Leibniz Ontology

Leibniz Ontology
Ontology: On the Existence of God "Does God exist?", a question that mankind has been asking
itself for thousands of years. Even the brightest minds the world has ever known have struggled with
this topic. Thousands of papers, essays, and full fledged books have been written offering arguments
and reasons both for and against the existence of a divine creator. One of the more popular
arguments against his existence claims that an all–powerful, loving God would not allow evil to be
in the world. The reasoning being that if God truly is all–powerful and loving, then he would only
choose the best in making the world. On the surface this seems like a reasonably strong argument,
but there are some gray areas which leave room for interpretation. ... Show more content on
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Since we do not live in a world free of suffering then God must not be omnipotent, omniscient or
loving. Now if God created man, and man is born into sin, then God's creation is flawed and he is
therefore imperfect, correct? Not necessarily. As we discussed earlier in the paper, suffering is
necessary for spiritual and moral growth. The Christian belief dictates that God created man to
worship him, and yet man would have no reason to worship and bow down to a higher power if he
did not need deliverance from his sins. God's grace and forgiveness is what drives us to
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Plato 's System Of Metaphysics
Adrian Farrales
Introduction to Philosophy
Metaphysics
11/6/14
Plato's system of metaphysics revolves around the concept of Eidos, or forms. A form is the perfect
and truest instance of a particular idea. In the world, we find particular instances of each form. For
example, a certain pen is a particular instance of the form of pen. Every single pen in the world
contributes to the form of pen. This contribution of particulars to the forms is called mathexis in
Greek, or simply, participation. The participation of all particulars help to define and derive common
characteristics of the form. Using the pen example, all pens function as a writing utensil, usually
contain some form of ink, and generally are cylindrical. Every pen is somewhat imperfect and has
flaws of some sort. Regarding ontology, these forms are the highest level of reality and the purest
form of existence, while the particulars are imperfect and cheap imitations. Regarding our senses,
Plato believed that the world we live in, that is the world of particulars, is an illusion because the
most real world would be the world of the forms. Thus our senses are not accurate and our sense
perceptions are merely copies of the forms. Plato exemplifies this in the allegory of the cave,
portraying a false sense of reality. Plato believed that these forms are innate to human beings, as we
were born with them. By doing philosophy, we undergo a process of recollection of these forms,
ultimately

Ontology: The Frames Of Ontology
3. The Frames of Ontology.
As we can see in the introduction of this essay, the ghosts has the status of having been and not
being in the same form anymore, it is a diachronic status. While the status of the ghostly identities is
synchronic, meaning this that this status of neither being nor not being takes place at the same time.
But where does these status come from? What are the mechanisms that establish and distribute these
status?. The frames of ontology can be seen as the mechanisms that dis–adjusts, that give this out–
of–jointness, to these phantasmagoric entities.
a) Temporal Frames
If the ghost is an unsolved past, how is it decided which events or entities belong to the past and not
to the present? How is it also decide that the future or the past do not belong to the present anymore?
The temporal frames of ontology state that what or who is alive and present exists, ... Show more
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By deconstructing this dichotomy, we would also be deconstructing the limits that divide the real
and the unreal. By questioning the ontology that ties together the threesome living–real–existing, we
could break the temporality and bring the phantasmagoric entities to a new kind of ontology. A
hauntolgy as Derrida would call it, an ontology that does take into account the presence of the
ghosts and specters.
In my opinion, this deconstruction of the dichotomy between what exists and what does not exist, is
necessary but not enough. In her book Frames of War, Butler differentiates what it is to apprehend a
life and what is to recognize a life as a life. In my opinion, if we stop after the deconstruction of the
dichotomy of ontology between what exists and what does not exist, we would be only
apprehending the fact that there are phantasmagoric entities within us. But that would not assure the
inclusion of these entities within the political

Similarities Of Ontology And Epistemology
In the study of philosophy, Metaphysics (Ontology) and Epistemology are probably the two most
broad and complex branches or terms one may come across. The correlation between epistemology
and metaphysics is based on the understanding that epistemology justifies what otherwise would be
"correctable" knowledge, that moves concepts into reality. Without epistemology, nothing in
metaphysical study would have any sort of authority or weight and this is significant because
metaphysical beliefs or concepts cannot depend on traditional scientific methods to be proven true.
In my opinion in the context of education, both models and theories are closely intertwined subjects
that cannot be completely differentiated as one being more important than the ... Show more content
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However variations in metaphysical beliefs have led to different approaches and systems of
education hence the reason why so many private Christian and other religious schools exist today. In
particular the anthropological aspect of metaphysics is in this context, is especially important to
educators of all persuasions because of the ability to mold imperfect human minds at varying
impressionable stages of their lives.
Epistemology is also derived from the Greek word 'episteme' meaning knowledge and 'logos' which
means study or the suffix '–ology' which means 'study of'. It is that branch of philosophy that
focuses at discovering the true meaning of knowledge, how that knowledge is acquired and human
knowledge limitations sources and characteristics, simply put, "how do you know what is true?" It is
one thing to believe something but quite another to feel justified in believing that something is true.
Epistemology is divided into two parts

Buddhism, Spiritual Wisdom, And Ontology Parts
Buddhism,Transcendent Wisdom, and Ontology Parts Ontology is the theory of being. Ontology has
one basic question "What is real?" Ontology seems to be wanting proof of what is, meaning in my
mind through the examples in the book that their is no perfect or real circle. The radius will never be
the exact same, the circle will always be lopsided, so the circle can only be imagined as the correct
way and can never truly exist as a circle because a circle should be perfectly round and have exactly
even radiuses. Materialism states that reality is essentially matter. Materialism to me is against what
I believe because it says there is not use for intelligence, purpose, or causes. I believe that
intelligence and purpose exist. I believe materialism and matter are not the truth of reality.
Idealism is the belief that most real entities are ideas and other immaterial entities. I believe in
idealism because I believe in things that cannot be proven or touched by the senses. I believe in the
ideals of religion, beauty, intelligence, and knowledge which are only proven through idealism
without it these could not exist.
Pragmatism is the belief that what is real is what works and predicts what is likely to happen next.
Pragmatism is not about how things actually are or how really real they are like most other parts of
ontology like idealism and materialism it is about how things work and predict what is likely to
happen. This means to me that it does not matter the the

Different Ways Of Knowing Were Used
Module 3.1 Think of a situation from your personal practice in which multiple ways of knowing
were used. Completely describe the situation and discuss how the different ways of knowing were
used or demonstrated. Use your readings to demonstrate your understanding, and to support your
explanations of empirical, aesthetic, personal, and ethical knowledge. Describe your clinical
situation and the ways of knowing that were used. In the nursing profession we are able to use
multiple ways of knowing. We may not use them all at the same time and some more than the
others, but we do use them. "Four fundamental patterns of knowing have been identified from an
analysis of the conceptual and syntactical structure of nursing knowledge" (Reed & Crawford
Shearer, 2012, p. 200). The four patterns of knowing include: empirical, esthetics, personal, and
ethical. One night in the Emergency Department (ER) I was able to use all four patterns when caring
for a patient. Mr. XYZ had come in for feeling "not him self", weak, overall fatigued, and having
minimal chest pain. Based on his symptoms we immediately begin a cardiac work up. Mr. XYZ was
stable for the first hour or so he was there. I was in another room when my charge nurse came to get
me and said I was needed in Mr. XYZ's room. I immediately when in there to find him sitting up in
bed, awake, with his heart rate on the monitor reading asystole. I locate his pulse and feel a very
faint, but palpable pulse. As I am assessing him my

Hyperobject: Philosophy And Ecology After The End Of The...
The chapter of Timothy Morton, "Hyperobject––––Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the
World", explains the influence of illusion of distance, from humans to themselves and the Nature.
Hyperobjects are pervasive and don't allow you to rationally divide and resolve them with our
human artifacts called Science and Art. This pervasiveness of hyperobjects is what Morton calls
their viscosity. Even simple objects are "hyper" to the extent that they are in or out of phase, not
being exactly "equivalent to them" at any given time.
Object–oriented ontology is a Heidegger–influenced idea of thought that rejects the privileging of
human existence over the existence of nonhuman objects. Object–oriented ontology maintains that
objects exist independently

Ontology of the Automobile Industry
Ontology of automobile
Automobile industry is expand and improved time to time start from 1769 until now. We are now
got a comfortable and convenient car. Different with last few centuries that the only can run 10 mph
and only can last for 10 to 15 minutes. Before go furthers, lets understand the meaning of
automobile. According to the Merriam–Webster automobile is four–wheeled automotive vehicle that
been designed for people transportation and commonly used an internal–combustion engine that
used volatile fuel. Nowadays, we can see a lot of change when the modern automobile consists of
about 14,000 parts and complex systems. These include the body of the car, the internal–combustion
engine, which powers the car by means of a transmission and the electrical system, which includes a
battery, brake system, distributor, alternator, and other devices.
The table below shows the main class of the automobile. It has sport, luxury, large, midsize and
small. It had been class by the length of the car.
Class of car Definition
Sports Cars that been build with high performance features
Luxury Car with Higher–end that are not classified as sports cars
Large Length more than 495.3 cm and wheelbase more than 279.4 cm
Midsize Length 457.3–495.3 cm and wheelbase 200–279.4 cm
Small Length less than 457.2 cm and wheelbase less than 266.7 cm
Microcar Aixam
Same with appearance of the car that is small

The Theory of the Ideas and Plato’s Ontology
I. THE THEORY OF THE IDEAS AND PLATO'S ONTOLOGY
I. 1. The ontological dualism The theory of the Ideas is the base of Plato's philosophy: the Ideas are
not only the real objects ontologically speaking, but they are the authentically objects of knowledge
epistemologically speaking. From the point of view of ethics and politics, they are the foundation of
the right behaviour, and anthropologically speaking they are the base of Plato's dualism and they
even allow him demonstrate the immortality of the soul. Plato defends a clear ontological dualism in
which there are two types of realities or worlds: the sensible world and the intelligible world or, as
he calls it, the world of the Ideas. The Sensible World is the ... Show more content on
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The objects to which names (such as "Socrates" or "Napoleon") refer are individuals; but we have
certain problems about the objects to which other terms (nouns, abstract adjectives and abstract
nouns) refer. We call them UNIVERSAL terms because they do refer to a plurality of objects. For
that reason Plato deduces there must be universal beings matching up those universal concepts of
which there are plenty of individuals or examples; "The Green" would match the concept of "green",
"The Kindness" would match the concept of "kindness", "The Beauty" would match the concept of
"beautiful", "The Truth" would match the concept of "truth". Those beings which match universal
concepts are called Ideas or Forms.
c) The possibility of scientific knowledge: science strictly talking cannot deal with things which are
continuously changing; the sensible world is continuously changing, so science cannot study it; it
has to study an immutable world. The second premise shows a clear affinity with Parmenides of
Elea and Heraclitus of Ephesus: what is given to our senses is a world ruled by continuous change,
by mutation. As far as the first premise, we have to think about something permanent in those
objects we want to have knowledge about if we want this knowledge to be true. Is there any
knowledge that is always true and not just sometimes true? If there is, then we have to think there
are things

Max Bense's The Metamorphosis
As reading The Metamorphosis, it gets more curious about the true meaning of Gregor's
transformation. Regarding this question, many authors wrote critical essays. Some of them are very
similar to each other but have different reasons why they think that way. Max Bense starts his essay
by explaining two words, theodicy and ontology. As he explains, theodicy means "God as first
cause, the ground to which all beings are related." While ontology means "Man is the subject, the
foundation, in relation to whom everything becomes intelligible and interpretable." Then it seems
like he thinks The metamorphosis is more of ontology than theodicy. For example, "real world no
longer exists and which, accordingly, considers itself exempt from the problem of objective reality"
implies that Gregor is not an actual vermin but it's his imagination. His real world does not exist
anymore and it is not because of the god. It is because of his depression and psychological issue due
to stress and pressure from his family. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is depressed of sacrificing himself for his entire family while his family is not doing any work
but taking advantage of Gregor. Also, the story looks like Gregor's confession about how he has
been feeling like as being in his place but the biographical document explains that it is not a
confession but an

Government And The Moral And Metaphysical Implications Of...
Over the length of this course, we have discussed several aspects of politics. We have studied
citizenship and obligations to society as a citizen, justice and what it means to us as individuals, and
how to go about enacting change within a community and around the world. Some of the most
important topics from this class included the characteristics, duties, and obligations of rulers of
government. In addition to the concept of rulers, we also studied the notion of authority and the
moral and metaphysical implications of authority to individuals ' autonomy. Within each concept of
study, we read works from many authors with conflicting ontologies, constructed from their
differing views on human nature.
Within the study of rulers, we read differing views from five different authors. The first author,
Plato, wrote in his book, The Republic, that there are different levels of understanding the world.
The lowest level of understanding, he said, was when someone could see the shadow of the image,
then above that level of understanding was to understand the images themselves. That level
consisted of most of the people within a society. A select view could understand the next level;
scientific manifestations of objects. Finally, the highest level of understanding was known as
understanding the pure forms. Plato wrote that whoever understood the pure forms of the world was
fit to be the ruler, which he called the philosopher king. He believed this philosopher king would
guide the

Ontologies Used In Paper-Omics
In recent years, there has been an explosion of available data as the medical field has moved from
paper–based to electronic health records (EHR), along with other big data sources such as digital
imaging, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. To make this vast amount of data clinically
useful and to support in–depth analysis to understand the molecular basis of diseases, methods and
tools are required that accurately integrate and link –omics data with clinical information (1).
Phenotype is defined as the morphological, physiological and behavioral characteristics of an
individual while genotype is an individual's entire genetic makeup (2, 3). A phenotype terminology
is a catalog of specific signs, symptoms, imaging findings, and other ... Show more content on
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The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) facilitates the study of disease–phenotype relationships (5–
7). The goal of the HPO is to provide accurate and precise clinical descriptions of diseases and yield
valuable clues to the molecular pathophysiology of a given patient (6, 8, 9). They are especially
important in cases of rare and undiagnosed diseases where clinical experts may use different terms
to describe similar clinical phenotypes (10).
The construction of ontologies requires content expertise and continuous accrual of new knowledge,
which is challenging to incorporate in a timely manner. The comprehensiveness of ontology in a
given domain is crucial for its usefulness. Thus, there is a need for systems that can effectively and
efficiently provide an assessment of domain coverage and potential new content for inclusion. One
of these mechanisms includes exploiting the information found in biomedical resources like
published literature and EHRs. Electronic health records have several advantages for use in
phenotyping such as cost efficiency and the availability of large amounts of clinical and temporal
information (11). Although structured data, such as International Classification of Disease (ICD)
codes, are useful controlled vocabularies, they are limited in detail as they are designed to facilitate
medical billing. On the other hand, the unstructured clinical data (e.g. consult notes, history and
physical notes, discharge summaries, and pathology reports) are rich in

Debate Between Ontology And Epistemology
Introduction In this week's literature synthesis the aim is to discuss the different possible views of a
scientist about the nature of reality. In addition to the debate about quantitative and qualitative
research should be examined, particularly in regards of rigour and relevance. Finally, the usefulness
of management research approaches will be observed. The influence of politics and ethics should be
also considered in this essay. Researchers debate about ontology and epistemology According to
Easterby–Smith, Thorpe and Jackson (2012) ontology is mainly the first discussion point among
researchers. Ontology deals with the question how a researcher perceives the nature of reality.
Easterby–Smith, Thorpe and Jackson (2012) distinct four different paradigms: Realism, Internal
Realism, Relativism and Nominalism. From a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That means natural scientists believe there is only one truth. On the opposite some social scientists
believe that multiple truths can exist around a phenomenon which fulfils the relativism paradigm
(Shah and Corley, 2006). Finally, according to Easterby–Smith, Thorpe and Jackson (2012)
researchers on the position of nominalism believe, that reality will be created through language and
social exchange. Thus, what does it mean in regards of epistemology? According to Easterby–Smith,
Thorpe and Jackson (2012) scientists who see the nature of reality from the angle of realism or
internal realism will inquire the physical and social world rather in a positivistic way. On the other
hand, researchers who prefer a relativism or even a nominalism view explore the world through
constructionism. What does that now mean for me as a researcher? Depending on my ontological
and epistemological perception I would be able to define my research methodology. Of course, the
research

Mapping Of Semantic Web Ontology
Mapping of Semantic Web Ontology in User Query System
Rupali khune
Department of Computer Engineering, MMCOE Pune, University of Pune, India
rupalikhune@mmcoe.edu.in
ABSTRACT
The vision of the Semantic Web promises a kind Machine Intelligence, which can support a verity of
user tasks like improved search engine or Question Answering (QA). Ontologies are needed for
realization of the semantic web, which in turn depends on the ability of system to identify and take
advantage of relationships that exist between and within ontologies. There are huge numbers of
ontologies present on the web they need to be integrated for data integration. These ontologies are
having different in representation, quality of data and larger sizes of ontologies, this lead to be
problem during ontology mapping, on analyzing these problems and to introduce Multiagent
mapping system. Main aim is to achieve heterogeneous data integration through semantic mapping
of ontologies. this paper provide a mapping framework for Multiagent ontology having
heterogeneous data in Semantic web and develop a question answering system from developed
framework of ontology's and improve performance by adding semantic relation interpreter which
improves response time.
General Terms
Ontology, Semantic Web, Similarity.
Keywords
Automated question answering system, Multiagent System, Ontology Mapping, Semantic relation
interpreter, semantic web.
1. INTRODUCTION
Web mining [1] uses data mining techniques to

Understanding Quine 's Theory And Ontological Commitment
Are there holes? This might seem like a simple question, but it is not to philosophers at times. This
is a question of ontological importance, the question of what exist. W.V. Quine seeks to highlight
ontologies purpose, and ultimately their function in his paper, "On What There Is". This paper was
very influential in the philosophical world in term to what we consider as ontology. In this paper, we
will go through Quine's thought process on the question of non–being and the use of descriptive
statements to cut through what Quine actually considers as ontology. Then from there we will
explore the problem of holes and come to a, hopefully, satisfying conclusion about the best possible
ontology for knowing if holes exist.
In order to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When people say that Pegasus is not they are not rejecting the idea of Pegasus, but rather the
physical manifestation of Pegasus. Ideas and physical manifestations are very different when we talk
about existence, and Quine is quick to point out some confusion on McX's part. He states, "McX
never confuses the Parthenon–idea. The Parthenon is physical; the Parthenon–idea is mental...The
Parthenon is visible; the Parthenon–idea is invisible. We cannot easily imagine two things more
unlike, and less liable to confusion, than the Parthenon and the Parthenon–idea."(Quine, 2).
Ultimately, Quine rejects McX's argument and goes on to Wyman's postulation of non–existence.
Wyman takes a different approach to the problem of non–existence than McX does. He says that
Pegasus is "an unactualized possible" (Quine, 3). Pegasus to Wyman is just something that could
exist and that just doesn't have a corporeal existence in our world. Quine wants to get rid of this
notion for two reasons it seems. One is because this creates and inflation of ontology, and Occam's
razor is disregarded. And two, it creates a problem for ontological disagreement. The first point is an
idea of importance. Quine still wants the best ontology that he can find at the moment. With the
multiplication of unactualized possibilities, there is too many things added into the definition of
existence. In this case, the meaning of exist is expanded broadly. He says, "We have all been prone
to say, in our

Importance Of Semiotics To The Cultural Aspects Of Philosophy
PHILOSOPHIES OF QUANTUM PHYSICS AND OF EDUCOLOGY
Introduction
In the Introduction, the philosophy of quantum physics and the philosophy of educology will be
characterized in respect to five established cultural aspects of philosophy
, i.e. in respect to the aspects:
(1) of ontology as philosophy of what exists,
(2) of metaphysics as philosophy of what exists and is real,
(3) of epistemology as philosophy of what knowledge is,
(4) of logic as philosophy of inquiry entailing an epistemology,
(5) of axiology philosophy of what value, and, in respect;
to semiotics as the science of the semiosical process, whereas the semiosical process is a naturally
and culturally determined socially oriented process, involving symbols as to their meanings
(symbol–meaning) and signs as to their significance (sign–significance).
The Importance of Semiotics to the Cultural Aspects of Philosophy
From the perspective of the author of this paper, semiotics is the science of the semiosical process,
whereas the semiosical process entails what is alluded to when John Dewey states that:
"I shall. . . connect sign and significance [sign–significance], symbol and meaning [symbol–
meaning], respectively, with each other, in order to have terms to designate two different kinds of
representative capacity. Linguistically, the choice of terms is more or less arbitrary, although sign
and significance have a common verbal root. This consideration is of no importance, however,
compared with the

Human Mortality According to Heidegger Essay
Human Mortality According to Heidegger
Martin Heidegger (1889 –– 1976) was, and still is considered to be, along with the likes of Soren
Kierkegaard, Edmund Husserl and Jean–Paul Sartre, one of the principal exponents of 20th century
Existentialism. An extraordinarily original thinker, a critic of technological society and the leading
Ontologist of his time, Heidegger's philosophy became a primary influence upon the thoughts of the
younger generations of continental European cultural personalities of his time.
The son of a Catholic sexton, Heidegger displayed an early interest in religion and philosophy; at
school he began an intensive study of the late 19th century Catholic philosopher Franz Brentano
and, as we shall see, Brentano's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, Heidegger's comments upon existential themes such as anxiety, distress and care were not
meant as psychological or anthropological comments or propositions. Instead, they were specifically
proposed as philosophical (or, more accurately, ontological) statements and phenomenological
observations. Remembering the influence of Brentano and Aristotle, we will see that Heidegger's
principle philosophical concern was the disclosure of the various ways of Being and particularly,
Human Being.
In 1927, Heidegger astonished the German philosophical domain with the publication of his
magnum opus Sein und Zeit , a work that, although almost unreadable, was immediately felt to be of
primary importance. Perhaps partly due to its intriguingly difficult style, the book was acclaimed as
a very deep and important work not only in German speaking countries but also in Latin countries,
where Phenomenology had already been popularised. It strongly influenced Jean–Paul Sartre
(although, as with Husserl, Sartre's phenomenological ontology concentrated more upon
consciousness than Heidegger believed was necessary). Despite his protestations, Heidegger was
classed, on the strength of Being and Time as the leading atheistic Existentialist. However, the book
received a colder reception in England and its influence was negligible for several decades.
In order to understand the above titled question, we must first attempt to understand some of the
fundamental points that define

Ontology is the Specifcation of Conceptualization
Definition of ontology According to Tom Gruber, an AI specialist at Stanford University, "ontology
is the specification of conceptualization, used to help programs and human share knowledge."
Ontology also is a description about the concepts and relationships that can exist for an agent or
community of agent. A description in this case means it's like a formal specification of the program.
Ontology also is the working model of entities and interaction in some particular domain of
knowledge or practice according to the information technology. The example of the ontology
according to the information technology aspect is the electronic commerce or the activity of
planning. Ontology is the set of concept that are specified in some way in order to create an agreed
in this usage. In some cases, the ontology can be described as a set of definition of formal
vocabulary. Ontologies are also not limited to conservative definition, that is, definition in the
traditional logic sense that only introduce terminology and do not add any knowledge about the
world (Endeton, 1972). Definition of accident "An accident can be defined as the unplanned,
uncontrolled event which has led to or could have led to injury to people, damage to plant,
machinery or the environment and/or other loses." Accident also can be defined as unfortunate
incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in damage or injury. It is
terrifying and terrible with the explosive accident.

The Ontological Files
The authors[7] presented an approach in which ontological profiles are built. Ontology is considered
to be a hierarchy of topics which is used to classify and categorise web pages. It is also used to
identify the topics in which the particular user is interested. Ontology has some existing concepts to
which interest scores are assigned. Keeping the reference ontology, these profiles are maintained
and updated. With observing the ongoing behaviour, a spreading activation algorithm was proposed
for maintaining the interest scores. So this way of the interest scores updation, the most relevant
results are brought on the top.
Each built profile is an instance of this reference ontology. A user profile may comprise of variety of
concepts which is represented as nodes. Each node is represented as a pair (Cj, IS(Cj)),where Cj is a
concept in the reference ontology and IS(Cj)is the interest score annotation for that concept. Every
concept in the profile is provided with an interest score having initial value as one.
The ontological user profile is treated as the network of concepts and the interest scores are updated
based on the activation values. These scores are updated using spreading activation algorithm[8].
Input vector is also involved to represent the current interaction of the user. When the user selects
documents, the user profile is updated and the interest scores of the existing concepts are modified
using spreading activation. by this way the web pages in which the user

Ontology contains a set of concepts and relationship...
Ontology contains a set of concepts and relationship between concepts, and can be applied into
information retrieval to deal with user queries.
Challenges in interpreting a query from different ontologies:
It is not possible to determine in advance which ontologies will be relevant to a particular query.
User queried keyword has to be translated into ontology–centric terminologies.
Answer to a query may require the integration of information from multiple ontologies.
Our approach is to keep the ontologies separate. We assume they use the same description logic,
even though not essentially the same vocabulary (i.e. they can use different names for the same
concept and/or the same names for different concepts). The aim is to ... Show more content on
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The natural language query is sent to NL Processing engine where it is processed and is converted to
DL query. Stop words are stripped off the queries. NL–DL query convertor comprise of several
natural language processing tools such as the Stanford Parser for creating the parse tree while
WordNet can be utilized to account for syntactic variability by finding synonymous words. The
query processor's task is providing the user with the best answer to the question from the ontology.
High level architecture of the model is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1: High level architecture of MOSS–IR
Query processor system parses the query and interprets the meaning of the end–user's query terms.
This enables the construction of a meaningful query. Before any actual query re–formulation, the
mapping between the vocabulary of the ontologies and the query is required. The mapping is
indispensable for retrieval improvement using ontology based query approaches. The first step of
the processor is to identify the set of ontologies likely to provide the information requested by the
user. Hence it searches for near syntactic matches within the ontology indexes, using lexically
related words obtained from WordNet [27] and from the ontologies, used as background knowledge
sources. It identifies the subject, predicate and object, which is used to generate the DL query and
runs it against the ontology to attempt to

Ontology Yours Or Mine Analysis
Ontology: Yours or Mine? "I'd like to know more regarding the Polish people's desires for the future,
both politically and economically," said U.S. President Jimmy Carter to his translator, Steven
Seymour to communicate with Poland in 1977 (Translator Thoughts, 2014). However, that was not
what was translated––rather, Seymour said, "President Carter wanted to understand their [Polish
people] carnal desires," (Translator Thoughts, 2014). While that might have simply been an innocent
mistake or even a Freudian slip for all we know, it was certainly not the words that President Carter
spoke. Whether it is a translation of a speech or even a guitar version of Beethoven's symphony, the
art behind the piece has been changed; in other words, it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Simply put, one can easily claim Levine's recapture of Tenant Farmer Wife is a copy considering
that it is an exact copy of Walker Evans' Alabama Tenant Farmer Wife. It is crucial to distinguish
this specific artwork, thereby allowing us to evaluate it differently. Conversely, J. L. Mott's
Bedfordshire model urinal, for instance, resembled that of the famous Duchamp's Fountain as well;
however, this artwork is essentially different considering that it is not entirely the same artwork,
thereby following a different

Ontology vs. Epistemology
Ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist. What do we
know? What are we certain of? What can we prove? What is the nature of existence? Epistemology
is the study of knowledge. How do we know what we know? How can we establish truth and
certainty? Are their limits to what we can know based on how we come to know it? These
epistemological questions when combined with ontological questions have philosophers pondering
what exists and how we know it exists. In A Certain Ambiguity, by Gaurav Suri and Hartosh Singh
Bal, there was a constant question of proof. How do you go about proving something? Well the book
suggests that it is only possible to prove something if you have a set of accepted axioms. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first half of this quote explains that idea in a different way, "Each society thought that their way
was the natural way, the absolute way, and the certain way, but Protagoras and Sophists realized that
one way was not anymore certain or real than any other way. They went on to generalize that every
human idea is relative to the circumstances surrounding the originator of the idea, and that true
knowledge is unattainable."(pg. 42) The second half of the quote intrigued me. People are too
dependent on one another to formulate or recognize new "truths." The movie Flatland showed how
people's thoughts and ideas are limited to what they can see and what they experience. The circles
were powerful and influential and clearly "knew" they could control the thoughts of their people.
The circumstance surrounding the idea of the existence of the 3rd dimension was the shapes were to
be punished if they disobeyed the circles and tried to prove there was a 3rd dimension. When
someone finally stood out and fought to prove the existence of the new dimension, was when the
people followed along because the new truth made more sense. If people keep looking at certainty
with an "oh look, something shiny" attitude they are going to continue to be pawns in someone's
game and are never really going to increasing their knowledge. "Oh look, something shiny" is used
to express the way people react when they are told a new "truth." Most people are not educated
enough to

Neurological Disease Ontology Paper
The lack of deep knowledge in a domain is the major bottleneck preventing the rapid spread in
knowledge bases. Nowadays, ontology systems have appealed more and more attention in several
research areas such as medical vision. Where a lot of ontologies vision systems have been presented
and have achieved great success for handling complicated medical domains. In spite of an ever–
increasing number of biomedical ontologies, there are relatively few ontologies available for use by
the dental community at the present time, One reason for this may be that the potential uses and
applications of dental ontologies have not been adequately described .This paper represents an
attempt to address this issue. which we choose to work in dental diseases for jordanians cases as an
opportunity to represent this cases, specially Jordan have many distinctive cases in dentistry such as
the case found by Haddadin et al.[9] and Faiez N. Hattab[11] . Concisely, my research ... Show more
While Ashburner et al.[6] show the success of the Gene Ontology in how a controlled and properly
curated ontology can benefit and extend research in medicine. In Scheuermann et al.[7] represent
Ontology for General Medical Science demonstrate entities in the domain of medicine and disease
and addresses the need to integrate biomedical data. The description logic as we use in this paper is
expressive enough for defining the relevant concepts in enough detail, but not too expressive to
make reasoning infeasible. The Gomes et al.[8] describe structure of description logics and its
approach in the cardiology medical environment, and we compare the use of description logics in
the pathology environment by using a practical model of description logics use in terms of diseases
related to the circulatory system of the human

A Theory Of Ontology And A Position On The Problem Of...
To understanding how we use language to describe the world, we need theories to describe and
explain our reality. The title quote is taken from Willard Van Orman Quine's, "On What There Is", in
which he presents a theory of ontology and a position on the problem of universals. The problem of
universals questions the existence of universals. Universals are properties and relations which are
held in common by shared qualities. In comparison, particulars are concrete entities. The debate is
centred around two opposing viewpoints – nominalist and realists. Realists believe in universals,
nominalists do not. While realists endorse both universals and particulars, nominalists reject the
notion of universals and only accept the existence of particulars. Consequently, there is
disagreement among philosophers whether universals exist. Discussion of the titled quote follows an
examination of the One Over Many argument which leads to the problem of universals. In this
essay, I show that I agree with the title statement and will argue in favour of a nominalist account of
universals. I will focus primarily on Quine's argument for nominalist semantics. This argument will
be presented by questioning the universal 'redness' and the role of meanings. In examining
arguments made by Armstrong and subsequently presenting a response to these critiques via the
analysis of Devitt, I will also discuss the infinite regress problem and the validity of the One Over
Many argument. My conclusion will be

Summary Of ' On What There Is '
1. Quine in his paper titled "On What There Is" (Kim, Sosa, & Korman, 2012, p. 7–15) aims to
provide an account of two different ontologies and suggests that his answer is the better answer to
the ontological problem. Ontology deals with the question of what there is. The problem is
understanding what the right answer is. In this response, I will explain Quine's criterion of
ontological commitment and his response to McX's argument for the existence of universals. McX is
a fictitious philosopher created for taking a position on an ontology different from his own. Simply
put, Quine's criterion for ontological commitment is that statements must use bound variables
because names are not enough to commit us to an ontology. That is to say, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Quine would disagree and respond that skies, cars, and t–shirts discuss particular objects and blue
things are predicates of those objects. There does not need to be some universal aspect for the
existence of blue to have meaning. All we need to do is use bound variables and make an
ontological commitment saying that there is something that is a car and blue. Quine avoids
confronting the argument about the existence of universals by disregarding McX's argument.
2. In order to explain and evaluate the view that a concrete particular is a combination of its features
and a substratum. We must first define what these terms mean. A concrete particular is a
spatiotemporal individual entity that has causal powers. To put this another way, concrete particulars
exist within space and time with one location. A specific concrete particular cannot exist in more
than one location at a time. For example, a concrete particular could be a book. The view that these
particulars are combinations of is features and substratum is a way to quantify how they exist.
Features are the characteristics a substance has. For example, a book has a feature of rectangularity.
A substratum or a box theory of concrete particulars suggest that concrete particulars are a
combination of its features and contained by their location. To put this another way, a substratum
adds order to the set of features while having location as the container that separates a single book
particular from other similar

Essay on Communication Barrier between Science and the...
The world is a large place filled with many diverse cultures. Within these different cultures, unique
languages and ways of healing have risen. Due to overpopulation and the constant need for new
technology, these cultures have come together to create a better way of life. The problem we face
today is not finding the sources of medication, but the communication barrier between science and
the community.
Community Health Worker Programmes During the late Apartheid era in South Africa:
Apartheid was a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race (Oxford
University Press Southern Africa, 2007). During the 19 hundreds, this unethical law was taking
place in South Africa which led to the lack of human rights for people ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2010:1114).
Ginneken et al. (2010:1115) explains that CHWs were located in health clinics full–time and were
no longer flexible community–based workers. Their responsibility to the community changed for the
worse. Many CHWs started resenting unpaid requests from fellow villagers. "The government now
has this huge thing, they've got this small business programme, the pay roll. And the village health
workers, if the pay doesn't come out, they 'toy toy', they don't go to work" (Ginneken et al.
2010:1115). Introducing this stipend caused CHWs to reject volunteer work.
A CHW Framework has been established by South Africa to guide the development of a national
CHW programme. This Framework has failed to recognize diversity, needs and flexibility, and this
has cause to say the aim is invalid. The current potential professionalisation of CHWs makes the
ideal 'bridging gap' between the community and the health system more distant. Once the diversity,
needs of people, and the flexibility within the CHW programme's are recognised, the gap between
the community and the health system will be inexistent (Ginneken et al. 2010:1116).
Preoperative Education for Lumbar Radiculopathy:
Preoperative education prepares patients for surgery and many spine surgeons believe it is an
important procedure to include. The delivery methods, content of preoperative education, types of
educational aids, and patients all vary. This shows there

Ontology Metaphysics
Introduction (20%) – identifying the issue and the need for a philosophical approach
Issue: Patients and costumers treated as objects (a source of profit) vs. beings with individual needs .
Specifically looking at the
Philosophical theory (25%) – summary of the relevant sub–discipline or school of thought (e.g.,
existentialism)
Ontology
Metaphysics is "a division of philosophy that is concerned with the fundamental nature of reality
and being" (Inwagen & Sullivan2014). Within the study of metaphysics is branch of ontology, which
is described as being the "essence of being", or what makes us human (Professor D. C. Malloy,
personal communication, 2017). Further breaking down the notion of ontology is essence, which is
broadly defined as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As argued pharmacists play a unique role within the health care system, and their interactions and
delivery of information to patients/customers has the potential to have lasting impacts on individuals
and how they decide to access future care. Keeping this in mind pharmacist should be educated in
understanding the ontological implications of their patient/customer interactions, and how
perceptions play into behvaiours and actions (CITE). This notion and understand must be implanted
into new recourses and education for new grads as well be implemented for all current practices, and
education continue to ensure the understanding is not lost in the quotas and objectives of

The Importance Of Semiotics To The Cultural Aspects Of...
Introduction
In the Introduction, the philosophy of quantum physics and the philosophy of educology will be
characterized in respect to five established cultural aspects of philosophy , i.e. in respect to the
aspects:
(1) of ontology as philosophy of what exists,
(2) of metaphysics as philosophy of what exists and is real,
(3) of epistemology as philosophy of what knowledge is,
(4) of logic as philosophy of inquiry entailing an epistemology,
(5) of axiology philosophy of what value,
and, in respect;
to semiotics as the science of the semiosical process, whereas the semiosical process is a naturally
and culturally determined socially oriented process, involving symbols as to their meanings
(symbol–meaning) and signs as to their significance (sign–significance).
The Importance of Semiotics to the Cultural Aspects of Philosophy
From the perspective of the author of this paper, semiotics is the science of the semiosical process,
whereas the semiosical process entails what is alluded to when John Dewey states that:
"I shall. . . connect sign and significance [sign–significance], symbol and meaning [symbol–
meaning], respectively, with each other, in order to have terms to designate two different kinds of
representative capacity. Linguistically, the choice of terms is more or less arbitrary, although sign
and significance have a common verbal root. This consideration is of no importance, however,
compared with the necessity of having some words by which to

Authentic Grasp of Being Essay
Authentic Grasp of Being
Martin Heidegger provides an interesting lesson about what must be done to authentically grasp the
nature of being in Being and Time. The focus of being in his book is the unique individual human
consciousness referred to as Dasein, and authenticity is regarded as that which accords with Dasein's
own self, including its history, present concerns, and future possibilities. The thesis of this paper is
an interpretative one: the path to authentically grasping one's own being requires first disregarding
philosophical history regarding being and then understanding one's own presuppositions. More fully,
the phenomena that give rise to examining ontology must be analyzed, which means that one must
not simply start with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The major problem presented by this philosophical tradition is that it is presented dogmatically and
so we are eager to accept its offerings without questioning their starting points. On page 43 in our
translation Heidegger writes, "Dasein has had its historicality so thoroughly uprooted by tradition
that it confines its interests to the multiformity of possible types, directions, and standpoints of
philosophical activity in the most exotic and alien of cultures; and by this very interest it seeks to
veil the fact that it has no ground of its own to stand on." The main point of this statement is that we
are distracted by the seemingly rich inquiries into being that have already been carried out, and we
assume that all the different possibilities for grounding these inquires have been carefully considered
and exhausted. This rich quotation also tells us that we each have an existential history that we can
personally examine to begin understanding the nature of being, and it further implies that our
inquiry is going to be grounded in the phenomenon of personal experience. The philosophical
tradition about being dazzles us with assertions and arguments to the extent that we no longer
consider personal experience as a starting point.
Earlier in his introduction (section one), Heidegger tells us of three major themes developed by the
philosophical tradition discussed in section six. In the first major theme, the concept of being has
been oversimplified as an easy

Ontology, Epistemology And Methodology
Ontology, Epistemology and methodology form the key component of qualitative research.
Ontology is defined as the branch of metaphysics (philosophy concerning the overall nature of what
things are) that deals with identifying, in the most general terms, the kinds of things that actually
exist. Epistemology on the other hand is the branch that deals with the nature of knowledge itself, its
possibility, scope, and general basis. Let us look into both in detail. The word ontology basically
refers to the questions related to existence. What epistemology concerns with is about what kinds of
things exist – what entities there are in the universe. It primarily deals with addressing questions
related to existence and the nature of existence. Ontology According to Baikie, Ontology is the
science or study of being and it deals with the nature of reality. In simple terms it deals with whether
social entities need to be perceived as objective or subjective. Objective and subjective approach of
investigative things forms two important elements of ontology, broadly called as the Positivism and
Subjectivism. Positivism Positive ontology believes in the fact that that the world is external
(Carson et al., 1988) and that there is a single objective reality to any research phenomenon or
situation regardless of the researcher's perspective or belief (Hudson and Ozanne, 1988). The
positive approach refers to philosophical positions that emphasize empirical data and scientific
methods. It

Ontology Of Information Security In Enterprises. Stephen
Ontology of Information Security in Enterprises
Stephen Schiavone1, Lalit Garg2 and Kelly Summers3
1University of Liverpool, Fountain Hills, Arizona, USA
2University of Liverpool, University of Malta, Malta
3Medicis Pharmaceutical Corp, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA steve.schiavone@my.ohecampus.com
lalit.garg@my.ohecampus.com krsummers@sbcglobal.net Abstract: Today's global free–market
enterprise is reliant on the interconnectedness of social, economic and political ecosystems.
Enterprises no longer maintain a simple unary relationship between its customers and consumers.
Enterprises have become an integral part of a complex relationship within the new socio– and
techno– economic paradigm. The cornerstone of this new model is the Internet ... Show more
Validation of the 'Enterprise Ontology' and 'Information Security Capability–Driven Framework' is
obtained from the creation of a business strategy to 'business capability value map' and
quantification of key business and security metrics. A set of ontology–based competency questions
allows the business to understand and make informed and prudent decisions regarding how and
where security should be applied to ensure a favourable outcome for the enterprise. Analysis of the
results of this study demonstrates the usefulness of the model in guiding the organization to assess
current security risks and make informed and business–directed security decisions. The result is a
deployment strategy that balances the scarce resources of the enterprise whilst maintaining strategic
alignment. Further opportunities exist to improve the creation and quality of enterprise ontology
including development of a more rigorous and systematic approach to modelling the enterprise's
current state and future state scenarios using the business capability framework. Semantically driven
conceptual models of the enterprise may also be expressed within key security technologies and
systems that support the organization by forming a collection of ontology–aware technologies that
respond and react collectively to attacks in a fail–secure

Colour Ontology is Philosophy that Interacts with Nature
Referring to the 7th Edition of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, the word ontology is
describes as:
"A types of philosophy that interact with the existence and its nature."
Philosophers often used the word ontology to replace the word metaphysics which is similar on its
meaning that refers to the relation or fact of reality, truth and knowledge of the existence. In other
words, the term ontology is a branch of metaphysics that study the relations between the process of
understanding of existence which provide the truth and definitive including the possibility facts of
the existence.
While the word colour in the 7th Edition of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary is defined as:
"The appearance that things have that results from the way in which they reflect light."
Colour can be identified by two different methods which are objectively and subjectively. The terms
objectively in colour ontology is a method that using the facts by referring to the laws of physics,
chemistry and physiology. Subjectively is the term that referred to the psychological concept. The
colour ontology or the ontology of colour is a combination of words that described the philosophy of
science that shown the existence or the nature of colour. There are three basic elements of colour
which can give influenced the appreciation of colours. The three elements are a light source, an
object and a viewer. Many philosophers, theorist, researchers had discussion and argument on this
colour ontology from

Summary Of Andre Bazin's The Ontology Of The Photographic...
In Andre Bazin's essay, "The Ontology of The Photographic Image", he argues that one of the
defining characteristics and inherent motivations in the production of art and artifacts, be it the
mummification of Pharaohs, portraits of Kings and Emperors, is the 'preservation of life by a
representation of life' (Bazin 238). He elaborates that at the heart of the plastic arts, such as painting
and sculpture, is a need to make immortal the mortal and to turn the image of our flesh into clay,
steel and paint. Bazin's essay touches on our need and motives to transform ourselves and preserve
our being beyond its physical existence. He focuses on how photography is the purest form of
capturing reality and how the arrival of cinema challenges itself with preserving life as it is or was,
without the alteration and manipulation from editing. Points of Interest Although most of Bazin's
essay is very interesting to read, there are a few points that I felt stand out within the essay. Bazin
explains that painting, in its attempt in the production of realism, encountered a problem in
combining both the representation of the spiritual reality or the emotionally reality with the
representation of the physical reality. Bazin notes that painting can successfully represent the
emotionally reality, but that the reproduction of the physical reality will always lean towards and
illusion. This illusion that Bazin references throughout his essay, I believe, is alluding to the
inability to truly

The Role Of Ontology And Epistemology
This paper explains my paradigm position as a researcher. It further clarifies the ontological and
epistemological considerations within the paradigm and lastly it explains the role of the researcher
in terms of positionality, values and the voice in the process of knowledge development. Ingelaere
(2016) defined a Paradigm as a theoretical outline of traditions or beliefs and laws that guides
research in various scientific communities. According to Guba and Lincoln (2005) paradigms are
categorized into positivism, post positivism, critical theory, and constructivism and participatory.
Scotland (2012) further highlighted that the various paradigms are characterized by different
ontological and epistemological opinions hence they have varying assumptions of reality and
knowledge which support their specific methodology and methods. Ontology and epistemology are
a branch of philosophy called metaphysics, ontology is about nature of reality i.e. in terms of what
exist? while epistemology is all about understanding the process involved in how we come to know
the knowledge we have Ingelaere (2016) and Kanbur and Shaffer (2007). Methodology is about
why, what, from where, when and how we discover ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Positivism believes that there is a true reality which exist while post positivism further refined the
positivism stance by agreeing that reality exists only if it cannot be falsified. This is further
explained by Keating and Porta (2008), they highlighted that objectively the world exists and its
wholeness is identifiable but it is the role of the positivist researcher to describe and analyze it. In
comparison to the Post Positivism, Keating and Porta (2008) described that post positivism also
agrees that reality exist objectively but it is imperfectly understandable, implying that post
positivism uses modern scientific approaches which recognizes a degree of

Ontology Informative Speech
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Narrarators
POV–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
It's funny how fast something can go wrong, especially if you were guarenteed that nothing bad
would happen what–so–ever. Though, I suppose nothing ever goes according to plan. Especially not
in your case, my dear reader. You have been lost to the world and thrown through the many realms
that drift between the spaces of time. Your name is ____, you are ____ years old and you lived in
Hartford, Conneticut. You have just recently moved away form your parents to start you harrowing
career in Ontology. Yes, you were a straight A student who kept their nose clean, and their shirts
freshly ironed. Now, what led you to pursue a job in Ontology in Hartford? Well, that is only for you
to know. Anyway, let's get started shall we? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well, one of your new co–workers weren't very fond of your smart, overly critical ways, and no
nonsense attitude and decided it would be a good idea to mess with a new machine that was being
built. This machine was supposed to be used to travel to different realms of reality, different places
of existence. However, what your co–work hadn't thought of was how the machine would react to a
loose wire, a wire that was critical to the whole machine working in tip–top shape and thus you were
pulled from your spot near the front of the machine and sent spiraling into this strange between

The Proposed Approach . The Objective Of The Proposed...
The Proposed approach
The objective of the proposed approach is to integrate different project management methodologies
based on alignment of their ontological models. The results of this alignment will provide a formal
description including mapping of elements belonging to both methodologies. This approach also
helps introduce new tools for supporting this integration. As shown in Fig. 2, the proposed approach
consists of three steps which are discussed briefly in the following subsections: Developing the
domain ontologies of the selected methodologies. Performing ontology alignment (Matching).
Creating a conceptual model that helps generate new tools.
Figure 2. The Proposed Approach Developing the Domain Ontologies of Selected ... Show more
Identify the sources used to acquire the domain knowledge (ex., experts, documents, existing
ontologies, etc.). Develop the glossary that contains the key concepts in the domain. Classify the
concepts in a hierarchy (taxonomy) and their relations. Formalize the ontology by an ontology
language (ex., RDF, OWL, etc.). Evaluate the ontology completeness and consistency.
Figure 3. Methodology of Creating Ontology The Ontlogy Alignment (Matching) Process
Ontology alignment (matching) is the process of determining relationships or correspondences
between entities of a pair of ontologies. Fig. 4 shows the general matching process [29] which can
be seen as a function which receives as input two ontologies O1 and O2 and outputs an alignment A
between these ontologies. An alignment contains a set of mapping elements (correspondences)
between entities belonging to the matched ontologies. A correspondence can be expressed by several
cardinalities: 1:1 (one–to–one), 1:m (one–to–many), n:1 (many–to–one) or n:m (many–to–many).
Given two ontologies, a mapping element is defined as a 5–tuple: A=(id,e_1,e_2,r,n) (2)
Where:
id is an identifier for each mapping element. e1 is the entity of the first ontology. e2 is the entity of
the second ontology. r is the relationship existing between e1and e2. n is the confidence level,
typically in rang [0,1]. Figure 4. The

Research that Adapts Information Retrieval Based on a User...
As the number of Internet users and the number of accessible Web pages grows, it is becoming
increasingly difficult for users to find relevant documents to their particular needs. In this paper, we
report on research that adapts information retrieval based on a user profile. Ontology models are
widely used to represent user profiles in personalized web information retrieval. Many models have
utilized only knowledge from either a global knowledge base or a user local information for
representing user profiles. A personalized ontology model is used for knowledge representation and
reasoning over user profiles. This model uses ontological user profiles based on both a world
knowledge base and user local instance repositories. It is observed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Many researchers have attempted to discover user background knowledge through global or local
analysis to represent user profiles.
i) Motivation
The basic objective regarding this project is to achieve high performance in web information
retrieval using a personalized ontology model. Most of the times when user searches for some
information with some ideas in mind , It is always the case that he didn't get the information exactly
as he wants in first page . He has to go through different pages until he get the information exactly
as per his concept. The basic idea is to create ontological user profiles from both a world knowledge
base and user local instance repositories in order to have a fast information retrieval as per the
concept model of the user. ii) Existing systems
Commonly used knowledge bases include generic ontologies, thesauruses, and online knowledge
bases. The global analysis produce effective performance for user background knowledge extraction
but it is limited by the quality of the used knowledge base. Local analysis investigates user local
information or observes user behavior in user profiles. Analyzed query logs to discover user
background knowledge is used. Users were provided with a set of documents and asked for
relevance feedback. User background knowledge was then discovered from this feedback for user
profiles. The discovered results may contain noisy and uncertain information.
iii)

Qualitative Research: Idealist Ontology
Qualitative research aims to comprehend the meaning of human action and investigates
phenomenon as it occurs in its natural context through subjective means of inquiry (Carter & Little,
2001 & Hoft, 2011). This paper sets out to identify four features of research as they apply to
qualitative research: ontology, epistemology, methodology, and sampling, through the investigation
of the article "The health–care environment on a locked psychiatric ward: An ethnographic study"
(Johansson, Skarsater & Danielson, 2006). Idealist ontology holds the belief that research
knowledge is made up of subjective experiences obtained through observation that is consistently
influenced by the researcher's interpretations (Giacomini, 2010). Qualitative ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on the previous theoretical foundations, methodology is chosen to guide the research process
and justify methods (Giacomini, 2010; Carter & Little, 2007). Ethnography is a common
methodology in qualitative research and was utilized by the researchers, with a participant
observational approach, to become immersed in the culture of the locked psychiatric ward to seek an
intimate interpretative understanding of the patients and staff within their environment (Giacomini,
2010). Ethnography has the ability to portray life inside the study experience, which allow
researchers to discover what is significant from the viewpoints and actions of the participants and
include the reader in this experience (Charmaz, 2004). The researchers in the study provide
examples of field notes that were collected during observations which were analyzed into themes
and sub–themes. The two main themes "to have control" and "to be controlled" are then further
articulated in more detail through the viewpoints of both the patients and the staff to allow the reader
to fully understand the lived experience. Lastly, all participants in qualitative research are selected to
serve an investigative purpose rather than be considered a statistical representation of a population
(Carter & Little,

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