17th Century Art in Europe Counter-Reformation St. Ignatius of Loyola – Society of Jesus Counter-Reformation Art as propaganda Art as reinvigorator of belief/practice Spiritual ecstasy Sculpture: Bernini St. Teresa of Avila in Ecstasy, Cornaro Chapel, Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome. 1645-1652. Marble, 11’ 6”. What IS Baroque? STYLE featuring: Drama/theatricality Intensity of emotion to draw in viewer Extreme skill Naturalism Using gestures and expressions to tell a story Dark and light contrasts (chiaroscuro) Off-balance Bringing the everyday into religious scenes Baroque in Europe France: resurgence of classicism Monarchy Counter-Reformation Netherlands: portraiture, still life, landscape, and genre St. Peter’s Basilica & Piazza, Vatican, Rome Pope Paul V Borghese (pontificate 1605-1621) Longitudinal nave and new facade Carlo Maderno, Façade of St. Peter’s, 1607-1626 Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) Baldacchino, St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican, Rome. 1624-1633. Gilt bronze, 100’. Cathedra Petri, 1657-1666, gilt bronze, marble, stucco, and glass. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSH2H0xZPOw Bernini https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JNjZTx_OsQ David. 1623, Marble, 5’ 7”, Galleria Borghese, Rome. Francesco Borromini, Façade of the Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, 1638-67. Dome and Plan, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixo_SLkblB4 Caravaggio Bacchus, 1595-1596. Oil on canvas, 37” x 33.5”, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/the-adolescent-bacchus/dAEBrgRq5AvsQA Caravaggio Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew, Contarelli Chapel, church of San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome. 1599-1600. Oil on canvas, 10’ 7.5” x 11’ 2”. Tenebrism Caravaggio The Conversion of St. Paul, Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome, c. 1601. Oil on canvas, 7’ 6” x 5’ 8” https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/der-ungl%C3%A4ubige-thomas/OAEjjQkNdRL9sg Artemisia Gentileschi Judith Beheading Holofernes, c. 1619-20. Oil on canvas, 6’ 63/8” x 5’ 4”, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Giovanni Battista Gaulli Worked for Bernini, who worshiped at Il Gesu Illusionistic Baroque ceiling Giovanni Battista Gaulli, The Triumph of the Name of Jesus and Fall of the Damned, Vault of the church of Il Gesù, Rome, 1672-1685. Fresco with stucco figures Quadratura Di sotto in sù Spain Juan Sánchez Cotán, Still Life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon, and Cucumber, c. 1602. Oil on canvas, 27 1/8” x 33 ¼”. San Diego Museum of Art. Jusepe de Ribera, Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew, 1634. Oil on canvas, 1.05 x 1.14 m. Diego Velázquez, Water Carrier of Seville, c. 1619. Oil on canvas, 41 ½” x 31 ½” . Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Diego Velázquez, The Surrender at Breda (The Lances), 1634-1635. Oil on canvas, 10’7/8” x 12’ ½”. Museo del Prado, Madrid. Diego Velázquez ...

1. 17th Century Art in Europe
Counter-Reformation
St. Ignatius of Loyola – Society of Jesus
Counter-Reformation
Art as propaganda
Art as reinvigorator of belief/practice
Spiritual ecstasy
Sculpture: Bernini
St. Teresa of Avila in Ecstasy, Cornaro Chapel, Church of Santa
Maria della Vittoria, Rome. 1645-1652. Marble, 11’ 6”.
What IS Baroque?
STYLE featuring:

2. Drama/theatricality
Intensity of emotion to draw in viewer
Extreme skill
Naturalism
Using gestures and expressions to tell a story
Dark and light contrasts (chiaroscuro)
Off-balance
Bringing the everyday into religious scenes
Baroque in Europe
France: resurgence of classicism
Monarchy
Counter-Reformation
Netherlands: portraiture, still life, landscape, and genre
St. Peter’s Basilica & Piazza, Vatican, Rome
Pope Paul V Borghese (pontificate 1605-1621)
Longitudinal nave and new facade
Carlo Maderno, Façade of St. Peter’s, 1607-1626
Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
Baldacchino, St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican, Rome. 1624-1633.

3. Gilt bronze, 100’.
Cathedra Petri, 1657-1666, gilt bronze, marble, stucco, and
glass.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSH2H0xZPOw
Bernini
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JNjZTx_OsQ
David. 1623, Marble, 5’ 7”, Galleria Borghese, Rome.
Francesco Borromini, Façade of the Church of San Carlo alle

4. Quattro Fontane, Rome, 1638-67.
Dome and Plan, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixo_SLkblB4
Caravaggio
Bacchus, 1595-1596. Oil on canvas, 37” x 33.5”, Galleria degli
Uffizi, Florence.
https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/the-
adolescent-bacchus/dAEBrgRq5AvsQA
Caravaggio
Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew, Contarelli Chapel,
church of San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome. 1599-1600. Oil on
canvas, 10’ 7.5” x 11’ 2”.
Tenebrism

5. Caravaggio
The Conversion of St. Paul, Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del
Popolo, Rome, c. 1601. Oil on canvas, 7’ 6” x 5’ 8”
https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/der-
ungl%C3%A4ubige-thomas/OAEjjQkNdRL9sg
Artemisia Gentileschi
Judith Beheading Holofernes, c. 1619-20. Oil on canvas, 6’
63/8” x 5’ 4”, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.
Giovanni Battista Gaulli
Worked for Bernini, who worshiped at Il Gesu
Illusionistic Baroque ceiling
Giovanni Battista Gaulli, The Triumph of the Name of Jesus and
Fall of the Damned,
Vault of the church of Il Gesù, Rome, 1672-1685. Fresco with
stucco figures
Quadratura
Di sotto in sù
Spain
Juan Sánchez Cotán, Still Life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon,
and Cucumber, c. 1602. Oil on canvas, 27 1/8” x 33 ¼”. San
Diego Museum of Art.

6. Jusepe de Ribera, Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew, 1634. Oil on
canvas, 1.05 x 1.14 m.
Diego Velázquez, Water Carrier of Seville, c. 1619. Oil on
canvas, 41 ½” x 31 ½” . Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
Diego Velázquez, The Surrender at Breda (The Lances), 1634-
1635. Oil on canvas, 10’7/8” x 12’ ½”. Museo del Prado,
Madrid.
Diego Velázquez, Las Meninas, 1656. Oil on canvas, 10’ 5” x 9’
½”. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

7. Flanders: Peter Paul Rubens
Self-Portrait with Isabella Brandt, 1609-1610. Oil on canvas, 5’
9” x 4’ 5”. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
Rubens’s House; engraving from 1684.
Peter Paul Rubens
The Raising of the Cross, 1610-1611. Oil on panel, center panel
15’ 1 7/8”x 11’ ½”. Each wing 15’ 1 7/8” x 4’ 11”. Now in
Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp.
Genre Painting: Group Portrait

8. Frans Hals, Officers of the Haarlem Militia Company of St.
Adrian, c. 1627. Oil on canvas, 6’ x 8’ 8”. Frans Halsmuseum,
Haarlem.
Genre Painting: Portraits
Frans Hals, Malle Babbe, c. 1630-1633. Oil on canvas, 30 7/8”
x 26”. Staatliche Museen, Berlin.
Genre Painting: Self-Portrait
Judith Leyster, Self-Portrait, 1635. Oil on canvas, 29 3/8” x 25
5/8”. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
Rembrandt van Rijn
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, 1632. Oil on canvas, 5’ 3 ¾”
x 7’ 1 ¼”. Mauritshuis, The Hague.

9. Rembrandt van Rijn, Three Crosses (First State and Fourth
State), 1653. Drypoint, 38.5 x 45 cm.
http://82nd-and-fifth.metmuseum.org/altered-states
Rembrandt van Rijn: Self-Portrait (1658)
Oil on canvas, 52 5/8” x 40 7/8”. The Frick Collection, New
York.
Johannes Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance, c. 1664. Oil on
canvas, 39.7 x 35.5 cm.
Jacob van Ruisdael, View of Haarlem from the Dunes at
Overveen, c. 1670. Oil on canvas, 22” x 24 ¼”. Royal Picture
Gallery, Mauritshuis, The Hague.
Pieter Claesz, Still Life with Tazza, 1636. Oil on panel, 44 x 61
cm.

10. Sixteenth-Century Northern Europe
16th Century Europe in the North – Religious
ChangeChallenges to the status quo of the Roman Catholic
ChurchHolland – Desiderius Erasmus (reform from
within)Germany – Martin Luther (Lutheran)Switzerland – John
Calvin (Calvinism)England – Henry VIIIProtestantism led to
iconoclasm (deliberate destruction of religious images)Dislike
of religious images led to development of other genresConflicts
became military in natureAs tide swung one way or another,
artists often found themselves on “the wrong side”
Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait, 1500. Oil on wood.
Albrecht Dürer’s Self-Portrait, 1500. Oil on limewood panel.
Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
*

11. Workshop of Hans Krug (?), Apple Cup. C. 1510-1515. Gilt
silver, height 21.5 cm.
Haguenau and Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece, c. 1505–15.
Painted and gilt limewood and oil on wood panel.
Nikolaus Haguenau’s Isenheim Altarpiece, c. 1505-1515.
Painted and gilt limewood. Musée Unterlinden, Colmar, France.
*
Nikolaus Haguenau and Matthais Grünewald, Isenheim
Altarpiece, c. 1505–15. Painted and gilt limewood and oil on
wood panel.
Matthais Grünewald’s Isenheim Altarpiece, c. 1505-1515. Oil
on wood panel. Musée Unterlinden, Colmar, France.
*

12. Haguenau and Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece (detail), c.
1505–15. Painted and gilt limewood and oil on wood panel.
Matthais Grünewald’s Isenheim Altarpiece detail, c. 1505-1515.
Oil on wood panel. Musée Unterlinden, Colmar, France.
*
Haguenau and Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece (open), c. 1505–
15. Painted and gilt limewood and oil on wood panel.
Matthais Grünewald’s Isenheim Altarpiece detail, c. 1505-1515.
Oil on wood panel. Musée Unterlinden, Colmar, France.
*

13. Haguenau and Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece (wings), c.
1505–15. Painted and gilt limewood and oil on wood panel.
Matthais Grünewald’s Isenheim Altarpiece detail, c. 1505-1515.
Oil on wood panel. Musée Unterlinden, Colmar, France.
*
Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, from
The Apocalypse. 1497-98. Woodcut, 39.4 x 28.3
cm.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxJLTZyxX1M
Albrecht Dürer, Fall of Man (Adam and Eve), 1504. Engraving.
https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/adam-and-
eve/uwEu0RikJE-A5Q?hl=en
Albrecht Dürer, Adam and Eve, 1504. Engraving. The
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
*
Albrecht Dürer, The Four Apostles, 1526. Oil on wood panel.
What will Protestant Art look like?

14. Albrecht Dürer’s The Four Apostles, 1526. Oil on wood panel.
Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
*
Lucas Cranach the Elder, Nymph of the Spring, c. 1537. Oil on
panel, 48.5 x 72.9 cm.
Hans Baldung Grien, Death and the Matron, c. 1520-1525. Oil
on wood panel, 31.3 x 18.7 cm.
Albrecht Altdorfer, Danube Landscape. c. 1525. Oil on vellum
on wood panel, 30.5 x 22.2 cm.

15. Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights, triptych, c.
1505.
Oil on wood panel.
Hieronymus Bosch’s Garden of Earthly Delights triptych, c.
1505. Oil on wood panel. Prado, Madrid.
*
Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights,
Closed.https://vimeo.com/191632804
https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/the-garden-
of-earthly-delights/EwHP5mUuUOzqVg?hl=en
Caterina van Hemessen, Self-Portrait, 1548. Oil on wood panel,
31.1 x 23.5 cm.

16. Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hunters in the Snow, 1565. Oil on
wood.
https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/hunters-in-
the-snow-winter/WgFmzFNNN74nUg?hl=en
Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s Hunters in the Snow,1565. Oil on
wood. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
*
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Harvesters, 1565. Oil on wood.
https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/the-
harvesters/PAH1oMZ5dGBkxg?hl=en
Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors, 1533. Oil
and tempera on wood.
Hans Holbein the Younger’s The Amassadors, 1533. Oil on oak.
National Gallery, London.
Left: Jean de Dinteville
Right: Georges de Selve
*
Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Queen Elizabeth I (The
Ditchley Portrait), c. 1592. Oil on canvas, 2.4 x 1.5 m.