Review of biology eoc topics in unit 7-15.

1. Biology
Review
Units 7 - 15

2. ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Creates identical
copies (clones)
Only involves
MITOSIS
ONE parent involved
Common in bacteria
and unicellular
protists
Adds genetic variation
Involves meiosis and
fertilization
TWO parents involved
Diploid and haploid
cells

3. MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
MITOSIS  MEIOSIS
One division
2n → 2n
(same number of chromosomes)
Results in 2 genetically identical
cells
Two divisions
2n → n
 Half the number of chromosomes
Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploid
cells
Forms gametes (egg and sperm)

4. DNA
 DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate and one of four
bases
In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G
 DNA’s shape is a double helix
The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds
A binds to T
C binds with G

5. DNA REPLICATION
 Process of DNA copying itself
 Steps
DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)
Each side acts as a template
New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing rules
Two new molecules of DNA result – each with one old and one new
strand.
 Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)

6. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the nucleus
 Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making a protein
 In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus
 mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome
 In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the proper order to
make the protein on the ribosome.
DNA → mRNA → protein
Made of amino acids

7. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

8. CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE PARTS?
1. DNA
2. mRNA
3. Nucleus
4. Cytoplasm
5. Ribosome
6. Codon
7. Anticodon
8. tRNA
9. Amino acid
10.Protein
(polypeptide)

9. READING THE CODON CHART
 Be sure to use
mRNA
 You won’t have
to memorize
this!
 What amino
acid is coded
for by the DNA
ATA GAG
First convert DNA to mRNA
ATA GAG
UAU CUC
UAU = tyr
CUC = Leu

10. GENETICS
 We have two genes for each
trait – this is our GENOTYPE
 One gene came from mom,
one from dad
 If the genes are alike, the
individual is homozygous
(RR, rr)
 If the genes are different ,
they are heterozygous (Rr)
 Some genes are dominant
and others are recessive
 We only show a recessive
trait if we have no dominant
gene
 RR and Rr would “look”
dominant
 rr would look recessive
 This diagram shows the cross
between 2 heterozygous purple
flowers
 Cross is: Bb x Bb
 Notice that 75% are purple and
25% white

11. SEX LINKAGE
 Females are XX
 Males are XY
 Sex-linked traits
are on X
chromosome
 Trait is more
common in
MALES
 Examples are
colorblindness
and hemophilia
(blood fails to
clot)
• Males give X chromosomes to
their daughters and Y’s to their
sons
• Moms give X’s to both
daughters and sons

12. CODOMINANCE – BLOOD TYPE
 Four blood types
▪ A, B, AB, O
Three different
alleles: A, B or
neither
A = AA or AO
B = BB or BO
AB = AB
O = OO
Agglutinogen
= protein

13. PEDIGREES
Tracing traits through
generations
 Males are squares
 Females are circles
 Horizontal line means
married
 Vertical line means children
 Filled in circle means the
individual HAS the
condition
 Can you identify the
genotypes of individuals 4,
7, 12?
4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)
7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have one
e)
12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)

14. In humans, 22 pair of
autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
XX = female
XY = male
Extra chromosomes a result of
non-disjunction
Chromosome pairs fail to separate in meiosis
One example is DOWN SYNDROME (extra 21)
Another example is KLINEFELTERS (XXY)
XY =
male
3 21’s =
Down
Syndrome

15. GENETIC TECHNOLOGY
TRANSGENIC
ORGANISMS
 DNA FINGERPRINTING
Organisms that have
2 different kinds of
DNA
Gene cloning
Uses bacteria to
make human
proteins like insulin
Use gel
electrophoresis to
compare DNA
fragments
IF DNA matches,
it’s from the same
individual
Evidence
points to
suspect 2

16. EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME
EVIDENCE  NATURAL SELECTION
Fossil evidence
Fossils found in sedimentary rock
Lower level fossils are older and
more PRIMITIVE
We can compare fossils to
modern organisms
Similar structure suggests
common ancestor
Biochemical evidence
DNA and protein similarities
suggest common ancestor
Credited to Charles
Darwin
Organisms in populations have
variations that can be passed from
generation to generation
More organisms born that
environment can support
Organisms compete for resources
Those organisms with favorable
variations have more babies and the
population evolves

17. Which type of plant is most closely
related to flowering plants?
CONIFERS

18. HISTORY OF
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
o Aristotle – Plants and Animals
o Linneaus – developed BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
o TWO KINGDOMS: plants and
animals
o THREE kingdoms: plant, animal,
Protist
o FIVE kingdoms: plant, animal,
Protist, fungi, Moneran

19. CLASSIFICATION
Scientific name is genus and
species name. Organisms in
same genus are closely
related

20. FIVE KINGDOM
CLASSIFICATION

21. DICHOTOMOUS KEY
• Always begin with #1
• Follow directions using choices given
• What shape is “Gina”?
• Equilateral triangle

22. TYPES OF PLANTS

23. PLANT ADAPTATIONS
ROOT, STEM, LEAF
 FLOWERS AND FRUITS
Roots are adapted to absorb
water with root hairs
Leaves are adapted for
photosynthesis by being flat
and green
Stems move water with xylem
Flowers have bright petals to attract
pollinators
Pollen (Sperm) can be transferred by
animals
When egg joins with pollen, a seed is
formed in the ovary
The ovary becomes the fruit
Fruit surrounds and protects seed
Fruit also helps get baby plants in seeds
away from parent plant

24. TYPES OF ANIMALS

25. DISEASE CAUSING VIRUSES
VIRUS STRUCTURE
 VIRAL
REPRODUCTION
A virus is not made of cells
It is nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA) surrounded by protein
coat (Capsid)
Virus can’t reproduce unless it is
inside a living cell
The virus uses the cells enzymes
and ribosomes to make DNA and
protein
New viruses either bud off of the
cell or the cell bursts, releasing lots
of viruses

26. BACTERIA VS VIRUSES
BACTERIA  VIRUS
Made of cells
Can be killed by
antibiotics
Examples of disease
caused by bacteria
is strep throat
Not made of cells
MUCH SMALLER THAN
CELLS
Can’t be killed by
antibiotics
Example of diseases
caused by viruses are AIDS
(HIV), Smallpox, Influenza

27. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS IN
DISEASE

28. IMMUNITY

29. PASSIVE VS. ACTIVE IMMUNITY
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
 ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Person does NOT make
memory cells or
antibodies
Antibodies only are
transferred
Doesn’t provide long-
term protection
Natural: from
breastfeeding
Artificial: Rabies “shot”
Person DOES
make antibodies
AND memory cells
Provides long
term immunity
Natural: you have
disease
Artificial – you get
a VACCINATION

30. BEHAVIORAL
ADAPTATIONS
BEHAVIOR IS ANY THING AN ANIMAL
DOES. ANIMAL BEHAVIORS ALSO HELP
ANIMALS SURVIVE AND/OR

31. Innate Behavior
o Innate behavior is also called
inborn behavior.
o It is programmed in DNA
o Innate behaviors include
reflexes and instincts
o Examples
o human suckling.
o spiders spinning webs
o Migration: birds flying south
for the winter
o Hibernation – dormant when
cold
o Estivation – dormant when
hot

32. LEARNED BEHAVIOR

33. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

34. CARBON CYCLE
 Cycling of carbon and oxygen
 Three main processes
Photosynthesis – plants use carbon dioxide; produce oxygen
Respiration – uses oxygen, produces carbon dioxide (both plants and
animals)
Combustion – burning – releases more carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Effect
•Carbon dioxide traps heat in the
atmosphere, making life possible
•Increased carbon dioxide can make
temperatures rise more
•Human activities can lead to GLOBAL
WARMING

35. BE A GOOD STEWARD