Dc-Ac Essay

Dc-Ac Essay
Pseudo DC link based multi–stage inverter topology is proposed in [26], shown in fig.6, in which DC link is replaced with a pseudo–DC link shown in
fig.3(b). As dc link is eliminated in this topology leads to lesser cost, size and volume compared to previous topologies and almost same reliability
compared to the previous topology. However, this topology is suffering from poor power decoupling and more harmonic content compared to previous
topologies. Common remarks on DC–AC–DC–AC Topologies: Topologies discussed from fig.4–6 have a high–frequency dc–ac inverter at the input
side, which converts input dc into high–frequency AC. This high–frequency AC voltage level will be increased using HFT and then converted into dc
by using a bridge... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of power conversion scheme generally preferred in most of the PV systems, called Two–Stage Power Conversion Systems (TSPCS)[28–29].
To enhance the design flexibility and power conversion ratio as well as energy harvesting capabilities, the dedicated dc–dc power converter must be
placed between PV module and inverter as shown in Fig.2. The main difference between dc–ac–dc–ac and dc–dc–ac power conversion scheme is, the
isolated converter is employed in the first method whereas non–isolated dc–dc converter is employed in the second method. Boost, Buck–Boost, SEPIC
and Cuk converters are widely preferred for developing this TSPCSs. A simple TSPCS based on dc–dc boost converter fed Half Bridge Inverter (HBI)
and Full Bridge Inverter (FBI) is shown in Fig.8 [28] and Fig.9 [29] respectively. They are treated as a conventional two–stage solutions for solar PV
applications. In the case of half–bridge topology, dc link is established through the two equal capacitors. These two capacitors act as a three–terminal
dc supply to the half–bridge inverter, which converts dc to ac power. Which is then, processed through the filter before feeding to load. In this case,
only half of the boost converter voltage is converted into ac. However, in the case of FBI based TSPCS, the full output voltage of boost converter is
converted into ac. This means that more output
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Essay On How To Solve The Sparse Approximate Dft Problem
The first work that tried to solve the sparse approximate DFT problem can be found in cite{NYN93}, in which they designed an algorithm based on
Hadamard Transform, i.e. the Fourier transform over the Boolean cube. A polynomial time algorithm to interpolates a sparse polynomial was
developed in cite{Y95}. The method in this paper inspired the authors of cite{GMS05}, in which they described an algorithm that can be used to
approximate DFT when $N$ is a power of 2. In the early 2000s, people paid a lot of attention to the sparse approximation problem in Fourier space.
The first algorithm with sub–linear runtime and the sub–sampling property was given in cite{GGIMM02}. In which they give a randomized algorithm
with runtime poly($s, log N, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it needs to point out that the runtime of the algorithm in cite{AGS03} has a high dependence on sparsity compare with cite{GGIMM02}
and cite{GMS05}.
All the SFT algorithms above are randomized algorithms. This means they have small probability to fail to give the correct or optimal recovery on
each input signal. Thus, they are not appropriate for long–lived failure intolerant applications. The first deterministic sub–linear time SFT algorithm
was developed in cite{I08} based on the deterministic Compressed Sensing results of Cormode and Muthukrishnan
(CM)cite{RSR69}cite{CM05}cite{CM06}. A simpler optimized version of this algorithm was given in cite{I10}, which has similar runtime
/sampling bounds ($mathcal{O}(s^2 log ^4 N)$) to the one in cite{GMS05}. Later, in cite{I11}, a further modified SFT algorithm was provided. It
showed simple methods for extending the improved sparse Fourier transforms to higher dimensional settings. More specifically, the algorithm can find
the near optimal $s$–term approximation for any given input function, $f: [0,2pi]^{D} rightarrow C$ in $mathcal{O}(s^2 D^4)$ time (neglecting
logarithmic factors). The algorithms in cite{I08}cite{I10}cite{I11} are all aliasing–based search algorithm cite{indyk_overview}, which means
they rely on the combinatorial properties of aliasing among frequencies in sub–samples DFTs. The algorithms

Modern Transformers And Electric Power Systems
Large power modern transformers are vital components and very expensive in electric power systems. Forthwith, it is very important to reduce the
duration and frequency of unwanted outages that results in a high demand imposed on power transformer protection relays, this includes the
requirements of dependability related with no mal–operations, operating speed related with short fault clearing time to avoid extensive damage or to
preserve power quality and power system stability and security related with no false tripping.
Discrimination between inrush currents and internal faults has long been known as a challenging power transformer protection problem. Otherwise,
inrush currents contain large second harmonic component compared to internal faults, conventional transformer protection are designed to achieve
required discrimination by sensing that large second harmonic content [1]. The level of second harmonic component of the inrush current has been
reduced due to improving in transformer core material and occur power system changes. Additionally, a large second harmonic can also be found in
transformer internal fault currents if a shunt capacitor is connected to a transformer in a long extra high voltage transmission line. Therefore, the
methods based on the measurement of the second harmonic are not sufficiently effective for differential protective relays [2].
Newly, several new protective schemes have been proposed to deal with the previous problem in large power

Progressive Image Transmission Using Ofdm
PROGRESSIVE IMAGE TRANSMISSION USING OFDM Enrol. No. – 13102288 , 13102216 Name of Student– Aman Pandey, Naman Gogia Name
of supervisor(s)–Dr. Abhinav Gupta December – 2016 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, NOIDA TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter
No.TopicsPage No. Certificate from the SupervisorII Acknowledgement III SummaryIV List of FiguresV List of Symbols and acronymsVI
Chapter–1Introduction Chapter–2Background 2.1 – OFDM Basics 2.2 – Overview of This OFDM Simulation Project Chapter 3 – Design and
Implementation 3.1 – Overview 3.2 – System Configurations and Parameters 3.3 – Input and Output Description and Results B. Tech (Min 2 Chapters)
Chapter 6 or moreConclusion AppendicesA B C References(IEEE Format) Publications of the Student 1 2 3 Brief Bio–data (Resume) of Student
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work titled "Progressive Image Transmission Using OFDM" submitted by "Aman Pandey(13102288) and
Naman Gogia(13102216)" in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology of Jaypee Institute of Information Technology,
Noida has been carried out under my supervision. This work has not been submitted partially or wholly to any other University or Institute for the
award of this or any other degree or diploma. Signature of Supervisor ........................... Name of

What Is Fourier Transform
Accordingly, the magnitude of energy density produces the spectrum of function, which is commonly indicated as color plots. To investigate the signal
around time t of interest, window function has chosen that is peaked around t. Therefore, the modified signal S_t (П„) is short and its Fourier
transform is called short–time Fourier transform (Satish 1998). The principle of STFT is to divide the initial waveform signal into small segments with
short–time window, apply Fourier transform to each segment. However, due to the signal segmentation, this method has limitation in time–frequency
resolution. It can only be applied to analyze the segmented stationary signal or the approximate stationary signal, but for the non–stationary signal, when
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A continuous wavelet transform is expressed as: Where x(t)is the waveform signal, a is the scale parameter, b is the time parameter and П€(t)is the
mother wavelet, which is a zero mean oscillatory function centred around zero with a finite energy,в€«_(
–в€
ћ)^(+в€
ћ)в–’гЂ–П€(t)dt=0г
Ђ—, and "*"
denotes complex conjugate. By dilating via the scale parameter a and translations via the time parameter b, wavelet transform of a waveform signal
decomposes the signal to a number of oscillatory functions with different frequencies and time (Jardine 2006). Similar as Fourier transform
decomposes a signal into a series of complex sinusoids, the wavelet transform decomposes a signal into a family of wavelets. The difference is that
sinusoids are smooth, symmetric, and regular but wavelets can be ether symmetric or asymmetric, sharp or smooth, regular or irregular. The dilated
and translated versions of a prototype function are contained in the family of wavelets. The prototype function is defined as a mother wavelet. The
scale parameter a and time parameter b of wavelets formulate how the mother wavelet dilates and translates along the time or space axis. Different
types of wavelets can be chosen for different forms of signals to best match the features of the signal. The flexibility of selecting wavelets and the
characteristic of wavelets make wavelet transform a beneficial tool for obtaining reliable results and

An Program Records The Voice
This program records the voice
'Get ready to record the voice '
%Read data of letter "a" sound
f1=wavread( 'vc_a ',22050);
%Transform the data using Fast Fourier Transform function
F1=fft(f1,11025);
%Compute to obtain the Normalized Power Spectrum Density of the
%transformed data
Pf1 = F1.* conj(F1)/11025;
Pf1 = transpose(Pf1); %Transpose
Pf1 = Pf1(1:2206); %Only the first 2206 sample data needed
f2=wavread( 'vc_a2 ',22050);
F2=fft(f2,11025);
Pf2 = F2.* conj(F2)/11025;

Pf2 = transpose(Pf2);
Pf2 = Pf2(1:2206);
f3=wavread( 'vc_a3 ',22050);
F3=fft(f3,11025);
Pf3 = F3.* conj(F3)/11025;
Pf3 = Pf3(1:2206);
%Compute the average of the three
Pf_AVG1 = (Pf1 + Pf2 + Pf3) / 3;
%Plot PSD of sound "a"
f = 100000*(0:2205)/22050; %Frequency range
mel = frq2mel(f);
figure(1);
plot(mel,Pf_AVG1);
title( 'The PSD of the Letter "a" Sound ');
xlabel( 'Frequency (Mel) ');
ylabel( 'Power ');
%–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

%Read data of letter "e" and "o" sounds also by neural networks
f4=wavread( 'vc_e ',22050);
F4=fft(f4,11025);
Pf4 = F4.* conj(F4)/11025;
Pf4 = Pf4(1:2206);
f5=wavread( 'vc_e2 ',22050);
F5=fft(f5,11025);
Pf5 = F5.* conj(F5)/11025;
Pf5 = Pf5(1:2206);
f6=wavread( 'vc_e3 ',22050);
F6=fft(f6,11025);
Pf6 = F6.* conj(F6)/11025;
Pf6 = Pf6(1:2206);
Pf_AVG2 = (Pf4 + Pf5 + Pf6) / 3;

figure(2);

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Multicarrier Transmission
3.1 Introduction Multicarrier transmission, also known as OFDM is a technique with a long history back to 1960that has recently seen rising
popularity in wireless and wire line. In the recent interest in this technique is mainly due to the recent advances in digital signal processing technology.
The International standards making use of OFDM for high–speed wireless communications are already established or being established by IEEE
802.11, IEEE, 802.16, IEEE 802.20 and ETSIBRAN committees. For wireless applications, an OFDM–based system can be of interest because it
provides greater immunity to multipath fading, and impulse noise, in eliminates the need for equalizers, efficient hardware implementation can be
realized using FFT techniques.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The OFDM makes single–frequency networks possible, which is especially attractive for broadcasting applications. 3.1.2 Disadvantages of OFDM
Transmission: In the OFDM is more sensitive to frequency offset and phase noise. In OFDM has a relatively large peak–to–average–power ratio,
which tends to reduce the power efficiency of the radio frequency (RF) amplifier. 3.1.3 Application of OFDM During the past decade, OFDM has
been adopted in many wireless communication standards networks, including European digital audio broadcasting system, and terrestrial digital video
broadcasting, and satellite terrestrial interactive multiservice infrastructure in China. In addition, OFDM has been considered or approved by many
groups are working in IEEE standard, such as IEEE 802.11a/g/n standard network, IEEE 802.15.3a, and IEEE 802.16d/e. The applications include
wireless local area networks, wireless personal area networks and wireless metropolitan networks. Currently, OFDMA is being investigated as one of
the most promising radio transmission techniques for LTE of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), International Mobile
Telecommunications–Advanced

Speech Processing : Using Mel Frequency Cepstral...
Speaker reognition using Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients(MFCC)
Abstract Speech processing has emerged as one of the most important application area of digital signal processing. Various fields for research in
speech processing are speech recognition, speaker recognition, speech analysis, speech synthesis, speech coding etc. The objective of automatic speaker
recognition is to extract, characterize the discriminant features and recognize the information about speaker identity. In this paper we present a voice
recognition system based on Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and vector Quantization (VQ). This technique has an advantage that it
creates fingerprint of human voice by exploiting human acoustic system and cepstral analysis. MFCC is widely accepted as a baseline for voice
recognition due to these unique features.
KeywordsMFCC, Vector Quantization, Speaker recognition, Feature extraction, Fast Fourier Transform
Introduction
Human speech is the most natural form of communication and conveys both meaning and identity. The identity of a speaker can be determined from
the information contained in the speech signal through speaker identiп¬Ѓcation. Speaker identiп¬Ѓcation is concerned with identifying unknown
speakers from a database of speaker models previously enrolled in the system. Speaker (voice) identification has varied applications ranging from
opening doors to security systems.
Speech processing is widely divided into 5 different

Survey On Digital Image Watermarking Techniques
SURVEY ON DIGITAL IMAGE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUES
V.Belmer Gladson1Y.Sam Josuva2, Dr.R.Balasubramanian3
1Research Scholar, 2 Assistant Professor 3Professor,
Department of Computer Science&Engg, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tamilnadu,
1vbgclassic1984@gmail.com 2sam.joejaki@gmail.com,3rbalus662002@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT– In recent years, digital media are widely popular, their security related issues are becoming greater importance. Watermarking is the
process of hiding digital data in a carrier signal. Embedding a digital signal such as audio, video or image with the information which cannot be
removed easily is called digital watermarking. Digital watermarking mainly used to verify the authenticity, integrity of the carrier signal or to show the
identity of its owners. In this paper, we present a survey on various digital watermarking techniques. This paper mainly concentrates a detailed survey of
all watermarking techniques on image watermarking types in today's world.
Index Terms– Digital watermarking, spatial domain, Least Significant Bit (LSB), Frequency domain, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete
Wavelet Transform (DWT), andDiscrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
INTRODUCTION
The term digital watermarking was first emerged in 1993, Tirkel introduce two watermarking techniques to hide the watermark data in the images
[1].In recent years digital media are gaining widely popular, and their security related issues are becoming greater importance. The protection and

Edge Detection And Frequency Domain
Edge Detection in Frequency Domain
A comparison between different Filtering techniques in Time and Frequncy Domain
Adithya R H
Department of Electronics and Communication
Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering
Mysore, Karnataka, India rhadithya@gmail.com Akash Sharma
Department of Electronics and Communication
Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering
Mysore, Karnataka, India akashshrm02@gmail.com Abstract–This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of different high pass filtering
techniques for Edge detection in both time domain and frequency domain. The paper examines various kernels and compares the efficiency of the
filtering technique against the computation time for various sizes of images with various sizes of high–pass filter kernels. We have made use of Sobel
filter as the standard filter kernel against which other techniques are compared.
Keywords–frequency domain; edge detection; sobel filter; laplacian; gaussian;
I.INTRODUCTION
Image sharpening and smoothening is perhaps one of the most ubiquitously used techniques in any image processing application. While these are
considered inexpensive operations, multiple use of the same may become computationally intensive, and hence may make the overall application slow.
In this paper we examine and compare the performance of sharpening filters in time–domain and frequency domain. While there are many apparent
computational advantages in converting an image into frequency domain to apply a

Measuring Heart Rate With A Smartphone
Measuring Heart Rate with a Smartphone By:Linteng Cai Zhe Cheng 1. ABSTRACT Smart phones are becoming increasingly popular, its performance
is improved fast, low–cost smart phone displays as the physiological solution was measured with an accuracy and may be used beyond the potential
clinical environment. In this project, we use our fingers covering smartphone camera, filtering and signal band –pass filter, and the detection signal to
calculate the BPM ( beats per minute ) of the peak. We also need to eliminate noise and smooth results by MATLAB code. 2. INTRODUCTION
Many people are beginning to use smart phones. This is because we can download it can... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, it will be a lower cost, if the application we use to measure heart rate. Our aim is to explain how to measure the application by the camera
HR. For some chronic diseases, you have to measure the frequency of extremely HR . In real life, there are many conditions that may affect the heart
diseases and conditions which can be very complex. If the HR can not be on time monitoring, the situation would be very, very bad. Measuring heart
rate is the basic way to diagnosis of heart disease. The doctor will use a stethoscope to listen to heart sounds. Sound off in the heart of the heart valves
cardiac cycle, from vibration, chordate tendineae, papillary muscle, ventricular wall perspective, arterial blood flow in from the storm. Based on the
heart sounds, myocardial contractility, hemodynamic status , vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure can be diagnosed. In the smart phone
technology is very suitable for the measurement of the heart beat in a smartphone. Such as camera, touch screen, CPU, WIFI and a few other things.
The phone can help patient to record their behavior may cause a number of diseases. We can use the phone as a sensor as the physical information
monitor records. It can also be recorded on the human body may affect the other signal. Because the phone is easy to carry. Therefore, it can provide a
convenient carried out under different environmental measurements, such as home health checks, education environment, operating rooms, emergency

Essay On Medicinal Volume Information Recovery
incorporates three cases, specifically: added substance homomorphism; include homomorphism, question picture highlight is not encoded; full
homomorphism encryption strategy. In [15], Bellafqira et al. proposed a protected usage of a substance based picture recovery (CBIR) technique that
works with homomorphic scrambled pictures from which it separates wavelet based picture includes next utilized for ensuing picture examination. Test
comes about show it accomplishes recovery execution on a par with if pictures were prepared nonencrypted.
In this paper, we proposed a powerful calculation of encoded medicinal volume information recovery in light of DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) and
DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). Since DWT can't avoid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B. 3D Discrete Fourier Transform (3D–DFT)Discrete Fourier Transform is an essential change in the field of picture rocessing. Expecting that the span
of the medicinal volume information is M * N * P, at that point the three–dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform (3D–DFT) is characterized as takes
after:
M в€’1 N в€’1 P в€’1
F ( u , v , w ) пЂЅ В¦ f ( x , y , z ) в‹…e в€’ j 2П
Ђ xu/M e в€’ j 2П
Ђ yv/N eв€’ j 2 П
Ђ zw/P
x = 0 y = 0 z = 0пЂЁпЂ±пЂ©
u = 0,1, , M в€’ 1; v = 0,1, , N в€’ 1; w = 0,1,, P в€’ 1;
The equation of Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform(3D–
IDFT) is as per the following:
1M в€’1 N в€’1 Pв€’1
f ( x, y, z) =В¦В¦В¦F (u, v, w) в‹…e j 2ПЂ xu/M e j 2ПЂ yv/N ej 2ПЂ zw/P
MNP u =0 v =0 w=0

x = 0,1,, M в€’ 1; y = 0,1,, N в€’ 1; z = 0,1, , P в€’ 1;
Where f(x,y,z) is the testing an incentive in the spatial area, F(u,v,w) is the inspecting an incentive in the recurrence space.
C. Calculated Map
Calculated guide is the most average and broadly utilized tumultuous framework, which is a one–dimensional disorderly framework. Calculated Map is
a nonlinear guide given by the accompanying equation:
[ N + =Ој [ N в€’ [ N
Where 0 Ој в‰¤ 4 isthebranch parameter, xk в€€ 0,1 is
the framework variable,the emphasis numberis K.
At the point when Ој в‰¤ , the framework will demonstrate a disorganized

Varied Potentials of Aspergillus Species in Synthesis of...
Conclusions
To conclude, though use of Aspergillus species is common in synthesis of metal nanoparticles, these five species are not well studied. Among them, A.
fischeri confirms a good quality production of AgNPs at an incredibly low concentration of salt solution used but with more number of bigger sized
particles. However, efforts are underway to optimize the conditions in the process to obtain a good size and shape morphology. Also, understanding the
protein–nanoparticle interactions during the synthesis mechanism shall guide us to the possibility of utilizing the present system as future
''nano–factories''. We aim to purify and characterize the proteins to comprehend their mode of action and possible interactions with silver ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Characterization
Change in color was visually observed in the silver nitrate solution incubated with all five Aspergillus species. The bio reduction of Ag+ in the aqueous
solutions was screened by sampling of aliquots at different time intervals. Absorption measurements were carried out on Thermo–scientific UV–Visible
Spectrophotometer from 200–800nm, at a resolution of 1 nm. A part of the dried powdered sample was analysed by X–ray diffractometer as a
preliminary confirmative method of the presence of silver nanoparticles. The X–ray diffractometer (Rigaku Miniflex–11) was operated at a voltage of
30 kV and a current of 15mA with CuKО± radiation (О»=1.5406 Г…) and at 2 theta angles, intensities were recorded from 6В°to 60В°. To know the
size of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), size distribution analysis was performed using dynamic light scattering in aqueous solution. The
hydrodynamic size of the silver nanoparticles was obtained using a Zeta–sizer (Malvern) instrument applying a 660 nm laser. The software was
optimized to report summary statistics based upon the intensity of light scattered. Two milliliter sample volumes from each nanosilver dispersion were
loaded into glass cuvettes and summary statistics were obtained using triplicate 2 minutes analyses (total analysis time=6minutes). For Fourier transform

Ftir History
History of the FTIR
The FTIR came from the IR (infrared) spectrum that was found in the 1800s. IR spectrum was discovered by Sir William Herschel. A scientist named
Peter Fellget had obtained the first IR spectrum by using the FTIR in 1949.
The FTIR stands for Fourier Transfrom Infrared Spectroscopy. More FTIRs were being used by the 1960s. When matter and energy interact it
produces wavelengths that can be seen by the FTIR. Basically, all FT are waveforms that are just the sum of simply sinusoids of different frequencies.
It uses a mathematical tool that show how to deconstruct the waveform of the sinusoid components. The FTIR analyzes the absorption of certain
wavelengths by a solid or liquid sample. "FT–IR Spectrometers are often ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It concluded that most of the components in the lamotrigine was Breyer's yeast. It also contained 4–Bromopyridine HCL and 3,4–diamino–5–pyrazolol
sulfate. However, based on research, it should have yielded 3,5–diamino–6–(2,3–dichlorophenyl)–as–triazine as being a component in the Lamotrigine.
Lamotrigine's chemical name is 3,5–diamino–6–(2,3–dichlorophenyl)–as–triazine (http://www.rxlist.com/lamictal–drug.htm). Each tablet contains the
labeled amount of lamotrigine and the following inactive ingredients: lactose; magnesium stearate; microcrystalline cellulose; povidone; sodium starch
glycolate; FD&C Yellow No. 6 Lake (100–mg tablet only) (http://www.rxlist.com/lamictal–drug.htm).
The second type of medicine that I used in my experimentation was Hydrocodone. This medicine is used to help deal with pain after surgery was
performed. I had crushed the Hydrocodone tablet into powdered form, so it can be placed on the handheld HazMatID FTIR sensor. Once it was in
powdered form, I had took the handheld HazMatID FTIR, selected the identify button, and then sterilized the sensor on the FTIR with a alcohol pad.
After sterilizing the sensor, I placed the powder form of Hydrocodone onto the handheld HazMatID FTIR

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multicarrier Modulation
Multicarrier modulation is a technique of transmitting data over several subchannels instead of transmitting the data over the whole bandwidth in
single carrier systems. The data stream to be transmitted is divided into a number of lower data rate data streams. The subchannels have narrow
bandwidth compared to wideband channel in single carrier systems and also the symbol period on each subchannel is increased.
Multicarrier modulation provides immunity to fading caused by data transmission over mul–tipath fading channels or frequency– selective fading
channels. Each of the subchannel expe–riences flat fading due to the decreased bandwidth. Also, due to the increase in the symbol period, it provides
enhanced immunity to ISI. Another advantage of multicarrier modulation technique is it can provide better spectral efficiency compared to single
carrier modulation, since the spectrum of the subcarrier can be overlapped.
Although there are advantages, multicarrier modulation technique has disadvantages such as requirement of synchronization with marginal conditions
, higher Peak–to–Average Power Ra–tio (PAPR) implying strict requirement for amplifier to be linear.
A number of multicarrier modulation technique has involved. Few of them are OFDM, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These sub–carriers are orthogonal to each other. It is very much popular scheme used in digital television, audio broadcasting and 4G communications.
OFDM has the ability to deal with severe channel fading conditions without complex equalization filters. Due to the longer symbol period and the CP
extension, OFDM is more robust against the effect of timing offset and delay spread in multipath fading channels. OFDM also gain higher spectral
efficiency due to the overlapping of the subcarrier spectrum which are orthogonal to each other. The major drawback of OFDM is high

Essay On Preprocessing Techniques
2.1 Preprocessing Module In this module, the input signals is prepossessed first, here Hamming windowing technique is used and followed by the
FFT [5]. Initially the input signal is spitted as overlapping frames, and each frame contains the duration of 0.025ms. The block diagram of
preprocessing module is as shown in Fig1.
Preprocessing Module
Optimization Module
Spectral Filtering Module
Fig.1 Block diagram of speech signal enhancement
The input speech signal is denoted by S by having a total duration of T ms and the frames be represented by Fi, where 1 в‰¤ i в‰¤ T/0.025 each
having 0.025 ms. It can be represented by S = {F1 F2......... Fn}, when n=T/0.025 the frames are windowed by using the hamming window technique.
The hamming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In PSO each member of the population is called particle, and each population is called a swarm.
PSO algorithm steps: Initially it generates a random population. In this case the initial population consists of value interval [0, 1]. Compute the
position and velocity of each and every particle. Compute the best velocity for each particle and the best velocity for all particles in the iterations.
Update the new velocity, add it to the swarm particle and get the new particle.
Vt+1=vt+1/2О±vt–1+1/6О±(1–О±)vt–2+1/24О±(1–О±)(– О±)vt–3+ОЁ_1 (ПЃ_b–ПЃ)+ОЁ_2 (П‰_b–ПЃ).....(3) ПЃ_(t+1)=ПЃ_t+v_(t+1) ..............
(4) After updating all the particles, evaluate using fitness function is satisfied, the process ends otherwise the whole process is repeated from step3.
The fitness [1] in this paper depends on three terms. For calculating the fitness in this case, the values are converted to zero or one. It can be
represented by z, if z > 0.5 it is converted to 1, otherwise 0. The initial noise power spectrum is denoted by О› and noise spectrum variance is denoted
by spectrum distance can be calculated using equation 5.
гЂ–SDгЂ—^((t))=20 log_10вЃЎгЂ–бґ§^t гЂ—– logвЂ–W_j^((i)) вЂ–,where 0< m < M–1. After the windowing technique followed by the Fast
Fourier transforms (FFT) frequency domain signal is achieved. Let the input windowed signals in the ith frame be represented as
w_0^((i)),w_1^((i)),.......,w_(M–1)^((i))and Fourier transform is given by: w_k^((i) )= в€‘_(k=0)^(M
–1)в–’w_n^((i) ) e^(–i2ПЂk

Biometric Codes Are Used For Recognising A User On The...
Abstract
Biometric systems are used for recognising a user on the basis of biometric traits he have. During authentication some of the frequently asked
questions are "Is he who he claims to be?", "Is he a valid user for gaining access to the system?". Biometric system answers all these questions by
authenticating the users. Every second information is shared and transferred between people and it is important to make sure that what is sent by
sender is what received by the receiver thus raising the demand of security. Steganography is one of the techniques used for securing the data. The
secret message is hidden inside a cover media like audio, video or image with the help of a secret key. Biometric templates can also be secured with
this technique. Instead of storing original templates in the database stego–image is stored. LSB is one of the common techniques that replace the LSB
of every pixel of the cover image with the secret message to form stego–image.
Keywords: Biometric, Biometric Attacks, Biometric template, Steganography, Security.
1.Introduction
With increasing rate of attacks, everyone today needs a reliable and secure system. Biometric systems fulfil the needs to a great extent as biometric
traits are better than passwords or pins which have chances of being stolen and forgotten. Before using biometric systems enrolment phase is necessary
during which the templates of the users are stored in the database. During authentication user 's claim is matched with the

Essay On Adaptive Filters
Adaptive filters have been successfully applied to diverse fields including communications, speech recognition, control systems, radar, seismology and
biomedical engineering. Among various types of adaptive algorithms, the least–mean–square (LMS) algorithm is well known and widely adopted due
to its simplicity and robustness to initial condition and noise. The performance of the LMS algorithm, in terms of convergence rate, maladjustment,
mean–square error (MSE), and computational cost, is governed by the step– size. The frequency–domain (FD) adaptive filter algorithm is known to be
able to reduce the numerical complexity by using the overlap–and–save implementation method. It incorporates block updating strategies where the fast
Fourier... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A variable step–size algorithm is proposed in,by focusing on achieving low residual error specifically for the acoustic echo cancellation applications
and also lacks of convergence analysis. Thus, we are motivated to develop an FD step–size control for LMS algorithm. Our objective is to achieve both
fast convergence and low steady–state error, and to provide theoretical analysis on the convergence. A new bin
–wise block–varying step size for the FD
LMS algorithm. The optimal solution of step size at each iteration is derived by cancelling the a posteriori error in each frequency bin, and its estimate
is connected to the magnitude–squared coherence (MSC) function. This Performs better than the existing FD algorithm in terms of both convergence
rate and mean square deviation (MSD). Furthermore, compared to the TD algorithm, the proposed method converges faster in the presence highly of
correlated filter input. 5.1.1 frequency–Domain Variable Step–Size LMS The derivation of the proposed FD step size control algorithm,

Nt1110 Research Paper
Coursework – part1 Name of studentAbdalfettah Asharaa UoB number14022053 File number3 Test data a Number of signals4 fvt Signal 17210 Signal
228192 Signal 345663 491101 Test data b Number of signals5 fvtcos or exp? Signal 14473cos Signal 229945cos Signal 3338146cos Signal 45510–exp
Signal 55719–exp Test data c i) Enter your numerical answers in the boxes below fvt Signal 1348134 Signal 2397112.87 в‰€ 3 Signal 349135.84
в‰€ 6 ii) The same formula that used to analyse the value of "t" in the "test_data_b" is also used in the "test_data_c". The formula is: Theta= tan
–1
(imag/real) t= (Theta x 16)/ ПЂ. It is clear that the signal can be seen in figure 1, is a non–stationary... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Students are asked to generate BER curves against SNR, and to add at least one of these to their report, together with 100 to 200 words of
description. Marks will be given for output curves that are smooth and regular, and also for plots that show output over a wide range of SNR. After
running the file or the m–file given in simulation.zip "sim_multiple_hiperlan2a_1.m", got the curve that displays BER "bit error rat" against SNR
"signal to noise ratio". Using BER is to calculate the performance of the transmitter, the receiver and the channel system. Figure 7 below represents
the BER curve against SNR and the received signal for the default value of SNR (1:10). It is clear that the curve is not smooth and regular as result
of the low value of the SNR and the error or the target number of the error. Figure 7: The BER curve and the received signal for SNR value of 10.
Also, The BER curve can be improved by the target number of the error. It means that the value of that number can be adjusted in Error Rate
Calculation block in the "commhiperlan2a.mdl" in the simulation.zip folder. In the previous RER curve in the figure 7, the value of the target number
of error was 1000,

Essay On Dynamic Range
Dynamic range defined as the range of the lightest and darkest areas of an image which camera can successfully capture without losing detail. Our
real–world environment dynamic range is high that exceeds the capabilities of modern display devices with limited dynamic range. A problem
appears when displaying high dynamic range image in low dynamic range display devices, so the tone mapping technique has been used to solve this
problem. In this paper, new adjustment tone mapping technique is presented for displaying high dynamic range image on a low dynamic range device
without any lose in image details and maintains contrast of the image. Instead of linearly scaling the luminance of all pixels or introduce local gamma
correction with... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tone mapping technique used to map high dynamic range images to low dynamic range image that will be displayed on recent devices, thus keeping
the image looking realistic. The tone mapping operators can be classiп¬Ѓed into two categories: global operators and local operators. Global operator
task depends on the same mapping function is used for all the pixels of the input HDR image so, global operators can be described as spatially uniform
methods. Global tone mapping operators are computationally very simple and maintain the intensity orders of the original scenes thus avoiding ''halo''
artifacts, but cause loss of details in the mapped images. Local operators which reproduce the tonal values in a spatially variant manner because
mapping function processes for each individual pixel. Local operators characterized that more satisfying than global operators in terms of the detail
preservation and compression ratio of the dynamic range. Also, there are two tone mapping model linear tone mapping model and nonlinear tone
mapping model. Linear model does not need multiscale decomposition or segmentation of the images into binary or fractional maps, where the
problems associated with layer decomposition are not found. Linear model not only interested in making the output images looks natural by enhancing
the pixel intensity more significantly in highlights, but also satisfies high radiance similarity with

What Is A Four-Distributed Static Compensator
This paper deals with a four–leg distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) which is used to solve the current related power quality. An amplitude
adaptive notch filter (AANF) is employed for the reference current extraction of DSTATCOM control scheme because of its simplicity, capability of
frequency and amplitude measuring, appropriate extraction of the fundamental signal, and insensitivity to the amplitude variation of the input signal.
To generate the gate pulses of the switches, an adaptive hysteresis band current controller is used. In addition, fuzzy logic controllers are used for a
better performance of DSTATCOM under dynamic conditions. The proposed control algorithm is robust to power disturbances, especially when the
main voltage... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, these algorithms generally demonstrate a slow time response. Time–domain algorithms are based on the instantaneous extraction of harmonic
currents/voltages. The common time–domain control strategies are instantaneous reactive power theory (IRPT) [6] and synchronous reference frame
theory (SRF) [7]. Calculation of active and reactive powers by transforming three–phase voltages and currents into two phases is the principle of PQ
theory, which does not work properly under non–sinusoidal supply conditions [8]. SRF theory is based on conversion of three–phase quantities into
their corresponding dc components, and low–pass filters (LPFs) are employed for harmonic filtering which contain a time delay and deteriorate the
performance of the controller [9].
Most of the advanced control and signal processing methods are accurate and show a better dynamic response than the FFT, but a large amount of
calculations is required, which does not demonstrate an excellent performance in frequency–varying conditions [10–13]. Adaptive notch filter (ANF) is
another advanced algorithm which has been introduced as an effective control technique for extracting reference sinusoidal components from distorted
input signal. ANF is capable of changing the notch frequency suitably by tracking the frequency variations of the input signal [14–16].
To the best knowledge of the authors, the modified notch filter in a

Analyzing Precise Electronic Structure Of The Different...
The core aim of the present work is to completely analyze precise electronic structure of the five different doped BaTiO3 systems and the bonding
interactions between the constituent atoms. This aim is achieved successfully by adopting maximum entropy method (MEM). In this section, the
importance of electron density studies in structure analysis, the formalism of MEM method, the principle, MEM methodology followed in this work to
elucidate the electron density are given elaborately.
1.9.2.1 Electron density The electron density is a quantum mechanical observable, that can be measured through scattering experiments, in particular
X–ray diffraction from the crystals. The possibility of measuring charge density in a crystalline system from its X–ray diffraction pattern was
conceived several years ago when Debye and Scherrer explained the existence of halos in a powder photograph where the images of the electronic
orbit around the atoms [Debye et.al., 1918].
Electron density is the measure of probability of an electron being present at a specific location. The regions of electron density are usually found
around the atoms and its bonds. The probability of locating an electron at one point (or) another can be calculated quantum mechanically. This
calculation gives a quantity called electron density. Electron can be viewed as a stationary wave (or) a cloud of negative charges. The electron
density is considered as a periodic function of position in a crystal, reaches to a

Electronics and Communication Engineering (Ece) Syllabus...
2007–2008 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD B.TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING I YEAR COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject English Mathematics – I Mathematical Methods Applied Physics C Programming and
Data Structures Network Analysis Electronic Devices and Circuits Engineering Drawing Computer Programming Lab. IT Workshop Electronic
Devices and Circuits Lab English Language Communication Skills Lab. Total T 2+1 3+1 3+1 2+1 3+1 2+1 3+1 25 P/D 3 3 3 3 3 15 C 4 6 6 4 6 4 6
4 4 4 4 4 56 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD. B.TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING II Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Mathematics– III Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes Environmental Studies
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, it is suggested that they read it on their own with topics selected for discussion in the class. The time should be utilized for working out the
exercises given after each section , as also for supplementing the exercises with authentic materials of a similar kind for example, from newspaper
articles, advertisements, promotional material etc.. However, the stress in this syllabus is on skill development and practice of language skills. 2.
OBJECTIVES: a. To improve the language proficiency of the students in English with emphasis on LSRW skills. b. To equip the students to study
academic subjects with greater facility through the theoretical and practical components of the English syllabus. c. To develop the study skills and
communication skills in formal and informal situations. 3. SYLLABUS : Listening Skills: Objectives 1. To enable students to develop their listening
skill so that they may appreciate its role in the LSRW skills approach to language and improve their pronunciation 2. To equip students with necessary
training in listening so that can comprehend the speech of people of different backgrounds and regions Students should be given practice in listening to
the sounds of the language to be able to recognise them, to distinguish between them to mark stress and recognise and use the right intonation in
sentences. Listening for general content Listening to fill up information

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ( Ftir )
In vitro dissolution studies Relative in vitro dissolution behaviour of pure docetaxel and optimized SNEP was assessed in simulated gastric fluid
without enzyme (500 mL; pH 1.2; 37В±0.5В°C) as dissolution medium using USP type II paddle apparatus (Electrolab, India) at a paddle rotation
speed of 50 rpm. At predetermined time points, an aliquot of 5 mL was withdrawn and equal volume of the fresh dissolution medium was replaced to
maintain the medium volume constant. All the samples were filtered using Millipore membrane filter (0.45 Вµm, Millipore, USA), diluted and the
concentration of docetaxel was assayed by HPLC. Various dissolution parameters such as dissolution efficiency (DE), mean dissolution time (MDT),
initial dissolution rate (IDR), and mean dissolution rate (MDR) were calculated to assess the dissolution profiles [29,30]. Solid state characterization
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) FTIR spectrum of the samples was recorded by KBr disc method using Perkin Elmer FT–IR
Spectrometer (Paragon 1000, PerkinElmer, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) to illustrate the promising interactions among components used in the
formulation. Powder sample (4 mg) and IR grade dry potassium bromide (KBr; 200 mg) were mixed gently in a glass mortar, compacted to form the
disk by applying a force of 5.5 metric tons using a hydraulic press. The corresponding disks were scanned over the wave number range of 4000–400
cm–1 at a scanning speed of 4 scans /s with a resolution of 1 cm–1

Chase-Pyndiah Et. Al. : How Do You Could Be Used?
SOVA–based decoding is generally inferior to the MAP–based decoding in terms of BER performance. The authors show that the original SOVA
introduces two types of distortions in its output. They show that the performance of the SOVA can be improved by normalizing its output and
eliminating the correlation between intrinsic and the extrinsic information derived in each decoding iteration. A modified updating rule can also be
applied to improve performance. It was discovered that the original SOVA proposed in [48] omits some updates for ease of implementation, leading
to overestimation of the reliability [51]. It was proved that the modified SOVA of [48] is equivalent to Max–log–MAP algorithm [52]. Application of
SOVA–based SISO decoding for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
either +1 or –1; where +1 represents a bit 1 and –1 represents a bit 0); and it is possible that one or both of c+ and c– may not exist due to the fact that
the Chase algorithm operates using a subset of the 2n possible codewords. In the event that there are not two competing codewords, the Pyndiah
algorithm uses a scaling factor, ОІm, which approximates the value of the extrinsic information for the mth decoding. These values, which are a
function of m, are specified in [47]. The values for ОІm in [44] are approximated using computer simulation of a (64,57)2 BTC (the superscript "x"
indicates x dimensional BTC). A simple, yet effective alternative for approximating ОІm, which does not require computer simulation, is presented in
[53]. A soft–input value, О»i,j, is computed by the decoder for each entry in C. These soft–values are used to select the codewords in each subset, the
competing codewords, as well as, in computing the extrinsic information. The soft–input is computed using: (10) where О±m is a scaling factor, which
is either pre–defined for increasing values of m [44], or computed after every decoding by assuming that the extrinsic information is governed by
Gaussian statistics [53]; a method that is very similar to the one used in computing the scaling factor in [50]. The above equations demonstrate how to
compute the soft–input and extrinsic likelihood values for a row decoder. For the

Obtaining Motion Blur Parameters Form The Frequency Spectrum
Obtaining Motion Blur Parameters Form The Frequency Spectrum
Fourier transform is applied on digital images to interprets their content in terms frequency information. To illustrate, Flat areas, where the intensity is
slowly changing, result in low frequencies. Rough areas, on the other hand, result in high frequencies because of the dramatic change in the intensity
value. this paper discusses the impact of manipulating the frequency information of digital images and how the frequency spectrum can be used to
address a real world situation.
Filtering an image in the frequency domain is usually composed of three steps. First, the Fourier transform is calculated (DCT or DFT). Then, a certain
operation is performed on the frequencies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Huei and Kun [2] proposed that the speed of moving objects in a single image can be estimated using the blur parameters, the camera parameters and
imaging geometry. To illustrate, the displacement of a moving object (d) can be determined using similar triangles according to the blur length (k)
Figure2. And by knowing the shutter speed of the camera (T), the speed of the object is v =d/T(1). Since this paper is concerned with Fourier
Transform, the details of equation (1) are omitted and calculating the blur parameter is detailed below.
The blur parameters, including the blurs' direction and length, can be determined by examining their impact on the Fourier spectrum. As shown in
figure, the Fourier spectrum of the motion blur contains strips of dark lines that are parallel and uniformly separated. Note that the Fourier spectrum
depends on the objects' orientation; so the direction of the motion blur could be extracted from the frequency spectrum. Also, as the blurs' length
increase, the edges get smoother, resulting in lower frequency response. These observations suggest that the frequency spectrum has all the needed
information to determine the blurs parameters. In particular, the object shown in the figure is moving along the horizontal axis, and this caused the
vertical orientation of the dark lines in the frequency spectrum. Furthermore, increasing the blurs length, which can be achieved by increasing the
object's speed, lessens the distance

Dsp Manual
www.jntuworld.com
Department of Electronics and Communication VCET,Hyderabad.
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
LAB MANUAL
III YEAR II SEMESTER (ECE)
Prepared by: K. Ashok Kumar Reddy
Department of Electronics & Communications Engineering,
Visvesvaraya College of Engineering & Technology,
Ibrahimpatnam.
Digital Signal Processing Lab Manual
Page 1
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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD III Year B.Tech. ECE
– II Sem L T/P/D C 0 –/3/2
DIGITALSIGNAL PROCESSING LAB The programs shall be implemented in software (Using MATLAB / Lab view / C programming/ Equivalent)

and hardware (Using TI / Analog devices / Motorola / Equivalent DSP ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, it allows you to run such lists of commands such that you pass in data
Digital Signal Processing Lab Manual Page 4
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and/or get data back out (i.e. the list of commands is like a function in most programming languages). Once you save a function, it becomes part of
your toolbox (i.e. it now looks to you as if it were part of the basic toolbox that you started with). For those with computer programming backgrounds:
Note that MATLAB runs as an interpretive language (like the old BASIC). That is, it does not need to be compiled. It simply reads through each line
of the function, executes it, and then goes on to the next line. (In practice, a form of compilation occurs when you first run a function, so that it can
run faster the next time you run it.) MATLAB Windows : MATLAB works with through three basic windows Command Window : This is the main
window .it is characterized by MATLAB command prompt >> when you launch the application program MATLAB puts you in this window all
commands including those for user–written programs ,are typed in this window at the MATLAB prompt Graphics window: the output of all graphics
commands typed in the command window are flushed to the graphics or figure window, a separate gray window with white background color the user
can create as many windows as the system memory will allow Edit window: This is where you

Optical Resonance Imaging ( Mri )
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues
within your body. MRIs are largely used in the medical field today because of their ability to create detailed images of the human body which can be
used for diagnostic purposes. In 1971 a paper in the journal Science Raymond Damadian, an American physician and professor at the Downstate
Medical Center State University of New York reported that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished bynuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). He
suggested that these differences could be used to diagnose cancer, though later research would find that these differences, while real, aren't consistent
enough for diagnostic purposes. Damadian 's initial methods were flawed for practical use, relying on a point–by–point scan of the entire body and
using relaxation rates of the tissue in your body, which turned out not to be an effective indicator of cancerous tissue.
During the 1970s a team led by John Mallard built the first functional full body MRI scanner at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. In August of
1980 they used this machine to obtain the first clinical image of a patient 's internal tissue using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, which identified a
primary tumor in the patient 's chest, an abnormal liver, and a secondary cancer in his bones. This machine was later used at St Bartholomew 's
Hospital in London from 1983 to 1993. Mallard and his team

Glycerol: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry
Treated glycerol and commercial glycerol were analyzed using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) to determine the functional group.
The functional group is a group of atoms that replace the hydrogen in the organic compound. The structure of organic family compounds and their
properties are defined by organic compounds. Table 4.3 shows the comparison data for the glycerol residue, recovered glycerol and commercial
glycerol. Table 4.3: Comparing the functional group for treated glycerol and commercial glycerol Functional GroupSpectra Value (cm–1) Treated
glycerolCommercial glycerol Hydroxyl (O–H)–3394.27003299.9600 Aromatic methoxyl (C–H)29502934.1100 Alkenes (C=C)N/A3022 Soap
(COO)1365.41001455 Carbonyl (–C=O)1645.6200NA Alcohol (C–OH)1015.28001038.5400... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hydroxyl group which is O–H appeared at a spectra value of 3394.2700 cm–1for the treated glycerol and 3299.9600 cm–1 for the commercial
group. This common hydroxyl group has water in its contents and also has a percentage of water (Yong et al., 2001). The presence of soap (COO
functionality) was indicated by the absorption frequency of 1565.4100 cm–1 which was present in treated glycerol and 1455 cm–1 in commercial
glycerol. Groups that contained oxygen were carbonyl (C=O) and alcohol (C–OH) with each bonding present for a different activity based on the
location and also with a hybridization of C–O bond. The presence of carbonyl (C=O) did appear in treated glycerol at 1645.6200 cm–1 but not in
commercial glycerol. This is caused by some impurities during product oxidation of glycerol for example glyceraldehydes, dihydroxyacetone and also
free fatty acids (Yong et al., 2001). The alcohol group (C–OH) also appears in treated and commercial glycerol at a spectra value of 1015.2800 cm–1
and 1038.5400

A Review Of Adaptive Technique For Image Super Resolution
A Review of Adaptive Technique for Image Super–resolution
Prof. S. P. Bhosale
Assistant Professor , Department of electronics,
A.I.S.S.M.S COE, Pune, India spbhosale@aisssmscoe.com ABSTRACT
Increase in resolution of image has been one driving factor in the development and progress of the п¬Ѓelds related to the capture, processing and
display of digital images and video. Number of authors has carried out research on various techniques on super–resolution algorithms which are
classified into two basic categories: 'single–frame super resolution' and the more common 'multi–frame super resolution'. Single frame super–resolution
is a very ill–posed problem due to the lack of any new additional information. Multi–frame Super resolution on the other hand presents more
information in the form of Low Resolution (LR) frames that are displaced from each other making it a more tractable problem. A related problem to
super Resolution (SR) techniques is image restoration, which is well established area in image processing application. An other problem related to SR
reconstruction is image interpolation that has been used to increase the size of a single image.
Keywords
Adaptive technique, super resolution technique, frequency domain method.
1.INTRODUCTION
A demand for higher resolution is seen in many discipline including bio–medical imaging, satellite and astronomical imaging, chemical and military
surveillance and remote sensing. But the current state of image sensor

Disadvantages Of FFT Implementation
FFT is very well developed in software but still a need to study on realizing it on hardware subsists. Its primary advantage is the fact that the hardware
implementation of FFT generally has more than one computations running in parallel, while in the software implementation a single step is processed
at once. Therefore, a FFT hardware can have large amount of data running through the circuit in comparison to those of sequential circuits as realized
by software. 16–Point FFT Implementation: A typical FFT processor has the following 3 modules 1 Address generator 2 Twiddle factor generator 3
Butterfly unit 4 Two memory banks– R0 and R1 The address generator controls writing to and from the two memory banks and which memory bank
is read. In addition to this, it generates addresses for reading and writing the contents read from memory banks to the Butterп¬‚y Unit. The address
generator also ensures that no memory bank is read from and written to concurrently. There are 3 read address and 3 write address buses. First data is
read from one memory bank, and after processing through the butterfly unit it is written to the other memory bank.... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We use a digital complex multiplier to carry out multiplication with the generated twiddle factors. The complex adders then perform addition or
substation of opposite arms. As the arm A has no latency as compared to latency created by twiddle factor multiplier on arm B so a delay block is
needed on the block A so that the outputs on both the arms appear simultaneously. We have to take into account that multiplying two 8 bit numbers
produces 16 bit number. Also the multiplication of signed integers sometimes produce redundant sign bits in the results. The result hence produced
won't be correct in magnitude. Therefore, bits are routed from the back ( 15 to 8 ) from the multiplier to the adder, effectively performing a left–shift
on the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fifir Spectrometers
5.2 FTIR INSTRUMENT:
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer are widely used in food analysis ,petrochemical engineering organic synthesis, polymer science,
pharmaceutical industry . FTIR spectrometers can be hyphenated to chromatography, and the detection of unstable substances the mechanism of
chemical reactions and can be investigated with such instruments.[27]
5.2.1 HISTORY:
The first one who found that a spectrum and its interferogram are related by a Fourier transform was Lord Rayleigh, in 1892. But the Fellget was the
first one who has converted an interferogram to its spectrum. Fast Fourier transform method on which the modern FTIR spectrometer based was
introduced to the world by Turkey and Cooley in 1965. It has wide application ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the mirror is a stationary mirror and other one is a movable mirror. The beam splitter is used to transmit half of the light and reflect half of the
light. Subsequently, the transmitted light and the reflected light strike the stationary mirror and the movable mirror. When reflected back by the
mirrors, two beams of light recombine with each other at the beam splitter.[27]
If the distances travelled by two beams are the same, it means that the distances between two mirrors and the beam splitter are the same and the
situation is defined as zero path difference (ZPD). But imagine if the movable mirror moves away from the beam splitter, the light beam which
strikes the movable mirror will travel a longer distance than the light beam which strikes the stationary mirror. The distance which the movable
mirror is away from the ZPD is defined as the mirror displacement and is represented by в€†. It is obvious that the extra distance travelled by the
light which strikes the movable mirror is 2в€†. The extra distance is defined as the optical path difference (OPD) and is represented by delta.
Therefore, Оґ =

Controlling Robot With Speech Recognition
A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT ON CONTROLLING ROBOT WITH SPEECH RECOGNITION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE DEGREE BACHELOR IN TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Submitted By: Under the
Supervision of HITESH MATHUR (9911102230) MR. AMIT SINGHAL ASHISH GOEL (9911102194) AYUSH GUPTA (9911102229)
DEPARTMENT OF ECE JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, NOIDA (U.P) June , 2015 CERTIFICATE This is to affirm
that the work contained in this report titled as "CONTROLLING ROBOT WITH SPEECH RECOGNITION" by Hitesh Mathur (9911102230), Ashish
Goel (9911102194) and Ayush Gupta (9911102199) in fractional satisfaction of the course work prerequisite of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics
and communication Engineering , Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida is a bonafide work did by them under my direction and
supervision. The matter submitted in this report has not been conceded for a recompense of whatever other degree anyplace unless unequivocally
referenced. Signed: Mr. Amit Singhal Project Supervisor ECE Department JIIT, Sec–128, Noida, ABSTRACT In today 's reality, Robotics is a quickly
developing and fascinating field. Robot has adequate insight to cover the most extreme territory of gave space. We are showing a Speech Control
Robot For Robot control, which is controlled by utilizing discourse controller that is

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Spectrum Sensing
Abstract The constrained available spectrum and the incompetence in the spectrum utilization and administration require another correspondence
innovation and communication technology.. Spectrum sensing is used to detect the (unlicensed) the unused (licensed) frequency bands. Spectrum
sensing includes locating the usage of spectrum and their features across different dimensions such as code frequency ,time and space. The key features
of CR system is that it senses the electromagnetic environment to use their operation and dynamically vary its radio operating parameters. With the
likely transition of radio communications from static to dynamic spectrum access in the near future, spectrum sensing has become an interesting area
of research. Even though many signal detection methods have a long history, economical implementations of consumer devices employing spectrum
sensing are still missing. In this research an overview of current state–of–the–art spectrum sensing methods, limited to the binary decision of channel
occupancy is presented. Existing methods are categorized into energy detector, cyclostationary and matched filter methods. A concise introduction and
theoretical background of various spectrum sensing methods based on their operation, and drawbacks. KEYWORDS Spectrum sensing, cooperative
spectrum sensing, MIMO, Cognitive radio Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA), Primary User (PU), Secondary User (SU), Software Defined Radio
(SDR) 1. INTRODUCTION In the context of wireless communications, spectrum sensing... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1 in the below diagram it shows the principle of spectrum sensing. the PU transmitter is sending data to the PU receiver in a licensed spectrum band
while a pair of SUs intends to access the spectrum. To protect the PU transmission, the SU transmitter needs to perform spectrum sensing to detect
whether there is a PU receiver in the coverage of the SU

Essay On Fiber Communication System
There are certain inherent flaws with the optical transmission system like inter–symbol interference and noise. This distortion is introduced by the
narrow bandwidth and some distortions due to the media through the optical signals travel. The linear transversal filter is used to reduce symbol
interference. The system designed to remove unknown distortion is called an adaptive equalizer. The corrective measure is to identify the distortion
and adjust accordingly with the objective to remove it. The equalizer can be the supervised or unsupervised type. In the TV or radio Transmission,
blind equalizers are used. The literature survey of analysis of mean square error and space division multiplexing technique and other system removing
the ISI... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The equalizer converges to higher MSE. The noise PSD directed method iterated over 3000 km transmission on all six modes and it tends to
convergence at same MSE to get the standard –10 dB normalized MSE (NMSE).The noise PSD directed algorithms require 47 blocks and the
conventional algorithm needs 48 blocks [6]. Sean OВЁArД±k et.al have proposed Long–haul mode–division multiplexing (MDM) for adaptive
multi–input–multi–output (MIMO) equalization to reduce for modal crosstalk and modal dispersion. To minimize computational complexity, use
MIMO frequency–domain equalization (FDE).Polarization division multiplexing (PDM) system use single mode fiber but its transmission effected by
noise, fiber nonlinearity and dispersion. In multi–mode fiber (MMF) with multi–input–multi–output (MIMO) transmission Increasing per–fiber capacity
can be achieved more readily by increasing spatial dimensionality the total number of dimensions available for multiplexing, including spatial and
polarization degrees of freedom denoted by D. In first case two polarization modes of single mode fiber using D=2. This is made possible by
equalization techniques goes on going up with the upward drift of D and higher group delay. In second case systems using modedivision
multiplexing (MDM) in MMFs (D>2) receiver, computational complexity increases because of an increase in D and because of the large group delay
(GD) spread

Selection Of Excipients For Galantamine Hbr Orodispersible...
Selection of excipients for Galantamine HBr Orodispersible tablet through drug excipient compatibility study
M.Jeevitha* and V.P.Pandey
Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram
– 608002, Tamilnadu, India
Email : jeevipharma@gmail.com
Abstract
Galantamine is a clinically useful drug in several neurological problems, including Alzheimer 's disorder. The mechanism of Galantamine HBr is a
tertiary alkaloid drug that has been advanced and ordinary in some of countries in addition to the us and abundant countries in Europe as a treatment for
slight–to–mild Alzheimer 's disease (ad). Galantamine has a completely unique, twofold form of action. it 's far a reversible, aggressive inhibitor of
acetylcholinesterase (pain), and is the single drug dynamically advertised for the control of advert with established pastime as an allosteric modulator
of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Preformulation will be initial stage inside the reasonable formula of an active ingredient (API). For
some system interactions studies are especially essential. whilst there has been no interface a few of the selected drug– excipient or excipient–excipient
then the method might be a suitable one. the selection of suitable examine technique to estimate the interaction most of the drug and the excipients is a
pre formula examine main maximum fulfillment. In modern–day period the thermal analytical strategies is useful to examine the interaction have a
stare at the

Different Methods For Harmonic Distortion
INTRODUCTION
Different detection methods for harmonic distortion already exist, but the following shortage make them did not reflect fully the influence of harmonic
on distribution system [4]: Don't consider the progressive effect of harmonic current on the energy dissipation in distribution system. Don't distinguish
the direction of harmonic distortion. Does the customer with nonlinear Loads pollutes the distribution system or the utility background harmonic
pollutes the customer with linear loads?
Harmonics represents a financial lamb to customers who do not generate them, so the harmonic distortion penalty should be inclusive in a utility's rate
structure.
In the present, the tariff of the electrical energy is based on the traditional concepts of active, reactive, and apparent power, and related power factor.
These concepts are well defined for sinusoidal conditions. Unfortunately, in non sinusoidal conditions, these traditional definitions of power component
are not reliable anymore.
The paper concerns with this matter, and aims towards the development of an adequate method dealing with the possibility of determining the
responsibility of the harmonic distortion through billing quantities . The authors have presented some research that established the idea of this paper,
as follows: The definitions of power components under non sinusoidal conditions in Ref. [2], which include some parameters for the correct attribution
of responsibility between customers and

The Coefficient Of Variation Of The Pixel Position
Where Itij is the images sampled discretely with the pixel position (i, j), gi,j is the spatial neigh–borhood of the pixel(i, j), |gi,j| is the amount of pixels
in the neighborhood window and Dt is the size of time step. In Yu and Acton's [62] research, they had utilized the coefficient of variation of the adaptive
filtering technique to replace the gradient–driven diffusion coefficient c((rIt ij)p) and named it the Instantaneous Coefficient of Variation or ICOV. Fig.
12. Illustration original images are in the upper rows, Images processed by MAS– the reflection function–alities are in the lower rows [62].
2.3.5Difference of Gaussian (DoG) The technique known as the DoG filtering–based normalization or DoG is a technique for nor–malization that
depends on the variation of the Gaussians filtering to create a normalized image [2, 38, 63]. Essentially, it uses a band–pass filtering to the inputted
image and after that creates a normalized version. It should be noted that prior to utilizing the filter, one has use the gamma correction or the log
transformation on the image; otherwise the outcome will not be as antici–pated [64]. The model of illumination–reflectance can be utilized to design a
frequency–domain method in enhancing the image's appearance using the gray–level ranged compression and simultaneously contrasting the
enhancements [54,65]. This model suggests that each pixel value f(x, y) can be reflected as the outcome of an illumination component i (x, y) and a

Summary : ' Subcarrier Allocation ' Square
Figure 3.6 Waveforms of the QPSK mapping. 3.1.4 Subcarrier Allocation There are three reasons for outlining the "Subcarrier Allocation" square.
The principal is to apportion the information and pilot subcarriers, the second is to embed invalid subcarriers which conveys "zero" data, and the
third is to execute the FFT shift. After this square, 64 inputs for IFFT are readied. The execution module is portrayed in Figure 3.7. Two 64 x 16
double port irregular access recollections (RAMs) are utilized. The invalid subcarriers are accomplished by characterizing the substance of the two
RAMs at relative locations to be zeros. Ports An of the RAMs are utilized for information transporter composing, while ports B are committed for pilot
composing and the 64–subcarrier perusing. They are controlled by two counters. "Counter_We_48" square stores the 48 information transporter
positions. As per the locations indicated by it, the I and Q estimations of the information images are built into two RAMs from ports A. In the
meantime, FFT movement is inalienably performed. "Counter_Rd_64" utilizes a counter to create the perusing locations of ports B. At the point when
ports B are empowered and "Counter_Rd_64" tallies from 0 to 63, the coveted 64 inputs for IFFT are yielded and the "en_ifft" is high, telling the
IFFT square to perform figuring. Figure 3.7 Implementation module of Subcarrier Allocation. The perusing ought to begin after the written work is
done. In this way, the yield of

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