is in ethylbenzene. Aromatic hydrogens are slightly less reactive or to about
the same reactive as aliphatic hydrogens. Both are less reactive than benzylic hydrogens. Primary
hydrogens are less reactive than secondary hydrogens. Secondary hydrogen is less reactive than
tertiary

Electron Affinity Essay
Electron Affinity, by textbook definition it's the energy absorbed or released when an electron is
added to a neutral atom. (Ryerson, 2011, 35) Electron affinity is used in many cases First electron
affinity in bromine–35, has –324 kJ mol–1, or –5.39. These values show us, that Bromine released
energy, and became stable. Bromine would have had an exothermic reaction when the electron was
added to the valence shell. This is because, when non–metals gain electrons, the delta energy is
negative because they release energy to form an anion (exothermic process); thus, the electron
affinity will be negative (Harwood, 2016). There are 28 shielding electrons in Bromine which mean
that there more electron–electron repulsion in Bromine than attraction within the nucleus. Moreover,
Bromine only needs one more electron to become stable in its valence shell, since it is in the non–
metal group, it already has 7 electrons in its valence shell, and so that one electron would stabilize
this element. Overall first electron affinity in Bromine would benefit the element in which it would
stabilize and also allow energy to be released. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lithium is a metal, so it would've had an endothermic reaction, and gained energy to perform
electron affinity. This would be because, in a metal element, when an electron is added to the
valence shell it would make an endothermic reaction so energy is needed to sustain that electron.
(Harwood, 2016) Furthermore, there are only 2 shielding electrons in Lithium, this would mean
Lithium would have a very high attraction between its nucleus and electron, which highlights the
fact that it would need more energy to keep that nucleus from attracting the new electron. (Jones,
2014) Nevertheless, Lithium is an element which

Acetanilide Reaction Lab Report
In the following experiment, acetanilide was reacted with bromine to yield a para isomer or an ortho
isomer. The electrophile was generated due to glacial acid, as opposed to using the routine solvent,
FeBr3. Glacial acid was used in replacement because acetanilide was a strong activator and FeBr3
would not suffice. It allowed for the bromine atoms to become polarized which allowed for the
reaction to take place. The pi bonds of Benzene ring nucleophilically attacked the polarized bromine
atom and an arenium cation resulted. Resonance allowed for the arenium ion to be stabilized and for
the carbocation to move throughout the ring until it reached the acetanilide substituent containing
the acetamide group. Acetamide groups contain an NH atom ... Show more content on
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The singlet that appeared up field with an integration value of 3 was the Hd peak and its appearance
here was due to the oxygen deshielding it from seeing any other neighbors besides itself. The
protons in the benzene ring were observed to be further downfield due to the benzene ring as
opposed to the proton that is bonded to the nitrogen. The proton bonded to the nitrogen, Hc, was
observed as a singlet around 7.218, which is still downfield. The aromatic protons, Hb and Ha,
showed up as doublets and they can be distinguished by the substituents they are closest to, as these
substituents determine the chemical shifts of Hb and Ha. The protons closest to the acetamide group,
Hb, appeared more upfield and this is because the nitrogen atom donates electrons to the ring that
would allow for Hb to not have its electron drawn as much. The opposite effect are the protons
bonded closest to the bromine substituent and this is because the bromine atom exhibits an electron
withdrawing inductive effect. Because bromine withdraws electron density, Ha would be more
deshielded and thus appear farther downfield than Hb. With that, it is important to note that the
peaks that appeared at 7.250ppm, 1.582 ppm, and 1.244 ppm were contaminants from CDCL3,
water, and ethanol respectively. These contaminants may have found their way into the reaction
mixture during the recrystallization process or during NMR

Arkansas Natural Resources
Natural resources Natural resources are materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and
fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain, and Arkansas is rich with natural
resources. Arkansas has a wide assortment of resources, with yearly generation esteemed in
abundance of $1,000,000,000. Petroleum, normal gas, and bromine, are the main three resources
created in Arkansas. Arkansas drives the country underway of bauxite, giving more than 80% of this
important resources from which aluminum is made. Arkansas likewise positions first underway of
bromine, representing around one–portion of the world's yield, and in silica stone. Murfreesboro,
Arkansas, is the home of the main diamond mine open to the people on the planet. The timber
industry is a very important part of Arkansas fortune, too.
Diamonds and Quartz As per J. Willard Hershey in "The Book of Diamonds," precious stones were
initially found in Arkansas in 1906. The state is one of the most elevated designer of the stones in
the United States; somewhere around 1972 and 2005, 25,369 jewels were mined in the state, as per
the official state website.Often called "Arkansas jewels," quartz gems are minerals found in
Arkansas. Quartz precious stone was announced the state mineral in 1967. Since the brilliant stones
was found more than 100,000 jewels have been recuperated from the site now known as Crater of
Diamonds State Park. The normal size of the diamond is around .21 carat. ... Show more content on
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As indicated by Thomas Leonard Watson in the book "A Preliminary Report on the Bauxite
Deposits of Arkansas," the bauxite stores of Arkansas were initially found by the Geological Survey
in 1891. Bauxite is a yellow, chestnut or grayish rock that is utilized to make drink jars, vessels,
electrical cables, planes, concretes, chemicals and slugging

Chemistry Halogens Lab
Maggie Mitchell
IB Chemistry Prd. 5
THE HALOGENS LAB
Date:
9/11/13
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment was to observe and record the halogens' (NaF, NaCl, NaBr, and KI)
reactions with the chemicals Ca(NO3)2, AgNO3, and NH4OH and use these observations to identify
an unknown halogen.
Data:
(see next page)
TABLE 1: REACTIONS OF HALOGENS WITH CA(NO3)2, AGNO3, AND NH4OH
REACTION
NAF
NACL
NABR
KI
REACTION W/ CA(NO3)2
solution turns cloudy and precipitate forms

clear precipitate formed
slightly cloudy precipitate formed
no reaction
REACTION W/ AGNO3
no reaction
white, cloudy precipitate formed
thick white/yellow precipitate formed
cloudy yellow precipitate formed
REACTION W/ NH4OH
does not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Part II, in reaction to hexane, NaF's top layer was clear, NaBr's top layer was yellow, and KI's top
layer was pink. From this information, one can infer that that NaF is more active than chlorine
because no reaction took place, while NaBr and KI are less reactive because a reaction did take
place.
In Part III, in reaction to Ca(NO3)2, the unknown halogen's solution turned cloudy and formed a
precipitate. This reaction means that the unknown halogen could either be NaF or NaBr. In reaction
to AgNO3 and NH4OH, the unknown halogen has no reaction. These non–reactions eliminate NaBr
as an option, so the unknown halogen must be NaF, which was later confirmed true by the teacher.
In this experiment, it was concluded that fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine will react similarly,
but with slight variations. These results coincide with the fact that elements in the same group have
similar reactions because they have the same number of valance electrons.
Evaluation:
EVALUATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
In Part I, the instructions said that 100 drops of each halogen should be put into their own individual
test tubes. Instead of measuring out 100 drops of each halogen, the instructions said to only do NaF
first, then use that amount as an estimation for the other three. This probably caused the experiment
to not be controlled, because it would be impossible to insure that every solution

Chemical Properties Of Binary Compounds
Experiment 1
Prelab : Compound Molecular Weight (g/mol) Melting / Boiling Point (°C) Density (g/〖cm〗^3)
Characteristics
Sodium Bromide, NaBr 103 747 / 1390 3.2 White crystal, cause skin and eye irritation
Bromine, 〖Br〗_2 160 –7.2 / 58.8 3.1 Red liquid, corrosive Chemical properties of binary
compounds of group 1 : Halides Hydrides Oxides Diagonal relationship
Purpose :
Part I
Part II – To diagnose diagonal relationship.
Step–wise procedure :
Part I Prepare 40mL of concentrated 〖Na〗_2 〖CO〗_3⦁〖10H〗_2 O solution. Weight Fe
powder on XXXX balance and transfer to a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask. Measure 16mL of water using
a graduate cylinder, mixed it with Fe in Erlenmeyer flask and set into ice bath in fume hood. Add
3.8g ( XXmL) of 〖Br〗_2 dropwise from burette to Erlenmeyer flask and stir the solution with a
glass rod simultaneously. Filter the mixture using gravity filtration method into porcelain dish and
add 1.4g (XXmL) of 〖Br〗_2. Boil the content in the porcelain dish on a hotplate. At the same
time, add concentrated 〖Na〗_2 〖CO〗_3〖10H〗_2 O solution dropwise with Pasture pipette
and stir it. Test the basicity of the solution using universal indicator (strips turned blue). Filter off the
precipitate when solution reached room temperature. Wash precipitate with 10 – 15mL hot distilled
water. Transfer filtrate to large evaporation dish. Heat the content on hot plate together with not
more than 2 boiling chips in fume hood. Cool it in ice bath when crystals

Bromination Of Toluene Lab Report
For the Bromination of Toluene lab the ratio of the ortho, meta and para ratio in the bromotoluene
product mixture was determined using quantitative IR spectroscopy. For the toluene to be mixed
with bromine it must undergo Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution and it needs to be in the presence
of a Lewis acid catalyst. Additionally, a metal staple must be used to generate a ferric bromide
catalyst. The three products of brominating toluene are ortho–bromotoluene, meta–bromotoluene,
and para–bromotoluene. There are five reactive sites on the aromatic ring where the hydrogen atom
is replaced by a bromine, the ratio for this is 2:2:1 ortho, meta and para. Furthermore, the methyl
group attached to the benzene ring is the activating group. This methyl group allows the aromatic
ring to be more reactive than benzene. Also, the methyl group has a direct affect because it causes
the bromine atom to react more rapidly with the ortho and para carbons of ... Show more content on
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Once the mass of toluene was calculated, 0.137g, it was divided by the molecular mass of toluene,
92.13 mol/g, which gave us a mole of 0.00148. To find the moles of toluene from the volume, the
density of toluene, 0.867 kg/ml, was multiplied by the volume of toluene used, 0.115ml, to find the
mass, giving us 0.0997g. Then, using this mass the molecular weight of toluene was used to divide
the mass over molecular weight to get the moles which is 0.00108. There is not a significant
difference between the moles of toluene by mass and volume. I believe the mole of toluene by
volume is more accurate than the mole of toluene by mass because the mole of toluene by mass was
calculated using the mass that included a vial containing a staple. This could have affected the
calculations to a certain extent since random error could have been

Activity Series
Title of Experiment: An Activity Series Lab
MSDS:
Copper, Cu(s)
Stability– Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, active halogen compounds, chlorine, fluorine,
iodine, bromine, ammonia. May react explosively with strong oxidizing agents.
Toxicology–Dust may cause respiratory irritation.
Personal Protection– Suitable ventilation if handling powder.
Zinc, Zn(s)
Stability–Stable. Incompatible with amines, cadmium, sulfur, chlorinated solvents, strong acids,
strong bases. Air and moisture sensitive. Zinc powder is very flammable.
Toxicology–May be harmful if swallowed or inhaled. May act as an irritant.
Personal Protection– Do not breathe dust. Wear safety glasses if handling powdered zinc.
Magnesium, Mg(s)
Stability–Stable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bromine water, Br2(aq)
Stability–Stable. Releases bromine to the air on standing. Slowly diminishes in strength when
exposed to air and light. Incompatible with ammonia, some metals, phosphorus.
Toxicology– Harmful if ingested or inhaled. Prolonged skin contact can cause burns. Eye irritant –
lengthy contact will lead to eye damage.
Personal Protection–Safety glasses, good ventilation. Recommended gloves: nitrile.
Iodine water, I2(aq)
Stability–Stable. Oxidizer. Substances to be avoided include strong reducing agents, powdered
metals, ammonia, ammonium salts, acetylene, acetaldehyde, combustible materials, aluminium,
chemically active metals, carbides, turpentine oils, azides, carbides, ammonium hydroxide, sodium
thiosulfate. Sublimes slightly at room temperature.
Toxicology–Toxic – may be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Corrosive, causes burns. Harmful by
inhalation and through skin absorption.
Personal Protection–Readily absorbed through skin. Very destructive of mucous membranes and
upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Severe irritant. Sublimes at room temperature to yield
dangerous levels of vapour. May cause sensitization. May cause damage to the unborn child.

Mineral Oil,
Stability–Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents. Combustible.
Toxicology–May be harmful by inhalation, ingestion and through skin absorption. Irritant.
Personal Protection–Safety glasses.

Anti Addition To Stilbene: Preparation Of E-Bromine
LAB 4: ADDITION REACTIONS OF ALKENES: BROMINATION OF (E)–STILBENE
(Preparative) Introduction
The first purpose of this lab was to predict the stereoisomeric composition of alkenes brominated
through electrophilic addition by creating a reaction mechanism for (E)–Stilbene. The second
purpose of this lab was to brominate (E)–Stilbene to Stilbene Dibromide through the
aforementioned method. The third purpose of this lab was to ascertain a rough estimate of the ratio
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This low yield could also be the result of the experiment not being performed optimally resulting in
the reaction not completing fully which was is not supported by the observation of the
decolorization of solution. The melting point of the Stilbene dibromide product was 211 – 220 °C.
Because of the broad melting point range (larger than 5 °C) the product is impure. These impurities
are likely a result of the improperly collecting the product during vacuum filtration. Either the
compound was not filtered correctly or the filter paper flaked off during collection. Another possible
sources for the impurities the glassware used during the experiment not being cleaned properly
resulting in unwanted compounds in solution. Although vacuum filtration can somewhat get rid of
this product the vacuum filtration apparatus could itself be improperly washed. Another source of
error could be a result of incorrect observations of the melting point. The melting point proves the
predicted composition of mostly meso and slightly D/L as the experimental melting point is close to
the actual melting point of meso but depressed. The large depression of over 20°C from the meso
melting point may be a result of the extreme melting point variation of meso and D/L that occurs
naturally or (more likely)

Sodium Chlorine And Sodium Bromine Water Test
In each of the two test tubes, 1 mL of deionized water, and 1 mL of mineral oil was added. In
addition, sodium chloride solution was added to one of the test tubes and sodium iodine to the other.
After the two test tubes containing the solutions were thoroughly mixed, bromine water was added
drop by drop, checking for any change during the addition of each drop of bromine water. Any
changes in color or texture were recorded. The next two trials were conducted in the same manner,
but with the following exceptions. The sodium halide salts used for trial two were sodium iodine
and sodium bromine, and the water used was chlorine water. For trial three, the sodium halide salts
used were sodium chlorine and sodium bromine, and the water used was iodine water. Any physical
changes were recorded as well. Part C required three test tubes, a centrifuge and the following
chemicals; 0.1 M NaI, 0.1m NaBr, 0.1M NaCl, 0.1 m AgNO3, 6 M NH3 and 15 M NH3. To one test
tube, 1 mL of 0.1 M NaI was added, to the second test tube 1 mL of 0.1 M NaBr was added and to
the last test tube, 1 mL of 0.1 M NaCl. To all three test tubes, I added a few drops of AgNO3, stirred
with the glass rod and proceeded to centrifuged each sample for approximately 1 minute. After each
solution was centrifuge, the precipitate was formed. The solution was then discarded, and
subsequently added enough 6 M NH3 to promote dilution of the precipitate formed prior. Only the
precipitate which formed from combining 0.1 M

Brominated Vegetable Oil
Brominated vegetable oil is a common substance found in many citrus soda drinks such as Mountain
Dew, Powerade, Fanta orange, Squirt, and Sunkist. BVO, short for brominated vegetable oil, is used
to prevent the citrus flavoring from separating from the rest of the soda. Though it is found in almost
10 percent of american soft drinks it can have bad affects on the human body. The bromine in this
oil can build up in the body and can cause reduced fertility, birth defects, skin rashes, severe acne,
and even psychotic symptoms. Most people who drink these sodas are unaware of the effects it may
have on their body and may not even find out before it's too late. Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is
vegetable oil, derived from corn or soy, bonded with the element bromine. Originally it was used for
pesticides, fire retardants, and bromine based hot–tub and swimming pool treatments. Which is not
something most people would want in their soda. When scientists discovered it would help to keep
citrus flavoring from separating in sodas they took it to the FDA for approval. The FDA tested BVO
and decided what would be considered a safe limit of brominated vegetable oil in various soda. The
FDA limits the amount of BVO allowed in fruit–flavored beverages to 15 parts per million. Even
with those restrictions time after time cases of problems caused ... Show more content on
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Research has found brominated flame retardants building up in the body and breast milk, and animal
and some human studies have connected them to neurological problems, reduced fertility, changes
in thyroid hormones and puberty at an earlier age. When bromine replaces iodine during pregnancy,
expectant mothers may be at an increased risk for delivering preterm babies.These babies could also
end up with neurological problems due to the bromine and the premature birth. Children exposed to
bromine in brominated vegetable oil could also experience developmental

Chiral To Trans-Cinnamic Acid
If the starting cinnamic acid contained the mixture of cis and trans isomers, the product would be the
mixture of erythro– 2,3–dibromo–3 phenylpropanoic acid and threo–2,3–dibromo–3
phenylpropanoic acid, which would result in a broad range melting point.
5.b. If 5mL of bromine solution was added, the half of the product would form.
5.c. If we used cyclohexane instead cyclohexene, the bromine excess wouldn't be removed, thus no
reaction would occur.
8a. No, the product wouldn't be optically active, since it would contain racemic mixture even though
each enantiomer is chiral. Diastereomeric recrystallization can be used to resolve the product into
optically active constituents, specifically to produce single enantiomer. (Wikipedia).
Conclusion: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also I have recollected how to use molecular model, which helped me to simulate both syn and anti
addition of bromine to trans–cinnamic acid. This review helped to figure out whether the product
was formed by syn addition, anti addition or both.
The final product was erythro–2,3–dibromo–3–phenylpropanoic acid and its identity was confirmed
by melting point of a range of 203.5–204.5 oC, which closely corresponds to standard of 204 oC.
(Lehman). Since the melting point range is small, it confirms the purity of the product. The
electrophilic addition of bromine yielded to erythro–2,3–dibromo–3–phenylpropanoic acid as an
indication that the bromine was added in anti addition.
Possible reasoning for a lower yield could be loss of product during separation process, particularly
leaving some product behind in Erlenmeyer flask. Another possible explanation could be the wash
of product with not enough cold water, which increases the solubility of the product, thus lowering
the yield. Also the product was lost during purification process, recrystallization. Solid could be
dissolved below the boiling point of the solution, thus required more solvent, resulting in a lower

Bromine And Fluorine Lab Report
Hello, this is Antoine Balard, and I am a French Chemist. It has been approximately 1 year since I
discovered the fascinating element named Bromine in 1826. It was while I was experimenting with
ocean salt water when I discovered this very reactive element in France. I did some research and
found that the element's name comes from a Greek word called "bromos" which means to have a
certain stench to it. This element contains 45 neutrons and 35 protons. Bromos has an amount of 4
energy shells. Bromine's element symbol is "Br". With Bromine being element number 35 on the
periodic table, it is also very reactive as it is part of group 17, the Halogens. The Halogens are the
most reactive group in the periodic table. Bromine's atomic mass is 79.904. Bromine also has 2
stable isotopes. Its mass numbers are 79 and 81. Chlorine, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I purchased a gram for $5. In this experiment, I noticed that when the skin and eyes are exposed to
this element, they can get very irritated. A person's respiratory system can also get very irritated.
Chlorine and fluorine also have these same physical properties as Bromine does. Bromos' melting
point is 19.04. It also has a boiling point of 137.8 and a freezing point of –7.2 degrees Celsius. In
this experiment, I also discovered that Bromine cannot be sublimated because it is already in a
liquid format. Bromine can indeed evaporate into a colored gas. In another experiment, I conducted,
I observed that when Iodine and Bromine react together, it is in a very violent way. This is
predictable because both elements are a part of a reactive family on the periodic table. Although
Bromine is very reactive, it is only like this with some metals. I do not know at the moment witch
metals, these are yet. Also it is less reactive than Chlorine and Fluorine. I also learned that Bromine
can cause severe tissue damage to the nose and throat when brought to attention with this

Evaporation Lab
There are also some other common properties that are transitions from one state to another, such as
vaporization, this is the process by which a liquid or in some cases a solid that can change into a gas.
Evaporation is a similar form of vaporization. However, evaporation is defined as the process by
which particles escape from the surface of a non boiling liquid and enter the gas state. Some lab
experiments can be conducted to actually see the effects of evaporation. Like the liquid bromine lab
where you add a small amount of liquid bromine into a bottle, and within a few minutes, the air
above the liquid bromine will turn into a brownish–red color because some of the bromine
molecules escaped from the surface of the liquid. These molecules then became gas molecules, or
bromine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process of evaporation occurs because the particles of a liquid have different kinetic energies. In
some cases surface particles with higher than average energies can overcome the intermolecular
forces that bind them to the liquid. The particles can then transition into the gas state. Evaporation is
an essential process in nature. For example in nature evaporation removes fresh water from the
surface of a ocean, leaving behind a higher concentration of salts. In areas such as the tropics,
evaporation occurs at a higher rate,resulting in the surface water to be saltier. All water that falls to
Earth in the form of rain and snow has been previously evaporated from oceans, lakes, and rivers.
Evaporation of sweat plays an important role in keeping a human cool. Sweat, which is mostly
consisted of water, cools a human by absorbing body heat when it evaporates. Energy which is in
the form of heat is absorbed from the skin, causing the body to cool down. As a liquid is cooled its
viscosity normally increases, but viscosity also has a tendency to prevent

Structure Elucidation
Keghan
Chapter 8
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Topic: Structure Elucidation
1. An alkene adds hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to give 3,4–dimethylhexane.
Ozonolysis of the alkene followed by treatment with zinc and acetic acid gives a single organic
product. The structure of the alkene is:
CH3
A)
CH3CH=C–CHCH2CH3
(cis or trans)
CH3
CH3
B)
CH3CH2C=CCH3
(cis or trans)
CH2CH3
C)
CH3
CH2=CCH2CHCH2CH3
CH3
CH2
D)
CH3CH2CCHCH2CH3

CH3
CH3
E)
CH3CH2CHCHCH=CH2
CH3
Ans: B
241
Keghan
Chapter 8
2. Ozonolysis of compound Z yields the products shown below. What is the structure of Z?
O
Z
1) O3
2) Zn, HOAc
O
2HCH + CH3CCH2CH
O
I
II ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
i. O3 ii. Zn, HOAc
H
O
+

4–Hexen–1–yne
3–methyl–1–hexene
(E)–2–hexene
(Z)–2–hexene
4–methyl–1–hexene
Ans: E r 247
H
O
Keghan
Chapter 8
12. Which alkene would yield only CH3CH2COOH on oxidation with hot alkaline potassium
permanganate (followed by acid work–up)?
A) (E)–2–hexene
B) (Z)–2–hexene
C) 2–methyl–2–pentene
D) (E)–3–hexene
E) (E)–4–methyl–2–pentene
Ans: D
13. An unknown compound, B, has the molecular formula C7H12. On catalytic hydrogenation 1 mol
of B absorbs 2 mol of hydrogen and yields 2–methylhexane. B has significant IR absorption band at
about 3300 and 2200 cm–1. Which compound best represents B?
A) 3–methyl–1–hexyne
B) 5–methyl–2–hexyne
C) 5–methyl–1,3–hexadiene
D) 5–methyl–1–hexyne
E) 2–methyl–1,5–hexadiene
Ans: D
14. What compound would yield an equimolar mixture of CH3CH2CH2CHO and CH3CHO upon
treatment with O3, followed by Zn/HOAc?
A) 1–Hexene
B) cis–2–Hexene
C) trans–2–Hexene
D) More than one of these
E) None of these
Ans: D
15. An alkene with the molecular formula C8H16 undergoes ozonolysis to yield a mixture of
(CH3)2C=O and (CH3)3CCHO. The alkene is:
A) 2,2–Dimethyl–2–hexene

B) 2,3–Dimethyl–2–hexene
C) 2,4–Dimethyl–2–hexene
D) 2,4,4–Trimethyl–2–pentene
E) More than one of the above is a possible answer.
Ans: D
248
Keghan
Chapter 8

Research Paper On Phosphorus
Periodic Table / Paired Elements
Phosphorus:
Phosphorus has atomic number 15 and it is found in the periodic table with P. Phosphorus exists in
several forms like: white phosphorus, red phosphorus, violet phosphorus and as a black phosphorus.
These types of phosphorus have different properties and are called allotropes. It has a high reactivity
and it is never found as a free element on earth. The phosphorus can show the phenomenon of
luminescence. Phosphorus is discovered by Henning Brand. He isolated phosphor form the urine.
Phosphorus atomic weight is 30.973762. Electronic configuration of phosphorus is; 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3pᶾ.
Phosphorus is positioned in the group 5A, as the second element of the group, after Nitrogen (N). It
is positioned in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is used in many materials, to make carpets, curtains, clothing and drapes. These materials are
flammable and they burn easily. 20 % of bromine is used in drilling wells, sodium bromide (NaBr),
calcium bromide (CaBr₂) and zinc bromide (ZnBr₂) they are added to increases the efficiency of
drilling process in the wells. Bromine is also used in manufacture of pesticides, used to kill pests.
Bromine is very dangerous if inhaled or swallowed, it can damage the digestive system and
respiratory system and causes death.
From the reaction of Phosphorous and Bromide, Phosphorus Three bromide (PBr₃) occurs. This
compound is colorless liquid and releases fumes when in moist air due to the hydrolysis and it has a
very stinky smell. It is also used in laboratory, for conversion of alcohols in to alkyls bromides. The
reaction between phosphorus and bromine is prescribed as bellow:
P4 + 6 Br2 → 4

Relative Reactivities of Different Types of Hydrogen Atoms...
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relative reactivities of different types of
hydrogen atoms toward bromine atoms. Although the tested compounds were all arenes, their
reactivities differ as they contain different types of hydrogens. The hydrogens could be of three
different types and could also differ in being bonded to carbons that are attached to a different
number of other carbons. The three different types of hydrogens that could be found were aromatic,
aliphatic, and benzylic. The first category is aromatic hydrogens, which are attached to sp2 carbons
or are those directly bonded to an aromatic ring. Aromatic hydrogens are the least reactive of the
hydrogens in this experiment. The second type of hydrogen being investigated is aliphatic
hydrogens, which are found bonded to an SP3 hybridized carbon which are bonded to another SP3
hybridized carbon. Aliphatic hydrogens can also be broken down into further categories according to
their number of substituents into primary (less reactive), secondary (more reactive), and tertiary
(most reactive). The third type of hydrogens are benzylic hydrogens, which are bonded to a SP3
hybridized carbon that is bonded to a benzene ring. Benzylic hydrogens are also broken into primary
and secondary categories according to their substituents, and are all more reactive than aliphatic and
aromatic hydrogens.
What essentially happens in these reactions is that first, light breaks the bond between two bromine
atoms, from a

Dimethyl Fumarate Lab
Conclusion:
The isomerization of dimethyl maleate to dimethyl fumarate experiment was successful in that it
occurred to completion under the correct conditions. Only the predicted set of conditions allowed
for isomerization of dimethyl maleate to dimethyl fumarate, a test tube of dimethyl maleate and
bromine placed under an intense light source. The other two test tubes did not isomerize as one did
not contain the bromine, so there was no ability to form a radical, and the other was placed in the
dark so it did not have the ability to initiate the radical formation of bromine. It is unlikely any error
occured with the exception of the possibility that there was a very slight amount of isomerization
that occurs in the test tube that was placed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reaction is assumed to have gone to completion as the bromine was not apparent as indicated
due to the lack of an orange color in the test tube and radical reactions propagate and allow for the
reaction to run to completion producing pure dimethyl fumarate. The fact that this is a radical
reaction also explains why the bromine molecule is not added to the double bond, because the
bromine radical is terminated after the double bond is reformed. The carvone experiment was
carried out successfully as both enantiomers were put into a polarimeter and the direction and angle
that they rotate plane polarized light in. This allows for quantitative explanation of why R and S
isomers are designated as rotating in the left or right direction (+ or –). Their was a slight variance in
the magnitude of the angle, as they should both be equal, however it is possible that temperature or
concentration of the samples contributed to this error. The qualitative analysis was successful in that
both the R and S enantiomers of the carvone oils displayed a distinctive, yet similar smell, thus
displaying that some enantiomers will have distinguishable odors. Therefore, smell is a possible way
to separate certain enantiomers as opposed to spending thousands of dollars on special gas
chromatography equipment to determine the identity

Elements In Groups
Carry on work
Chemical properties of the elements in group one
All of the elements in group one are highly reactive with both chlorine and water. For example: If
you mix lithium/sodium/potassium/rubidium/caesium/francium with chlorine gas, they will
immediately burst into a flame and they will burn brightly for a certain amount of time, this makes
chlorides. When you react these elements with oxygen, the outcome is pretty similar. It will also
burst into flame although it will burn slightly fiercer than chlorine. This reaction creates oxides.
There are different reactions for some of the elements when mixing with oxygen, lithium will show
a red flame, sodium will present a yellow flame and potassium will reveal a lilac flame. As you
move down the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chlorine If an element is high on the table, it indicates that it is very reactive. Meaning chlorine is
more reactive than bromine, iodine and astatine.
Bromine Bromine is in the middle of the elements in group 7, meaning that it is only more reactive
than iodine and astatine.
Iodine Iodine is the second last in group 7, meaning that it is overtaken in reactivity by fluorine,
chlorine and bromine.
Astatine Astatine is at the bottom of group 7. It is over taken by all the elements above it and is not
overly reactive with water.
Chemical trends in group 7 Bromine is the third element within group 7, It is also the third most
reactive in the group. Bromine displaces the elements below it: Iodine and astatine on account of
them not being as reactive as bromine. But it cannot displace chlorine and fluorine due to them
being more reactive than bromine, meaning that chlorine and fluorine can displace bromine within
chemical reactions.
Physical trends in group

Bromine Reaction Lab Report
As UV and bromine were needed for the conversion reaction to occur, the mechanism must require
light as an energy source and the chemical bromine to occur. The proposed mechanism begins with
an initiation step of homolytic cleavage of bromine. When the UV light hit the bromine, highly
reactive bromine free radicals formed. In the propagation steps, intermediates were formed; a free
Br radical attacked the C=C double bond of dimethyl maleate, breaking the pi bond into a single
bond, attaching Br to one of the Carbons, and giving a free radical to the other carbon from the
destroyed double bond. Without the pi bond, the Carbons could rotate; one of the esters on the
intermediate rotated 180°. Due to steric hindrance, the ester was likely to rotate ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The yield of dimethyl fumarate was 18.1%, which seems low. However, during the reaction,
bromine was a limiting reactant; this is known due to the low yield, because there was still liquid in
the solution, and because the solution was clear – all the bromine was being used in the reaction and
was still slowly reacting with the dimethyl maleate. To improve the yield, extra bromine could have
been added to speed up the reaction. As there was still liquid in the solution, there was still dimethyl
maleate present. To purify the dimethyl fumarate, the solution was heated and ethanol was added, in
order to dissolve the solids, which likely were impure. The solution was then allowed to cool, and
purified solid dimethyl fumarate crystals formed while the dimethyl maleate stayed as a liquid. The
purified solids were then vacuum filtrated, separated, and dried. The melting point of the solid was
98–102°C, which is quite close to the true melting point of dimethyl fumarate, 102–105°C. As the
melting points were not exactly the same, the dimethyl fumarate formed was still slightly impure. To
improve the purity, it could be dissolved again in more ethanol, and cooled to purify it more.
However, as the melting point was close, this lab shows the ability to convert dimethyl maleate into

Alkenes from Alcohols: Cyclohexene from Cyclohexanol
I. Objectives * Be able to prepare cyclohexene from the dehydration of cyclohexanol * Understand
the mechanisms of the dehydration reaction (acid–catalyzed dehydration). * Know how to use the
necessary equipment for this reaction, such as the fractioning column. * Obtain positive results in
unsaturation tests for the presence of carbon–carbon double bond (cyclohexene).
II. Background
Cyclohexanol, the reagent of this experiment, is used in the production of nylon, paints, plastics,
detergents, textiles and pesticides. The dehydration of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene can be
accomplished by pyrolysis of the cyclic secondary alcohol with an acid catalyst at a moderate
temperature or by distillation over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
X. Results * After distillation the product was divided into two test tubes: One adding Br2 and the
other one KMnO4 * Both test resulted in a colorless liquid, meaning a positive result for carbon–
carbon double bond presence (cyclohexene).
Test 1: Addition of Br2:
Test 2: Addition of KMnO4:
* Both tests resulted in a colorless liquid, giving positive results for carbon–carbon double bond
presence (cyclohexene).
XI. Discussion/ Conclusion
An alcohol can be dehydrated to form an alkene in the presence of a strong acid. We used 85%
phosphoric acid and the alcohol is cyclohexanol. The reaction is carried out in a fractional
distillation apparatus. As the alcohol and acid are heated, alkene and water are produced and
distilled into a collection vial. The distillation process was long and we needed to be careful to not
get any other product that cyclohexene; that is, we had to observe temperature changes, so the
temperature would not affect the product yield. The distillation was continued until the temperature
rose well over the boiling point of cyclohexene. At this point we assumed that the product has
distilled into the collection vial.
To test our product for the presence of cyclohexene in the product, we

E-Stilbene Lab Report

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