1970S Environmental Policy

1970s Environmental Policy
Environmental Policies
The History Of The Environmental Policies
Environmental laws have improved over the last century with an important advancement during the 1960s and
1970s. The EPA was formed in 1970 to enforce these policies in the United States.
U.S. Environmental Laws
The following is the list of all environmental policies in the United States in chronological order:
Atomic Energy Act (1954): The AEA establishes regulations of construction and use of nuclear plants and
facilities.
Clean Air Act (1970): The CAA regulates the air quality standards and pollution control.
Clean Water Act (1972): The CWA regulates the water quality standards and control water pollutants.
Coastal Zone Management Act (1972): This act protects the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mission for the EPA is plain and simple; to protect human health and the environment. The EPA
responsibility is to develop, manage, and enforce environmental regulations in the United States. The EPA helps
states by giving grants to restore damage areas and to protect the environment. This agency studies the past,
present, and possible environmental issues and teaches the people about those types of issues. The EPA does not
deal with the Endangered Species Act, which is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife. The EPA does not handle
nuclear waste issues; the Department of Energy of Environmental Management handles nuclear waste
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Essay On Environmental Pollution
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Efforts to improve the standard of living for humans––through the control of nature and the development of new
products––have also resulted in the pollution, or contamination, of the environment. Much of the world's air,
water, and land is now partially poisoned by chemical wastes. Some places have become uninhabitable. This
pollution exposes people all around the globe to new risks from disease. Many species of plants and animals have
become endangered or are now extinct. As a result of these developments, governments have passed laws to limit
or reverse the threat of environmental pollution.
Ecology and Environmental Deterioration
The branch of science that deals with how living things, including ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Factories sometimes turn waterways into open sewers by dumping oils, toxic chemicals, and other harmful
industrial wastes into them. In mining and oil–drilling operations, corrosive acid wastes are poured into the water.
In recent years, municipal waste treatment plants have been built to contend with water contamination. Some
towns, however, still foul streams by pouring raw sewage into them. Septic tanks and cesspools, used where
sewers are not available, may also pollute the groundwater and adjacent streams, sometimes with disease–causing
organisms. Even the purified effluent from sewage plants can cause water pollution if it contains high
concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. Farm fertilizers in some regions fill groundwater with nitrates,
making the water unfit to drink. Agricultural runoff containing dangerous pesticides and the oil, grime, and
chemicals used to melt ice from city streets also pollute waterways.
Land and Soil Pollution
In order to sustain the continually growing human population, current agricultural methods are designed to
maximize yields from croplands. In many areas, the overuse of land results in the erosion of topsoil. This soil
erosion, in turn, causes the over–silting or sedimentation of rivers and streams.
One answer to the garbage problem is recycling. Some towns have passed ordinances that encourage or require
residents to

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Of 1948
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) (P.L. 80–845, 62 Stat. 1155) of 1948 was the first major law
enacted by Congress to address the problems of water pollution in the United States (n.d). Legislators created
over 100 bills in an attempt to pass legislation over the previous half century, but were not successful. Industrial
and urban growth caused by World War II in 1948, led to obvious, notorious pollution of the country's rivers,
streams, and lakes, urging Congress to finally address the issue. Unfortunately, the act was not designed well
enough to achieve the goals set out to address the issue. It did not ban pollution, only gave limited power to the
federal government, and provided an extremely awkward enforcement mechanism. The Federal Water Pollution
Control Act was not successful in preventing and reducing water pollution. Pollution continued to increase
because of the federal government's inability to require any direct reduction in discharges. As a result, the quality
of the nation's waters had no improvement. On the other hand, the act established a popular and political support
for pollution control efforts. Congress rewrote the act in 1972 to provide more acceptable protection for the
nation's waters. It also established the basic agenda for water pollution control, which was amended by Congress
afterwards. Congress made changes to the act six times before rewriting it in 1972.
The Clean Water Act of

Clean Water Act 1948
CLEAN WATER ACT
The Federal water pollution control act in 1948 is the first initiative by federal to ensure the cleanliness of water,
although the water pollution is considered as one of major problem for many states, the federal has set up this act
with a few goals and objectives. But after mid 1950's and 1960's there were four amendments were noticed,
which primary dealt with providing financial assistance for municipal drainages and for other research activities
based on water pollution. By late 1960's these activities performed by federal were not effective in controlling
water pollution because of slow progress in cleanup initiatives and no strict regulations against violation of this
law mainly resulted in raise in public interest towards ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
References:
1. Sullivan, Thomas F. P, and Thomas Lynch Adams. Environmental Law Handbook. Rockville, MD.:
Government Institutes, 1997. Print.
2. Hellawell, Trevor. Environmental Law Handbook. London: Law Society, 2002. Print.
3. Mattioni, John. Pennsylvania Environmental Law Handbook. Lanham, Md.: Government Institutes, 2004.
Print.
4. Gross, Joel M, and Lynn Dodge. Clean Water Act. [Chicago]: Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources,
American Bar Association, 2005.
5. Richard Smith, Richard Alexander, and M.Gordon Wolman, Water Quality Trends in the Nation's Rivers. 235
Science 1607, 1987.
6. Gross, Joel M, and Lynn Dodge. Clean Water Act. [Chicago]: Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources,
American Bar Association, 2005.
7. U.S. EPA Clean Water Successes and Challenges, at http://www.cleanwater.gov/action/c1a.html.
8. Drew Caputo, A Job half Finished: The Clean Water Act After 25 Years, 27 ELR 10574, November 1997;
Robert Percival (ed), Alan Miller, and Christopher Schroeder, Environmental Regulation: Law, Science, and
Policy (Little, Brown & Co.,

The Protection Of Marine Pollution
Over the years, industries change in accordance with new regulations that come about after major events. In the
maritime industry, this statement is also true. Before conventions like International Convention for the Prevention
of Marine Pollution from Ships, ship crews would discard plastics and other trash products that would otherwise
be illegal. The industry did not regard the environment as they do now because their focus was on cargo and
other aspects of their job. With laws like The Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the industry has changed its view on the
environment and pollution. Now, companies have their own policies that involve keeping the environment clean
that exceed that of the law. MARPOL and OPA–90 changed the maritime industry ... Show more content on
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The IMO decided that this convention would become the MARPOL Protocol of 1978. This protocol absorbed the
first MARPOL convention, and both came into effect on October 2, 1983. In addition to the two conferences,
IMO held another colloquium in 1997 where another amendment to MARPOL occurred. This conference added
the sixth annex to MARPOL and started being enforced in May of 2005. The original MARPOL convention was
IMO's first major step towards pollution prevention, even though their were many smaller conferences by other
states. One of these smaller conventions was the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the
Sea by Oil (OILPOL). It covered discharge of oil and some regulations for prevention, but was mainly ignored
throughout the industry. Then the Torrey Canyon incident occurred. Torrey Canyon was a tanker that ran aground
in the English Channel, where it spilled 120,000 tons of crude oil. This incident exposed the inadequacy the
maritime industry had for oil pollution prevention, so IMO called for a meeting. This meeting was the first
MARPOL convention. It absorbed OILPOL, but it did not stop there. MARPOL expanded on OILPOL to create
tighter regulations on oil pollution to prevent bigger incidents than the Torrey Canyon. MARPOL also added
annexes covering pollution by chemicals, harmful substances in packaged form, sewage, and garbage into their
annexes to regulate all of

Case Analysis : Admiralty Law
Admiralty Law
Name
Institution
Course
Date
Admiralty Law
Facts
On 1 February 2012, an oil tanker known as The North Star operated and owned by Poseidon Ltd, is grounded a
mile near the port of Swansea. The tanker broke up and started leaking crude oil into the sea. The leak is then
washed up on the beaches surrounding Swansea. The tankers' grounding was wholly caused by Jeremy's
negligence, a pilot employed by SHA, Swansea Harbor Authority. Due to heavy seas, salvage attempts for the
vessel became difficult. As a result of this, it took The Ocean Salvation crew about four days to reach the
grounded tanker. At this point, more than 10,000 tonnes of crude oil had spilled into the sea. The Ocean Salvation
is operated by Seamorgan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All the guests in his hotel cancel their holidays in February and March. The losses he suffered in terms of revenue
amounted to £50,000. A local cockle angler – Huw, suffers substantial losses following the step by the UK
government to enact the Emergency Restrictions Act in 2012, which banned the harvesting and sale of cockles
within the area of the oil spill. This ban lasted close to 18 months and Huw having no other alternative source of
income suffered significantly. Another local resident, the owner of Fantastic Fauna Ltd – Dewi who runs boat
trips to observe the harbor seals found in Swansea. Due to the oil spills, scientist observed that the seals had been
permanently displaced from Swansea and had instead settled in Cardiff. Due to the oil spills and consequent
closure of hotels in Swansea area such as Tawe, which was the biggest client of Swansea Suds – a company that
makes soap – closes down. Aled, the owner of that company suffers substantial losses of over £35,000 per
annum.
In addition, the Ocean Salvation collides with Net Gain a few days later on its way to Portsmouth. This collision
is attributed to the excessive speed of the Ocean Salvation. However, the Ocean Salvation has left the UK waters,
is in Brazil for another rescue operation, and has been there since 28 February 2012. Seamorgan Salvage
Solutions was consequently sued by Tony and Steve, former crewmembers of the Ocean Salvation, for unpaid
wages. Seamorgan Salvage Solutions

What Is The Implementation Of PPP In The Compensation System
3.1.1 Implementation Mechanisms
Implementation of PPP in the liability and compensation regime is seen through adequate reference to
mechanisms such as compulsory insurance and compensation funds whereby a ship owner is required to
constitute a fund with the Court for the total limit of his liability to avail the benefit of limitation , and maintain
compulsory insurance certified by the appropriate State authority for any ship carrying more than 2,000 tons of
oil .
3.1.2 Loss of Right to Limit Liability
There is very narrow scope for a ship owner to be exonerated from strict liability. It requires proof that damage
resulted from war or was wholly caused by an intentional act or omission of a third party or by negligence of an
authority ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Small Tanker Oil Pollution Indemnification Fund (STOPIA) was established to raise maximum amount of
compensation payable for small ships and the Tanker Oil Pollution Indemnification Agreement (TOPIA) was
established to indemnify the supplementary fund 50% of the compensation amount it pays in event of an oil
pollution accident.
Considering the costs of some of the biggest oil spills in history, the SF holds adequate funds to deal with oil
spills of high magnitudes; till date no incident has required compensation from the SF . The liability and
compensation provisions of the CLC and FC satisfy the main components the PPP by allowing the victims
impartial access to remedies and allocating costs of pollution damage, emergency response and clean up to the
polluters .
The abovementioned factors show that the Conventions have come a far way in achieving a perfect balance in
burden sharing among the shipping and oil industries, adapting the 'polluter pays' theory to the extent feasible.
Disturbing this balance for the few incidents where admissible claims exceeded the limits under the 1992 CLC
and FC would mean disturbing a widely accepted, well–tested and successful system operating on an
international level .
An interesting view is raised by Chao Wu in his paper on threats to the International Convention System; he
questions the fairness in expecting the transporter and cargo owners to bear all the costs

Oil Pollution in the Oceans
Oil
By the time the first oceanographers began widespread testing, the Industrial Revolution was well underway and
changes had already occurred. Since the industrial revolution, pollution has become a major problem in this
world. Pollutants cause damage by interfering directly or indirectly with the biochemical processes of an
organism. Some pollution–induced changes may be instantly lethal; other changes may weaken an organism over
weeks or months, alter the dynamics of the population of which it is a part, or gradually unbalance the entire
community. There are many forms of pollution, which include natural and man–made. Oil is a natural pollutant
that is spread by seeping, dumping and spills.
Oil is naturally in the marine environment. Oil seeps have been leaking large quantities of oil into the ocean for
millions of years.
Because of our growing dependence on petroleum products, offshore drilling, and street runoff carrying waste oil
from automobiles, the amount of oil entering the ocean has increased greatly in recent years. Every year more
than 908 million liters of used motor oil finds its way into the ocean. Motor oil that has been used is more toxic
than crude oil or new oil because it has developed carcinogenic and metallic components from the heat and
pressure within internal combustion engines.
Spills of crude oil are generally larger in volume and more frequent than spills of refined oil. Most components of
crude oil do not dissolve easily in water, but those

The Impact Of Marine Pollution On Our Environment
Marcus Sarvis Mrs.Ashley Rutherford English IV 12 October 2017 The Impacts of Marine Pollution in Society
Throughout history humans have always neglected the ocean and polluted the ocean. Pollution has been around
even since the Roman times. Marine pollution today has gotten worse due to the fact that society is ignoring the
issue and still making over 220 million tons of plastic that are produced each year. There are now close to 500
dead zones covering the ocean globally That is equivalent to the surface of the United Kingdom. Society had let
these conditions fester for too long. Marine pollution has impacted society in different types of ways such as
nonpoint source pollution, point source pollution, and the negative impact marine ... Show more content on
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Hydro Modifications alter the patterns of the instream, water temperature, sediment type. Also hardened banks
are the reason why waterways are increasing and increasing the flow of the pollution into coastal waters. Another
form of Nonpoint pollution is a type of pollution that 's where mining is taken place, Its called Abandoned Mine
Drainage. The cause of it is usually because of coal mining and from people abandoning mines. It can impact the
quality of the water has a few types like Acid mine drainage, alkaline mine drainage, and metal mine drainage
The most common type is Acid mine drainage. It 's very acidic and has a lot of metals in its water. Being
extremely toxic it has harmful effects on most organisms such as humans, animals, and plants. Another form of
Non Point source pollution is called atmospheric deposition. Atmospheric deposition is the process where
precipitation(rain,snow,fog) particles aerosols, and gases move from the atmosphere to the earth 's surface
("Atmospheric Deposition"). The National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network indicate
that Maryland is in or near the region of most acidic precipitation and receives some of the highest concentrations
of sulfate and nitrate deposition in the United States. Acidic deposition is known to cause adverse effects on the
aquatic Chesapeake Bay resources of Maryland and the watershed ("Atmospheric Deposition"). Forestry is

Oil Pollution Act
Keeping the Environment Clean and the Animals Safe Kuwait is recorded to have the largest spill of oil in history
measuring to about 1 million barrels. Oil spills around the world have caused major catastrophes. Therefore, the
United States government have provided a policy to help prevent the devastations and protect the environment as
God intended us to do. By learning the history of the Oil Pollution Act, how to help prevent the spills, and
knowing how our environment can suffer from the tragedies are ways of learning how our government is
involved in our society today. How does the Oil Pollution Act affect our environment?
In 1990 president George W. H. Bush signed the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) under the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). The Limitation of Liability Act was amended into law in 1851 and was to make vessel owners
liable for incidents; involving cost of everything and one was rarely given any money to help with cleanup,
removal, and damage. The oil spills were growing out of control and these accidents were getting very expensive.
In addition, causing great damage to our gulfs and oceans. The United States government needed to do or change
something and other countries needed to take the same precautions. The OPA made that change. It states that if an
oil spill takes place and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are multiple procedures to help prevent the devastations. The Specific Spill Prevention, Control and
Countermeasure (SPCC) is provided with specific procedures by the EPA. They require checking their equipment
and doing testings regularly this can ensure a smaller risk of an oil spill. Also, having backup equipment can do
wonders. Even simpler, consumers can help by taking caution by handling oil with care and disposing of it
properly. With preparation, preventing an oil spill can benefit our oceans and gulfs

Ecology: Petroleum and Caspian Sea
Department of oil–gas industry
Oil–gas industry division
Safety in Petroleum Industry"(Ecological Management)
ISW
Ecological problems of Kazakhstan.
Done By: Zhenis Seitekov
Checked By: Bigaliyev Aitkhazha Bigaliyevich
Almaty 2011
Contents:
Introduction National environmental issues The impact of landfills military space systems and test Radioactive
contamination Oil and ecology Air pollution Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere Conclusion Literature
Introduction People from ancient times has an impact on the environment. As a result, this versatile centuries of
human activity has left a deep mark on modern soil and vegetation, air and drinking (water) environment and ...
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National environmental issues
Zones of ecological disaster in the Republic of Kazakhstan to continue to be the Aral Sea and Semipalatinsk
regions, where there have been destroying the natural ecological systems, degradation of flora and fauna, due to
unfavorable environmental conditions caused substantial harm to public health. Currently, the regions adjacent to
the former Semipalatinsk test site (85 settlements with a population of almost 72 thousand people), there is a high
level of cancer incidence and mortality, cardiovascular diseases, congenital malformations among newborns and
the effects of premature aging. In the Aral Sea ecological disaster zone (178 settlements with a population of 186
thousand people) has a high level of gastrointestinal diseases and anemia, especially among women and children,
infant mortality and birth defects. Depletion and pollution of water resources, and TZ problems associated with
intensive development of resources of the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan belongs to the category of countries with a
large deficit of water resources. Currently, water bodies are polluted heavily in mining, metallurgical and
chemical industries, utilities and cities represent a real environmental threat. Of the rivers of southern Kazakhstan
the most polluted Badam and Talas. In Badam

Oil Spill Recovery Essay
Oil Spill Recovery
Can you imagine a world where clean water does not exist anymore? Can you imagine going to your kitchen and
seeing black water instead of clear coming out of the faucet? Would you still go to the park if the rivers, lakes,
and oceans would turn the color of oil and pollution? Would you still take your kids to see the fish and other
living species if they were no longer living and floating belly up? How much would you pay to get the clean
rivers, lakes, and oceans back? How much would it cost to get the living organisms living again in the rivers,
lakes, and oceans? Maybe it is hard to imagine this world today because it is not as bad, water is not black, and
living organisms don't float bellies up when you walk by, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oil spills are harming our drinking water supply and marine biodiversity. Often a spill can kill or injure from few
up to hundreds even thousands of birds and mammals. In order to solve our pollution problem we must first
understand it. Oil sticks to everything and that is a crucial problem when it comes to soil. When oil is dumped on
land it can eventually get into the water supply by means of underground streams, ground water, etc. Most of the
time oil spills are accidental. The oil spills I want to mention are the spills that get into rivers, bays, and oceans.
Habitually oil gets spilled while it is transported to United States of America. A quantity of the causes of the oil
spills are human beings' mistakes, equipment problems, natural disasters, and intentional spills. Intentional spills
are frequently spilled by vandals, illegal dumpers, terrorists, and countries at war. Oil is lighter than water and
because of this exact reason it usually floats on water, both marine and freshwater. Oil more often than not
spreads out quickly across the water surface and forms a thin layer, which is called an oil slick. With time the
layer becomes thinner and thinner, finally becoming a very thin layer called sheen. The sheen layer is a layer that
looks like a rainbow.
One of the most important oil purification reaction is mechanical recovery of oil by sorbents. Mechanical
recovery is the process of transferring oil from the

Persuasive Essay On Ocean Pollution
Did you know that every year millions of wastes are dumped into the ocean? Ocean pollution has become an
increasing issue throughout the years. Water is a necessity for everyone. The planet is made up of 70 percent
water. People use water consistently in their everyday lives. There are so many ways water is used. Its needed to
stay hydrated, during the summer it gets used for swimming and water sports. Its needed to wash almost
everything; individuals use it to stay clean, cook, wash dishes, dogs, and cars, and so much more. So what
happens when something so important becomes unavailable because it has been contaminated or has been
polluted? Water now becomes dangerous, a threat to life. It's no longer useful and valuable. Continue reading to
learn when water pollution was realized as an issue. Also, how are other countries reducing the amount of
pollution in the water. Have you ever wondered what effect polluted water has on the animal that call the deep
blue sea its home? Finally, you will learn about the organizations that were created to protect our ocean from
pollution. According to the national Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in 1972, the Federal water
pollution control act was created. It's also known as the Clean Water Act. In 1936, there's was a river that flowed
from Ohio to Lake Erie. It became so polluted that for 30 years it became inflamed multiple times. It wasn't until
another major fire in 1969, that encourage news and magazines to cover the issue

BP Oil Spill
Water pollution is the contamination of water by untreated sewage as well as human waste, often to the point
when water becomes undrinkable or usable. According to Woodford C, around one–half of all ocean
contamination is caused by sewage and waste. "Each year, the world generates perhaps 5–10 billion tons of
industrial waste, much of which is pumped untreated into rivers, oceans, and other waterways." ("Woodford C."
19). "Many water bodies near urban areas (cities and towns) are highly polluted. This is the result of both garbage
dumped by individuals and dangerous chemicals legally and illegally dumped by manufacturing industries, health
center, schools and market places." ("ESchooltoday" page 4, (3)). As a result of all this pollution in water, a lot of
people are dying. Furthermore, Britain tried to force the government to take some kind of action to purify the
water so that people can get no illnesses with safe drinking water in 1990's. "In the early 1990s, when surfers in
Britain grew tired of catching illnesses from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As an illustration, the BP oil spill is the result of events that eventually led to thousands of barrels of petroleum
leaking into the Gulf. "In 2010, there was a huge oil spill in America by BP. Of the 400 miles of Louisiana coast,
approximately 125 miles have been polluted by the oil spill. Over 1,000 animals (birds, turtles, mammals, etc.)
have been reported dead, including many already on the endangered species list. Of the animals affected by the
spill that is still alive only about 6% have been reported cleaned, but many biologists and other scientists predict
they will die too."(ESchooltoday, 4). This was one of the biggest and the most destructive oil spills and is still
affecting people and animals around The Louisiana Coast. Similarly, the BP oil spill has spawned many
controversies by making this matter

The Effects Of Pollutants On The Environment
The behaviour of pollutants in the environment can depend on the type and use of the pollutant, for example,
atmospheric pollutants, such as oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, will behave differently than water pollutants, such
as petroleum from an oil spill, because their compounds and the environment in which they pollute are different.
Every pollutant has a source, pathway and sink. The source determines where the pollutant came from, the
pathway is the route that the pollutant takes to reach different parts of the environment and the sink is the place of
distribution or accumulation (Holdgate, 1979). A pollutant can have a single source or multiple sources and could
take several pathways. Pollutants can have acute or chronic effects, which depend on the concentration and type
of pollutant and also the duration in which an organism has been exposed to the pollutant. The pollutants effects,
such as asbestos, could take a long time to arise, for example, a person exposed to asbestos could develop a
chronic lung condition as the asbestos could accumulate in their lungs and the effects of this could occur for a
long time (Doll and Peto, 1985). In comparison, a pollutant, for example, could have a severe but brief effect.
Ultimately the material properties of the pollutant determine the pollutants behaviour, especially in regards to
where the pollutant travels and for how long the pollutant acts, for example, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in
water have low solubility and are

Resource Recovery And Conservation Act Of 1976
Resource Recovery and Conservation Act
Introduction:
In 1965 the Solid Waste Disposal Act was passed, providing for reductions in waste, environmentally friendly
waste management, resource conservation, and aimed to safeguard citizens from the effects of hazardous waste.
Eleven years later this act was amended to become the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. The
amended act created a regulatory system that embraced reduce, reuse, and recycle; it also banned open dumping.
Dumping of hazardous chemicals came under the control of RCRA and rules governing storage, disposal, and
treatment were made. RCRA focuses on three areas: solid waste, hazardous waste, and underground storage
tanks. All aspects of RCRA affect the oil and gas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The conditions set forth in the permit are closely observed to ensure no deviations take place (The Hazardous
Waste Permitting Process: A Citizens Guide).
Compliance or monitoring activities for RCRA permits vary depending on which section of RCRA jurisdiction
governs your company. The legislation requires cradle to grave compliance, meaning that hazardous waste must
be within compliance from its generation, transport, storage, and destruction. All three portions of the regulation
require inspection and periodic auditing. These audits and inspections are carried out by state agencies or the EPA
(Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Compliance Monitoring). Federal permit information can be found at
40CFR264.
Discussion:
In my opinion the RCRA is a beneficial program to the industry and safety professional. While some view
additional audits and inspections to be bothersome, I view it as motivation for compliance. Without the act waste
produced by industry and stored by vendors could damage many areas of the environment. By instituting a cradle
to grave system the EPA has put the burden on the producer to ensure that waste are handled safely, which may
be the largest hardship for the safety professional acting as a responsible party. Water Quality Act
Introduction:
In 1972 the Clean Water Act was created by amending the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 (History
of the Clean Water Act). The Clean Water Act is the product of almost 100

Electric Cars : What Is The Future Of The Electric Car?
For the past 200 years, the electric car has steadily gained popularity as an alternative to gas–powered cars.
Electric cars are vehicles that use electricity to be powered and create zero tailpipe emissions. Electric cars have
recently become a controversial topic ever since the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 was enacted. In
the US, the first successful electric car was built in 1891 by William Morrison. This created a spark of interest in
electric cars all over the US that encouraged automakers nationwide to manufacture their own electric cars.
During the 20th century, over a third of all vehicles being driven were electric cars. Concurrently, steam and gas
powered cars were being used as well. Many of the modes of transportation during this time were inventions that
had only recently been developed. Nonetheless, the invention and continued developments of the electric car won
the favor of the majority of the population due to the lack of noise and smell of pollutants it emitted. When Henry
Ford released the Model T, a gas powered car, in 1908 the popularity of the electric car dwindled. The Model T's
newly developed four cylinder engine allowed people to drive for a longer distance and a faster speed than an
electric car would ever allow. Due to its affordability and availability, the gas powered car continued to increase
in sales as electric cars almost entirely disappeared. Gas demand, in turn, began to rise as well. In 1973, the
Organization of Arab

Environmental And Environmental Issues During The...
Environmental Issues and the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution took pace from the 18th to 19th centuries. It was a period when rural areas became
industrial and urban. Before the Industrial Revolution, engineering was mainly done in people's homes. They
used hand tools and sometimes basic machines. Industrialization put an end to that, using powered, advanced
machinery, factories and mass production. This made engineering much faster, easier and more efficient. It even
increased the amount of factory–made goods, as well as the variety of them. Industrialization improved the living
conditions for people in the middle and upper classes. The poor and working classes had to do the dangerous
jobs, for a very low amount of pay, while working in harmful conditions. So many people from the rural areas
were moving to the urban areas for work, that they couldn't keep up. This caused overpopulation. Homes were
overcrowded, and people were living in polluted and unsanitary conditions, which made them more at risk of
diseases. Pollution is one of the most environmentally negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution. Air, water,
and soil pollution were extremely bad during the Industrial Revolution. Industrialization polluted the air, water
and soils due to the waste products that factories generate. Most factories and industries require water for their
work. When water is involved in these processes, it encounters metals, chemicals, and wastes, that will
contaminate it. They are then dumped into oceans and rivers. Doing so, kills fish and other sea animals,
decreasing the population. Farmers us this water to grow their crops. Using contaminated water then affects the
quality of their crops. When the farmers use the water in their soil, it can cause soil pollution. This pollution will
destroy plants if anything or anyone comes in contact with it, it can cause long–lasting health issues. Air pollution
can cause a variety of illnesses for people and the environment. With all of these pollutions, there comes an
increase in global warming. Global warming causes glaciers to melt, extinction of animals, floods, tsunamis and
hurricanes, which are some of the deadliest natural phenomena. If any of these phenomena

The Oil Pollution Act: Federal Government
The Oil Pollution Act was established in 1990 in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in March 1989. The Oil
Pollution Act placed the Federal Government in charge of management and control of oil spills, control of
containment, removal and clean up efforts. This law holds who ever is deemed responsible for the oil spill to pay
for the damages, containment, and clean up of the oil spill. In accordance with OPA90, an oil spill must be
reported to the Federal Government. Upon reporting the oil spill to the government, BP reported that the well was
leaking 1,000 barrels a day when it was discharging upwards of 40,000 barrels a day. Every deep–water drilling
company is required to have what is called a contingency plan. A contingency plan

Oil Drilling
Christopher Dale Fain Mrs.Riley English 10 03/March/2017 Oil Drilling At some point in our daily activities, we
all draw upon a reserve of one or more of earth's natural resources, One of the most crucial of these being crude
oil. It and its derivatives are used as primary sources of energy and thus, crude oil it is constantly in high demand.
In order to meet this demand in the most economical fashion, oil companies have made offshore drilling into a
common practice. However, offshore drilling is devastating to the environment in several ways. As a result of the
equipment and methods used to extract the oil, high levels of pollution are released into the ocean, disturbing
nearby ecosystems. Secondly, the high level of drilling is consistently ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Nothing is ever put into action about the pollution, and until something is done about the oil being put into the
sea, our oceans are at risk. According to a study conducted by the World Research Institute or WRI Between 4 to
6 million tons of oil are discharged into the oceans every year" (Gorman 48). To put this in idea , that is Roughly
6 olympic size swimming pools filled to the tippy top with oil. That is just every year.and this has been going on
for more thana decade. In total, 45,ooo,ooo tons of oil in the past decade that have been put into the seas. There
are several ways that oil ends up in the oceans. One way is through drilling accidents and another is through
spillage from tankers. In 1990, .125 of the total oil discharged". occurred daily in the New York – New Jersey
Harbor" . And this is only an eighth of the total oil spilled. Take a moment and just think about how much oil was
spilled. that one eighth of 6,000,000 tons is 750,000 tons of oil in just the New York _ New Jersey

exxon valdez Essay
At four minutes past midnight, on March 24, 1989 the Exxon Valdez crashed into the Bligh Reef located in the
northeastern part of the Prince William Sound. The ship was loaded with 1,264,155 barrels of oil. Approximately
one–fifth of the cargo was spilt into the sea, which totaled to 11.2 million gallons. Due to strong northeastern
winds the oil could not be contained, leaving the water into an emulsion that will not burn and is nearly
impossible to remove from the surface. Oil continued to move southwest eventually reaching the Alaskan
Peninsula. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill of 1989 was a significant event, which heightened environmental
awareness in both the business and private sectors of the United States.
The cause of the spill as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the national level changes were made which heightened environmental awareness as well. The Oil Pollution
Act of 1990 was written and passed which raised liability, set up new prevention measures and a response fund.
Exxon was fined millions of dollars as a result of their negligence. First they were fined $150 million, the largest
fine ever for an environmental fine. Exxon next agreed to a $100 million dollar fine for wildlife damage. Finally
in the civil settlement they agreed to pay $900 million dollars over a 10–year period. By imposing these fines the
government wanted to make sure nothing like this would ever happen again.
The U.S. Coast Guard now monitors all tankers, via satellite as they pass through the Valdez Narrows, around
Bligh Island and as they exit the Prince William Sound at the Hinchinbrook Entrance. Prior to the spill tankers
were only watched as they cruised through the Valdez Narrows. Two escort ships are now required to follow
every tanker and are equipped to assist in the case of an emergency. Only one escort ship was used before the
tragedy. Specially trained captains with much experience are now aboard ships during the entire voyage through
the Sound, making sure safe navigation practices are used. The debate continues over whether a spill like the
Exxon Valdez could be contained with all these new regulations. However the ability of both industry and
government to respond has been significantly raised during the last ten years as a result

Analysis Of Silent Spring By Rachel Carlson
One of the many problems that plague the earth lies hand in hand with the living situations that people are used
to. This standard of living causes many to be ignorant to the environmental conditions that surrounds these
actions which correlate to the health of our planet. Over time, this issue has been recognized and one extremely
important resource that the world has to offer is the vast ocean, and this source of life must be protected for the
better of the planet. The struggles of dealing with the pollution in the ocean is a constant problem for the
Environmental Protection Agency in order to ensure a clean ocean to the public and wild life. The agency was set
up because of the awareness of the common people to recognize the risk of a crumbling food chain. The late
1960's created mass environmental awareness as industrialism clearly impacted the "tranquility of nature" ("The
Guardian"). This was emphasized critically with the famous book "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carlson, vividly
depicting the poisonous conditions that people had systematically created. This sense of environmentalism
continued to inspire the public with these sensitive issues on how to handle the growing problem of pollution,
sparking the President's role to step up to the situation and the concept that recognizing problems along with
executing solutions is how to deal with the issue of pollution .
Over the years, many Presidents like Nixon, who set up the Council for Environmental Equality in the 70's,

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Research Paper
Intro:
"One of the last best places on earth"–Holleman, Marybeth. The water was innocently untouched before the
Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef. As oil spillage only grew cleanup began to
take place right away. The recovery was a long process due to lack of efforts. In addition, discussions formed at
the scene questioning if this was a crime, an accident, or a felony (Lewis, G). Although the Exxon Valdez oil spill
was one of the most devastating environmental disasters, the response to the following oil spills didn't
significantly improve.
Artifact #1– Curator's note: (animals)
Past oil spills varied in size. Although, the Gulf oil spill of 2010 was significantly larger. The first spills leaked
under one

Ethanol Proposal Essay
Ethanol Proposal
Purpose
As the number toxin spewing cars rises, pollution has presented itself as a major problem in urban areas. There
have been many solutions presented to help solve this problem, but few have been widely accepted by the general
public. I believe the pollution problem is one that cannot be solved in one big step, but in smaller steps. I see
Ethanol use as one of those steps. The intention of this proposal is to recommend an approach that would lead to
widespread use of ethanol.
Background
Concern about air quality has been around for years. Emissions have long since been a contributing factor to air
pollution. Ethanol didn't get its first real big push until the federal Clean Air Acts of 1990. These acts ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The petroleum industry has long been independent on other countries for oil. We have been lucky enough to live
in a time of peace for most of our lives. But as we found out with the gulf war, relations between the U.S. and the
Middle East are sometimes shaky. The Persian Gulf area is where two–thirds of the world?s known oil reserves
are located. The Persian Gulf is also one the most politically volatile areas in the world. Over sixty–one percent
of the oil used by transportation vehicles must be imported from outside the U.S. (Renewable Fuels Association,
1999) Oil consumption in the U.S. is not expected to slow down unless something is done. In fact, oil
consumption is expected to rise over twenty percent by the year 2015.
Most Americans feel that there is a need to become less dependant on other countries for oil. Eight out of ten
voters feel that this dependence is a threat to our economy. Seven out of ten feel that our environment problem
related to petroleum combustion should be a major concern. (Ethanol Industry Outlook, 1998)
"Sitting on only 3% of the world?s reserves while using 25% of the world?s oil, nothing could be more short–
sighted than for Americans to abandon the incentives for producing transportation fuel from sustainable sources.
Such as abandonment would entrust the future of our energy supplies, and of key aspects of our security, to the
potpourri of psychopathic predators, such as

Environmental Legislation For Construction Works
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Question answered: Health and Safety – Question 1
Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Relevant Environmental Legislation for Construction Works
3.0 Mitigating Damages of Construction to Environment and Wildlife
References
1.0 Introduction
It is recognized that construction has a detrimental effect on the environment. The root of this problems is
commonly due to damaging designs and marginalized developments. The construction itself has also a great
participation to this. To mitigate the risk of an absolute damage to the environment, legislations to protect the
environment are developed. This legislations are governed by the authority and a legal administration and
implementation are in–place to manage the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is an integrated regulation to conform to the different environmental law for air, water and land pollution that
provides the best scheme or option for managing the environment. It is significant to contractors to be familiar
and experienced in dealing with this legislation. The following items are some common pollutants that may
encounter from construction activities and the corresponding regulations that needs to be observed.
Waste Management
a) Controlling of waste and ensuring that the waste is transferred to an authorized entity is referred to The
Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations 1991.
b) If you transport waste within the UK for business purposes, you must be a registered carrier of waste as
stipulated in The Controlled Waste (Registration of Carriers and Seizure of Vehicles) Regulation 1991.
c) There is also a law in documenting a proper disposal of controlled waste known as The Control of Pollution
Act 1989.
Air Pollution
a) Emission of Smoke and Dust from Construction, can be referred to The Environmental Protection Act 1990,
Section 79. Smoke emission, fumes, gases or smell emitted from the construction is identified or included in this
section as "Statutory Nuisance" to health.
b) The control of Asbestos contamination can be referred to The Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006. The
regulation concentrates on the control and prohibition of asbestos application to any works or installations.
c) Control of lead contamination

Environmental Causes Of Water Pollution
The volume of Water on Earth is around 1.4 billion km and 70% of the Earth is shrouded in water. In the
meantime 70% of modern waste is dumped into water bodies which drives us to water contamination. So what is
water contamination or water pollution? (Conserve Energy Future, 2017) (1). Water contamination or water
pollution is described as the closeness in groundwater of harmful chemicals and natural and organic specialists
that outperform what is ordinarily found in the water and may speak to a hazard to human prosperity and also the
earth. In addition, it might contain chemicals brought into the water as a result of the human exercises.
(Woodford, 2017) (2). Primary drivers of water pollution are solid & domestic wastes, sewage pollution,
petroleum pollution, toxic chemicals and other human activities that lead to contamination.
There are many causes of water pollution. One cause is solid wastes. Solid wastes are usually caused by human
and animal activities and are known as useless and unwanted wastes. Solid wastes include; garbage, rubbish,
ashes and dead animals. (Kushwaha, 2014) (3). Another cause is sewage pollution. Sewage means wastewater
that contains urine, laundry wastes and everything that is stored in the sewage pipes where the end of every pipe
is the ocean. (Water Pollution, n.d) (4) Petroleum which is a naturally occurring liquid oil that is found
underneath the earth's surface, it is made of rock minerals which makes it different from other

Is Religion Wrecking Our Air Research Paper
Pollution is a substance or making of an area unsuitable or unsafe for use. The Second principle I would like to
discuss is that pollution must not exceed the environment capacity to clean itself. Air pollution has become one of
the biggest areas of concern in several communities. Religiously, however, in the United States, pollution only
clashes because of politics as a result of economic reasons but in some distinct places, you can make a
distinction. According to a writer from the University of Southern California newsletter in 1990, a teacher in
Brooklyn NY by the name of Arnold Wendorff became aware of the use of mercury by some of his student's
parents in the practice of a Caribbean religion. The religion encouraged the sprinkling of mercury in and around a
person home car or the burning of it in candles or the swallowing of the element. Because of the dangers evolved
with a small amount of mercury. The Environmental Protection Agency after conducting studies decided to
educate the area about the dangers of mercury despite having the authority to enact changes via the Toxic
Substances Control Act, which could band the selling of the mercury. (Wexler, "Is Religion Wrecking Our Air").
This was probably handled this way because of the right to practice your religion ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Safe Drinking Water Act, passed in 1974 and amended in 1988 allows the Environmental Protection Agency to
be vigilant against pollutants that would damage drinking water. In so doing it protects the environment from
pollutants that would not be mitigated properly. Industrial waste both hazardous and no hazardous are regulated
along with oil, gas spills and radioactive. Other political pollution prevention initiatives were banning of
chlorofluorocarbons, act to prevent pollution from ships and the Superfund Act that deals with liability and clean
up of hazardous material that has been

Hydraulic Fracturing: Oil And Gas Recovery
Introduction
Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, is a method of oil and gas recovery where water and additives are
injected into a target reservoir generating one or more fractures that enable oil and gas to flow to the borehole.
Touted as a way to boost the economy through the creation of jobs and a means of energy independence for the
United States, is it really all it's "fracked" up to be?
Background
Fracking has been in practice since the 1940's, however, its recent developments in the 1990's has allowed for
large scale recovery of oil and gas. These developments, including horizontal drilling and slickwater fracking,
have led to the decrease in price of oil and gas, and also increased scrutiny and controversy associated with ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Facts About Fracking." LiveScience, Purch, 23 Jan. 2015, www.livescience.com/34464–what–is–fracking.html.
Accessed 10 Apr. 2017.
Israel, Brett. "Noise Pollution from Fracking May Harm Human Health." Berkeley News, UC Berkeley, 11 Jan.
2017, news.berkeley.edu/story_jump/noise–pollution–from–fracking–may–harm–human–health/. Accessed 10
Apr. 2017.
Straub, Lana. "After the Frack: Bright Lights in the Middle of Nowhere." Earth Island Institute, 1 Sept. 2015,
www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/elist/eListRead/after_the_frack_bright_lights_in_the_middle_of_nowhere/.
Accessed 12 Apr. 2017. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid
Data from the FracFocus Chemical Disclosure Registry 1.0. Office of Research and Development, Washington,
DC.

U.s. Vehicle Pollution Control Under The Clean Air Act Essay
As a means to address measurable levels of emitted pollutants and the effect of GHGs, the EPA took a position to
take initial common sense steps to limit greenhouse gas pollution from large sources by implementing the
following actions:
U.S. vehicle pollution control under the Clean Air Act
 The EPA and the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration between 2010 and 2012 issued the first
national greenhouse gas emission standards and fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks for model years
2012–2025, and for medium– and heavy–duty trucks for 2014–2018. Proposed truck standards for 2018 and
beyond were announced in June 2015. (EPA 2015)
GHG permitting for large stationary sources covered by the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and
title V Operating Permit Programs.
 The EPA and states in 2011 began requiring preconstruction permits that limit greenhouse gas emissions from
large new stationary sources – such as power plants, refineries, cement plants, and steel mills – when they are
built or undergo major modification. (EPA 2015)
The EPA announced the Clean Power Plan as an important step in reducing carbon pollution from power plants
that takes real action on climate change.
 The Clean Power Plan cuts harmful carbon pollution from the power sector that's fueling climate change and
shows the world that the United States is committed to leading global efforts to address climate change. (EPA
2015)
 August 3, 2015, EPA issued the Carbon

Petroleum Profits Tax Act 1959
dates they were formulated and amended. The Petroleum Profits Tax Act 1959 as amended by Petroleum Profits
Tax Act No. 15 of 1973 (Part 111) section 2 states thus – "for the purposes of subsection (1) (b) of the value of
any chargeable oil so disposed of shall be taken to be the aggregate of" (b) The value of that oil as determined for
royalty, in accordance with the provisions of any enactment applicable thereon and any financial agreement;
alternatively, (c) Arrangement between the Federal Government of Nigeria and the company. This act was
enacted in 1959 before the Nigerian independence and later amended in 1973.
The Petroleum Act of 1969, Section 1 Schedule 1 states thus: – (a) the entire ownership and control of all
petroleum in, under or upon any lands to which this section applies shall be vested in the state. This section
applies to all land (including land covered by water) which
(a) Is in Nigeria, or
(b) Is under the territorial waters of Nigeria, or
(c) forms part of the continental shelf.
Furthermore, the Petroleum (Drilling and Production) Regulations 1969 section 1(1) states that – "every
application for an oil exploration licence, oil prospecting licence or oil mining lease shall be made to the Minister
in writing on the appropriate form as set out in the schedule to these regulations" this particular act has made it
possible for ministers in Nigeria to act in ways that more of self–interest than in the interest of the general public.
It is one act

Oil Pollution Act Of 1990 (Opa)
After the oil spill from the Exxon Valdez, the US realized that the National Pollution Funds Center was not
adequately funded, and the laws were not current on how to respond to this type of a crisis. In particularly, they
were insufficient in funding, and the ability to handle the capacity of the damages to compensate under federal
law. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) was amended to cover many different aspects of many parts of the
amendment. Although the amendments covered multiple areas, the two most prominent were funding to respond
more efficiently, and embrace the scope of the damage for reimbursement after the recovery process. It created a
comprehensive prevention, response, liability, and compensation regime to deal with vessel–

Water And Sanitation Of Canada
Due to the location of Canada, they retain a large amount of fresh water, 20% to be exact (Water 2012). However,
even with the large percentage only 7% of the renewable freshwater and most of the water (just like in the United
States) is not located in desirable areas. The majority of the Canadian population lives along the southern border
with the United States and which creates the problem of most of the country 's fresh water is found in the north
drainage basins (Water 2012). As this hard to reach water reaches the cities or towns, municipal water supply
only accounts for 12% of water use in Canada (Water Uses 2013). The larger user of this finite source come form
cooling plants (64%), manufacturing (14%) and agriculture (9%) (Water Uses 2013). As the United States have
set federal water and sanitation in Canada these are set in provincial/territorial jurisdiction (CWWA 2012). Within
the Constitution Act, 1867, the provinces have the right to any water resources that fall within their boundaries
and must manage the water efficiently (Victora 1876). Each province has its own legislation related to water
resources, water supply and the environment. Within each provinces and territories they are charged for
developing and enforcing all legislation pertaining to municipal and public water supplies while the Canadian
governs navigable water and marine waters mostly (CWWA 2012) Pertaining to the legislation for water, the
provinces have a public utility commission or board

The Economics Of The Clean Air Act Essay
"The health effects of air pollution imperil human lives. This fact is well–documented."
–– Eddie Bernice Johnson
Air is a part of all of our lives. Without clean air, nothing we know of can exist. The debate over clean air, it's
regulations, their teammates and opposition, and the economic factors coming into play into this ever–more
recognizable problem is a widespread and ever more controversial one. Like a long countdown to eventual
disaster, the pollution effecting our world has no doubt made increasingly more impact on our daily lives, and has
increased the intensity on Washington and other countries to solve the problem. The Clean Air act is a step in the
right direction, but with every answer there comes two
questions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, American fishermen average $24 billion a year in expenditures and ultimately generate $69 billion
yearly for the economy. Moreover, the average
American worker recieves $20 in value in reduced risks of death, illness, and other adverse effects for every
dollar spent to control air pollution. All in all, the country spent roughly $436 billion enforcing clean air
regulations, and gained about $6.8 trillion in benefits in 1990. The amounts of harmful chemicals and pollutants
in the air has also found to be dramatically reduced since 1970. 40 percent of sulfer dioxide in the air has been
reduced, as well as 30 percent of nitrous oxide, and 50 percent of carbon monoxide.
As well as air, the EPA has produced results in protecting our nation's waterways. For example, the Clean Water
Act, which passed in 1972, has since given states grants of $66 million to help install water sewage treatment
plants.
They also found that the act has required the industry to install tens of billions of dollars of anti–polltion
technology. The effect on the liquid industry has been enormous. Boating sales generate $14 billion alone while
fishermen produce $3 million, and the nation spends an estimated $35 million anually for fish.
The economics of the Clean Air Act and the regulations pioneered by the EPA have set new standards for the
production of companies. Under the current

The Effects Of Offshore Drilling On The Environment
The next chapter, we came across in the BIO 224 class was Oil. Here, we learned about oil in detail. We learned
about its sources, extractions, producers, consumers and its impacts on the environment. We went through a
couple of videos that helped us understand the topic more. We also had a class discussion on the topic which
made us more familiar with the topic.
Oil is also known as crude oil, which is a liquid composed of hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds that can be
separated into different products based on their boiling points. Depending upon the boiling point crude oil can
produce various products. Under low boiling point crude oil produces gases and under high boiling point it
produces lubricants and asphalt. These crude oil can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is therefore, very important to minimize and make proper use of oil. The demand for the oil is increasing with
increasing human population. If the demand for oil increases this way then we are no far from having oil scarcity.
The scarcity of oil will harm the lifestyle. I remember facing oil scarcity back in my home country. My country
faced a major economic blocked a year ago and being a landlocked country we had no excess to oil supply until
our neighboring country allowed the oil tankers to pass through the borders. This blockade brought up the worst
nightmare to all our natives. We had thousands of motors lined up in front of the gas station. Not only the petrol
even the LPG gas were out of stock. People then had to go through the worst days. There were no petrol for the
motors to ride and no LPG gas for people to cook and eat. We had no any alternative to fuel and LPG gas except
for the electricity. But having all of the people use the electricity at once was very hard for the electric
corporation to control and in no time we had power cut off more than 12 hours a day. Our people had to go
through this for about 3 or more months and life then was very tough. Recalling all these days gives me
goosebumps all over my body. So it is very important that we know and understand the importance of oil and that
we start to minimize and make proper use of

The Legal Issues and Ethical Effects of the Deepwater...
BP Gulf Oil Spill 1
Running Head: BP GULF OIL SPILL
The Legal Issues and Ethical Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and British Petroleum Oil Spill in the
Gulf of Mexico 2010
Terry D. Bollman
Park University
BP Gulf Oil Spill 2
British Petroleum's Roll in the Gulf Oil Spill
This paper will explain some of the effects of three legal issues and three ethical issues surrounding the London–
based British Petroleum Company's involvement in the explosion of the offshore oil rig Deepwater Horizon and
the subsequent oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico. There are many legal issues surrounding this disaster, but the
three this paper will focus on are the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, maritime laws, and criminal charges ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Cooper & Baker, 2010). Many people in the region are in disbelief that another disaster could strike so soon
after Hurricane Katrina just five years earlier. Lives were just returning to normal only to be tossed upside down
again. The Deepwater Horizon was one of the largest offshore oil–drilling rigs in the world. During its more than
nine years of service, all of which were under lease to the British Petroleum Company, numerous inspections
were conducted by the federal Minerals Management Service (MMS). The exact number of inspection cannot be
verified due to lack of proper recordkeeping and supporting documentation. The number of inspections has
varied between eighty–three and eighty–eight, with as many as forty–eight being conducted since January, 2005.
(Kunzelman & Burke, 2010). One of the safety violations documented during an inspection was on the
blowout valve that failed causing the fireball that ignited the drilling platform. The question arises as to
BP Gulf Oil Spill 5 who will ultimately be held responsible and will they adequately compensate the families of
the victims, BP who leased the rig, Transocean who owned the rig, Hyundai Heavy Industries who built the rig or
MMS who conducted the inspections on the rig. As of July 5, 2010 BP has paid out almost $147 million in
compensation to more than 47,000 payment of almost 95,000 claims made against BP. Roughly 44,500 people,
more than 6,500 boats and 113 aircraft are currently

Should The BP Oil Spill In Human History
Overview
The largest unintentional marine oil spill in human history took place in the Gulf of Mexico in the year 2010. The
event resulted after methane gas was released and exploded in the BP–owned Macondo exploration well on April
20, 2010. The fire continued for 36 hours and the oil drilling rig, Deepwater Horizon, sank on April 22, 2010.
This event led to the loss of 11 lives and the spill of about 4.9 million barrels of oil. The oil spill affected as much
as 68,000 square miles. After long efforts, the well was capped on July 15, 2010 and sealed two months later on
September 19, 2010.
Control and problem–fixing measures were immediately started with BP making up for the whole effort.
Measures were taken to seal the well and prevent the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the key provisions of the act include: organization obligation regarding the coordination of spill cleanup
endeavors; the Coast Sentinel oversees orchestrating seaward cleanup, while the Environmental Auspice Agency
oversees on–shore endeavors. Second, better readiness for spill counteractive action and control by better
arranging. Third, the proprietor will be in jeopardy for all the orderly up expenses. An outsider, if demonstrated
capable, will be obligated for every one of the expenses of shipshape up exercises. Additionally, up to $350
million in obligation might be charged to the dependable party. The administration can balance this farthest point.
The dis allowance of any vessel that has engendered a spill of more than 1 million gallons in any marine range
from working in Prince William Sound. Determinately, the restricting of single structure tankers of more than
5000 ton limits.
Overall, the demonstration is equipped for keeping various tinier spills. A case is the adequacy of twofold
structure tankers: they are 4–6 times more averse to spill oil if there should arise an occurrence of establishing or
impact, likewise the stream rate is 4–6 times less when contrasted with single–body tankers. Nevertheless, it
could not contain the biggest marine oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. Keep in mind that the demonstration
is more to control spills than victory and consequently its appropriateness for this situation is sketchy as is the
$350 million–dollar harm

Cause And Effect Of The Spill
On the Easter Sunday of March 24, 1989 an oil tanker destined for Long Beach, California was stopped short of
its destination when it struck the Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef (PWS). In charge of the ship was Captain
Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood. It was reported that Captain Hazelwood was not at the bridge of the ship during the
incident. Furthermore he was accused of alcohol intoxication that might have contributed to the event. This event
caused a catastrophic oil spill that resulted in 11 million gallons of crude oil spreading throughout the ocean. At
that time, it was considered the largest oil that had ever happened in the United States, hence, it was expected to
have devastating effects on the ecology and the different species living ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In charge of the ship was Captain Joseph Hazelwood. At the time of the time incident, Hazelwood was reported
to be in his stateroom while leaving Third Mate Gregory Cousins in charge. This led to the failure of the ship to
return to the shipping lanes and eventually thrashing through the Bligh Reef. Although Captain Hazelwood was
accused and charged of alcohol intoxication while on duty, Captain Hazelwood was acquitted of that charge,
instead the state charged him with a misdemeanor negligence. This misdemeanor gave Hazelwood a $50,000 fine
and 1000 hour of community service. Nearly twenty seven years ago is when the event took place and yet there
are still thousands of gallons of oil that pollute the beaches near Prince William Sound. The oil found in the beach
still has it adverse effects on the ecosystem near the shore. Although, observations have led for most to believe
that natural removal of the oil will take place overtime, a decline in the rate of oil removal have proved them
otherwise. From 1989 to 1992, the annual rate for natural oil removal was at 80%, the following years of 1989 to
2001 took a staggering decline at a rate of 22%. After 2001, a mere 4% rate was all that was left to defend the
oiled shore of Prince William Sound. Efforts to clean the oil proved to be difficult due to its remote location and
reachable only by air and sea

Causes Of The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
The 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill was the largest ship–based oil spill in US waters where more than 11 million
gallons of crude oil poured into the Gulf of Alaska after the ship ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William
Sound, Alaska. The main causes of the accident were attributed to a fatigued crew, a lack of a proper navigation
team while transiting through the Sound, and an inadequate ship design. The oil spill led to federal legislation for
ship hull requirements, oil spill prevention and response improvements, and new escorting requirements through
the Sound. On 22 March 1989, the Exxon Valdez arrived in Valdez, Alaska at 2330 to begin loading cargo bound
for Long Beach, CA (Alaska Oil 1990, 5). Capt. Joseph Hazelwood and other officers drove into town the
following morning with William Murphy, the pilot who would be leading the ship through the Valdez Narrows.
According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB 1989,29), Hazelwood – in addition to finishing
ship business and running errands – had a few alcoholic drinks that afternoon at a local bar and at least one more
drink as the group waited for dinner. At 2024 on 23 March, the officers returned to the ship at 2024 and found out
that the ship was ready to depart at 2100. The ship was originally scheduled to depart at 2200. Before the officers
returned, Third Mate Gregory Cousins had performed pre–departure equipment tests and found that the tests were
successful. The ship set sail and was clear of the dock

Reducing Impact on Acid Rain
Environmental Science Acid rain can cause reproductive defects on fish and other aquatic life. It can destroy
aquatic ecosystems, leaving only a clear, but empty body of water. Acid rain was a problem in 1980, and steps
were taken in order to fix it, and since then, air quality improved and will continue to improve as more and more
steps are taken to control pollution. Modern technologies such as a cars, power plants, and factories consume
fossil fuels in order to run. By consuming fossil fuels, cars, power plants, and factories release harmful gases into
the air. These harmful gases then react with water droplets in the clouds to produce nitric and sulfuric acids,
which turns normal precipitation into acid precipitation. Factories have many purposes. Some factories work with
food, and others manufacture various goods such as cars, electronics, and appliances. Cars provide an easier and
efficient mode of transport. There are millions of cars in the United States alone. Most of them producing
harmful pollutants. Zero–Emission Vehicles such as the Tesla Model S do not produce harmufl pollutants. Power
Plants produce electricity for everyday life. We use this electricity for many things. Appliances, Electronics, all
produced in Factories. Power Plants burn fossil fuels to create electricity. In (FC.1) it shows that Factories, Cars,
and Power Plants are related. Power Plants, Cars, and Factories produce gases that cause acid rain. They are
Primary

1970S Environmental Policy

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