The Stop And Frisk Police Essay

The Stop And Frisk Police Essay
The stop, question, and frisk policy qualifies as a criminal justice issue that has captured the
attention of public nationwide. Empirical research has presented evidence that the stop and frisk
police is disproportionately used against minorities, which indicates the prevalence of racial
profiling. Firstly, statistical databases have shown that the New York Police Departments have
stopped and frisked approximately 685,000 persons since 2011, with 85 percent of those individuals
representing African Americans and Latino Americans (Zamani, 2012). Many of the individuals are
male. The statistical representation, unaccompanied, speaks volumes that the racial profiling is
prevalent in the practice. The racial profiling of minorities violates the constitutional rights of the
individuals that are stop and frisked based on their skin color.
Secondly, research shown that approximately "6% percent of the stops and frisk have caused
individuals being arrested and 2% in the recovery of illegal weapons ("Report of The NYPD'S",
2013)." This statistical data demonstrates how the stop and frisk policy is ineffective at achieving
the objective of removing illegal weapons off of the streets, however, it is effective at removing
illegal substances off of the streets. In many of the cases, the police officer instructs the individual to
remove illegal substances from their pockets and then arrested and convicted of a misdemeanor for
having marijuana in plain view. This is a violation of the
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Hudson V. Michigan
Hudson v. Michigan, U.S. Supreme Court, June 15, 2006
Facts
The U.S. Supreme Court acknowledged that a violation of the "knock–and–announce" rule does not
require the courts to suppress any evidence found in a search when officers were pursuant to a valid
warrant.
Issue
Hudson was charged under Michigan law with unlawful drug and firearm possession. Hudson's
counsel moved to subdue the evidence from the record because of the violation of Hudson's Fourth
Amendment right when the officers prematurely entered his home. The issue was whether or not a
violation of the "knock–and–announce" rule would call for the courts to throw out of all evidence
found in a warranted search if police do not exercise the rule announcing their presence and giving
proper time for the citizen to respond before entering the citizen's home. Upon ... Show more
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Banks, 540 U.S. 31 (2003), a similar drug case, the Court determined that the appropriate time that
officers have to wait is "a reasonable wait time".
Application
After serious deliberation and reviews of other cases where the "knock and announce" rule was
remedied and defined the Court identified other available provisions that validate violations of the
"knock and announce" rules that calls for court action. The Court's decision in Hudson v. Michigan
ruled against Hudson, but reiterated that it did not take the "knock and announce" rule lightly. The
court only determined the "knock and announce" rule did not apply to this particular case and that
the presence of the warrant were validated and exclusionary.
Conclusion
Hudson v. Michigan does not eliminate the "knock and announce" obligation police officers have
when searching a suspect or the premises of the suspect's property. However, it will eliminate the
issue of criminal courts that suppress evidence when officer but will prevent criminal courts from
suppressing evidence obtained in searches where officers do not follow the protocol of the rule's

The Owl Has Flown By Nicholas Carr Essay
There is no denying the incredible library of knowledge the internet has made readily available for
all to use. Having such a resource is transforming modern society in many ways, as it brings insight
and news across the world at a moment's notice, all the while enhancing educational and
technological advancements. However, according to Sven Birkets, an American essayist and literacy
critic, in his essay, "The Owl Has Flown", it is not without fault as observations are to be made on
how this new resource has transformed people's intelligence and wisdom. The author theorizes that
the large, almost unlimited, library that is now being offered by services such as the internet,
reshapes the public's knowledge. Knowledge is transformed to be horizontal or insubstantial
compared to the much deeper lateral understanding pertaining to older generations because of the
amount of time they spent dwelling on a much smaller set of resources. This observation made by
Birkets in the late 90's is expanded upon, and modernized by Nicholas Carr, an American writer and
author, in a more inflicting and self–reflecting article for The Atlantic magazine entitled "Is Google
Making Us Stupid? What the Internet is doing to our brains". Carr does not just blame the Google
search engine in this claim, but the internet as a whole on how it impacts concentration and our
ability to contemplate. These cognitive impacts are observed and explained in more scientific terms
by Eric Jaffe, a regular Observer

Research on the Logistics and Mechanisms of Attention
Attention is a mechanism directly involved in the selection, distribution and maintenance of
processing resources, which determines our ability to process complex and multiple stimuli from our
environment and is crucial to our success and survival. Given the large magnitude of visual
information we encounter every day, the existence of a selective mechanism –at a conscious and
unconscious level– that regulates what we pay attention to is indisputable; it has even been
conceptualized as a supramodal mechanism that distributes cognitive resources according to task
complexity and motivation (Salthouse , Rogan & Prill , 1984). Initially conceived as a single
spotlight alternating amongst foci (Tiffin, Knight & Jackson, 1946), attention is now understood to
be beneficial due to its capacity to divide. Nevertheless, there is a limit in scope and manner, so we
are constantly promoting the priority processing of certain information in the presence of multiple
stimuli (Rosselló, 1999). Understanding the logistical constrains behind this prioritization and
allocation of resources is thus important from a theoretical perspective (Vergauwe et al., 2010), but
also due to its practical implications in various fields such as the military, sports, transportation,
safety and education (Strayer & Johnston, 2001; Gingerich & Lineweaver, 2014).
Generally, these constrains have been studied in two specific domains: space and time. Regarding
space, visual search paradigms explore how stimulus

United States District Court For The Southern District Of...
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ) ) Plaintiff, )
v. ) Motion to Suppress ) Physical Evidence and Statements.
MARTHA STEWED ) ) Defendant. )
MOTION TO SUPPRESS ALL TAPE RECORDING CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN
DEFENDANT MARTHA STEWED AND ANY THIRD PARTIES WHICH WERE RECORED
WITHOUT THE KNOWLEDGE AND CONSENT OF THE DEFENDANT OR ANY TAPING
RECORDINGS BY THE NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT WITH A WARRANT
Comes now the Defendant Martha Stewed and moves the Court to order the suppression of any and
all tape recorded conversations, all statements made by the Defendant and all physical evidence
found, as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. The police lacked any reason to believe that the third party whom left an anonymous tip because
there was no real facts to affirm the third party's claim, and thus, making the claims inadmissible
hearsay in a court of law which gives the police no probable cause to enter into the Defendant's
home violating the rights stated in the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
4. The police were in violation of the Defendant's "right to privacy" under the Fourth Amendment of
the U.S. Constitution because there was no probable cause or reasonable suspicion for the police to
enter Stewed's home and place listening device in rooms her home without a warrant. Thus, making
any and all statements heard on the listening devices and any physical evidence based on those
statements that were obtained illegally are inadmissible in court under the exclusionary rule within
the Fourth Amendment
5. Considering the totality of the circumstances, the police officer's search of the Defendant's home
was unreasonable. WHEREFORE, the Defendant prays that the Court will set this matter down for a
hearing, and upon hearing order that: 1. Any items seized, observations, or statements made by the
Defendant that were obtained from the illegal search be suppressed and barred.
2. All testimony relating to any items seized, observations, and statements made by the Defendant,
which were obtained from the

Fourth Amendment Rights Essay
Fourth Amendment Paper Assignment Today, I am presented with a case that puts in question the
violation of individual's Fourth Amendment rights. This case also puts in question the rights of the
authority placed in our streets, neighborhoods and towns to perform actions directed towards certain
citizens in an effort to serve and protect the overall population. There must be a careful analysis in
order to interpret the records of the incident that occurred to conclude who holds the most justified
position in this case under the applicable laws. The Court of Appeals of the State of New York must
also take into careful consideration the circumstances discussed and the ruling given by the District
Court assigned to this case, which I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Defendant Miller evidently avoided walking by the officers. There are precise rules that involve the
stopping of an individual by the authority. The Fourth Amendment states that "the right of the
people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures, shall not be violated...". Specific distinctions within the Amendment are made in the prior
case of Terry v. Ohio (392 U.S. 1 [1968]). These distinctions discuss the rules and regulations
adherent to stops of individuals by the authority. According to Justice Warren, delivering the opinion
of the court in this case, "the police should be allowed to 'stop' a person and detaining him briefly
for questioning upon suspicion that the individual may be connected with criminal activity". This
statement basically explains that unusual conduct of an individual observed by the authorities can
give reasonable suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot. This reasonable suspicion is grounds
for a stop and brief questioning by the authorities. So, accordingly following these sets of rules, I
must analyze how the law applies to reach a decision in favor, or in opposition to the stop of an
individual. Defendant Miller clearly showed unusual conduct while walking in the street. He walked
in one direction, looked toward the direction of the cops, and more profoundly made eye contact
with one

The Fourth Amendment Of United States Of America
Q1: Describe Fourth Amendment as you understand including all areas and places it covers A: The
Fourth Amendment of United States of America constitution is the bill rights that obstruct the
unnoticeable searches and annexation and needs some judicially approved and carried by anticipated
cause. Finally, these words attempt to ensure two principal liberty interests, the right to privacy and
freedom from arbitrary invasions. Under the Fourth Amendment, Search and seizure (counting
capture) ought to be constrained in the degree as per particular data supplied to the issuing court,
normally by a law implementation officer who has sworn by it. Fourth Amendment case law
manages three focal inquiries: what government exercises constitute ... Show more content on
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However, there are a few special cases. A warrant less inquiry may be legal: 1. If a police is have got
consent to search 2. If the search is event to a lawful arrest 3. If there is a certain cause to search and
circumstances 4. If the things are in Plain View. Person: At the point when an officer watches
unexpected behavior which heads him sensibly to reason that criminal action may be in the air, the
officer might quickly stop the suspicious individual and make sensible request went for affirming or
scattering the officer 's suspicions. Schools and Cars: School authorities require not get a warrant
before seeking an understudy who is under their power; rather, a pursuit of an understudy require
just be sensible under all the circumstances. Where there is reasonable justification to accept that a
vehicle contains confirmation of a criminal movement, an officer might legitimately look any region
of the vehicle in which the proof may be found. SEIZURE: A seizure does not happen simply in
light of the fact that the administration addresses a single person in an open spot. The exclusionary
guideline would not banish willful responses to such inquiries from being offered into proof in a
consequent criminal indictment. The individual is not being seized if his opportunity of development
is not restrained. The government may not keep an individual even immediately

Content Marketing Is Nothing New Essay
Content marketing is nothing new. The first commercial website started back in 1993, so we've had
nearly a quarter of a century to refine its application. That's why it's so surprising that of the 86
percent of marketers using content marketing, only 32 percent find it effective.
Part of the problem is output. The occasional blog post won't even begin to make a splash in the sea
of online content. And without any consistency, it's difficult to gain enough traction to engage
consumers.
There's also the issue of readers. Many marketers don't take the time to define their audiences
beyond the basic demographics. Just because someone falls within a certain age range, makes a
certain amount of money, and lives within a certain community doesn't mean he or she wants
anything to do with your content – or product, for that matter.
For content to be effective, you need to know who you're talking to. You need to know what type of
content your readers want at each stage of the buying process and create an experience that
seamlessly supplies them with credible content. You must develop a plan for creating and pushing
out a content experience that will truly engage them.
Luckily, you don't have to do it alone. Plenty of tools exist to help you not only develop the right
content, but also tee that content up to be found. The following four tools can help you focus your
time and cover the bases for launching a successful content strategy.
Qualaroo
Sometimes, focusing on rankings

Lab Report On Search For Things On A Day
Julia Monaco
Cog Lab #1
Introduction: We use our attention to search for things on a day–to–day basis, whether complex or
basic. Items we are searching for are noticed easier when there are many of the same different items
(distractors) around the one we are searching for. It helps the item we are searching for stand out.
When there is more than one different, kind of distractor around the item (target) it makes it harder
for us to find to find it. Mackintosh (1975) states, in order to have selective attention we learn to
watch or ignore the stimuli depending on its relevance to what we are looking for. We also learn
"inverse relationship" between the different stimuli. If stimuli increase the other, stimuli will
decrease and vice versa. We use these ideas when we were looking for a certain stimulus and we
have to find it in different scenes of varied other stimuli (distractors). According to Treisman and
Gelade (1980), the theory tells us that attention has to be individually directed to each dependent
stimulus regardless of the distractions surrounding it. One stimulus has to be easily distinguishable
to be detected as different. In order to find the target crowded by the various distractors, we have to
make sure we specifically focus our attention on just finding that one stimulus and not the
distractors. According to Treisman (1982), when searching for the dependent stimulus in a scene
with other different stimuli, we scan the scene in groups rather than by each

The Search For Happiness
Happiness is something that everyone, regardless of their background and experiences, search for in
life. This search for happiness is manifested in countless novels, theatrical plays, and films, and
involves at least one character who struggles to find purpose and joy in their life. A common theme
in these stories is the character's impression that there is something missing or inadequate with
aspects of their current identity. Thus, they believe that they must complete the missing piece of
themselves to achieve happiness. This is best demonstrated by Amedeo/Ahmed in A Clash of
Civilizations Over an Elevator in Piazza Vittorio and Xavier in L'Auberge Espagnole. I believe that
one's conceptualization of their identity is actually an obstacle to happiness and that one can only be
truly happy once they embrace their true identity, which is often much different from the one they
imagine. A Clash of Civilizations Over an Elevator in Piazza Vittorio by Amara Lakhous focuses
extensively on the importance of identity in one's life, mainly in relation to ethnicity and religion.
Identity plays such an important role in the characters' lives that it dominates the way the perceive
each other, leading them to radical and often negative conclusions. For example, when interviewed
about a murder, the character Benedetta makes statements like "I'm suspicious of that Albanian
friend of Amadeo's" (Lakhous 36) and "I'm sure the murderer of Lorenzo Manfredini is one of the
immigrants (Lakhous

A Perfect Utopia Of Democracy
From the outside in, the United States seems like a perfect utopia of democracy. With labels such as
the land of the free, and descriptions of how our government is built by the people, for the people,
we have come to believe heavily in these ideals. In reality, this is far from true. As technology
continues to advance, it seems as if the government has been slowly gaining more power, without
the public noticing major concerns in terms of law and policy making. The United States has the
highest incarceration rate in the world, with 36 states having more prisoners than the next leading
country, Cuba (Vice). One of the reasons why we have such a high incarceration rate can be blamed
on the policy of stop and frisk. Although stop and frisk policies are implemented in order to better
protect our society from drugs and weapons, the way it has been used by law enforcement violates
the fourth amendment because of its loose regulations in terms of the use, as well as having a
correlation to racial profiling, particularly in New York. As stated in the constitution, the fourth
amendment guarantees, "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall
issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized" (Findlaw). It wasn't until 1968 in the
court case

The Importance Of Unreasonable Search And Seizures
Unreasonable Search and Seizures
Strip searches is a practice of removing one's clothing in an attempt to find contraband the person
strip searched may possess. This practice serves as a method used on individuals in the process of
being sent to a correctional facility in an attempt to ensure contraband does not make it's way inside
the facility. According to the fourth amendment, "The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated. In theory, this amendment gives the people the ability to defend one's privacy from
prosecution whether that be prosecution through strip searches or seizures of their property, in the
situation where prosecution is deemed unjust. However the term "unreasonable" as said in the fourth
amendment, is vague because there is no clear–cut on what is deemed an unreasonable search and
seizure causing controversy whenever an individual believes that there fourth amendment has been
violated. So what is the rule when it comes to strip searches? On 2012, the court ruled strip searches
may be conducted on any criminal in the process of being sent to jail.
The Supreme Court's Ruling
Albert Florence was pulled over for a traffic offence and was arrested when it was found that
Florence had a warrant for a traffic violation he allegedly did not pay for. Forced to go through two
strip searches, Florence filed a lawsuit against the two correctional facilities that

Domestic Violence And Drugs And Crime
Violence and drugs are typical factors of a crime–related lifestyle. Drug users may not take part in
legitimate economy and are exposed to situations that encourage crime so the odds and frequency of
association in illegal activity is increased ("Fact," 1994). Drugs effect the behavior of users and
often time generates violence and can snowball into many other poor decisions. In Centervale,
California, domestic violence is not taken lightly. Independently, domestic violence is an extremely
serious matter but adding other violations to the list of charges, the offender is staring at a heavy
sentence. In this case, Abby and Bobby have been in trouble with the law and this incident outside
their home may be what puts them both away for a very long time.
My officer and I received a call to respond to a domestic abuse situation. When we arrived at the
scene, Abbey and Bobby appear to be having an altercation outside of their house. There is blood
trickling down the side of Abby's head that she seemed to be oblivious to, her speech is garbled, and
Bobby has scratches all over on his hands and face. With this incident continuing outside and the
physical evidence, it has granted probable cause for an arrest. Probable cause is defined as facts and
circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe that there is evidence of a crime
located at a particular place or on a person (Argosy University Online, 2017). Both Abby and Bobby
are subjected to several charges. One of the

Ebsco Describes Itself As ‘The Leading Discovery Service
EBSCO describes itself as 'the leading discovery service provider for libraries worldwide with more
than 8,000 discovery customers in over 100 countries. EBSCO Discovery Service™ provides each
institution with a comprehensive, single search box for its entire collection, offering unparalleled
relevance ranking quality and extensive customization.' (EBSCO, 2015) This all sounds very
impressive but how does it stand up in comparison to other databases and just how easy is it use?
This review will set out to show the advantages and disadvantages of using EBSCO Host and what
it has to offer.
Content
EBSCO Host acts as a platform for a varied collection of databases. This resource allows the user to
browse across multiple databases with a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A quick keyword search using the term 'business' brought up 8,952,111 results as you can see in the
accompanying screenshot. The impressive date range stretches from the year 1644 to 2016. This is
of course too much information to sort through but on the left hand side of the page, EBSCO offers
a range of refining features to narrow your search term. However not all of the refining features
work as they should. For example, the geography filter is not the most accurate, there is uncertainty
if geography is categorised by topic, publisher or author. Furthermore when a geographical location
is selected, the results are inaccurate, although this is mainly because the databases which EBSCO
searches through do not always accurately define the article's location. (EBSCO Host, 2016)
One of the advantages of this platform is its thesaurus and predictive search terms which allow you
to search at ease. Other databases for example Passport are only capable of searching an exact
phrase in an exact term. EBSCO Host manages to predict your search, or similar searches which
helps those who may lack confidence. EBSCO states that its 'neutral relevance ranking strategy uses
numerous criteria, including term frequency, field weighting, exact title matching and content
attribute boosting, to provide users with the most relevant results for each query' (Kelley, 2013). I
feel that this is something that EBSCO Host does successfully. Each search I

Midterm Pop Culture Critique : Narcos
Luis Garcia Sociology 101 Professor Gomez 10/26/2017 Midterm Pop Culture Critique: Narcos One
of the most famous American gangsters of all–time, Al Capone, also known as "Scarface," was a
highly–recognized Mafioso (a member of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Narcos is a gritty gangster drama series based on the true story of Colombia's infamously violent
and powerful drug cartels during the 1980's and 1990's. "Good people and bad people" are terms
interchangeably used in this TV show and when deviance is depicted in the Narcos show, it is not
only the criminals departing from the usual or accepted standards from society but also political and
government officials are as much deviant as the Narcos themselves. I will also argue that this show
uplifts toxic masculinity which is socially–constructed attitudes that describe the masculine gender
role as violent, unemotional, sexually aggressive, and how toxic masculinity ruins society and men
through the examples displayed from the show. Pablo Escobar, when speaking on deviance once
said, "[A]ll empires are created of blood and fire". I agree with what Escobar said, because all
empires have their positives, but at the same time many, if not all are built upon bloodshed and do
we critique when great empires take over another country and the way they go about that with
raping, torture or other means of submission? Deviance plays a big role in everything that has to do
with building a great nation or a world–wide cartel. When deviance is depicted on the Narcos show,
some of the deviance is noted by government officials. The Narcos show demonstrates how many
officials of the Colombian police department deviated and departed

Research Paper Stop and Frisk
Stop and Frisk: the Downside to a Decrease in Crime
By Boli Bencosme
Pace University
LAW 101 – 50271
2012 Summer 2 Session
Prof. John Paul
Research Paper
"Stop and Frisk" is a program put into effect by the New York Police Department that basically
grants an officer authority to stop and search a "suspicious character" if they deem him/her to be as
such. They don't need a warrant, or see you commit a crime. 5They simply need to deem you
"suspicious" to violate your 4th amendment rights without repercussions. Since its inception, New
York City's stop and frisk program has drawn much controversy stemming from the disproportionate
rate of arrest. While the argument that the program violates an ... Show more content on
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The cops that searched those innocent people could have just as easily been stopping a robbery or
assault from happening.
The origin of stop and frisk lies in a Supreme Court ruling in the case of Terry v. Ohio 1968. 3When
a group of three men were suspiciously walking back and forth looking into a store, a plainclothes
officer suspected that they were planning to commit a robbery. When he confronted them, he was
unsatisfied with the answers they were giving him, so he searched them and found an illegal firearm.
A key issue in this case was probable cause. By definition, probable cause is a collection of facts or
single fact that would lead a competent police officer to believe that a crime was committed. While
the officer suspected a crime was about to be committed, no crime had yet been committed and
therefore there was no probable cause. While the cop had reason to suspect an illegal activity was
about to occur, he did not have probable cause to conduct the search. The Supreme Court ruled in
favor of the defendant on the grounds that a stop and frisk is less intrusive than a full blown search.
They also ruled that requiring probable cause would place the officer and other bystanders in danger.
According to the court, the only justification of a stop and frisk is to find illegal firearms, knives, or
other weapons that can be used to put the officer in danger. Nothing was stated to the court about
drugs. This case has been

Summary Of ' The Argument Of The Court '
Summary of the Argument In this brief, I am going to prove to you, the judges and the court, that
Officer Raymond's initial stop is objectively justified under the Fourth Amendment and the New
Setonia Statute. Because the truck was old, Officer Raymond's experience being a police officer, and
Mr. Jackson's making movements towards the glovebox while Officer Billy was approaching the
car, this proved there was reasonable suspicion to stop the car. Additionally, even if Mr. Jackson's
car was not a commercial vehicle, there were enough other factors pertaining to search of the truck
that made the mistake of law objectively reasonable. Based on all of the facts and the evidence listed
in the case, the state of New Setonia is going to win. Argument A. Officer Raymond's reason for
stopping Mr. Jackson's car was objectively reasonable. Therefore, because of the reasonable
interpretation, this proves reasonable suspicion was present. There are many reasons justifying
Officer Billy Raymond's stop in regards to Mr. Jackson. The main reason was because of Aaron
Jackson's loud truck noise. As stated under New Setonia Statute 123§45, the section states how
trucks must have a muffled or dampened sound. Because Aaron Jackson's Ford F–150 truck caused
a loud noise, which is prohibited in New Setonia, it caused Officer Raymond to pull him over.
Therefore, it is understood the New Setonia Statute 123§45's main goal is for trucks to have a
dampened sound. For the reason being this statute is

Nicholas Carr,Is Google Making Us Stupid?
Technology has become a powerful resource that changes our brain's activity. Nicholas Carr, the
author of "Is Google Making Us Stupid?" and a graduate from Harvard University, believes that
technology will have an overall negative impact on humans. However, Clive Thompson, the author
of "Smarter Than You Think: How Technology Is Changing Our Minds for the Better" and a
freelance contributor to well–known publications like the New York Times Magazine, disagrees
with Carr. Both authors agree that technology can be efficient and help accomplish tasks, but Carr
also accredits technology for decreasing the amount of concentration and contemplation possible by
the average human. Furthermore, Carr concludes that making the internet as our primary knowledge
source will decrease our ability to read books, long passages, and will diminish our learning
experience. However, Thompson conceives that humans will adapt to the latest changes and retain
what is valuable from the venerable times. Both authors are in accordance about the efficiency and
utility that modern technology yields. To enumerate, Carr states that "The Web has been a godsend
to [him] as a writer. Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries
can now be done in minutes" (Carr, 314). With a few Google searches, one can find out virtually
anything they wanted to know. For example, it would take ages for the average human to look for a
certain quote in a book they never read, while a

An Analysis Of Our Criminal Justice System
An analysis of our criminal justice system reveals one controversial statute facing our legal
procedures and investigations: the exclusionary rule is an essential extension of the Fourth
Amendment or the statue is an unnecessary law that is taken advantage of by criminals. The Fourth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects Americans against unreasonable searches and seizures
by law enforcement officials. The Exclusionary Rule, which mandates that evidence obtained in
violation of the Fourth Amendment, is inadmissible in a criminal trial. This statute has been
rigorously supported because many individuals believe that the practice will unavoidably discourage
law enforcement misconduct. Opponents of the statute argue, however, that when evidence is
declared inadmissible in a court of law, society, as a whole, is suffering severe harm at the hands of
our judiciary system. Meaning, criminals that should be taken out of society and locked behind bars
are being set free due to inadmissible evidence that could have proven their guilt. The U.S. Supreme
Court created the exclusionary rule in Weeks v. U.S. (1914). In this case, while Fremont Weeks was
at work in Kansas City, Kansas, local police officers broke into his house without a warrant. They
searched the house and seized many of his personal belongings including, money, papers, evidence
of indebtedness, stock certificates, etc. after taking the evidence to the U.S. Marshal's Office, local
officers and a marshal arrested

Search Based Software Engineering : Using Traditional...
Now–a–days optimization and testing in software engineering using traditional techniques has
become a tedious task. In order to fasten this process, search based–software engineering (SBSE)
techniques are introduced to solve real world large scale problems efficiently. SBSE techniques
consisting of several algorithms can be implemented throughout the software development life cycle
in order to deliver a more reliable product. This paper reviews the application of five major SBSE
methods and the issues solved by different practitioners in the last decade. It also addresses the
problems in the implementation of these techniques which are still open for further research.
Categories and Subject Descriptors
D.3.3 [Programming Languages]: Language Constructs and Features – abstract data types,
polymorphism, control structures. This is just an example, please use the correct category and
subject descriptors for your submission. The ACM Computing Classification Scheme:
http://www.acm.org/class/1998/
General Terms
Management, Measurement, Performance.
Keywords
Metaheuristics, Search Based Software Engineering, Software quality.
1. INTRODUCTION
The term Metaheuristic is composed of two words, one is 'heuristic' which means 'to find ' and it is
prefixed by another word ' meta' i.e. 'beyond, in an upper level'.
S. Voß et al. [2] defined metaheuristic as, an iterative master process that guides and modiﬁes the
operations of subordinate heuristics to eﬃciently produce high–quality

Information Literacy: Annotated Bibliography
Information Literacy
Google search
Individuals and organizations use information on a daily basis to make decisions. Knowing how to
collect, understand and use it is a key skill to acquire. Sources of information include public
libraries, information and knowledge management community and websites.
To understand this topic, I searched for the term Information literacy on Google. There were about
18,800,000 results (0.50 seconds). Most of these results were from academic institutions and
libraries. There was also results from Wikipedia. My choice of website was the Association of
College and Research Libraries (ACRL), an American Library Association (ALA)
(www.ala.org/acrl/standards/informationliteracycompetency) division. American Library ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2007).
This article provides more information compared to the ALA website. The author also cites articles
from other renowned scholars like Marton, F. & Booth, S. (1997). Learning and awareness. New
York: Lawrence Erlbaum and Assoc.
MCU database
The Library of the Marine Corps database did not yield any results for my query. There seems to be
no article on information literacy on the website. Although It was an efficient and straight forward
way to search the database, the search proved futile as no article brought significant results. I
searched the database for the two key words, literacy and information but only information yielded
results although they did not relate to the topic.
Another database (Chartered Institute of Library Information Professionals)
This database yielded significant results when I searched for the two key words. CILIP is a key
stakeholder and participant in information literacy across a range of issues incorporating all sectors
of the profession and therefore provides more information and links on the topic. The site shows
links to the benefits and explains the importance and the

Blogging Should Not Be As Hard As People
Blogging should not be as hard as people are painting it because with the right tools in place you can
efficiently perform any difficult task. There are basically tools to help you with anything you can
think of in the world of blogosphere. Whether you are looking for the most demanding tools to
create high quality content, craft good page title, promote your content to the right people or
convince people to share your content.
The below blogging tools are what you need to automate whatever it is you want to do and make
your activities so easy. They all loaded with useful features to ensure you get the best experience
while using them.
1. GTmetrix
Use this tool if you want to get an insight on your website performance. The tool will ... Show more
It shows popularly bookmarked pages on its home page for easy view. You can view bookmarks
added by others and can also group link with other users who has similar topics. It allows users to
import bookmarks from their web browsers to the site.
4. Google Docs
This is a free web based application from Google which allow users to create, edit, save and share
documents online and collaborate with other users. You can use it to access your blog posts from
anywhere in the world. It includes document list that contain a list of Google docs you 've created
and files you 've uploaded. Google doc has a voice typing features that doesn 't need keyboard, it
allow you to type, edit and format with your voice.
5. Google Keyword Planner
Use this free Keyword tool from Google to search for profitable keywords and ad group ideas for
your content. It is an important tool that gives you keyword statistics, show you keyword volume
and how the keyword will perform.
6. Google Feedburner
This is a web feed management service that provides users with frequently updated content from

their favorite blogs, websites and podcasts. Your subscribers can be able to receive latest posts
whenever you made a new update.
7. MailChimp
This is a useful online email marketing and email list manager you can use to manage subscribers,
create newsletters, send emails and track results. It has a strong marketing automation feature that
will deliver emails to your targeted audience.
8. FileZilla
This

Fourth Amendment Essay
Fourth Amendment
Ashley J. Peterson
Constitutional Law
Steve Areges
Kaplan University
1/13/2010
Fourth Amendment
The Fourth Amendment is important not only to the citizens but for our law enforcement as well.
The Fourth Amendment is still evolving today, as common and statutory laws change so does our
Fourth Amendment. This amendment has come a long way and will continue to serve us in our best
interests for as long as we live, whether we agree of disagree.
"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the ... Show more
If someone is hanging around a well known crime area then just about everyone there is going to
receive some sort of attention and the police officers will probably keep an eye on them to see if
they are up to something. Police officers go off what they see and hear there isn't any other way to
put that. (Harr, & Hess, pp. 181, 2008).
Once someone reaches a level of reasonable suspicion, police officers are allowed to stop and frisk
the suspects. If they are still thought to be participating in illegal activity it becomes probable cause
and then the suspect will be arrested and interrogated. Due to Miranda rights people have the
opportunity to speak with an attorney before being questioned and may also have one present while
being questioned.
In some cases, such as murder there are some people that have been wrongfully accused. Due to
wrongful practices, people have been convicted of circumstantial evidence. ``DNA is a very
powerful tool . . . but it is circumstantial evidence like other pieces of circumstantial evidence and a
proper investigation still has to take place,'' she said. (Matthew, n.d.).
Circumstantial evidence is probably one of the biggest ethical concerns when people are being
convicted of crimes. Circumstantial evidence is: "Evidence not bearing directly on the fact in
dispute but on various attendant circumstances from which the judge or jury might infer the
occurrence of the fact in dispute". (Dictionay.com, 2010). Many

Forensic Science Essay
Forensic Science The word Forensic comes from the Latin forensus, meaning of the forum.1 In
ancient Rome, the forum was where lawmaking debates were held, but it was also where trials were
held just like modern day courthouses. From that, forensic science has come to mean the application
of the natural and physical science to the motion of matters within a legal context2. Forensic
Science can be viewed as a tripartite structure consisting of a Collection, which pertains to the
science investigation, Examination, which pertains to the medical investigation and, Presentation,
which pertains to the courts. A forensic case will involve all aspects of each of the three structured
elements, each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Documenting a crime scene and its conditions can include directly recording brief details such as
lighting, furniture, fingerprints, and other valuable information. Certain evidence if not collected
right away can easily be lost, destroyed or ruined. The range of investigations can also expand to the
fact of dispute in such cases as suicide or self–defense. It is also important to be able to recognize
what should be present at a crime scene, what to look for at a crime scene and what might appear
out of place. A crime scene often does not relate to the direct area in which a victim or actual crime
has occurred, but the possibility of escape or access routes should also be checked. Anything, which
can be used to connect a victim to a suspect or a suspect to a victim or a crime scene, is important
physical evidence. Richard Saferstein explains, Physical evidence encompasses any and all objects
that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime scene and
its victim or a crime and its perpetrator (31). I will now explain the appropriate techniques and ways
a crime scene and physical evidence should be handled and examined. One of the first things an
officer

Online Video Tutorials And Training
2.43 (a)
➢ Website Name: LYNDA.
➢ Web address: http://www.lynda.com/
➢ Type of site: Online video tutorials and training.
LYNDA PRIVACY POLICY SUMMARY: Last updated March 5, 2014
The privacy policy of LYNDA website is solely committed to protect and respect the privacy of
users.
➢ Information They Collect About Users: The privacy policy clearly states the type of information
they collect about the user; how they collect it and where do they store it. The type of information
they collect may include
i. Personally Identifiable Information: Information by which user may be personally identified, such
as their name, email address, or school. ii. Non–Personally Identifiable Information: Information
about users equipment, browsing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parts of policy those are clear or reasonable:
➢ Information They Collect About Users: In this aspect they are very clear on what type of
information they are collecting.
➢ Disclosure Of Information: They are very clear where and when they have to disclose user
information.
Parts Of Policy That Are Not Clear Or Reasonable:
➢ Data Security: It is mentioned that they encrypt sensitive information but, what level of
encryption is applied is not mentioned.
➢ Where We Store Data: It is mentioned where they store data but how secure is data there is not
mentioned.
(b) App name: IMO
App type: Video–calling app
Last updated: August 14, 2014
Privacy policy summary: What Information they Collect about users and Why? They collect
information through the services they provide, This information can be provided directly by the
user; automatically collected log data; IP address; cookies; information about friends and also chat
history. They also clearly mentioned what data comes under each category and why they are
collecting this information and what services are provided from this information.
Sharing Users Information The privacy policy also states that they may share users information with
parties other than IMO i.e. to the third parties, this may be done with or without prior notification to

the user. The information they share without notification may include
➢ They share certain information about users with the companies

Is Stop And Frisk Racial Profiling?
Is Stop–and–Frisk racial profiling?
Yes, Stop–and–Frisk is racial profiling because it mostly targets NYC's African American and
Latino citizens. According to United States Census Bureau in NYC about 50 percent of the
population is Black and Latino, 44 percent is White, and the other 6 percent are other minor races.
Therefore, it would be assumed that the Stop and Frisk policy if applied equally would target Black,
Latinos, and Whites the most since they are the largest race populations in the city. However, this is
not the case because 90 percent of Stop and Frisk searches were conducted on Black and Latino men
which clearly shows that out all the races in the city that Black and Latino citizens are clearly being
targeted because of the way they look. Some would argue that because most violent crimes are
committed by Black and Latinos it is necessary to search them more over any other race. However,
out of Stop and Frisk searches done on Black and Latinos 88 percent were found to be innocent.
Therefore, most Black and Latino Citizens are not breaking any laws and such not involved in any
crimes. The Stop and Frisk policy clearly racial profiles Black and Latinos because of stereotypes of
these races being more violent and dangerous when statistics clearly show that is false.
Is it a policy that has significantly reduced NYC 's murder rate?
The Stop and Frisk Policy has not reduced NYC's murder rate because other policies have done that.
For instance NYPD has been focusing

Privacy Protecting Trademark Identification System Using...
Privacy Preserving Trademark Identification System using Cloud
1. Introduction
Content–Based Information Retrieval (CBIR) is the field that constitutes representation of images,
organizing and searching of images based on their content rather than annotations of image. CBIR,
also known as query by image content and content–based visual information retrieval (CBVIR) is
the application of computer vision techniques to the image retrieval problem, that is, the matter of
checking out digital pictures in massive databases.
"Content–based" implies that the search analyzes the contents of the image based not on keywords,
descriptions related to image, tags or annotations but based on features extracted directly from the
image data. The term ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Images with higher similarity than threshold are returned as an output. System which uses the
content of the object for Information Retrieval is the CBIR.
There are many applications of Content Based Information Retrieval. Image retrieval is one of the
applications of CBIR. Few applications of CBIR are art collections, architectural and engineering
design, crime prevention, Defense, Face detection etc. Mostly CBIR is applied on the Multimedia
data.
CBIR faces some problems. The trouble with the technique is the issue of high dimensionality. With
the increase in the dimensionality CBIR becomes time consuming system and highly computation
bound. Also with variety of applications of CBIR, there is need to preserve the privacy of user
interest.
A. Need of the Privacy Preservation in CBIR
Privacy can be outlined as "The quality of being secluded from the presence or view of others". In
CBIR user provides some Multimedia object (e.g. an image of trademark to check whether the same
trademark is already exist or not) as query and system provides required results. During this process
system must realize the similarity between user query and objects in the database. At this time
system gets the user query and query reveals the content and interest of the user and here is the
privacy leak in the system. Here the original trademark can be compromised or can be copied.
Generally CBIR is multi–party system, in which there are minimum 2 parties, User and

The Case Of Terry Vs Ohio
Ever since 1968 and the Supreme Court case of "Terry vs Ohio" was settled, stop and frisking
policies have been used by police everywhere in the United States. However, lately the use of this
tactic, especially in New York, has raised the questions of whether or not these stop and frisks are
actually helping as well as the question of whether or not these supposed random stops are unbiased.
There have been a great number of arguments for the continuation of stop and frisk policies as well
as the cease of such tactics to lower the crime rate in cities. In New York, these concerns were first
brought to light in the late 1990's. Throughout this decade, the huge decrease in crime rates had been
credited to the fact that NYPD had taken the stop and frisk policies very seriously. However, "near
the end of the decade there were repeated complaints of harassment of minority communities"
(Gelman). The people of New York were complaining that the NYPD were stopping people and
treating people differently based on their ethnic background, which brings up the bigger and more
disturbing question; Were the police stopping minorities based on racial bias? To better look at the
history of the practice of stopping and frisking and how it evolved into what it is today, it would be
best to more fully define when it is ok for police officers to stop and frisk people. According to the
4th Amendment, it is constitutional for police officers to detain and search people if there is

Essay On Fourth Amendment
The Fourth Amendment plays a role in every American's daily life. The Fourth Amendment in
involved in our communication and texting, when a cop can perform a traffic stop, and who can
enter your home. This Amendment has always played a large role in the lives of Americans, and has
grown with society since it was ratified in 1789. During the Revolutionary War, colonists were upset
at the lack of legal administration in Britain. The bobbies, or cops, in Britain would enter homes,
seize property, and make accusations without any clear reason. After the war, the newly independent
Americans demanded they be given a higher right to privacy. The Fourth Amendment was written in
to The Bill of Rights to satisfy this demand and protect persons from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 2004, the Supreme Court heard the case of Arizona V. Johnson. This case focused on the privacy
rights of a passenger during a traffic stop. In this case, a young man was pulled over for an expired
registration tag. The officers noticed that the passenger, Lemon Montrea Johnson, was wearing gang
paraphernalia and was acting suspicious. They patted Johnson down and discovered an undisclosed
firearm on him; Johnson was arrested and charged. In the appeal, Johnson claimed the police
officers did not have a right to search him. Johnson's appeal was denied and the Supreme Court
defined, "a police officer who is participating in a lawful traffic stop may perform a brief pat–down
search of any passenger whom the officer has reason to believe may be armed and dangerous." In
this case the supreme court felt that any loss in privacy would be minimal compared to the added
security officers of the law could ensure. Another similar case in 2008 brought the 4th Amendment
into debate. This was the case of Illinois V. Lidster, that focused on the rights of law enforcement to
establish road blocks. The Illinois police set up road blocks to obtain witness information on a
deadly hit and run that had just occurred. Robert Lidster was stopped at the road block and
consequently arrested for DUI. Lidster filed an appeal stating that the police had no right to
construct a road block and

Case Study Of Taplow Group
Spencer Stuart
Established in 1956, Spencer Stuart is a privately owned executive search firm. The firm's
consultants work with large and small businesses, as well as start–ups, to guarantee the best talent
finds its way to the best global firms.
Where do they operate?
Spencer Stuart has a range of offices in 30 countries around the world. Its offices can be found in
China, South Africa, Spain and Canada, for example.
What industry/positions/levels/specialisation do they have?
The firm's industry focus is centralised in ten sectors. These are:
Technology, Media & Telecommunications
Consumer
Financial Services
Private Equity
Life Sciences
Industrial
Infrastructure
Energy
Business & Professional Services
Education, Non–profit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What recruitment process do they use?
TRANSEARCH International's recruitment process is based on a five–step approach, which they
call the TRANSEARCH Orxestra Method. The method emphasises the importance of the Culture,
Performance, Leadership, Team, and Integration. The approach uses technology, data analysis and
different assessment methods to find the best candidate for the specific role.
What is the reputation of the firm?
TRANSEARCH has somewhat slipped in the global rankings, as the company dropped to ninth spot

from third place in the Top Executive Search Firms ranking. Nonetheless, it's still among the best
executive firms on the market.
Contact information:
You can find the global contact details, along with information on submitting CVs, on the firm's
contact page.
Final words
The above executive search firms are definitely worth keeping in mind, whether you are looking to
hire someone or a job seeker looking to progress on the career ladder. The key to determining the
best firm for you is all about understanding your needs. Think about what you want from the firm,
together with your industry specialisation and contact the executive search firms that match these
qualifications. Talk with the firm to realise whether they understand what you are looking for before
committing to working with

The Decision Of Purchasing Drones For The Purpose Of Local...
Purchasing Drones The decision of purchasing drones for the purpose of local law enforcement to
use could be a negative and a positive. There are several states in the U.S. who do allow the
purchase and the usage of drones by local law enforcement. Some of those states consist of Texas
and California; but for the states on the East Coast (where Baltimore, Maryland resides); there is one
state who allows the purchase and usage of drones: Florida. There are several pros and cons on this
issue. Some of the pros and cons revolve around money, time, and the issue of individual rights. A
drone is "an unmanned aircraft or ship guided by remote control or onboard computers." (Merriam–
Webster). It is also "beyond [the] line of sight: the GPS of a U.S. spy drone." (Dictionary.com). The
issue that will be continuously brought up will be the right of privacy. Will the usage of drones
violate the Fourth Amendment? It can be a violation if abused. The key word in the definition of
drones IS "spy." Is it spying if you are looking at something in plain view, but the device is out of
plain sight? The Fourth Amendment states that every individual has the right to not have
unreasonable searches and not without probable cause. However, there are exceptions to the Fourth
Amendment which includes the Plain View Doctrine. The Plain View Doctrine states that if a law
enforcement officer is in a place legally and sees criminal activity or other evidence, the evidence
can be seized without a

Search And Seizure, Arrest And Interrogation
Search and Seizure, Arrest and Interrogation
Ashley Acea
CJE 3110
Professor Toth
April 6, 2015
Introduction I will be taking you the reader through the crucial aspects of the criminal justice
process; searches and seizures, arrest and interrogation. I will begin by discussing how the Fourth
Amendment entails the citizens right against unreasonable searches and seizures, as well as how it is
a critical aspect to policing, since it structures how police are to investigate a crime and the suspects
who commit the crime. Stop and Frisk is another part to searching a suspect, the officer would have
reasonable suspicion a crime has been committed, will be committed, or is about the be committed. I
will then elaborate on the procedures officers endure also known as "Terry Stops" from the
landmark case Terry v. Ohio. There's a rule I will be discussing in detail, which is known as the
exclusionary rule, which is one that put restriction on police power and evidence from searches and
seizures. Another piece to this puzzle are warrants, any time an officer begins to search either
persons or the premises they are required to obtain a warrant, these searches can be done either
before an arrest or after. This goes as well as for arrest warrants officers must prove that there is
probable cause that a criminal act has been committed, they may then arrest the individual. After an
arrest has been completed they then are subject to interrogation, police are required to

New Jersey Vs Tlo Case Study
Case: New Jersey v. T.L.O., 1985
Facts:
T.L.O. and The New Jersey State School system.T.L.O.was found in the lavatory smoking by a
teacher and was brought to the Vice Principal's office. The vice principal searched her purse and
found illegal substances and turned them into the legal authority after contacting them and her
mother. The student claimed that it goes against the fourth amendment because it was an illegal
search and seizure. Their dispute was whether the school had the right to search and take illegal
substances found when they do search the students.The case got to the supreme court by appeals
through the lower court systems because it dealt with the interpretation of the fourth amendment.
Issue:
Does the school officials

Solitary Confinement, By F. Scott Fitzgerald
The documentary, Solitary Confinement, really brings to light the issues that surround this old form
of punishment. These tactics were used in the past, and then were eventually regarded as being cruel
and inhumane. Somehow, the idea of solitary confinement has returned and is respected among
many people. I believe that there are some people who do need to be put in solitary confinement and
some who shouldn't have to go through that psychological pain. The movie did shine some
perspective on to me, as i had not nearly any clue as to what really went down behind those walls.
First of all, at Colorado State Penitentiary, they call it "administrative segregation" rather than
solitary confinement. This is because their goal is supposedly, just to cut them off from physical
contact until they are determined to be safe around other people. The feelings projected by the men
being interviewed in the documentary tie in with the feelings that Stanley "Tookie" Williams
expressed in his book, Life in Prison. All of the inmates, including Stanley, acknowledged that
solitary confinement, or the hole, causes people to go crazy. Stanley complained of the small cells
and how it made many men go stir crazy. In the film, they showed exactly how small the cells are
and the limited room for activity that the inmates have. The images in the documentary of the men
getting strip searched further supported Stanley's statements regarding the embarrassment of strip
searches. It showed one of the men

The Futile Search For Reason
Anusha Fatehpuria
Harlin
World Literature
3 March 2017
The Futile Search For Reason
The core idea of Albert Camus' philosophy of absurdity centralizes upon the idea that humans exist
in a meaningless universe, and follows that humans must simply accept this fact to live life to the
fullest. In addition to this absurdist notion, Albert Camus also uses The Stranger to show how
humans still strive to create superficial meaning to fulfill their own personal needs. Through the
experiences and interactions in Meursault's life, Camus illustrates that in spite of how events in life
follow no rational order, society attempts to futilely create meaning to explain human existence.
Meursault's lack of motive in the murder of the Arab man illustrates ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Immediately before shooting, Meursault describes the overbearing effect of his surroundings on his
physical existence, saying "My whole being tensed and I squeezed my hand around the revolver.
The trigger gave" (59). When Meursault murders the the Arab man, he is merely reacting to his
uncomfort in the extreme heat and sunlight. He says that "the trigger gave" giving the impression
that he was disconnected from this action, not completely aware of what he was doing. As a result,
the murder demonstrates how events in life are irrational and take place without reason.
When Meursault is on trial for this murder, the evidence used by the prosecution reveals how
humans naturally strive to create rationale for events in life where no reason exists. In his closing
statement, the prosecutor states that "[he] accuses this man [Meursault] of burying his mother with
crime in his heart" (96). After listening to all of the witness statements and viewing all of the
evidence, the prosecutor has been unable to determine a true motive for Meursault murdering the
Arab man, so he tries to create his own explanation by claiming that Meursault is an emotionless,
dangerous man. The prosecutor is able to create a fictitious argument that Meursault is a criminal,
by referring back to Meursault's mother's funeral, when he apparently did not react according to
societal conventions and showed an indifference combined with disrespect

Evaluation Of A Tabu Search Generator Based Memory...
Casertaa and Uribe [46] proposed a Tabu Search (TS) based memory–mechanism for problem
solving. It was capable of navigating both local information and in–formation from search space.
They took tabu tenure as the performance measuring metrics. The efficiency of this algorithm was
verified by testing four benchmark problems using problem solving software. The results showed
that TS produced globally optimal solution in CPU time less than 0.1 seconds. Further they have
generated large random instances for testing and get optimal solutions using branch and cut–solver
on them. Conclusions were drawn that proposed method was able to solve problems having 1300
binary variables in 3 CPU seconds, but branch and cut solver takes 2500 CPU seconds. For larger
problems having 2300 binary variables, optimal solution could not be obtained using branch and
cut–solver, but nearly optimal solution was obtained using TS with dual gap of 13%. So it was
suggested that TS was able to solve software reliability problems efficiently.
Daz et al. [47] derived a Tabu Search Generator (TSGen) for automatic structural software testing
with intensified and diversified search to attain high branch coverage. It also uses memory
mechanisms and backtracking to escape
10 Parul Gupta and Ishani Arora getting trapped in local minima. Three

Forensic Expert : George Thucydides
SHIVAKUMAR VADTHIYA STUDENT ID: 1646764 MADS_6639 FORENSIC EXPERT
INSTRUCTOR: GEORGE THUCYDIDES FDU–VANCOUVER 1. What are the three primary
factors that determine whether evidence collected during an investigation will be admissible in
court? Briefly discuss each of these factors. During an investigation, the investigator has to prove
the evidence genuinely as well as relevantly. The main function of admissibility is "Relevance".
There are a number of surprising factors whether or not the evidence is admissible in court. Any
evidence that are produced into the court of law(civil/criminal) will be subjected to scrutinize by
both sides as well as by the magistrate to determine the information presented in court meets the
general guidelines for admissibility. Making the decision by the court evolve a number of factors.
Some of the questions that will be asked are: Is the evidence produced to court is relevant? Is the
evidence credible and authentic? Is the evidence competent? Relevant evidence: To take an evidence
for a valid consideration in the eyes of the court, the relevance stands as a basic factor for
admissibility of that evidence. If this rule cannot be satisfied then that evidence will be disqualified.
So, to prove that an evidence is relevant it must satisfy two conditions. First, it should directly relate
with the case presented in the court. For instance, the prosecution is trying to prove the person who
is involved in credit card fraud

Serving High Risk Warrant Essay
Topic: Serving high risk warrants
Research Question: What are the various ways to serve high risk warrants?
Hypothesis: There is a systematic way of serving high risk warrants based on the priorities of life
that will reduce injury or death of Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) operators. Null Hypothesis:
There is no statistically significant difference between the various ways of serving high risk
warrants and the reduction of injuries or death of SWAT operators.
Research Design: The method of gathering data will be through a survey from participating agencies
that have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rationale behind my hypothesis is that there are several ways to serve an arrest or search
warrant while keeping the priorities of life in mind and ultimately minimizing the risk of injury or
death to all that are involved. The best ways that have been developed while serving high risk
warrants are take down and away, surround and call out, breach and hold, limited penetration, and
controlled entry. These ways of serving a warrant are a systematic way based on the intelligence of
the structure, suspects, and the priorities of life that are outlined in the NTOA SWAT standards
(NTOA, 2008). The priorities of life are hostages or victims, innocent by–standers, police or first
responders, and suspects. The rationale behind my null hypothesis is that to date, there is no
statistically significant difference between the various ways of serving high risk warrants and the
reduction of injury or death of SWAT operators. Choosing different ways to serve a high risk
warrant does not fully prevent injury or death of SWAT operators, but it has been proven to
drastically reduce the probability of injury or death. The reason why I feel that there is no
statistically significant difference between the various ways of serving high risk warrants and the
reduction of injury or death of SWAT operators is because there are no two warrants that are exactly
alike. Every warrant is different from the

Slaughterhouse-Five: Futile Search for Meaning Essay
Critics often suggest that Kurt Vonnegut's novels represent a man's desperate, yet, futile search for
meaning in a senseless existence. Vonnegut's novel, Slaughterhouse–Five, displays this theme. Kurt
Vonnegut uses a narrator, which is different from the main character. He uses this technique for
several reasons.
Kurt Vonnegut introduces Slaughterhouse Five in the first person. In the second chapter, however,
this narrator changes to a mere bystander. Vonnegut does this for a specific reason. He wants the
reader to realize that the narrator and Billy Pilgrim, the main character, are two different people. In
order to do this, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kurt Vonnegut does not want to glorify war. The narrator made a vow to
O'Hare's wife, in chapter one, that the story would not do this. "...I give my word of honor. I'll call it
the children's crusade." In order to do this, Vonnegut makes the main character a simple man. His
name is Billy Pilgrim. His mission is to avoid anything that requires action or responsibility. This
causes him to avoid finding meaning in his life; he regards the world as chaotic. The senseless act of
war causes Billy to

The Stop And Frisk Police Essay

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