Labelling Theory And High Gang Presence

Labelling Theory And High Gang Presence
Nevertheless, labelling theory cannot demonstrate why youth in neighborhoods with a high gang presence are more likely to interact with gang related
activity. Labelling theory expresses the notions of public perceptions, labelling and shaping individual's actions (Super 2017; Tutorial 2017). Labelling
theory does not address youth in crime–ridden neighbourhoods leading them to a life of crime if society is not shaping individual's perceptions
through the labelling process (Tutorial 2017). Labelling theory also disregards the choice of individuals to pursue a life of crime–ridden behavior,
regardless of the societal factors (Tutorial 2017). Social disorganization theory emphasizes that disorganized communities produce crime like
neighbourhoods that can be passed on to different generations (Super 2017). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Youth can be drawn to gang membership when they feel the community is no longer safe through primary deviance which most people take part in and
do not get caught (Super 2017) However, labelling theory ineffectively explains the differences in crime rates amongst neighbourhoods with a high
gang presence and those without (Tutorial 2017). Thus, labelling theory is ineffective in attempting to explain how youth in neighbourhoods with a
high gang presence is an influence for youth to join gangs (Super 2017; Tutorial 2017). Furthermore, it is unable to provide a bigger macro–level
reasoning as to why youth in neighbourhoods with a high gang presence might influence youth to join gangs and participate in criminal behaviour
(Tutorial 2017). Therefore, labelling theory cannot distinguish the influences of youth gang membership successfully in the ways in which social
disorganization is able to
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Labelling Theory And Robert Agnew 's General Strain Theory
Introduction
Drug use is on the rise worldwide, and Canada is not immune to this travesty, according to the Health Officer's Council of British Columbia 2016
report a staggering 47,000 Canadians died due to substance abuse throughout the previous year. It is widely believed that drug use is the result of one's
own personal choice in a circumstance they decide to live in. Although concept's such as Howard Becker's Labelling theory and Robert Agnew 's
General Strain Theory presents ideas on how the sociological environment plays a factor into shaping individuals and leading them to resort to choices
such as drug use. The Labelling theory is a concept in which the stigmatization of placing identity markers through pre–conceived notions and ... Show
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The emotion of anger is particularly important in mediating the relationship between strain and crime and depressive emotions like despair and
hopelessness are related to deviant coping mechanisms like the use of drugs and alcohol (Agnew,2001,319–361).
The research conducted by "Epidemiologic Drug Abuse Research on Minority Youth: Methodological Issues and Recent Research Advances" held on
July 17–18, 1991 found impressive findings that prove a significant relationship between strain and deviance among a testing group of Cuban and other
Hispanic boys. The four–acculturative strain and protective factor scale categories that used in the study were language–related conflict, familism,
family acculturation conflict, and ethnic awareness. Language–related conflict was significantly correlated with deviance in both groups: with drug use
among Cubans and alcohol use among other Hispanics (Vega,1997,12–13) . Results from familism were found to be negatively correlated with
deviance and substance use in both samples(Vega,1997,12–13). Family acculturation conflict, which combines describes family conflicts based on
cultural strains, was highly correlated with deviance and the abuse of substances in both testing samples –(Vega,1997,12–13). Lastly ethnic awareness,
which concerns perceptions of prejudice, was significantly correlated with deviance and substance use in both subsamples(Vega,1997,12–13) .

Labelling Theory
LABELING THEORY
Labeling theory, which is also known as social reaction theory, explains how criminal careers are based on destructive social interactions and
encounters.
EVOLUTION OF THE LABELING THEORY– Howard Becker developed his theory of labeling in the 1963 book Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology
of Deviance. Becker's theory evolved during a period of social and political power struggle that was amplified within the world of the college campus.
Liberal political movements were embraced by many of the college students and faculty in America. Howard Becker harnessed this liberal influence
and adjusted Lemert's labeling theory and its symbolic interaction theoretical background. The labeling theory outlined in Outsiders is recognized ...
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Joining Deviant Cliques– children labeled as deviant may join similarly outcaste delinquent peers who facilitate their behavior. Eventually
antisocial behavior becomes habitual and automatic.
Retrospective Reading– it is a process in which the past of the labeled person is reviewed and reevaluated to fit his current status. This tends
to redefine the whole person.
Dramatization of Evil– the stigmatized offenders start reevaluating their own identity and due to the fuss made by everybody, begin to
behave expected by them.
В‘Primary deviance' and В‘secondary deviance'– According to Lemert, primary deviance is the initial incidence of an act causing an
authority figure to label the actor deviant. This initial labeling of a deviant act will remain primary as long as the actor can rationalize or deal with
the process as a function of a socially acceptable role. If the labeled deviant reacts to this process by accepting the deviant label, and further entrenches
his/herself in deviant behavior, this is referred to as secondary deviance. Secondary deviance produces a deviance amplification effect.
В•The social agencies originally designed for crime control are responsible for criminal career formation.
CRIME AND LABELING THEORY–
В•The interactional definition of crime is used. As per sociologist Kai Erickson, "Deviance is not a property inherent in certain forms of behavior, it is
a property conferred

Theories Of Labelling Theory
What is labelling theory?
Labelling theory is they theory of how self–identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or
classify them. It is associated with the concepts of self– fulfilling the prophecy and stereotyping. This theory is coming associated with the sociology of
criminal and deviance, where it is used to point out how social processes of labelling and treating someone as criminally deviant fosters deviant
behavior, which then can lead to negative repercussions for that person due to other people within the society being biased against people being
labelled a deviant (C N Trueman, 2016).
What is the implication for the criminal justice policy?
The implications of labelling theory are that the key idea is that not everyone who commits an offence is punished for it, if a person has been
punished for their convictions all truly depends on whether, their interactions with agencies of social control such as the police and the courts, their
appearance, background and personal biography and the situation and circumstance of the offence they had committed (Cole, 2017). A lot of
agencies of social control have shown that they are likely to label certain groups of people as deviants or a criminal due to either their skin color,
neighborhood's and other circumstance that seem not in the norm or to what they believe is socially safe. This can lead social control groups such as
the police to seem biased and prejudice. The

Merton's Strain Theory Of Deviance And Labelling Theory
The comparison and contrast between Merton's strain theory of deviance and Labelling theory. In this essay, the comparison between and contrast
between strain theory and labelling theory. The essay will start with the key features of each theory and then it will go into the main comparison
of the two theories. It will go into to detail on the similarities and differences between the two theories. Strain theory is the theory developed in
1938 by Robert K Merton. It's the theory that society puts pressure on people to achieve socially accepted goals. Labelling theory is the theory that
the public act in the way that society has labelled them, which gives negative connotations towards that person. Both the theories, judge crime on
the type of people and how they have been deemed, both theories try to explain crime from social perspectives. 'Labelling theory is the view of
deviance according to which being labelled as a "deviant" leads a person to engage in deviant behaviour.' This states that if a person were to labelled
as a thief, that person would be treated different (looked down upon). This could leave this person to do what they are labelled as and commit theft.
This is backed up with study.com's definition of labelling theory, which states 'people become criminals when labelled as such and when they accept
the label as personal identity'. This moves into strain theory as the strain theory cultural theory as in Merton's strain theory argues that 'the American
cultural

The Contribution of the Labelling Theory to Our...
The Contribution of the Labelling Theory to Our Understanding of Crime and Deviancy
We can call a label, or define it as; a mark, name, or even badge.
Something is only deviant, or becomes deviant because someone has been successful in labelling it as, deviancy is ambiguous, definitions differ from
society to society or even culture to culture.
Calling something deviant is a reaction to a type of behaviour.
The labelling theory is very complex, it asks why some people committing crimes are named deviant but others are not.
Labelling theorists believe when you label offenders as criminals, yobs, this has negative consequences, deepening and worsening the criminal
behaviour.
There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A strength of labelling theory approach to deviance is that it not only concentrates on the social reaction to deviance committed by individuals, as well
as concentrating on the interaction processes leading to the labelling, these being two important elements of the theory.
The effects on the Individual of labelling are especially important.
Having being labelled, as a deviant, the individual according to Becker, then will accept the label, and for example turn to the life of crime, possibly
with the help of a deviant subculture, feeling they have no other alternative.
The last part of the labelling theory is,' deviant career', this being when the labelled criminal evolves into a complete, absolute deviant.
Kai T Erikson (1966) also highlights the way social reaction affects the individual, he supports and reinforces what Becker suggests, he further
suggests that deviance in a society is essential, and is beneficial for creating a boundary between good and evil.

Furthermore there are a number of policy implications to do with the labelling theory, a vast majority of them are impractical, such as the emphasis on
rehabilitation, in helping the offenders be rehabilitated from the label, although negatively some will not agree to participate in this.
Another implication is that criminal law

Labelling Theory And Its Impact On Society
Rather than taking a glance at why some social groups carry out more crime, the labelling theory inquires as to why a few individuals carrying out
some activities come to be characterized as deviant, while others may not. Labelling theory is likewise intrigued by the impacts of labelling on
people. Many theorists note that the vast majority carry out crime sooner or later in their lives however not everybody gets to be characterized as
a deviant or a criminal. So how can this procedure of characterizing a person as deviant work? This essay will highlight the main features of the
labelling theory and evaluate its contribution to the research of crime and deviance. The labelling theory gets to be overwhelming in the 1960s and
1970s when it was utilized as a sociological idea of crime compelling in testing orthodox positivist criminology. The key individuals to this theory
were Becker and Lemert. The establishments of this viewpoint of deviance are said to have been initially settled by Lemert, (1951) and were in this
manner created by Becker, (1963).As an obvious reality the labelling theory has along these lines turned into a predominant worldview in the
explaining of deviance. The symbolic cooperation point of view was to a great degree dynamic in the early establishments of the labelling theory. It is
constituted by the belief that deviant conduct is to be seen not just as the violation of a norm but rather as any conduct which is effectively
characterized or named as

Labelling Theory: A Program for Dealing with Crime
Labels are everywhere. Whether conscious or subconsciously, they are a fundamental part of our lives. We label together foods, clothing, colours and
things that are alike. But what happens when we expand this form of "labelling" to split up types of people? When we assume character traits about
those who belong to a certain group, this can intensely affect the way many react in life. Those who are judged for their sexual orientation, gender,
income, mental problems etc., may eventually begin to conform to a stereotype that they belong to. In turn, this stereotyping may be the reason for
certain people to partake in deviance acts.
Labelling theory takes a micro and consensualist approach. At times, it can also be considered conflictual due to the fact that it may affect others but
for the most part it relies on the question: why do people offend? This theory was created to help others understand that many of those who offend, may
be living through a self–fulfilling prophecy in which their behaviour and identity may be influenced by the labels they adhere to. This theory states that
deviance is not about the act, but the negative labels minorities or those who are seen as deviant from a standard cultural viewpoint. It also coincides
with social–construction and symbolic interactionism analysis. In this essay, I will argue how labelling theory, developed by Howard Becker, can
affect someone's probability to acting deviant because of the labelling group they conform to. I will

Labelling Theory Of Schizophrenia Essay
Schizophrenia is characterised by hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech and behaviour, and other symptoms that cause social or occupational
dysfunction. these type of symptoms must have been present for six months and have to include at least one month of active symptoms. DSM–5 raises
the symptom threshold, requiring that an individual exhibit at least two of the specified symptoms. For example, catatonia will be used as a specifier for
schizophrenia and other psychotic conditions such as schizoaffective disorder. This specifier can also be used in other disorder areas such as bipolar
disorders and major depressive disorder.
Foucalt's work, although different, supports Szasz's idea that mental illness is a myth. According to Foucault, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The theory proposes that a stereotyped notion of mental disorder becomes learnt in early childhood and is continually reaffirmed in ordinary social
interaction and in the mass media. Labelled deviants may be rewarded by doctors and others for conforming to this idea of how an ill patient should
behave and are systematically prevented from returning to the non–deviant role once the label has been applied. Labelling is seen as an important cause
of ongoing residual deviance. Being mentally ill is of course not the only way of being deviant in society. The essential point of Scheff's theory is
that the person recognised as mentally ill is the deviant for which society does not provide an explicit label. Labelling someone as mentally ill is
defined by residual rule–breaking. Labelling theory has been challenged for several reasons. These include the relative neglect of 'primary deviance',
the process of becoming deviant in the first place, and the said lack of evidence for the idea of a self–fulfilling prophecy or a career of deviancy. In
particular, Gove (1980) has suggested that the evidence for labelling theory is so overwhelmingly negative that it should be

Theoretical Lens Of The Labelling Theory Of Marijuana
What we learn from using the theoretical lens of the labelling theory on marijuana is that the labelling effect leaves a stigma on the individual,
which may not be necessary. This labelling, which results in a stigma being left on the individual is often not necessary and the individual is led to
committing more crimes in response to their label. Many individuals argue by against the recreational use of marijuana that it is a gateway drug.
However, in many cases this is not true. Critiques of the labelling theory will often argue that it only focuses on the poor, while the rich commit more
serious crimes that are over looked such as corporate crimes and other financial crimes. If it were not for the Occupy Wall Street Movement against
social

What Is the Labelling Theory? Summarise and Evaluate Its...
Labelling theory refers to the ability to attach a label to a person or group of people and in so doing the label becomes more important than the
individual. The label becomes the dominant form of identify and takes on 'Master Status' (Becker 1963; Lemert 1967) so that the person can no
longer be seen other than through the lens of the label. Words, just like labels, are containers of meaning. In this case, the label and the meaning
attached to it becomes all that the person is rather than a temporary feature of something that they have done or a way that they have behaved. "Words
[or labels], like little buckets, are assumed to pick up their loads of meaning in one person's mind, carry them across the intervening space, and dump
them... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seheff (1984) upheld this view by suggesting that stigmatising a person will often mean that a retrospective labelling takes place via the interpretation
of someone's past being consistent with their present and future self. Further support comes from Becker's (1963:9) statements where he suggests:
"Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling
them as outsiders–deviance is not a quality of the act of a person commits, but rather a consequences of the application by others of rules and
sanctions to an 'offender' The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied. Deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label."
Becker (1963) originally coined the term 'moral entrepreneur'. This is commonly used when describing law making officials who make particular
'criminal behaviour' illegal. He believed that illegal behaviour is continually changes over time, and therefore suggests that the criminal act is
'impertinent' to the concept. His theory focuses on how individuals and society react to others with a 'criminal label' and how they work together. A
label on a person can become a constant status and all their other associated labels, characteristics and behaviours will be overlooked. However, it has
been shown that given the label of a 'criminal' may motivate individuals to

Labelling Theory Of Drug Use
The notion of labelling theory was first created in the 1960s and gained popularity towards the late 1960s and early 1970s. The term was first
applied "mentally ill" in 1966 when Thomas Scheff published his article Being Mentally Ill. Labelling theory explains a great importance in respect
to drug use. Although labelling theory does not fully explain why initial drug use occurs, it does detail the process by which many people find
themselves as socially deviant from others (Glen R. Hanson, University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah Glen R Hanson, Peter J. Venturelli, Annette E.
Fleckenstein). The term deviance is used in a manner to describe an absence of the patterns of behaviour expected in a society and not in a
judgemental way. Labelling theory

The Influence Of Labelling Theory On Criminal Justice Policy
Labelling theory has strengths and has influenced criminal justice policy, particularly regarding young offenders, recognising potentially toxic effects
from court through to custody. Diversion is now policy for all but the most serious persistent youth offenders and this can be credited to the work in
labelling. The CJS now targets those seen as "at risk of offending", and cautioning and community sentences are implemented when possible. (Ministry
of Justice 2015) Crime statistics (bar violent crime) had been declining since the 1990's and this could be seen as testament to the theories validity but
The Office for National(ONS) statistics show an increase in all crime which questions the current validity (ONS 2017) . Labelling theory perceives

The Strengths Of Labelling Theory And Differential...
In this paper I argue that Labelling Theory can explain the factor of low socioeconomic status while Differential Association Theory can explain how
the factor of family as reasons why some youth join gangs. This paper compares the relative strengths and weaknesses of Differential Association
theory and Labelling theory and I argue that Labelling Theory offers the most compelling theoretical perspective to help account for how these factors
influence youth to join gangs. I also argue that unlike the other two theories, a Marxist approach deals with the issue of why youth join gangs by
investigating the broad effects of inequality in society. "The theory of Differential Association by Edwin H. Sutherland falls under the tradition of the...
Sutherland's theory offered scholar's of his time period and of present day a unique theory that aimed to provide a general explanation of all types of
crime". (Hudson 2017) Labelling Theory proposes that a person's identity and behaviour are influenced by the labels society uses to classify them
into a social category(Lilly et al. 2015). The theory is rooted in the concepts of symbolic interaction and social construction. Labelling theorists
believe that no act itself is inherently criminal, instead it is society's reaction that determines whether a crime has occurred. Furthermore society's
reaction is driven by "extra legal factors such as an offender's race, class, and gender"(Lilly et al. 2015 in determining who is labelled as a criminal. The
consequence is a Criminal Justice System that disproportionately targets minorities and deviant subcultures(Lilly et al. 2015. This idea that extra legal
factors, and not the act, are what decides who is labelled is the first main tenant of Labelling Theory. Unlike earlier schools ofcriminology, such as the
Positivist and Chicago camps, which looked for causes of crime within the offender or their social environment, labelling theorists began to propose a
rather ironic idea. The idea was that crime was caused by the societal reaction towards the offender, and that the Criminal Justice System, whose
manifest function is

Labelling Theory, Deviant Subcultures And Opportunity Theory
In our ever increasing complex criminal justice systems throughout the world, it is relevant and important to maintain a substantial amount of
knowledge and theory around this major structural tool. This can be achieved by drawing on the necessary theoretical background of criminal
offending and how our court systems deal with convicted criminals. However before concluding on the outcomes of courts, it is essential and
appropriate to gain a wealthier understanding of social and environmental influences on these offenders, as well as to explore the many core theories
that undoubtedly contribute to the pre–dispositions and prior characteristics of a person's deviant offending nature. Through the applied use of
situational factors surrounding... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whilst applying key features to a youth justice system, they are to be appropriately placed within the means of a situational theoretical scope. In the
process of a youth offender being charged and sentenced through the youth justice system, sentencing structure should be based around the
reintegration and rehabilitation of the person. Key features that are already in use or under review in the youth justice system in Australia take place in
the form of diversionary programmes such as cautioning, family or community therapy and the likes of these programmes. Cautioning among youth is
effective as per their age level, they are subject to a 'second chance' and are made aware of the consequences of continuing or engaging in the
commission of a new offence. This acts as a promoter for encouragement of good behaviour and works with the key structures of opportunistic theory.
When the participating youth is within the bounds of the 'immediate situation' they have the choice of withdrawing from that 'opportunity'. Family and
community therapy are also another key feature of this justice system as it incorporates key criteria that aims to decrease the acceptance and introduction

Labelling Theory
Labeling theory had its origins in Suicide, a book by French sociologist Г‰mile Durkheim. He found that crime is not so much a violation of a penal
code as it is an act that outrages society. He was the first to suggest that deviant labeling satisfies that function and satisfies society 's need to control
the behavior. As a contributor to American Pragmatism and later a member of the Chicago School, George Herbert Mead posited that the self is
socially constructed and reconstructed through the interactions which each person has with the community. The labeling theory suggests that people
obtain labels from how others view their tendencies or behaviors. Each individual is aware of how they are judged by others because he or she has...
In Mind, Self, and Society (1934),[1] he showed how infants come to know persons first and only later come to know things. According to Mead,
thought is both a social and pragmatic process, based on the model of two persons discussing how to solve a problem. Our self–image is, in fact,
constructed of ideas about what we think others are thinking about us. While we make fun of those who visibly talk to themselves, they have only
failed to do what the rest of us do in keeping the internal conversation to ourselves. Human behavior, Mead stated, is the result of meanings created by
the social interaction of conversation, both real and imaginary. [edit]Frank Tannenbaum Frank Tannenbaum is considered the grandfather of labeling
theory. His Crime and Community (1938),[2] describing the social interaction involved in crime, is considered a pivotal foundation of modern
criminology. While the criminal differs little or not at all from others in the original impulse to first commit a crime, social interaction accounts for
continued acts that develop a pattern of interest to sociologists. Tannenbaum first introduced the idea of 'tagging '.[3] While conducting his studies with
delinquent youth, he found that a negative tag or label often contributed to further involvement in delinquent activities. This initial tagging may cause
the individual to adopt it as part of their

WhatВґs Labelling Theory Caused By Asling And Blewitt?
Labelling theory is relevant as it shows how society has branded men in gangs as deviant and the social reactions to this naming (Tierney 2013, p.148).
As individuals like Asling and Blewitt are already part of a deviant subculture and habitual offenders, they strive to fulfil the deviant label. Thus, all
further behaviour, activities and tasks orbits around the attempt to find social status, power and authority that they might not find in a legitimate
society. This act of crime also solidifies their association with Williams, a notorious figure in Australia's underworld. As a result, stuck in this criminal
label, both men are conditioned to value success through illegitimate means to obtain a sense of identity and therefore committing crimes

Strengths Of Labeling Theory
Strengths Labeling theory has two simple elements that incorporates within the theory. One being the negative reaction and labels that the public has
of an individual and the consequences of those labels that the affect the individual mentally and physically. It explains in simple terms why the criminal
commits illegal acts. The labeling theory contains simple logical that any one can understand. Labeling theory is known to being simple and into the
point. According to the book Sociology: An Interactive Approach
At its most basic, labeling theory involves a number of fairly simple ideas: (1) Deviance (and crime) have to be witnessed by others. (2) Certain
perceptions of the act have to be made. (3) It has to be labelled or defined as deviant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The societal reaction of an individual's behavior leads to that individual becoming the criminal that everyone labels him or her as. Labeling theorists
argue that labeling theory can be applied to any type of individual and to any crime. But, with every theory comes weaknesses. The theory has lacked
the explanation on why individuals first start to act deviant and they lack considering other factors that can influence someone to commit a crime.
However, even with these lacks of explanation labeling theorists argue that the labeling theory have been timeless and can explain any type of situation.
Labeling theorist also recommend ways to improve on the policy of the theory. The recommendations that were mentioned explain on how not only the
government, but also society as a whole can improve on the rate of crimes. All things considered, what you as the reader should remember is that the
most vital aspect of changing criminal behavior is society (yes, that includes the person this paper too). Take this paper into consideration when
thinking about the following question: Are individuals born with criminal behavior? Or do we, as a society, make them that

Labelling Theory Essay
Labelling theory is very useful in explaining criminal behavior. Labelling theory is one of the theories which explain the causes of deviant and
criminal behaviour in society. It gives an insight on what could make an individual be attracted to criminal behavior as opposed to morally desirable
behavior. This theory explains the causes of criminal and deviant behaviour in society. It emphasizes that criminal behavior occurs as a result of the
dominant social group labelling minority groups who are viewed to be committing acts which are against social norms. The theory discusses how the
behavior and self–identity of an individual can be influenced or determined by different terms which the dominant population uses to describe them.
According... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This group defines deviance and explains the levels which can be tolerated by society. When this group labels someone as deviant, they may change
their treatment of the individual. This change usually depends on the extent of deviance exhibited by the individual. The change in treatment of the
individual affects their self–image. The higher the change, the higher their image is affected. In some cases, especially when the self–image is greatly
affected, the individual changes their nature to conform to the labels which are given to them. The effect of labelling theory on juvenile behaviour is a
bit more pronounced and clear. Youths are especially vulnerable to labelling theory. Once they start to believe in their negative labels, self
–rejection
occurs which plays a major role in the social rejection theory. "This self–rejection attitude leads them to deviate from the norms and values of society"
(David J. Bordua). These youths then go on to reject those that have labelled them and tend to set up their own criminal lifestyles consisting of
criminal behaviour. In schools, those that come from a working class family or a lower class, the youth gangs are seen as 'trouble makers' compared
to the middle class gangs who are labelled as 'pranksters' instead. Research has shown that many of the youth gangs who come from the lower class
get arrested and are labelled further as

Theories Of Labelling
The notion of "labelling" individuals with mental illness diagnoses and its subsequent consequences has in particular been a tremendous learning
experience. The labelling theory proposes that cultural stereotypes of mental illness serves as a self–fulfilling prophecy, through which patients play a
expected role, hence validating the original definition (Jones & Cochrane 1981, p.100). Furthermore, labelling companied with stigma associated with
mental illness makes performance of social roles challenging; extensively lessening the quality of patients' lives. Studies have depicted that individuals
suffering from mental illness also suffer from the perceived stigma that they are damaging their material, social and psychological wellbeing.
Furthermore,

Labelling Theories' Contribution to the Sociological...
Labelling Theories' Contribution to the Sociological Understanding of Crime and Deviance Becker is the main sociologist studying labelling theory
on deviance, he argues that 'social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance.' Meaning acts only become
deviant when observers perceive it and define it as deviant. An example of this would be the act of nudity, it is accepted in the bedroom between
husband and wife or on a nudist camp, but when a stranger was to enter the bedroom, or someone was to streak across a sporting event, others would
usually see this as deviant, and this deviancy would become a label on the individual. Several factors affect what the... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Which in turn could turn into a self–fulfilling prophecy because of being identified with the label and it becomes controlling. Once these steps have
occurred, what Becker describes as 'the deviant career' is completed when the individual joins an organised deviant group and thus accepting their
identity of being deviant. However, this is not by any means inevitable and some of those who started out as convicts or drug addicts can become
'straight' and get jobs or quit their habits. When Becker identified that he took a 'sequential' approach he means how he explains deviance and at any
stage in the sequence of his explanation it is possible that the deviant will re–enter conventional society. Lemmert also uses the interactionist
perspective in his view of labelling, outlining primary and secondary deviance, primary being the act before it is publicly labelled and secondary
being the response of the individual or 'deviant' to the reactions of others in society. But he sees the agents of social control to blame for deviance
rather than the traditional views of the blame lying with the 'deviant' individual or group. This labelling theory has contributed two concepts to help
understand the relationship between media and crime: В· Deviancy amplification, Lesley Wilkins points out that a response to deviant acts by media
and the police can actually

Rape And The Connection Of Feminist Criminology And...
The term rape is defined as an 'unlawful sexual intercourse by force, and without legal or factual consent' by Gennaro Vito, Jeffrey Maahs and
Ronald Holmes (2006) in 'Criminology: Theory, Research and Policy' (Vito, Maahs, and Holmes, 2006: p. 280). Rape can be in the form of the penis
penetrating the vagina, oral, anal and an assault using a foreign object. However, there have been many controversies of what is rape and the use of
force that is required. Several researchers, practitioners, legal jurisdiction, as well as, a few rape statutes involving coercive rape rely on the use of
force as part of evidence in their definition (Vito, Maahs, and Holmes, 2006: p. 280). Rape can occur both in men and women, however, most
accounts of rape indicate that majority of men are perpetrators and women are the victims. This essay will discuss the gender differences of rape
victims and the connection of feminist criminology and labelling theory, and stigmatisation; as followed with case studies that are relevant with both
theories. Feminist criminologists states that rape is wrong, and sometimes it is ignored, legitimised and mischaracterised. Furthermore, feminist
criminologists believe that there is difference in how the crime of rape is best acknowledgeable and how rape can be prevented both legally and
socially (Whisnant, 2013). Feminist criminologists suggest that there are two approaches of rape per the liberal and radical feminists. Liberal
feminist's perspectives in regards

The Labelling Theory Movement Among Criminologist And...
INTRODUCTION Howard Becker is renowned as the person who established the modern labelling theory. Becker also developed the term "moral
entrepreneur" to portray the person in power which campaign to make certain deviant behaviour outlawed (Becker, 1963). He suggests that most
laws are founded on that basis, and the behaviour that is classified as criminal is ever changing. Thus, the criminal behaviour is impertinent to the
labelling theory. What actually matters is which outlaws are arrested and processed by the criminal justice system (Becker, 1963). Due to the belief
that societal and personal factors do not kick in as motivations for criminal behaviour, there has been little study of the aforementioned factors. This
facet of Labelling Theory is still debated. Becker's work has become the focus point of the labelling theory movement among criminologist and
sociologists. In his introduction, Becker writes: "...social groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction creates deviance, and by applying
those roles to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but
rather a consequence of the application by other of rules and sanctions to an 'offender. ' The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully
applied; deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label." Society uses the religion to justify its moral action whereas the deviant actor uses it to
justify his

Labelling Theory
Throughout the course of history, criminologists have dedicated their lives to answering two fundamental questions which could potentially expose
what makes individuals within society predisposed towards criminal behaviour – what makes a criminal a criminal? Can anyone become criminal?
However, understanding crime and criminality in itself is a relatively complex and multifaceted topic, as a vast array of theories are continually
investigated, both individually and in combination, with the objective to one day answer this lingering issue. Labelling theory and biological
positivism are two such theories within contemporary society that share this overarching goal. Rising to prominence in the 1960s, labelling theory has
produced a great deal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory therefore suggests that criminology has been given too much attention to criminals as types of people and insufficient attention to the
collection of social control responses. That therefore means the law, the police, the media and the public publications helps to give crime its shape.
This is supported by the conflict theory which demonstrates how deviance reflects inequalities and power. This approach holds that the causes of
crime may be linked to inequalities of class, race and gender and that who or what is labelled as deviant depends on the relative power of categories
of people. While social labels commonly comprise a part of the cultural framework that people draw on to define and categorize the social world,
deviant labels are unique in that they are stigmatizing labels or markers – this assumption is fundamental to labelling theory. Moreover, deviant labels
are linked with stigma, meaning that the contemporary culture has attached specific, more often than not negative metaphors or stereotypes to deviant
labels – evident within

labelling theory Essay
Becker was influenced by the following: Charles Cooley's Human Nature and the Social Order (1902) examines the personal perception of oneself
through studies of children and their imaginary friends. Cooley develops the theoretical concept of the looking glass self, a type of imaginary
sociability (Cooley 1902). People imagine the view of themselves through the eyes of others in their social circles and form judgements of themselves
based on these imaginary observations (Cooley 1902). The main idea of the looking glass self is that people define themselves according to society's
perception of them (www.d.umn.edu ). Cooley's ideas, coupled with the works of Mead, are very important to labeling theory and its approach to a
person's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social Pathology details the concepts of primary and secondary deviance. According to Lemert (1951), primary deviance is the initial incidence of
an act causing an authority figure to label the actor deviant. This initial labeling of a deviant act will remain primary as long as the actor can
rationalize or deal with the process as a function of a socially acceptable role (Lemert 1951). If the labeled deviant reacts to this process by accepting
the deviant label, and further entrenches his/herself in deviant behavior, this is referred to as secondary deviance (Lemert 1951). Lemert considers the
causes of primary deviance as fluid, and only important to researchers concerned with specific social problems at a certain time.
In the years following Social Pathology, Lemert argues for the decriminalization of victimless crimes, advocates pre–trial diversion programs, and has
backed away labeling determinism (Wright 1984). Howard Becker developed his theory of labeling (also known as social reaction theory) in the
1963 book Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. Becker's theory evolved during a period of social and political power struggle that was
amplified within the world of the college campus (Pfohl 1994). Liberal political movements were embraced by many of the college students and
faculty in America (Pfohl 1994). Howard Becker harnessed this

Charles Manson Criminal Behavior Theory
Known Perspectives
Professionals who have examined the case of Charles Manson and have researched his life have been able to hypothesis and diagnose him with
various psychological disorders. While attempting to get bail Charles Manson was diagnosed with paranoid delusional disorder and schizophrenia. If
Charles Manson had schizophrenia then it was caused by his drug use that occurred in his thirties. Therefore, this is not an explanation for why he
committed crimes in his childhood and teenage years.
The Cause of Charles Manson's Criminal Behavior
There are an abundance of sociological theories that can be corelated with the crimes that Charles Manson committed including the behavior theory (
Behaviorism), the social learning theory and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The schools of thought that coincide best in the case of Charles Manson are the behavior theory and the labeling theory. Manson never had a family
who was there for him and his mother was unable to love him and show him the affection that was essential throughout his development and early
childhood. He observed this lack of affection from a young age and saw how his mother treated other individuals in a manipulative way which led
him to treat others the same. This is a strong example of the behavioral theory since the way that Manson was brought up developed his personality,
his behaviors and his opinion on other individuals. From a young age Manson was known as a criminal by society and the criminal justice system.
Manson began to steal from stores at a young age which resulted in him being labelled as a criminal. Since Manson was labelled this horrendous
tittle he lived up to it and felt like there was no other label that he could possess. As the crimes that he committed continued to get darker so did his
label. From robber, to a rapist and eventually a manipulator who led to people commit murder by proxy. Charles Manson is a fascinating example of
how the labelling theory works and depicts an individual's fate based on the one word that they are continually called throughout their life. Manson
never attempted to become anything bigger then a criminal because he was in a self–fulfilling prophecy of criminal

The Labelling Theory: The Dramatization Of Evil
The labelling theory stems from major influences, such as, Cooley, Mead, Tannenbaum, Lemert and Becker. In 1963, Howard S. Becker published
'Outsiders' which sheds light on the definitions of crime and the implications the labelling theory has. He uses the name 'outsider' as a double meaning
to describe someone who has broken the rules that are being enforced and the people who are sticking to them. The labelling theory states that what
makes a person a criminal is not the harm of the act but the label that society has constructed. This means that no one is actually deviant, unless,
society has labelled you as one. In this essay, I will outline and assess the labelling and debate whether the labelling theory has actually had an ironic
effect... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Primary deviance is the act/ violation itself. Most of us engage with it but we do not see ourselves as a deviant/ nor organise our life around this
identity. However, secondary deviance can occur when primary deviance is subject to societal reaction. From this societal reaction, the 'criminal' is
stigmatized threw name calling, labelling etc. and therefore, they often accept their deviant status and organise their life around this new identity.
Therefore, primary deviance doesn't always end in secondary deviance but social interaction determines the outcome and causes these crisis' to

Labelling Theory And Its Elements Essay
Hammersley's Which side was Becker on vividly discusses methods and political principles that primarily focus on social structures; however,
Becker's article has been hard to understand while mostly being misinterpreted. Becker, "believes that systematic and rigorous sociological
research inevitably tends to have radical political implications" (p. 91). Trying to understand the radical side of Becker's article, it can be seen as if
we "the people" are being forced to choose sides. Becker voices his concern when he explicitly states that, "the question is not whether we should
take sides, since we inevitable will, but whose side we are on" (p. 239). Throughout this essay, I will discuss what I thought was vital such as labelling
theory and its elements, accusations, and how this article relates to Becker's article Outsiders. Becker also discusses how labelling theory helped
transformed how us researchers understand crime and deviance. Labelling theory is well–known for its for its focus of inquiry and how different types
of act as well as individuals come to be labelled as what one would consider deviant. There are labellers and the labelled. A labeller is an individual
who is labelling one of a deviant behavior while the labelled is the individual who is being accused of committing a deviant behavior. In addition,
how does one become deviant and who has the right to label? One can become deviant off of peer pressure, jobless, drugs, and so on. However, anyone
can label

Labelling Theory And Robert Agnew 's General Strain Theory
Introduction
Drug use is on the rise worldwide, and Canada is not immune to this travesty, according to the Health Officer's Council of British Columbia 2016
report a staggering 47,000 Canadians died due to substance abuse throughout the previous year. It is widely believed that drug use is the result of one's
own personal choice in a circumstance they decide to live in. Although concept's such as Howard Becker's Labelling theory and Robert Agnew 's
General Strain Theory presents ideas on how the sociological environment plays a factor in shaping individuals and leading them to resort to choices
such as drug use. The Labelling theory is a concept in which the stigmatization of placing identity markers through pre–conceived notions and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The emotion of anger is particularly important in mediating the relationship between strain and crime (Agnew 1992, 2001, 2006) and depressive
emotions like despair and hopelessness are related to deviant coping mechanisms like the use of drugs and alcohol.
The research conducted by "Epidemiologic Drug Abuse Research on Minority Youth: Methodological Issues and Recent Research Advances" held on
July 17–18, 1991, in Bethesda, MD found impressive findings from these analyses are the consistent significant relationships between strain and
deviance among a testing group of Cuban and other Hispanic boys. The four–acculturative strain and protective factor scale categories that used in the
study were language–related conflicts, familism, family acculturation conflict, and ethnic awareness. Language–related conflict was significantly
correlated with deviance in both groups: with drug use among Cubans and alcohol use among other Hispanics. Results from familism were found to be
negatively correlated with deviance and substance use in both samples. Family acculturation conflict, which combines describes family conflicts based
on cultural strains, was highly correlated with deviance and the abuse of substances in both testing samples. Lastly, ethnic awareness, which concerns
perceptions of prejudice, was significantly correlated with deviance and substance use in both subsamples. Results proved to show that there is a direct
correlation between elements of

The Role Of Labelling Theory And Differential Association...
INTRODUCTION The focus of this paper will be on two contemporary criminological theories and their application to the crime film, Eastern
Promises. The two theories to be discussed, and subsequently applied to the film, are labelling theory and differential association theory.
Labelling theory falls under the symbolic interactionist approach, and the primary level of analysis of this theory is micro, as it tends to focus on
the effect of labels on an individual's sense of "self". The basis of labelling theory is that no act is inherently deviant; it is only when the act is
labelled deviant that it becomes so. When someone is labelled as deviant, they begin to see themselves as the label they have been assigned. This
can cause the behaviour to happen more frequently, as the individual who has been labelled begins to see themselves as they label they have been
given. A criticism of labelling theory is that it lacks empirical validity, and is deterministic. There is no way to effectively test this theory, so there
is no way to know for sure how accurate the concept of labelling is and the effect it has on an individual and their propensity towards criminality.
This and other aspects of labelling theory will be broken down and discussed later on in the paper. The second theory to be discussed in this paper is
Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association. This theory is an extension of social learning theory, and it follows the positivist approach. It
also uses a micro

Exploring Theory And The Labelling Theory
Sociologists such as Tannenbaum (1938) and Lemert (1951) introduced the earliest perspectives on deviance and the labelling theory. However,
since then it has evolved to become a major theory used in criminology (Wellford, 1975). Becker introduced one of the most influential relativistic
perspectives on deviance in 1963 with his book, Outsiders. Although it was Lemert (1951) who proposed the main concepts of the labelling theory, it
was Becker who went on to become the leader of the movement. Becker defines deviance as (1963:9): "Deviance is not a quality of the act the person
commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an 'offender.' The deviant is one to whom that label has
successfully been applied; deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label." Becker argues that the majority of the population... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In Becker's paper, "Whose Side Are We On?" (1967) he suggests that the notion of morality can be a problem when researching the labelling theory.
Becker considers the question of where the researcher's sympathies should lie and whether this makes the researcher biased. He states that the
researcher, "whether taking either side, will be accused of taking a one–sided and distorted view, but how is it possible to see the situation from both
sides simultaneously?" (Becker, 1963) This issue has been widely discussed by practitioners because the labelling theory is founded on the way
society constructs the view of crime. Therefore, due to the researcher being part of their own society it is hard to not carry any sort of pre–established
opinion on crime they are guaranteed to have their own personal moral values. Becker argues in his paper that "the labelling theorist must side with the
deviator, as it is up to the sociologists to remedy unfair

Lemert Progressed The Labelling Theory Of Deviance
Lemert progressed the labelling theory by suggesting that there was a primary and secondary stage of deviance.Primary deviances are acts which
haven't been publicly defined as deviant, due to the fact that they're minor and insignificant incidents of rule–breaking. Whilst secondary deviance are
acts which have been publicly listed and labeled as deviant. Lemert argued that it was society's attempt to control primary deviance that led to
secondary deviance. If there was no reaction, there would be no secondary deviance. (Robert Van Krieken, 2013) Societal reactions.Social control
agencies responses towards the deviant, greatly affect deviance outcomes. Instead of minimising deviance the police can cause deviance to be
amplified. (Marshall,

Labelling Theory: The Hippy Subculture
Labelling theory explains that young people that are labelled deviant will conform to such a label (Young, 1971). Labelling theory (Young, 1971)
suggests that when a factor of a subculture is criminalised, those who identify with the subculture will identify with these deviant factors also. This
was seen in the hippy subculture where cannabis became part of the culture's identity by the use of labelling through media messaging (Becker, 1963).
In more current research labelling theory can be looked at from the idea of a self–fulfilling prophecy. Link et al (2001) states that a rejection of a group
of people directly affects the behaviour of that group confirming their 'outsider' status. The ability of a Self–fulfilling prophecy to effect whether

Labelling Theory
Becker was influenced by the following: Charles Cooley 's Human Nature and the Social Order (1902) examines the personal perception of oneself
through studies of children and their imaginary friends. Cooley develops the theoretical concept of the looking glass self, a type of imaginary
sociability (Cooley 1902). People imagine the view of themselves through the eyes of others in their social circles and form judgements of
themselves based on these imaginary observations (Cooley 1902). The main idea of the looking glass self is that people define themselves according
to society 's perception of them (www.d.umn.edu ). Cooley 's ideas, coupled with the works of Mead, are very important to labeling theory and its
approach to a person 's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Becker 's approach has its roots in the symbolic interaction foundation of Cooley and Mead, and the labeling influences of Tannenbaum and Lemert.
Howard Becker 's approach to the labeling of deviance, as described in Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (1963), views deviance as the
creation of social groups and not the quality of some act or behavior. Becker (1963) criticizes other theories of deviance for accepting the existence
of deviance and by doing so, accept the values of the majority within the social group. According to Becker (1963), studying the act of the
individual is unimportant because deviance is simply rule breaking behavior that is labeled deviant by persons in positions of power. The rule
breaking behavior is constant, the labeling of the behavior varies (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) describes rules as the reflection of certain social
norms held by the majority of a society, whether formal or informal. Enforced rules, the focus of Becker 's (1963) approach, are applied differentially
and usually facilitate certain favorable consequences for those who apply the label. In short, members of the rule–making society may label rule
breaking behavior deviant depending on the degree of reaction over time (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) views those people that are likely to engage in
rule breaking behavior as

Labelling Theory Applied To The Criminal Justice System
2) labelling theory can be applied to the criminal justice system by the stigmatization of people it creates. People which society deem are criminals
are placed in a difficult situation of being cast out in a sense from society. Felonies for example stay on your record and create a story about you
without context or understanding. Criminals also feel more secure with other criminals as stated in the labelling overview article," Once the person
accepts a "criminal" label, they will most likely begin to associate with other criminals and increase their own criminal behavior" (9), as that is where
they will feel the most comfortable and less judged. In the criminal's justice system, this creates a caste of individuals who feel because of their

Labelling Theory in Explaining Crime and Deviance
Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the usefulness of labelling theory in explaining crime and deviance. (21 marks) Labelling
theorists are concerned with how and why certain people and actions come to be labelled as criminal or deviant, and what effects this has on those
who are labelled as such. As stated in Item A, labelling theory is focused with how individuals construct society based on their interactions with each
other. Becker emphasises the significance of crime being a social construct; an action only becomes criminal or deviant once society has labelled it
so, and thus crime can be argued to be a social construction. He introduced the concept of a master label, referring to the label which a person is given
which... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The labelling model in the context of mental illness is concerned with the power of some groups in society to label other less powerful groups in a
negative way, and label them negatively accordingly. Szasz and Scheff argue that mental illness is a socially constructed concept which is used to
explain strange behaviour. To test this, Rosenhan asked 8 perfectly normal researchers to get admitted into psychiatric hospitals, and once they
were admitted, they behaved perfectly normally, but remained treated as if they were mentally ill. This demonstrates the difficulties which people
face in attempting to get rid of a label once it has been given by others in society. However, labelling theory also receives many criticisms. It tends
to be deterministic, inferring that once someone has been labelled as criminal, a deviant career is inevitable, whilst also shifting blame from the
individual who is committing crime. Additionally, whilst it offers a reasonable explanation as to why secondary deviance occurs, it fails to explain
why primary deviance is committed in the first place, before they are labelled. An alternative explanation would be the Marxist approach, who argue
that the causes of crime are not due to labelling, but due to the oppression which working class people face. They argue that capitalism is
criminogenic, as the very nature of capitalism is criminal as it is based on the exploitation of the working classes. By encouraging the

Merton's Strain Theory Analysis
Criminologic theorists use one another's work to develop theories further and apply them to different societies and times. The labelling theory has a
small group of key theorists behind it, originating from a sociological influence on deviance (Goode (A) 2016, 64). In 1963 Howard Becker published
Outsiders which articulated his theory of labelling (Becker 1963) (Hayes 2015, 244). Though the 1960s saw labelling theory rise and Becker is credited
with the theory, there were three earlier works that laid a pathway for much of what was to come. The earliest work identified with labelling is George
Herbert Mead's 1918 article titled The Psychology of Punitive Justice. Mead wrote about the hostile attitude found in punitive justice, the attitude ...
Strain and Labelling theory both have a several weaknesses within their theories. A critique of Merton's strain theory is that it overemphasises the
roles of social class in crime and deviance (Plum 2016). Strain theory does not examine deviant crime, illicit drug use or 9–5, and assumes we have
social consensus whilst denying pluralism and diversity. Merton's strain theory caters best to people of a low economic status as they struggle with a
lack of resources available to reconcile their goals (Plum 2016). It accepts marginalised groups cannot adapt and doesn't challenge the basic power
structures within society. Merton's strain theory largely overlooks women and ceases to explain why people in the same circumstantial predicaments
do not adopt the same

Labelling Theory Of Crime Essay
It is scenarios such as the ones mentioned earlier that lead to biases being developed by the public, the media, the police, and the criminal justice
system itself based off of socioeconomic status. It starts with Lombroso's positive approach and his ideas about the criminal man and what makes a
criminal. He believed that criminals had certain innate characteristics about them that could be identified by the police, creating a bias about who is
a criminal based on what they look like (Historical Perspectives, 2018). This gradually led us to labelling theory, which explains why some people are
labelled as criminal and some are not (Historical Perspectives, 2018). Once someone commits a deviant act, they start to be seen as an outsider to the...
Over time, this has eventually grown to where we our know, which the income inequality and biases based off this regarding crime and conviction rates.
A good example of this is the Black Lives Matter campaign and their responses to the murder of innocent black men by the police. Many of the lives
lost were people of colour who lived in what would be classified as a lower–class neighbourhood. These men are being killed by police because of the
mistrust the police have for this social group, based off of these biases that have been developed and reinforced by the criminal justice system as well as
the public. Many argue that these situations would not have occurred if the men in the situation had been white or it had occurred in a more
upper–class neighbourhood. This demonstrates a clear line of inequality and if it could be erased, and all social groups being treated as equal, there
would be no need for this movement, because situations like those would no longer

Labelling Theory Of Police Brutality
America has come a long way from its racist historical past, however the truth remains that police brutality continues to have its effects on
marginalized communities (Embrick 2015, p. 837). It has become a social norm to see fatality from police brutality, and long gone is the image of
police officers being the peace keepers for all (Onyemaobim 2016, p. 182). Different sociological perspectives can be applied to understand police
brutality and the consequences it can have on marginalized communities. The question this paper looks to answer is how does sociological theory,
specifically the labelling theory, help to explain police violence and the consequences it can hold on these communities. The Labelling Theory itself is
based on symbolic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Labelling theory suggests that police brutality stems from the existing stigma that poor minority communities are deviant characters (Anderson 2017,
p. 31). Thus, due to the constant violent behaviour pressed on by police officers, many people of colour are less likely to report a crime, and take it
upon violence to seek for help (Desmond & Andrew 2016). Which could mean that, if police brutality increases so will the lack of reporting on crimes
within marginalized communities, and thus an influx of crimes within that community (Brunson & Miller 2005). Which brings it back to labelling
theory, as the stereotype that minorities are deviant characters will continue due to the rising crime rates, as well as the stigma that all officers are
biased depending on race and social status (Desmond & Andrew 2016). To finish, this adds to the understanding of what is crime and deviance, as it
indicates to how police brutality is a deviant action brought on by the typecast or master status on lower–class minorities (Desmond & Andrew

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