An Analysis Of The EGP, Border Gateway Protocol

An Analysis Of The EGP, Border Gateway Protocol
Moving away from IGP, now I will discuss the one and only EGP standard used over the Internet, the BGP, Border Gateway Protocol, each version is
just a slight enhancement over the previous one. As mentioned before an EGP's purpose is to connect one autonomous system to a different
autonomous system and version 4 has been updated to accept classless domains as well as support for IPv6. It also introduces a system to cut back on
the amount of routing tables needed for a network and can support most polices due to the internet being a hop–count like routing model, and BGP–4
supports hop counts. Not only that, it is a reliable protocol because it uses the Transmission Control Protocol from the Transport Layer, which
eliminates the need for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The autonomous systems use BGP to be visible to networks outside of it's on AS, each AS is allowed to create its own policy, allowing for the
way in which the information should be routed. And lastly, because each autonomous system has its own set of protocols, the IGP, where one or
more is used to discover the connections inside that network. (Lammle 928) I see it as everything as its own responsibility within, allowing for
BGP which is both versatile and flexible to meet the demands of the packets that need to be forwarded, because everything has its own task and its
own set of rules making the procedure orderly and efficient. The only similarity that RIP and BGP have is that they are routing protocols and route
information by using an algorithm to send the packets, otherwise they are different in many aspects. One of the biggest differences between RIP
and BGP is that RIP is an IGP and BGP is an EGP, but you can say they work together to get their task done. If information from an autonomous
system that has RIP needs to send information to another autonomous within its limit of 15 hop counts, BGP helps to bridge that gap. The other
biggest difference is RIP is a simple protocol meant for the use of a small network, while BGP is vast and a highly complex protocol that can be
considered as the management system of transferring data of numerous amounts of autonomous systems. BGP can also be seen as the major backbone
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Mobile Payments
Mobile Transactions and Payment Processing Ashok Goudar Senior Enterprise Architect White Paper Contents Introduction Mobile Commerce–
Business Context Mobile Commerce Strategy Mobile Channel Strategy Mobile Marketing Mobile Sales Mobile Service Mobile Payment Mobile
Wallets Mobile Commerce Transaction Mobile Banking and Mobile Money Mobile Commerce Transformation Roadmap Mobile Commerce– Payment
Business Scenarios Card based Mobile User to Business – Payments (CM2B) Mobile – Wallet– User to Business – Payments (M2B) Mobile – Wallet
Mobile Users to Mobile User – Payments (M2M) – Remittance Services Mobile – Wallet CrossBorderM2M Mobile– Wallet Cross Border
M2Account. Mobile Commerce – Payment Processing Models Card based... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keeping with the growth in the mobile communication technology, the software vendors, service providers and industry forums, have been offering
newer and enhanced mobile operating systems (Windows mobile 7.0, Android OS, Symbian, Blackberry OS, Apple IOs4 etc), APIs (J2ME, Window 7
mobile SDK, Android SDK etc), development tools (along with emulators) and technology standards for mobile computing, making it possible to
develop and host a variety of mobile transaction processing solutions for mobile commerce. In this context, this paper further discusses solution
architecture of a target mobile transaction and payment processing framework for mobile commerce transaction processing. The paper also briefly
touches upon various mobile commerce business models and solution architecture for business scenarios (conducted on different mobile
communication technologies), that are addressed by the target mobile transaction and payment processing solution framework. 4 I Mobile Transactions
and Payment Processing I White Paper Mobile Commerce – Business Context Mobile commerce is not only an extension of an eCommerce business
model but also an

The Steps Of Good Computer Security Operations
Introduction
A successful BC/DR plan has defined steps within the project that must be defined. We need to initiate the project, identify key business processes,
conduct an impact analysis, develop business continuity strategies, identify communication needs, and finally monitor and review the plan.
Mitigating the impact of a disaster be keeping mission critical capability available when needed is key to any BC/DR plan. These plans are often
critical to a company and the company 's business model. There is a significant amount of time, money, and physical resources that go in to a
successful BC/DR plan.
Background and Significance
The steps we take to create a BC/DR resemble the steps of good computer security operations. Threat evaluation, risk assessment, mitigation, and
service priorities, are a few of the computer security operations that directly relate to a good BC/DR plan. When implementing a BC/DR from a
administrative standpoint we see a significant shift in focus from computer security to physical infrastructure, backup and restoration procedure,
staffing, logistical operations, and connectivity. To ensure the system stays operational in a degraded state a business must address the integrity of the
system. Without computer security considerations a BC/DR plan can fail and turn into an unmanageable situation. During a restoration of workstation
in a BC/DR plan, it may be possible to get bad data from a location that was not maintained correctly, which could

Computational Scale Out Workloads Applications
Abstract–Scale–out workloads are applications that are typically executed in a cloud environment and exhibit high level of request level parallelism.
Such workloads benefit from processor organizations with very high core count since multiple requests can be serviced simultaneously by threads
running on these cores. The characteristics of these workloads indicate that they have high instruction footprints exceeding the capacities of private
caches, operate on large datasets with limited reuse and have minimal coherence activity due to lesser data sharing. The characteristics also indicate that
the active instruction window can be captured by a Last Level Cache (LLC) size of 8MB. New processor organizations have been discussed in literature
that tailors the interconnection among cores to match the communication pattern arising out of the characteristics of scale–out workloads. The focus of
the current work is to take the approach of separating a core and LLC bank from a single tile as specified in literature and design a different
interconnection topology for cores and LLC banks to reduce the latency of accessing the LLC to improve performance. In the current work, four cores
and a LLC bank are designed to connect to a router forming a star topology and the routers (>4) are designed to form a 2D flattened butterfly topology.
The current design has been targeted at 8 cores and has been implemented using the Bluespec System Verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language)
and the

Developing Wireless Communications to Space Essay
A big potential problem in the future is developing a wireless communications network in outer space. In this paper we will discuss the problems
presented with this and the potential solutions to these problems using existing and some futuristic technology. We have broke this into two main parts,
one being earth to satellite to planet and back, and the other being planetary ground transmission to and from astronauts to rovers to space stations.
The solution has already started being implemented and will continue rapidly into the near future. It is called the Interplanetary Internet. As of now it is
an array of floating 'nodes' or satellites scattered around in space that can communicate with each other. In the future a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the earth we are only separated from one another by fractions of a second. From earth to mars the average transmission time is 30–45 minutes. That
would feel like light–years trying to download tracks to your iPod.
In order to make this work a massive system of satellites needs to be implemented. These satellites will serve as 'net gateways' with the purpose of
conveying data packets. Each piece of equipment will have its own IPN address, or .mars domain name. They will serve as nodes, operating on a
packet switched network.
Some major possible problems include lag, weak signal, and reduced bandwidth. The solution to all of these lies in a new IPN protocol being
developed. This protocol, along with high precision equipment, will help to eliminated all of these. The protocol has changed in two major ways
from our own TCP/IP protocol. This first is a packet delivery scheme that won't clog the system by resending missing packets. IPN instead keeps track
of arriving packets and then requesting missing ones at the end of delivery. The second is the packet headers will use only one tenth as much
bandwidth as TCP/IP. Back on earth there will be gateways to translate.
Another big problem with the Interplanetary Internet is speed. Using our current technology the top speed for sending data from a satellite orbiting
mars to earth is 250 kbps. Down on mars, in a dusty unknown atmosphere with not much power, this is more like 10 kbps. The solution

Ospf vs Eigrp
Comparison of Routing Protocols OSPFv3 and IS–IS for IPv6 Environment
By
Nilesh Doiphode
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................3
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW.................................................................................5
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................5
1.2 Discussion, Problem Statement and Analysis.......................................................12
1.3 Need for this Project....................................................................................15
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................16
CHAPTER 3: SIMULATION AND FRAMEWORK.................................................22
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE..............................................31
4.1 Conclusion................................................................................................31
4.1 Future Scope.............................................................................................31 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
General Mechanism: i) Hello Packets: Used in order to establish relationships with the neighboring routers in a topology. On multi–access segments ad
point–to–point segments, the default time to send hello packets is every 10 seconds and for non–broadcast multi–access (NMBA) segments like frame
relay, the default time is every 30 seconds. ii) Dead Intervals: Wait period for an OSPF router before termination the relationship with its neighbor is
called as Dead interval and is 4 times the hello interval. iii) Router Id: Identification of each OSPF router in an OSPF routing domain is exclusively by
the router id. OSPF router can chose highest IP address of its loopback interface incase router id is not configured. IP address will be chosen by the
OSPF router of any of its physical interfaces in absence of loopback interfaces. iv) Area Id: In OSPF routing domain the areas are defined as
backbone routers also known as area 0, area border routers (ABR), which connect the backbone routers to any other areas in the OSPF routing domain
and autonomous system border routers (ABSR), which are located between OSPF autonomous system and non–OSPF autonomous system.
All OSPF routers in the same routing domain must receive and maintain the same link–state information. OSPF routing domain must be designed with

a backbone area and all the other areas should be

Cis Data Communications Concepts Wans
Data Communication Concepts I Instructions: Insert your answer after each question in a bold red typeface. When complete, attach the document as
your submission for this assignment. You may name your answers document any name you choose. Once I score your document it will be named [Last
Name][First Name], and returned to you as an attachment to my feedback. When your answer consists of a list of items, please enter only one list–item
per line. This helps speed the scoring process. Name: ________Hugo Tinoco sanchez___________ Assignment Questions: Describe the responsibilities
and scope of authority for each of the following government organizations. You may need to review the discussion on the ITU from chapter one:...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Describe the three dedicated–circuit network architectures discussed in the textbook. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of each. Ring
Architecture. Has a closed loop with all PC's linked to the next one. Circuits are full duplex or half duplex, which allows messaging in both
directions around the ring. The fall back is the time in which message can take to travel around the ring from the sender to a receiver, since the
messages have to pass through several different computers and circuits, concluding in traffic delays which can pile up quickly. Star Architecture
connects all the PCs to a central PC which acts as the message router to an appropriate PC. It's easier to manage because of the central PC receiving
and routing all the messages in the desired network. This allows the communication to be faster than ring architecture since it only travels through
two circuits to reach the receiver. However, having only one central pc can create more problems since its in change of all the messages on the
network. This creates room for overload in traffic and could potentially decrease performance overall. Mesh Architecture has every PC connected to
very other PC. This is a Full–mesh network, and it's biggest downfall is the high price. However, partial–mesh most PC, but not all are connected to
each other. Although it combines star and ring, if

Network Equipment That Supports Interconnecting Within...
1.Network equipment that supports interconnecting within Mission's remote locations as well as to FTOC hubs will be considered a part of the
DGITT's wide area network infrastructure.
2.To establish wide area network connectivity to the FTOC Hub, the field missions and offices must order a service request to FTOC.
3.Any network device or link connectives intended to be connected with FTOC Hubs must be informed and have communicated with the FTOC
Network Managers prior any hardware or contract service acquisitions.
4.The Leased Lines and MPLS service connectivity to FTOC Hubs must be complied with the access port types and other technical capabilities offered
by the FTOC infrastructure, and the technical specifications must be acquired ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7.FTOC Network Managers are responsible to plan, design, and review, approve, or deny changes to the entire DFS Wide Area Networkinfrastructure
for the reliable and efficient enterprise voice, video, and data communications throughout DFS. All planned, scheduled changes to the DFS Hub's Wide
Area Networks shall be performed by FTOC Network Engineering group and must be authorized by FTOC Network Managers.
8.FTOC Network Engineering Group is responsible for the implementation, operations, optimization, and configuration management and support of the
WAN infrastructure connecting to FTOC Hubs from DFS Field Missions and Offices. The FTOC Network Engineering Group responsibilities are
including but not limited to – Secured and optimized network configuration of the mission border router connectivity to FTOC; Unified
Communication, Call Admission Control, and Voice trunk connectivity from the mission border router to FTOC; Quality of Service configurations for
the Voice, Video, and Enterprise Applications; Load sharing and load balancing of the wide area network connectivity; and Wan Optimization
appliances and solutions throughout the DGITT's Wide Area Networks.
9.FTOC Remote Mission Support Section (RMSS) is responsible for the implementation, operations, optimization, and

Ait235 Quizes Essay
WEEK 1 QUIZ The _________ is a term for the device or unit that originates the information transfer. Answer* receiver* transmitter * repeater *
amplifier 5 points Question 2 A half–duplex circuit carries information ______________ . Answer * both ways but only one way at a time * only one
way * both ways simultaneously * none of the above 5 points Question 3 The _________ is a term for the device or unit that receives the information
transfer. Answer* receiver* transmitter* repeater* amplifier 5 points Question 4 A _________ area network usually has an extremely limited distance
of a few feet or meters. Answer * local * metropolitan *... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answer * does not use physical conductors * uses electromagnetic energy in the form of radio or light * are referred to as airwave or space wave
systems * all of the above 5 points Question 3 Wired media is a term for media which is ____________. Answer * conducted * bounded * guided* all
of the above 5 points Question 4 Wired media generally ____________. Answer * use metallic or glass conductors * has some form of twisting,
shielding, cladding or insulating * carries some form of electrical or optical energy * all of the above 5 points Question 5 A signal's frequency is
usually expressed in ______________ . Answer * meters * Hertz * feet * none of the above 5 points Question 6 A signal's wavelength is usually
expressed in ______________. Answer * meters * Hertz * feet * none of the above 5 points Question 7 The wavelength symbol (О») is the lower case
Greek letter ________. Answer * alpha * delta * lambda * gamma 5 points Question 8 Signal frequency (f) and signal wavelength (О») are related by
___________. Answer * f times c = О» (where c is the speed of light: 3 x 108 meters / second) * f = c / О» (where c is the speed of light: 3 x 108
meters / second) * f = О» / c (where c is the speed of

Distributed Denial Of Service ( Ddos )
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE (DDoS) Prachi Shah School of Informatics and Computing Indiana University Bloomington Email:
pracshah@indiana.edu Abstract––– Distributed Denial of Service attacks are executed by an attacker that uses numerous zombie machines to launch an
attack against the victim system. The purpose is to exhaust the connection bandwidth thereby, making a network resource or a service temporarily or
indefinitely unavailable to its intended users. Keywords DoS, DDoS, bandwidth, networks, zombie, botnet 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Computer Security
and Privacy One of the most challenging and important issues faced in the computer networks domain since a very long time now are network security
and privacy issues. These issues... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Previously, routers would implement FIFO method for storing SYN packets. Once new (bogus) SYN packets enter the system, old (legitimate) packets
are dropped off. Thus, the server memory gets overwhelmed by storing illegitimate packets and cannot accept new (legitimate) SYN requests from its
intended users thereby, denying services to its intended users. Over the time, routers became smarter. They use rate–based filtering. After a certain limit
of packets are accepted, routers don't further accept packets. Also, routers don't implement FIFO methods anymore. They only accept and store packets
from computers that send an ACK as response to their SYN–ACK and complete the 3–way handshake. Incoming packets from a computer system that
do not complete a 3–way handshake are dropped. 1.3 2 nd generation DoS attacks As the routers got smarter, attackers felt the need to improve their
techniques. The 2 generation DoS attack called Distributed Denial of Service attack is much more sophisticated than the traditional DoS attack. The
attacker uses one or more controller systems and targets a few thousand computer system to convert them into zombies. Zombies are computer systems
that have been infected by an external entity like a hacker, trojan horse or a computer virus and possess a security hazard. The owners of the zombie
machines are not aware of their system being compromised. A simple spam

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Noc
ABSTRACT
Network on chip (NoC) is the most reasonable and efficient solution for connecting the numerous cores in a System–on–Chip(SoC). In conventional
NoC architectures neighboring routers are connected via hard–wired unidirectional communication channels. Due to the uneven and unpredictable
nature of traffic patterns in NoC, one channel might be overflowed due to heavy traffic in one direction where as the other unidirectional channel is
idle, thus causing performance degradation, data loss and incompetent resource utilization. So as a cure for this problem, a bidirectional NoC (BiNoC)
is used, which uses bidirectional channels to connect neighboring routers and it also supports runtime recomputation of channel direction according ...
They have 3 types of architectures:
1–port : It consists of one ejection and one injection channel,
K–port : It has k ejection and k injection channels,
All–port : Here, number of external output channels equals the number of injection channels and number of external input channels equals the number
of ejection channels. Figure 3: Architecture of Single–Port Router With Both Input & Output Buffering
Channel:
It comprises of communication medium, link controllers, and buffers.
Buffer:
FIFO(First In First Out) memory buffer for temporarily storing one or several units of communication in transit. They are required for storing
transferred data until the next channel is reserved and is in a position tosurpass them. A router can implement:
Input and output buffering: Here, every output and input external channel is associated with a single buffer.
Input buffering: Here, buffers are connected only to input external channels.
Output buffering: Here, buffers are connected only to output external channels.
2.2 COMMUNICATION UNITS
Message:
It is the communication unit from a programmer's point of view.

The Transition Of Technology For Ipv6 Multi Homing
Abstract– Multi–homing is a technique in which a network is connected to more than one Internet Service Provider to increase the quality and
robustness of the Internet connection. This technical paper introduces the techniques and the approaches for IPv6 multi–homing. Further, it describes
the advantages and the disadvantages associated with the present technology, and the techniques that can be used to improve this technology. Also, a
comparison has been made between IPv4 and IPv6 multi–homing techniques.
Keywords – IPv6, multi–homing, PI, PA, Routing, BGP, NAT, Middle
–box.
I.INTRODUCTION
The transition of technology from IPv4 to IPv6 has led to an increased use of the multi–homing techniques. Multi–homing refers to the practice of ...
They are discussed in the following sections.
II.Routing Approach for IPv6 Multi–homing
The routing approach is the most prominent way for IPv6 multi–homing. The only drawback of this approach being the scalability issue. Every site that
carries out multi–homing using the routing approach adds an entry to the global routing table, thereby making it a difficult choice for multi–homing, as
far as scalability is concerned [5]. The different routing approach are as discussed below:
a)IPv6 Multi–homing with BGP
–PI address space:
Using Provider Independent (PI) addressing space is considered as the most effective technique for the ISPs and large enterprises. However, for small
ISPs this is not a good solution as it involves the use of BGP as well as causes issues related to scalability. The first step involved is to obtain a PI
allocation, i.e., to obtain your own IP address space or the permission to advertise a route [3]. As prescribed, the minimum PI allocation that can be
done is a /48. This is the most expensive of all the approaches due to its requirement of a PI space as well as an Autonomous System (AS) numbers.
Figure 1: Using PI address space
As shown in the figure above, we need to establish the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) sessions

Netw204 Quiz Answers Essay
Netw204 Final Week 8
Q&A
1| Given a network design of two or more routers, install necessary memory, interface modules, cables and IOS and test layer 1&2 connectivity.| 2|
Given a network topology of two or more routers and an IPv4 addressing scheme, implement static routing and confirm layer 3 connectivity.| 3| Given
a network topology and three or more routers and an IPv4 addressing scheme, implement RIPv1 routing protocol and confirm layer 3 connectivity.| 4|
Given a network topology of three or more routers with bandwidth designations, compare the metrics used during the route selection process and the
resulting routing tables generated by the DUAL and SPF algorithms.| 5| Given a network topology of three or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
a) Answer: Path Determination Function
23. The process used by a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it out another interface. a) Answer: Switching Function
24. A reference to the different parts of the Cisco IOS CLI. Different modes allow different kinds of commands (EXEC and configuration commands)
and different subsets of these commands. a) Answer: Mode
25. Another term for user mode, with specific emphasis on the fact that this mode allows the user to enter EXEC commands instead of configuration
commands. a) Answer: User EXEC Mode
26. An area of a Cisco router or switch CLI in which the user can issue the most powerful EXEC commands, including commands to configure the
router, reload the router, and erase the configuration. The name comes from the enable command, which moves the router from user mode to enable
mode. a) Answer: Privileged EXEC Mode
27. An area of a Cisco router or switch CLI in which the user can enter global configuration –commands.Global Configuration Mode
28. The process of initializing a computing device. a) Answer: Booting

29. A term used throughout the world of computing to refer to a basic hardware function that occurs when a computer (or router or switch) is powered
on. When a computer's power is first turned on, the hardware performs self–diagnostic testing of the hardware before it can load the OS into memory.
This term

Bp Network Essay
Improving Autonomous System Security for BGP Networks
1Introduction
The world today is largely dependent on the worldwide communication that the internet provides. Almost all sectors such as educational, entertainment,
political and economic sectors rely on the internet network to exchange and store information. Even seconds of downtime can affect these sectors
tremendously. This means that it is crucial for us to understand how these disruptions occur so that we can analyze it and improve its infrastructure. The
Internet infrastructure has a lot of loopholes. It could be from any layer of the OSI model. In this project, my aim is to find out the insecurities that can
disrupt the network due to a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such security incidents can hinder the day to day activities globally and cause stability.
2.2.1Project Goals
The BGP security is a highly researched area. The security aspect of it are still currently being researched, analyzed and tested. The goal here would
be to have an in–depth understanding of how the BGP protocols work and study the various methods to secure it.
2.2.2Project Objectives
We will be deploying a basic network with two Autonomous Systems using GNS3. The reason for choosing a basic network is because the main
function will be to analyze the BGP packets captured through Wireshark and we will use the same design to explain route degradation. We will also
be adding an IPsec tunnel between the nodes. Adding another node will make it complex to explain. Graphical design of security solutions will be
analyzed using GNS3. The security risk mitigation methods that will be analyzed are Route filtering and IPsec. This will be Implemented using GNS3
and the packet capturing will be done by Wireshark. An in–depth analysis of both the security solutions will be provided. Also, a detailed report on the
comparison of the two will be provided.
2.3Significance and potential benefits

The internet basically is not just a single network. It consists of a network of many Autonomous systems. These AS are connected internally. It is
crucial that none of them fail at any given point. This shows how significant even a

Pros And Disadvantages Of Routing
Networks are usually very humungous which makes the implementation of routing algorithms really tough. Hence there is a need to divide the
networks into autonomous systems. AS are groups of networks and routers which are under the control of a single admin. Routing can broadly be
divided into interior and exterior routing based on whether routing is inside an autonomous system or not.
There are three major/popular routing protocols being used.
Interior:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF)
Exterior
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is the simplest and commonly used routing protocol in IP networks. It makes use of distance vector routing
technique and UDP for transport ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages:
It has slow convergence. If a change is made in a network, it might take really long for the router to learn about it if they are not close by. To prevent
this max hop is introduced.
It is too simple in terms of metric
It might be unstable and leads to count to infinity problem. (loops of packets)
Scalability is an issue
Open Shortest Path First: OSPF is an interior routing protocol and is base on link state routing. It is comparatively more recent and efficient than the
widely used RIP. It also makes use of autonomous systems. It breaks the autonomous systems into one more level that is areas. It does not make use
of only hop count as metric. Metric based on type of service like minimum delay (rtt), maximum throughput, reliability, etc. It is competitively more
scalable than the RIP. It minimizes delay and maximizes throughput. It makes use of IP and has a value in the IP Header which is a 8 bit protocol field.
It has four different kind of links involved
Point to point
Virtual
Transient

Stub
It has five kinds of link state advertisement
Router link
Network link
Summary link to network
External

Application And Migration Of Sdn
Software Defined Networking: Google 's 'B4 ' SDN
Dhruv Bhatia
Illinois Tech dbhatia4@hawk.iit.edu ABSTRACT
Software Defined Networking or SDN is an emerging paradigm in the computer networking world that attempts to build a computer network by
essentially separating it into two systems, the control plane and the data plane. The separation effectively makes it possible to write a single high level
program to control the behavior of an entire network. This allows a network operator to potentially write programs to more easily secure, manage or
troubleshoot the networks. SDN has gained tremendous momentum and six of the world 's largest networks are supporting it, Google 's 'B4 ' network
being one of them. In this paper, I highlight the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These traffic patterns would cause very high demands for a particular resources that they could not meet with the existing network infrastructure. So
they had two choices, either scale the network infrastructure to meet the peaks, which is very expensive and leading to networks being under–utilized,
or you build your network in such a way that it can reconfigure itself automatically to cope with those peaks and channel the resources to meet the
appropriate demand. This is what SDN does.
There are only a few significant implementations of Software Defined Networking that exists today. One of those few is Google 's B4 SDN. This
research further describes the framework that Google has developed for their migration methods personified by a group of target networks which
includes the traditional network migration requirements, target network core requirement, phased migration requirement and finally validation
requirements to ensure a complete and successful network migration to SDN.
2. Client–Server Connection in SDN
A software defined network attempts to build a computer network by separating it into two systems. The first system is the control plane which
provides performance and fault management via NetFlow, IPFIX, SNMP and other standard protocols. It typically handles configuration management
of the SDN compliant devices and understands the network topology. Loaded with these

Limiting Ip Spoofing Through Bgp & Idpf Essay
Limiting IP Spoofing through BGP & IDPF
Mr. A.K.Kadam, Devadkar Kirti Rajaram, Ankita Kumari,Arunima
Mr. A.K.Kadam, Professor, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
Devadkar Kirti Rajaram,Student, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
Ankita Kumari, Student, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
Arunima,student, Dept. Of Computer Engineering,BVPCOE Pune,Maharashtara,India
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––***––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Abstract – IP Spoofing is a serious threat to the legitimate use of the Internet. By employing IP spoofing, attackers can overload the destination network
thus preventing it from providing service to legitimate user. In this paper, we propose an inter domain packet filter (IDPF) architecture that can
minimize the level of IP spoofing on the Internet. A key feature of our scheme is that it does not require globalrouting information. IDPFs are
constructed from the information implicit in Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) route updates and are deployed in network border routers. We establish
the conditions under which the IDPF framework correctly works in that it does not discard packets with valid source addresses. We show that, even
with partial deployment on the Internet, IDPFs can proactively limit the spoofing capability of attackers. In addition, they can help localize the origin
of an attack

The Network Structure Is Called Learning Beyond
Organization Description
The organization we will be working for to organize and implement their network structure is called Learning Beyond. It is a small educational program
that students can attend after school in place of the after–school child–care. It provides a fun educational environment for students who are in need of
additional tutoring in certain subjects, or who wish to expand their knowledge beyond the school day. As of right now, it is fairly small, but we would
like room for additional growth as the program gains popularity. The basic requirements are two main instructor computers, 10 student laptops, and one
wireless printer. Internet access will be needed for each of these computers as well. An additional building will later be provided at an alternate location
that will need to be connected to this main network. A JuniperRouter will be needed, since the operating system the computers will be running will be
JUNOS. We will configure the network to be run on the IPv6 addressing system, to prevent the need of reconfiguration when the mass crossover to
IPv6 occurs. The network needs to be configured to add any additional devices that will be needed in the future as the program grows.
Configuring IPv6 on a Juniper router A router on the network will provide the ability to connect multiple local area networks (LAN) together in order
for them to communicate. In this case, we will be using a Juniper router to accommodate the JUNOS operation system.

Routers : What Are Routers?
What are routers Lee 2
What are routers As the world starts to interconnect with each other, there are many elements working together that help each of us connect. Routers, a
layer 3 networking device technology that has been around for a while is an essential tool to help users and other devices access different networks.
Thus, we go into detail of how routers go about doing that. To start off, routers use the idea of data packets, which means that it will separate the
information into various packets and send them across the network one by one. Sometimes, the packets will go through different routes to their
destination due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of separating the data into packets is for efficiency. Each packet is sent off to the destination by the best available network route. Which
means that packets can travel through different available routes. Each data packet contains the IP address of the sending device, the IP address that the
packet is being sent to, information telling the receiving device the amount of packets the original data has been broken up into, including the current
packet's own number, and the actual information that is being sent. To put this into perspective, the websites, emails, and other information that we
view/do on the internet involves the usage of packets. When one views a web page for example, the packets that contain the information on the
website are being sent by the millisecond one by one from another device or server.
What are routers Lee 3
Routing Table In the RAM memory or NVRAM memory in the router itself, it contains routing information which is otherwise known as routing table.
The routing table provides a mapping between different network IDs and the other routers to which it is connected. Each entry in the table,
unsurprisingly called a routing entry, provides information about one network (or subnetwork, or host). It basically says "if the destination of this
datagram is in the following network, the next hop

Virtual Private Network ( Vpn )
Introduction – The Past:
Thirty years ago, there was no such need of privacy and data encryption as the Internet age had not taken off. In the 90s, VPN technology was still a
fairly new technology but was predicted that it would be the next big thing in the early 2000s. Only large companies could afford the price to use
dedicated lines to connect to remote locations. However, the disadvantages of the lease line are quite clear: Although large companies have the capitals
and needs for building private networks, small and medium companies could rely on the less expensive, packet switched X.25 network. As the size of
the Internet continued to grow, both small and large companies began to connect their private network with the public network. This brings a
convenience but with one obvious problem – privacy and security.
Virtual private network (VPN) was developed in 19XX by Stan Hanks, who build IP VPN based on TCP/IP–over–X.25 stack for CSNET. Its goal was
to ensure privacies and data integrities of communication and information. Thanks to the helps of many engineers and people such as XXX decided
not to patent the XXXX technology when he was in Microsoft, VPN technology was growing rapidly during the early 2000s. Over the year, its
flexibilities make travelled businessmen able to connect back to their companies' networks, it also made employees work from home possible.
Although some may argue that this makes the line between home and work space less clear, others claim that it

The Label Switching And Mpls Is A Technique That Enables...
Multiprotocol label switching or MPLS is a technique that enables the labeling of packets in such a way that facilitates network traffic and the
tracking of that packet across different routers along a network. As a technique, moreover, it is differentiated from a specific service, so that in essence
MPLS can be utilized in the delivery of different kinds of services, including virtual private networks on IP, Ethernet, and optics–based services. The
fundamental idea is that information about a packet in a network is saved in a kind of tag or label, known as the FEC or the forwarding equivalence
class. This FEC is a sequence of bits that is attached to the packet. From there, routers within a network access a lookup table whenever it handles a
packet, and that lookup table contains information on how to deal with the packet based on its FEC. This is a boost for network efficiency because in
traditional IP networks, the router has to do an analysis of the packet header, and therefore make decisions on how to deal with the packet after an
analysis step. This is a bottleneck, because the decision on what to do with the packet is done by each and every router. What happens is that the
packet, once within the network, is tagged, and that label corresponds to an action in the lookup table or index, from which the table then goes on to
give the packet a fresh FEC. The distinction power that this technique provides for different kinds of packets allows MPLS implementations to then

Unit 9 Assignment 1 Essay
Baldeo Persaud
NT1210
Unit 9 Assignment 1
Key Terms:
The Internet– The global network formed by interconnecting most of the networks on the planet, with each home and company network connecting to
an Internet service provider (ISP), which in turn connects to other ISPs.
Internet edge– The part of the Internet between an ISP and the ISP customer, whether the customer is a company or organization with a large private
TCP/IP network, or whether the customer is a single individual. point of presence– A term used by service providers, particularly for WAN or Internet
service providers instead of traditional telcos, that refers to the building where the provider keeps its equipment. Access links that connect the customer
device to the WAN... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
host name– A name made up of alphabetic, numeric, and some special characters, used to identify a specific IP host. Host names that follow the
convention for domain names in the DNS system use a hierarchical design, with periods separating parts of the name.
Domain Name System– The name of both a protocol and the system of actual DNS servers that exist in the world. In practice, DNS provides a way
for the world to distribute the list of matching host name/IP address pair information, letting each company maintain its own naming information, but
allowing the entire world to discover the IP address used by a particular host name, dynamically, using DNS protocols, so that any client can refer to a
destination by name and send IP packets to that host.
Subdomain– With DNS naming terminology, this term refers to a part of a host name (or domain name). That smaller part can be the part that a
company registers through IANA or some authorized agency to identify all hosts inside that company.
IPv4 address exhaustion– A term referring to the very real problem in the worldwide Internet, which first presented itself in the late 1980s, in which
the world appeared to be running out of the available IPv4 address space. classless interdomain routing (CIDR)– One of the short–term solutions to the
IPv4 address exhaustion problem that actually helped solve the problem for a much longer time frame. CIDR allows more flexibility in how many
addresses IANA assigns to a

The Heaviness Of Internet On The Internet
Thus, communication is the single largest purpose of internet access followed by entertainment and information search. Communication is also one of
the triggers which bring users on the Internet. 57% of the users started using the internet for sending and receiving e–mails. Of late, social networking
websites have also been instrumental in getting users to use the internet regularly. 30% of the users started their internet journey with social networking
websites.Figure 1.10 5. Frequency of Internet Access in Urban
Internet usage has seen a steep growth over last year with 54% of the active internet users accessing Internet daily. This is indeed an encouraging trend
and shows that the Internet has seeped in the lives of many in a big way.
Figure 1.11 This growth can be attributed mainly to the increased accessibility of rich content on the mobile phones and other handheld devices. Now,
one can stay 'connected' to the Internet 24/7 and perform more activities online than hitherto possible. Of the 17 Mn users who access the internet
daily, 34% access it several times a day. With internet literally coming within the reach of the common man, we can expect to have 100% of the users
accessing the in the internet daily.
Figure 1.12 6. Heaviness of Internet access
With the

Router and Switches
Router and Switches II In Routers and Switches we learned several things such as: what is a Router, why we need Routers, what is the importance
of a Router. We also learned what VLSM is and how to do it and use it. Throughout CCNA we learned how to configure a Router; the different types
of Routing protocols and most importantly what, when and how to use those protocols in the field. Finally I will discuss Switches in how they are
use to set up a LAN. Throughout this paper these topic will be discuss to cover what was learned through class lecture and text book (CCNA study
guide by Lammle) and actually applied through hands on labs which were done with actual Cisco Router and Switches within a working LAN and
Ethernet connection... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common of the two link state protocols is OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) it is widely used throughout the field (#1) due to it being a
non proprietor protocol as well as its ability to interface with other networks. With OSPF you can group router into small areas and link them
through a back bone when this is done you create the following a back bone router within the area of the back bone there is an area border router
(ABR), ABR must have one interface in each area meaning the back bone and the area trying to link to the back bone, OSPF can also connect to
multiple Autonomous System. When configuring OSPF you must assign a process number in all router within that group must use that same
number, the number can range for 1 to 65,535 you can also have more than one each one will maintain its own separate topology table as well as
manage it independently. There is also distance vectors RIP vs. 1 and 2 (Routing Information Protocol) these work well on small networks, IGRP
(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) and EIGRP (is the enhanced version of IGRP). The thing about these two meaning IGRP and EIGRP is that they
are proprietary protocols so they only work

Security And Beyond Information Technology
To I.T. Security & Beyond
Information technology has become a very dominant and ever growing industry in today's market. People have taken notice of it, and thus have
invested quite heavily into it. Everyone is going online nowadays, more than ever before, but this is not just limited to people. Financial/Educational
institutions, and various companies are all online in one form or another; being interconnected to the internet of everything. A prominent aspect of
information technology is security, and it has been attracting a lot of attention as of late. IT Security has garnered many companies and individuals to
invest so much into it; that it has essentially created an industry of its own. However, can all of this investment in IT Security really be justified? Let it
be known that the internet is not secure. It was originally created by the US military for communication purposes, and since then has grown into
network upon networks of computers and computer systems, for everyone to use. With the exponential growth that the internet has taken on, it's very
hard to make it as secure as one would like. However, there are measures and protocols that are put in place to do just that, secure the internet. The
internet is a combination of equipment, protocols and people, that when put together make everything just...work. It is a multi–layered system that
depends on not just the technology itself, but those people who manage/operate it, and of course the investment it requires for

Pros And Cons Of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
WIRELESS AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Raghav Thirani , Monica Chandil
ABSTRACT: An ad hoc network is a collection of nodes which are dynamically located in such a manner that their inter connections might change on
continual basis. A routing protocol is required, to facilitate communication inside the network by discovering routes between the nodes. This research
paper classifies various protocols and provides an overview about eight different protocols under varied categories.
1.INTRODUCTON:
Since their emergence, wireless networks have become increasingly popular. There are currently two kinds of wireless networks in use, namely
WLAN's and Ad Hoc. WLAN's are called infrastructure networks as they have fixed and wired gateways, whereas Ad hoc are called infrastructure
less networks as they don't have any fixed routers, all nodes in this are capable of movement and can be connected ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It starts by throwing light on Table Driven or Proactiverouting protocols, then moving forward to On –demand or Reactive routing protocols. It further
discusses about Hybrid routing protocols which are a mixture of the previous two. We end the discussion on these routing protocols by introducing the
Hierarchical routing protocols.
2.TABLE DRIVEN PROTOCOLS
Table driven routing protocols are also called as proactive routing protocols. They try to maintain the consistent, up to date routing information from
each node to every other node in the network[1]. Nodes respond to network topology changes by propagating route updates throughout the network.[1]
in this paper we discuss three proactive routng protocols namely: Optimised Link State Routing protocol(OLSR) , Destination Sequenced Distance
Vector Routing(DSDV) and Wireless routing protocol (WRP).
2.1DSDV:
In this routing protocol, every node maintains a routing table which has got entries of all the possible destination nodes and the number of hops to each

of

The Internet Engineering Task Force
OSPF is one of the most popular interior gateway protocols. It gathers updates from other link–state routers and combines them to create a map of the
network. OSPF was developed in 1988, after RIP began running into technical issues with larger networks. While OSPF has been around for almost 30
years, it is still widely used today, and is still one of the best IGP 's available.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed OSPF as a solution to the technically flawed RIProuting protocol. In 1988, they formed a group
to research and develop a new routing protocol based on the link–state algorithm, which was more suited towards modern networks. Under the
development of ARPAnet, some research had already been conducted on the link–state algorithm. The IETF named the new protocol Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF). Its name is relatively self–explanatory: The word open refers to open source, allowing everyone to use it without proper licensing. The
SPF portion points to the shortest path first, based on the link–state algorithm it uses. The link–state algorithm was designed to allow routers to
determine the shortest path between any two networks. The original version of OSPF, described in RFC 1131, was published in October of 1989.
There have been several more iterations of the OSPF protocol, namely OSPF version 2, published in July of 1991 (Kozierok). OSPF differs from its
predecessor, RIPv1, in many ways (including several upgrades to the algorithm itself). Updates are

The Osi And Tcp Model
1.Introduction In this report, the OSI and TCP/IP models will be compared after going through a brief history and how the models were made. The
report will bring the reader a greater understanding about the OSI and TCP model. The model shows the different layers for example for the OSI
model it has the following layers: Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer, Transport layer, Network layer, Data
–Link layer and Physical
layer. The similarities in the TCP model would be: the Application layer and the Transport layer. This is then compared for the differences to see
which models layer has, that is different to the other. 2.The OSI Model 2.1.Brief History In the late 1970's, two projects started separately, with the
same ambitions: to characterize a unifying standard for the architecture of networking systems. An individual was administered by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the other was undertaken by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee known as
CCITT. In 1983, these two documents were merged to form a criterion called The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection. This
was too long to pronounce, so the standard is usually referred to as the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, or more commonly known as
the OSI Model. The OSI model had two major parts: an abstract model of networking, called the "Basic Reference Model" or the "seven–layer model",
and a set of precise

Essay about IT530 Assignment-Unit 6
Running head: IT530 ASSIGNMENT UNIT 6
IT530 Assignment–Unit 6
No Name
Kaplan University
Prof: Jeffrey Robinson
03/15/2014
IT530 Assignment–Unit 6
Introduction
Wireless Security
The concepts of wireless network security consist of commitment of cyber security and maintaining security based on the latest development and
exploits against the network K.W. Ross, J. K. (2012). Wireless Network Security is based on the principles of cryptography, message integrity,
authentication, securing e–mails, securing TCP connections: SSL, securing Network layer: IPsec, securing wirelsess: LANs, securing the operational
security structure, such as the firewalls and the IDS K.W. Ross, J. K. (2012). This security... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Network security revolves around confidentiality, authentication, message integrity, and access availability.
The vulnerabilities of wireless networking may involve the attack of web browsers, on–line banking, DNS servers, and routers exchanging routing table
updates, purchases, transactions or stolen personal data. The lack of security with a wireless system may result in denial of service, hijacking, fake
impersonation, or eavesdropping for interception of messages through cyber–crimes. Each communicating user should select the language of
cryptography, agree and share the symmetric key. The best security practices includes firewalls, intrusion detection systems, secured and updated
applications, transport, configured properly working network, and link layers.
Questions/Answers
Assignment Instructions:
1. Consider your own use of wireless networks; do you use a smartphone or a tablet?
Answer: I use an IPAD Air, a smartphone, wired/wireless desktop, and a Laptop.
2. Do your methods of securing your handheld devices differ from any methods that you may use when connecting wirelessly with a computer?

Answer: The method for securing my smartphone and my IPAD Air is much different from my Desktop and Laptop. Do you use awireless network at
your workplace?
Answer: No, my company does not allow wireless systems, not even with the telephone.
If so, what methods are used in your workplace for securing the wireless "cloud"? Would you suggest

Denial-Of-Service Attacks
Figure 4: How Several Requests Sent to a Access Point Can Disrupt Network Service
A cyber–criminal can create a denial–of–service attack by sending spam emails to a network. The spam emails can be sent to an email account
supplied by an employer or a free email account offered by Hotmail and Yahoo. With each email account, the user is assigned a specific quota that
specifies the amount of space the account can have at a given time. If the cyber–criminal sends large amounts of spam messages to a user's email
account then the quota will be exceeded and prevent the user from receiving legitimate messages. When a denial–of–service attack is launched, the
cyber–criminal can also choose to deny authorized users' access or limit their access by creating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cafГ© latte attack relies on a user's laptop being connected to a Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protected network and tricks the user into
sending thousands of WEP–encrypted ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) requests. An ARP is a network protocol that maps together a network
layer address and a data link layer hardware address. For example, an ARP is used to resolve IP addresses to their corresponding Ethernet address
(Leyden, 2007). For a cafГ© latte attack to be successful, the cyber–criminal does not have to be in the same area as the user but can also be in a
remote location to intercept the WEP key. A cyber
–criminal can take advantage of the message modification flaws in the 802.1WEP architecture and
the shared key authentication by flooding a network with encrypted Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests. A cafГ© latte attack functions by
using a bit–flipping technique that modifies the Media Access Control (MAC) address and Internet Protocol address (IP address) of a user's computer
which is collected when gratuitous ARP requests are sent from the cyber–criminal. When the user responds to the gratuitous ARP requests, the
cyber–criminal can quickly crack the WEP key from the user's traffic. With a cafГ© latte attack, a cyber–criminal can obtain the WEP key in less

Threats Of Bgp Protocol, Security And Experiment By Using...
Student Number: 100782427
Ioannis Adamos
Title: Threats of BGP Protocol, Security and Experiment by using Hijacking.
Supervisor: Geraint Price
Submitted as part of the requirements for the award of the
MSc in Information Security at Royal Holloway, University of London.
I declare that this assignment is all my own work and that I have acknowledged all quotations from published or unpublished work of other people. I
also declare that I have read the statements on plagiarism in Section 1 of the Regulations Governing Examination and Assessment Offences, and in
accordance with these regulations I submit this project report as my own work.
Signature:
Date:
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction3
1.1 Internet Architecture4
1.2 Routing and IP Addressing4
1.2.1 IP addressing5
1.2.2 IANA5
1.2.3 CIDR5
Chapter 2 Background6
2.1 Review on TCP/IP Protocols6

2.1 Review on TCP/IP Layers8
2.1.1 Application Layer8
2.1.2 Transport Layer8
2.1.3 Internet Layer9
2.1.4 Network Access9
2.1.5 Physical Layer10
2.2 Routing Protocols10
2.2.1 RIP Protocol10
2.2.2 RIPv210
2.2.3 OSPF11
2.3 Disadvantages and Advantages of Using RIP and OSPF11
2.4 BGP Protocol12
Chapter 3 BGP Overview12
3.1 PATH Attributes13
3.1.1 Well–known Attributes13
3.1.2 Optional Attributes14
3.1.3 As_Path Attribute14
3.1.4 Next_ Hop15
3.1.5 Multi_Exit_Disc Attribute16
3.2 BGP Gateways16
3.3 Announces of Network Prefixes17
3.4 BGP Messages17
3.5 Choosing Between Different

Bp Research Paper
Nowadays distributed systems are large and finding faults in such large system ishard. Distributed nature of those faults makes it complex to identify.
Again thosefaults are often partial, irregular and may result in abnormal behavior rather thansystem failure. So diagnosing a problem in such systems
require collecting relevantinformation from many different nodes and correlating those with the problem.One of the main sources of information that
can give the idea about root cause of prob–lems in a distributed systems is communication information between nodes. Lookingat communication
between different devices in distributed system, it is seen that thoseare operated using various protocols. Among the protocols, Border... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These devices,involved in communication, use communication system comprising mostly of switches,routers and nodes or physical devices. To
diagnose any problem in these complexnetworks comprising of these devices is time consuming and erroneous. Existed works[12] mainly focused on
analyzing control plane to solve the problems. However HaohuiMai et al proposed analyzing data plane to debug the network problems[12] . In
theirproposed prototype Anteater, Forwarding Information Bases (FIBs) of the networktopology and devices are collected and represented as boolean
functions. The networkoperator specifies an invariant (like Loop–free forwarding,consistency or connectivity)to be checked. Anteater combines the
specified invariant with the data plane stateinto instances of boolean satisfiability problem (SAT), thus performs analysis on it.If network state violates
an invariant, a specific counterexample like a packet header,FIB entries, and path triggering the potential bug was provided. Anteater was appliedto a
large university campus network, 23 bugs were found and of those only 5 were8 false positives. However here facilities for providing information in
cases like why aninvariant did not violate network state was not mentioned.Again in distributed system, different nodes communicating with each

Firewall Essay
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT/SYNOPSIS
A firewall is a product that sets up a security border whose primary undertaking is to piece or limit both approaching and active data over a system.
These firewalls are fundamentally not compelling and suitable for professional workplaces to keep up security of data while it bolsters the free trade
of perspectives. In this paper, i think about system firewall that helps the professional workplace and alternate systems that need to trade data over the
system. A firewall ensures the stream of activity over web and is less prohibitive of outward and internal data and furthermore give inward client the
fantasy of unknown FTP and www availability to web.
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It ensures protection by standing amongst system and the outside world. The information move in any direction must go through the firewall.
3.0 TYPES OF FIREWALLS :
There are various types of technique which might be executed by a firewall. Some of them are as per the following:
Packet channel
Application gateway
Circuit level gateway
Proxy server
3.1 PACKET FILTER:
It focuses at one packet at once and after that it applies some set of guidelines to every packet and afterwards it chooses to either forward the packet
or dispose the packet. The standards depend on various fields in the IP and TCP/UDP headers i.e. Source and destination address, IP protocol field,
TCP/UDP port number.
Attackers can break the security with the assistance of following techniques:
IP ADDRESS SPOOFING : In this kind of attack, attackers send a packet to inside network, by setting source
IP address equals to IP address of inside client.
SOURCE ROUTING ATTACKS: Here attackers determine the route that is trailed by the packet to move along the web with the goal that packet filter

can be tricked to sidestep its normal checks.
Solution: The solution of this attack is disposed of all packets that use this alternative.
Advantages:
It is Simple to execute.
Low hardware cost, shabby boxes can do packet filtering.
Rules set are less complex.
3.2 APPLICATION GATEWAYS
With a specific end goal to control dangers when internal server permits connections

Essay on Border Gateway Protocol
The protocol I chose to write about is the Border Gateway Protocol because it is the main protocol used to operate the internet and recommended
protocol for Cisco design certifications. The BGP protocol is an inter–autonomous protocol; which means it is for connecting separate large networks,
such as a college network to a corporate network or the internet. Due to the large number of routes and connection this protocol must manage; it uses
very many features, or attributes, to achieve this. Cisco defines these attributes as weight, local preference, multi–exit discriminator, origin, AS_path,
next hop, and community. These attributes are used to discover networks and determine the best path to use for sending packets to those networks....
The first attribute we will look at is called the weight attribute. This is a Cisco proprietary attribute, so it is not found with other vendors. This attribute
simply assigns a weight value to any know routes on an individual router. This value is not passed on to any other routers. Each router can have its
own independent weight values for any known routes. If two separate routes to the same network are known, the one that has the highest assigned
weight value will be the preferred route. The local preference attribute is used to determine the best exit point for an autonomous system (AS). This
value is shared by all the routers in the AS to select the best interfaces and routers for reaching known networks. Each known network may exit on any
router in the AS, or all on one router in the AS. The route is determined by which router has the highest local preference number for a given network.
The multi–exit discriminator attribute is kind of the opposite of the local preference. This attribute is sent to a connected AS that is running BGP to
suggest the best route in the AS advertising the MED. This is just a suggestion, as the receiving AS can determine its own path by other means. The
origin attribute is just that, a way for a router to know how it learned of a path to a network. There are three different ways to learn about a path; IGP,
EGP, and incomplete. The first is internal

The Pros And Cons Of Cross-Border E-Commerce
On an average, the proportion of selling and purchasing Cross–Border E–commerce is about only 20%. Even in the traditionally larger E–commerce
markets like UK and Germany, only a relatively modest number of Cross–Border E–commerce would happen on a yearly basis.
However, a surprise would be the rapid growth in Spain and Portugal in this aspect of E–commerce.
With that being said, the market seems to be settling for the "overall good", in terms of Cross–Border E–commerce. Recent reports indicate a shocking
54% consumers were involved in Cross–Border E–commerce in 2017, which is a 2% growth over the previous year 2016.
They are not buying things in between countries; however, international sites are being targeted. One of the major players would be the AliExpress...
Site rendering – responsive geographical access
This is the subtle change that I was talking about.
You will set up your website based on preferred local language, currency and trends to attract consumers.
However, you need to be careful about the currency conversion changes on a daily basis.
Some consumers exploit the fact of dip in exchange rate to buy goods on these portals. You need to have a periodic price update depending on the
exchange rate in the market.
If you are able to clear these common yet subtle hurdles; you are establishing an excellent Cross–Border E–commerce platform.
5.What is the size of Cross–Border E–commerce in China and its potential?
Being the most populated country in the world, China is yet to undergo a complete E–commerce awareness.
There are many reasons for this; nonetheless their Cross–Border E–commerce is expected to grow at 50% annually. The thought of sky is the limit has
been changed to limitless potential.
The people belonging to middle–class and upper middle–class sectors in China are in need of clothing and foreign gadgets which are yet to be available

Before networks became extensive, there was no such thing...
Before networks became extensive, there was no such thing as interior and exterior gateway protocols. A network simply just ran on a generic routing
protocol. This eventually ran into problems so Routing Information Protocol (RIP) was developed and ran as the single routing protocol for many
years [1]. As the internet grew, however, this singlerouting protocol could no longer handle all the traffic. Because of this, over time numerous other
routing protocols were developed to meet the needs of routing. One of the numerous gateway protocols that were developed was Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP), which is classified as an exterior gateway protocol (EGP).
BGP was developed in January 1989 at the 12th Internet Engineering Task Force Meeting... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is done by rejecting any routing update in which a local AS number is contained [2]. If a local AS was accessed and already contained, it tells
BGP that the route has already passed through that AS. Additional routing information is found in below.
To complete these tasks successfully, BGP was designed to run over a reliable transport protocol, which is why it uses TCP as it is a
connection–oriented protocol (specifically port 179) [2]. TCP also allows eliminates the need for BGP to implement explicit update information,
retransmissions, acknowledgements, and sequencing [3].The current version that is being used since roughly 1995 is version 4. This version
introduced numerous new BGP features and extensions to allow it to forward routing information to the protocol address families IPv4, IPv6, and
CLNS [2]. This way the extensions allow all internet protocols to be valid connecting all networks across the world.
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS
An autonomous system is a single routing protocol in a collection of networks with the same routing policy [4]. It can also be defined as a network
controlled by a single technical administration entity. They are usually under a single ownership and identified by a unique number. Service providers
and enterprise customers such as AT&T are examples of an autonomous system. They are used to divide external global networks into distinct routing
domains so that local routing policies can be applied [2]. This simplifies

Main Types Of A Network
Part One: Hubs: Hubs are used to construct a network by connecting multiple computers in a star / hierarchical network topology, the most
common form of local networks now every day. A hub is a simple device when it is sent bits of computer data from A to B, it is not to examine the
purpose, instead, it sends the signal to all other computer (B, C, D ..) within the network. B will then get it, while rejecting the other nodes. This
confirms that the traffic is released. Hubs works in the Physical layer in TCP/IP protocol stack. There are two main types of stroke: 1. Liability:
The signal is transmitted as it is (it does not need power). 2. Active: The signal is amplified, so they function as a repeater. In fact, they were called a
multiport repeater. (PSU) Hubs can be connected to expand the network to other platforms with an uplink port. Switches: Switches place the other
side are more advanced then hubs, Instead of diffusion through the frame, a controlled switch makes for the destination MAC address and forwards
the appropriate port only reach the computer. In this way, switches reduce traffic and divide the collision domain into segments, which is very suitable
for busy LANs and protects photos, from other computers sniffed the same segment. A table with the MAC address belongs to which segment is built.
If a destination MAC address is not in the table, it sends all segments except the source segment. If the same objective as the source of the frame is
rejected.

Description Of 6lowpan Network
1.6LoWPAN
6LoWPAN integrates IP–based infrastructures and WSNs by specifying how IPv6 packets are to be routed in limited networks consisting of IEEE
802.15.4 networks. Because of the constrained payload size of the link layer in 6LoWPAN networks, the 6LoWPAN standard also defines
fragmentation and reassembly of datagram. The IEEE 802.15.4 frame size may additionally exceed the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size of
127 bytes for massive application data, in that case additional fragments are needed. 6LoWPAN networks are connects to the Internet through the 6BR
(6LoWPAN Border Router) that is analogous to a sink in a WSN. It plays compression or decompression and fragmentation or assembly ofIPv6
datagram's.
2.RPL
RPL stands for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The root initially broadcasts a DIO message (DODAG Information Object) as depicted in Figure 1. This message contains the information required
by RPL nodes to discover a RPL instance, get its configuration parameters, select a parent set, and maintain the DODAG graph. Upon receiving a
DIO message, a node adds the sender of the message to its parents list and determines its own rank value by taking into account the objective
function referred in the DIO message. The rank value of a node corresponds to its position in the graph with respect to the root and must always be
greater than its parents rank in order to guarantee the acyclic nature of the graph. It then forwards updated DIO messages to its neighbors. Based on
its parents list, the node selects a preferred parent which becomes the default gateway to be used when data has to be sent toward the DODAG root.
At the end of this process, all the nodes participating in the DODAG graph have an upward default route to the DODAG root. This route is composed
of all the preferred parents. The DIO messages are periodically sent according to a timer set with the trickle algorithm [16] which optimizes the
transmission frequency of control messages depending on the network state. A new node may join an existing network by broadcasting a DIS message
(DODAG Information Solicitation) in order to solicit DIO messages from its neighbors. The DAO messages (Destination Advertisement Object)

Network Technology, Structure, And Protocols
Introduction
This paper is about basic network technology, structure, and protocols. This paper will cover the module question "Discuss how the structure of the
TCP IP framework has enabled the expansion of the Internet into a worldwide network. Discuss issues with this network. Is it big enough? Are
enough IP addresses for all? What is being done under IPV6? This will be accomplished by addressing the crore topics as well as how IP started to
grow, the issues with the network in regards to technological limitations as well as the different types of vulnerabilities and attacks. This paper will
conclude with a summary.
Structure of TCP IP and expansion In the beginning, the internet was without form. It was in the early phases with agencies such as DARPA and
educational institutes that we laying the ground for what the internet turned into. However, as the internet grew, not everyone used the same
communication method so there had to be gateways installed on the border of networks in order to translate one type of protocol into another
(Bellovin, S. M.). This was not good so the advent of TCP IP was constructed. This allowed for uniformed communication and thus brought on the rapid
expansion of the internet. The internet follows the open systems interconnect model (OSI) developed by Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information
Services, this consists of seven layers. 1. The physical layer, this includes both wired and wireless forms of communication. An Ethernet cable or

An Analysis Of The EGP, Border Gateway Protocol

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