14. SYMBOLIC
REPRESENTATION
Represents positive values
about politics and govt.
DESCRIPTIVE
REPRESENTATION
Representation includes
race, ethnicity, gender
Idea that Congress should
look like America. Does it?
Former President Obama speaks
to students in Arlington, VA
15.
16.
17. SUBSTANTIVE
REPRESENTATION SEN.TAMMY BALDWIN (D-WI)
Legislators advocate for
particular groups in society
Sen. Baldwin could advocate
for pro-LGBT policies
for all homosexuals in America.
18.
19. #1: Lawmaking
Enumerated Powers (Article I, Section 8)
“Necessary and Proper Clause”, Implied Powers
#2:War and Foreign Policy
Formal Declarations and Military Operations
#3: Regulation of Commerce
Monopolies, Labor Unions, Wages, Discrimination
#4: Appropriations
“Power of the Purse”
20. #5: Impeachment
“High Crimes and Misdemeanors”
House brings charges; Senate conducts trial
#6: Oversight
Hearings, Feedback, Reports, Investigations
#7:Treaties and Appointments
Senate ratifies treaties, confirms appointments
#8:Taxation
All bills for raising revenue must originate in the House.
21.
22. Is this a district or state I can win?
Can I beat my opponent?
Issue of Incumbency Advantage
Can I get money to run winning campaign?
How are the national trends running?
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. Congress organized along party lines.
Parties allow for competing issue positions
Party Polarization is defined as the distance
between two political parties.
28.
29. Speaker of the House: Paul Ryan (R-WI)
Serves as presiding officer of the House
Leader and chief spokesman for majority party
House Majority Leader: Kevin McCarthy (R-CA)
Works with Speaker to decide party agenda
Coordinates with committees on legislation
House Minority Leader: Nancy Pelosi (D-CA)
Highest-ranking minority party member
Spokeswoman for minority and crafts minority agenda
30.
31. President of the Senate: Vice Pres. Mike Pence
Presides over Senate and votes in case of a tie
Rarely performs this job today
President ProTempore: Orrin Hatch (R-UT)
Majority party senator with longest tenure
Largely ceremonial position but can appoint
members to committees, etc.
33. Managing party membership
Scheduling Senate business for members
Monitoring deliberations on Senate floor
Intermediary for Congress andWhite House
Representing party/Senate to media
34.
35. All legislation that passes the House and
Senate goes through a committee
Majority party has majority of seats on cmte.
Republicans in House
Republicans in Senate
Committee Chair from majority party
Ranking Member from minority party
36. Standing Committees
Permanent Committees
Major Policy Areas (e.g. Budget, Judiciary)
Select or Special Committees
Temporary Committees (e.g. investigations)
Focused on narrow issues
Joint Committees
Both House and Senate membership
Conference Committees
Resolve House and Senate versions of passed legislation
37.
38.
39.
40. Ideas can come from anywhere:
President, Constituents, fellow Congressmen, etc.
Member introduces idea in form of a bill
They are the bill’s sponsor
After bill is introduced, cosponsors can
support the legislation
43. Bill assigned to a subcommittee
Smaller group of legislators who focuses on one
part of committee’s issues
44. Testimony on content and impact of a bill
Main Purposes of Hearings:
Draw attention to problem or issue
Advantages and disadvantages to bill
Express constituents’ questions and concerns
45. Subcommittee drafts (marks up) the bill
Bill goes back to full committee
Committee can conduct additional hearings
and debate on the bill
If accepted, bill reported out of committee
46.
47. To proceed to the House floor, all bills must
pass through the House Rules Committee
What is a rule?
Influence of the majority on Rules Cmte.
48. Prevents bill from being voted on for 24 hours
Why would senators hold up a bill?
More information on policy issue
Get something from leadership orWhite House
49. What is a filibuster?
Powerful tool in Senate
Endless speeches on topic
Can it be stopped?
Cloture is motion to end debate
Requires three-fifths vote (60 senators)
54. What if different versions of same bill?
Conference committee resolves differences
Bill sent to president if both chambers
approve work of conference committee
55.
56.
57.
58. PRESIDENTIAL ACTION RESULT FOR BILL
President approves bill Bill becomes law
President disapproves bill
and vetoes it
Bill goes back to Congress,
where two-thirds majority
in each House can override
President does nothing
with the bill (pocket veto)
Automatically becomes
law within 10 days OR
bill is dead and must be
re-introduced in Congress