Gamal Nasser Research Paper

Gamal Nasser Research Paper
Egypt was a nation under British rule until a young colonel name Gamal Abdel Nasser took power. He became a national hero by leading a coup
that became a revolution. He was the first leader to defeat Britain. During Nasser's years in power, Egypt led the Arab world. Nasser's biggest error was
his failure with democracy. The people inEgypt are still paying for that mistake. To this day his revolution remains unfinished. Many people would
attribute all Egyptian problems to Nasser and many people would say if only somebody like Nasser would come back. Nasser's coup wasn't just about
ceasing power for himself and his colleagues, but about modernizing Egypt and changing its political culture so that Egypt could keep up with the west.
The Suez
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The Committee By Sonallah Ibrahim
A novel The Committee by Sonallah Ibrahim tells a story of an Egyptian man that is sent to be questioned by the mysterious Committee. A couple
months after being question by the Committee, the main character is then sent on a task to find an individual that aluminates. The protagonist decides
to research about The Doctor, a prominent Arab figure, but the Committee comes to his house to notify him that he needs to change his topic. The main
character's decision not to change his topic makes him go through quite outlandish situations until he finally consumes himself. Ibrahim's goal in
writing The Committee was to take a critical look about the world around him, which consisted of money continuously going to the rich, Western
countries or Egyptian elites, and never the hard working Egyptian. Ibrahim forces the main character to go through outrageous situations, which
requires him to meet eclectic character, all to illustrate the authors point of the negativity of globalization and that Western society is pushingEgypt to
extremes.
Ibrahim makes a point in writing about the power and influence the brand Coca–Cola has to the international market, which loosely symbolizes
globalization and the gap occurring between the first world and third world. The first questioned posed by the Committee to the protagonist is, what
symbolizes the twentieth century? The main character then responds with the answer, Coca–Cola because it was one of the first products to be
internationally known

What Happened during the Suez Crisis
4. In what ways can the Suez Crisis be seen as a conflict between nationalism and imperialism?
The Suez Crisis was an incident that first commenced on the 29th of October, 1956, in which Israeli military forces entered the Sinai Peninsular and
attacked Egyptian positions, driving them back. By the next day, Israeli forces had reached the Suez Canal, after taking a majority of the Sinai
Peninsular. (Best, Hanhimaki, Maiolo & Schulze, 2008, p.432). Britain and France then both issued an ultimatum, for both Israeli and Egyptian forces
to withdraw from the Suez Canal, citing its safety from the violence of war as extremely important. After Gamal Abder Nasser,Egypt's President at the
time, rejected the ultimatum, on the 30th ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These events, which focused on Egypt attempting to free itself from colonial influence, as well as giving rise to nationalistic pride in the country,
inadvertently resulted in hostility, distrust and suspicion towards them, mostly by France and Britain (Kyle, 2011, p.115).
Meanwhile, the British and the French were colonial powers which prior to the start of the Second World War, had empires which were large and
expansive. They had colonies in the Carribean, in Africa, as well as in Asia. Whilst both countries came out of the war as victors, they had suffered
embarrassing early defeats to Japan and Germany respectively, which was a knock to colonial prestige (Nairn, 2003, p.3). The post–war scenario was
one in which colonies like Indochina and India rose up to demand independence and the right for self–determination from their previous rulers. It was
clear to many in this time period that the traditional system of empire was finished, and with it the power of previous colonial rulers (Hyam, 2006,
p.239). Britain and France, not surprisingly, were unwilling to let this happen. When Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal, they saw this as a threat to
their already diminishing empire, as not only would it lead 'inevitably to the loss one by one of all our interests and assets in the Middle East' (Hyam,
2006, p.227), it would also lead to an increase in distance between their

Egyptian Society: Traditional Middle Eastern Values...
Egyptian Society: Traditional Middle Eastern Values Blended with Western Beliefs
Amongst the turbid and dysfunction that is the Middle East lies the nation of Egypt. Egypt, a major country of the Middle East, is habitually
considered stereotypical of Middle Eastern civilization, but further research guides one to the conclusion that Egypt is far from a generic Middle Eastern
country. Egypt has a strong tradition of nationalism that has been formed during its history, giving it a national unity that is often non–existent in other
Middle Eastern nations (1). This, as well as other advantages that Egypt has gained during its past, has allowed it to rise above the problems plaguing
the rest of the Middle East and to form basically its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the most part, the assets of their private life did not play a role in their importance in the public realm. All were equal in this realm. The two realms
were thus completely separate of each other.
The present–day United States is noticeably different from that of ancient Greece. The difference is basic: the private and public realms have merged
to form one major realm, society (3). With this new blended realm of society, one's personal life significantly impacts one's role in the public. Better
said, the private realm becomes public, able for all to view. This creates an unequal balance, giving high authority to those with impressive wealth or
other valuable assets in their private realm. Arendt comments on the distortion of the public realm, which is now technically non–existent in the social
realm, when she says:
Being seen and being heard by others derive their significance from the fact that everybody sees and hears from a different position. This is the
meaning of public life, compared to which even the richest and most satisfying family life can offer only the prolongation or multiplication of one's
own position with its attending aspects and perspectives. (4)
The best evidence to support this transition of realms is the disclosure of the most personal matters of celebrities regularly discussed on a mass media
forum. The two societies of Ancient Greece and modern–day America are apparently so drastically different in comparison

Why Were The Non-Aligned Movement
Introduction
Why were the non–aligned movement made? And what did they do? How did they help in the cold war? What did they do to stop the cold war? And
did their efforts work as planned?
The Non–Aligned movement is a movement which represents developing countries and their thoughts and interests about the world. The Non–Aligned
movement was made when people were fighting for independence and when the colonial system was breaking down. This movement is used by many
countries as a voice to express themselves because in many other alliances or movements they are oppressed by the more developed and grown
economies. The Non–aligned movement (NAM) has 115–120 members which make up more than half the population of the world.
Main text
The movement was founded by the leaders of India, Burma, Ceylon (now known as Sri ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this meeting the leaders decided what were their main goals and aims and they also decided what the criteria need to be for a country to enter this
movement. Here are the criteria word by word as they are written in the source:
1.The country should have adopted and independent policy based on the co–existence of states with different political and social systems and on
non–alignment or should be showing a trend in favour of such a policy.
2.The country concerned should be consistently supporting the movement of national independence.
3.The country should not be a member of a multilateral military alliance concluded in the context of great power conflicts.
4.If a country has bilateral military agreement with a great power, or is a member of a regional defence pact, the agreement or pact should not be one
deliberately concluded in the context of great power conflict.
5.If it has conceded military bases to a foreign power the concession should have not been made in the context of great power

The Suez Canal Crisis : An Emerging Country Into Financing...
The Suez Canal crisis began when an outsider exploited an emerging country into financing a project in which a country has no mean of financial
recovery. The Suez Canal was geographically significant with an international interest to facilitate trade and commerce. It provided an economic boost
to the international community following the opening of the canal, with the exception of the Egypt economy. The canal builder, Ferdinand de Lesseps
coerced Mohamed Aly's son, Mohamed Sayeed of Egypt into financing the bulk of the Suez Cana project. Egypt economy took a downturn with a
bankruptcy following the opening of the Suez Canal, leaving Egypt to begin the fight to rebuild its country.
This crisis involved six different nations. Beginning with Egypt attempt to nationalize the Suez Canal, which leads to Israel, France, and England
efforts to overthrow Egypt president and in between are the two–superpower nation, the United States and the Soviet Union with its' nuclear
capabilities, and the diplomacy of the United Nations. This epic drama shows how Egypt 's' national strategic methodology destroyed the international
relationship and caused the world to the edge of global conflict.
Ends: Egypt political environment that set the stage for potential conflict
The outsider has exploited Egypt political regime due to its' poor economic states under the irresponsible and vain King Farouk (Cavendish, 2002)
ruling for much of the 1950s. Senior officer within the Egyptian Army blamed King

The Suez Crisis: Ends Ways And Means
Introduction
Egypt is a country located in northern Africa along the Mediterranean and Red Seas, with a Population of 80,471,869, its Capital is Cairo, with an
area of 386,662 square miles, and coastline 1,522 miles. In this coastline The Suez Crisis took place in late 1956 when Israel, the United Kingdom and
France wanted to take control of this canal and to remove President Abdel Nasser, until the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations
forced the those countries to withdraw from Egypt. This incident humiliated the UK and France and help Egypt not only won the Suez Canal crisis but
also gained respect by applying Ends Ways And Means.
Regional dominance and undisputed leader of the Arab World
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Israel, the forced withdrawal left a mixed feeling, because although the Israeli army had found no serious obstacle in their advance across the Sinai
and its subsequent victory military, as Egypt did not commit to change its attitude toward Israel, though, least, he reopened the passage of the straits
of Tiran to Israeli ships circulation. But the big winner fur Nasser who emerged as the clear beneficiary of the war. Although militarily only obtained
failures, politically it was strengthened since the channel continued nationalized property of the Egyptian state and, in the eyes of Arab public opinion,
had opposed the United Kingdom, France, and especially to Israel, without It has been ousted from power. Nasser was hailed as a hero in the Arab

The Suez Crisis : A Unique And Unusual Time Period
An alliance is defined as a union or association formed for mutual benefit. Alliances can be made politically and on many other platforms. The Suez
Crisis was a unique and unusual time period for United States foreign policy, especially concerning their allies. Many decisions made were not
representative of typical American foreign policy. When the fear and threat of the spread of Soviet communism was recognized, even the strongest and
longest lasting relationships with Britain, France, and Israel were forgone. The priority of the Americans became controlling the spread of communism,
since everything else came second. During the Suez Crisis, the American foreign policy sacrificed the strength of their relationships with close allies in
the pursuit of the containment of communism and the Soviet Union.
Even agreements and treaties made with Egypt, the country that holds the stage of the Suez Crisis, were created and then also retracted by the
United States for the cause of containing communism. Gamal Abdel Nasser rose to power in Egypt via a non violent coup, in which he was the
backstage leader. He was later elected president and it is stated that Nasser had "three goals: to make Egypt independent by ending British occupation;
to build up Egyptian forces for a successful attack on Israel; to improve Egypt's economy by constructing a high dam at Aswan to irrigate the Nile
valley." (Milner) He made his intentions clear and tried to achieve them, especially by launching attacks

Gamal Abdul Nasser
Gamal Abdel Naseer
Course work in
Advanced Writing Islam Hamdy 113075
BUE The British University in Egypt
28–10–2012
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussain was the second president of Egypt from 1956 until he died. "Gamal Abdel Nasser was born in 1918 and died in 1970".
"Nasser was born in Bakos, Alexandria he had six brothers and one sister" .At an early age Nasser was involved in politics. Gamal was one of the
people who led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 with the first president Mohammed Naguib. Gamal is seen as one of the most important political
figure in the 20th century. Nasser played an important role in the Egyptian politics during the period he was the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
People who agreed with this ideology saw that it is Human thought Based on nationalism and unity and it's not related to the religion as Religion is
man's relationship with God, and himself and they saw that everyone in Egypt will be equal and no one will be poor but, in the other hand the people
who disagreed with this ideology where The upper class of society who saw that this ideology will make them lose a lot of their wealth because
they will have to share it .so they tried to fight this ideology and to fight Gamal Abdul Nasser . In my opinion Nasserism was not that bad as a lot
of people see it because it was trying to help a class who were neglected and no one was trying to help them also in this period Egypt became
divided to two parts. The first part were the rich people who have everything and the second part were the poor people who even don't have what to
make them eat for one day and the middle class disappeared at this moment but, one of the negative points that Nasserism didn't have some of the
Islamic aspects and it was nearly fighting some of the Islamic aspects.
One of the most important decisions that Gamal Abdul Nasser took it was nationalizing the Suez Canal. The nationalization of the canal took the
world by surprise especially England and France who owned the Suez Canal Company. Suez Canal was build between 1859 and 1969. It's build by
hundreds of thousands of Egyptians. Suez Canal is build to link between the Red sea and

The Causes Of The Egyptian Revolution Of 1953
The Egyptian Revolution of 1952, also known as the July 23rd revolution took place in Egypt from July 22–26th. After the Arab–Israeli war in 1948
the Egyptian army blamed their failure in losing the war on King Farouk. The lieutenant Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser decided to form a group called
the Free officers' movement. This group consisted of army members who wanted to abolish the monarchy that was linked to the British Empire and
replace it with a republic. On July 23rd, 1949 the Free officers' movement led by Muhammad Naguib and Nasser, overthrew King Farouk. King Farouk
sailed into exile on his yacht on July 26 1952.
Egypt was finally named a republic on June 18th, 1953 and Nasser became Egypt's first ever president and a commander and chief. He also gained a
lot of respect from the people in Egypt. Nasser made a new constitution and changed up the government, so that the president had to the right to
dismiss ministers. Nasser was also elected as second president and he also formed the National Union, this paved the way for the first parliament in
Egypt which was in 1952.
According to (Hornton) "'Egypt has passed through a critical period in her recent history characterized by bribery, mischief, and the absence of
governmental stability. All of these were factors that had a large influence on the army." Mischief and absence of government stability was because of
King Farouk and his lack of actually "governing" the country. King Farouk was very ignorant and corrupt

The 1956 Suez Crisis in Terms of U.S Involvement Essay
In 1956, the United States, led by President Dwight Eisenhower, became self–enveloped in the Suez Canal Crisis involving Israel, Egypt, France, and
Great Britain. The United States involvement in the Suez Canal Crisis not only resulted in an Egyptian and Soviet victory, but it also revealed that the
United States was capable of gambling in order to gain alliance with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser as a gateway into the Middle East.
America, left utterly dismayed by its allies who planned an endeavor that neglected the country, became involved in the Suez Crisis to confirm its
position as the super power in the Middle East. Great Britain had been present in Egypt since the very beginning of the Suez Canal. The nation
recognized the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the 1870s however, Ismail put the valuable canal for sale and the British Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli purchased it. Years after Ismail's
leadership, the idea of not gaining much of the Suez profit bothered the Egyptians and many hoped for some change in the ownership. Laurie Milner
wrote about the objectives of Egypt's colonel stating, "By 1954, Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser had three goals: to make Egypt Independent by ending
British occupation; to build up Egyptian forces for a successful attack on Israel; to improve Egypt's economy by constructing a high dam at Aswan to
irrigate the Nile Valley"(Milner). One of the thinsg that the British were involved in at the time of the creation of Nasser's goals was the Suez Canal.
After the British left the country, Nasser planned to nationalize the canal. By 1955, the USSR began sending supplies to Egypt. "As the last British
troops left Egypt, Nasser was completing the purchase of Soviet made aircraft, tanks and arms...," stated Milner. Meanwhile, Britain, Turkey, Iraq, Iran,
and Pakistan signed the Baghdad Pact to strengthen security in the Middle East against Soviet influence, but Egypt, who planned to retrieve supplies
from the USSR, did not sign the seven year treaty. As soon as the British left Egypt, the Soviet Union began working its way into the Arab region
through Egypt. During October 1956, after the nationalization of the Suez Canal, Guy Mollet, Eden, and David Ben–Gurion

The Egyptian Movie Industry Analysis
Egyptian Movie
The Egyptian movie industry is over one hundred years old putting into consideration it began in 1896. In January 1896, Promio, a Lumiere
photographer, visited the country to create short films and showed it showed the Egyptians. By 1908, the country had ten movie houses, three of them
in Alexandria and five in Cairo. As more Egyptians viewed the films, they started to become interested in the art of filmmaking. The first Egyptian
films by an Egyptian were made in 1912 by Abdel Rahman Salheya after hiring outside technicians. In 1927, Layla became the first full length but
silent movie in the country. In the 1980s, film production in Egypt started decreasing. However, the latest trend in the Egyptian movie industry seems
to be giving it a bad name. In 2014, it was argued that Egyptian films bore a close resemblance to those from Hollywood (Meky, 2014).
Rushdy Abaza was an Egyptian actor who was born in August 1926 and passed away in July 1980. He is regarded as among the most charming
actors that have appeared in Egyptian films. Adel Adham is another famous Egyptian actor who was born in March 1928 and passed away in
February 1996. He is remembered for portraying ambiguous and evil characters. Lobda Abdel Aziz is an Egyptian actress who was born in Cairo,
Egypt in 1935. She is married and has two daughters. Nermin AL–Faqy is another Egyptian actress who was born in June 1972. Ash Atalla is an
Egyptian working as a British television producer. He has produced

Homor Language And Its Benefits Of Humor And Language
Humor and Language Humor is elusive, inexplicable phenomena, often the best medicine for our psychological problems and issues. Humor
language is rarely discussed; we will explore later on the reasons why humor is avoided in schools, the types of humor and its benefits. At times
we overlook humor as an important element in teaching and using it as a tool to contribute to a positive environment for learning, humor for some
is considered to be synonyms of disorder and chaos. "I'm not going to start telling jokes, it will lead to a complete loss of control" said my friend's
teacher in LycГ©e school. For others, lack of knowledge as to how one may use humor in his speech effectively might prevent him from using his
sense of humor. "I enjoy humor, but I don't know how to go about using it, so I don't, I don't want... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The writer of the article Benefits of Humor (n.d), states that studies by Fabio Sala at the Hay Group have shown that humor, when used skillfully,
reduces hostility, improves morale, and helps to communicate difficult messages. Other research done by three experts showed that humor makes the
target person want to listen more, makes the information more memorable, distracts the person from thinking about counter–arguments and it builds
rapport and liking of the humorist. Most importantly, humor makes people healthier, on both physical and psychological level. Health wise, it lowers
the blood pressure, improves breathing and strengthens the immune system and exercises the muscles. On the psychological base, humor distracts one
from negative emotions, increases and boosts the energy, and it just makes us feel better and more connected to others. As cited in this article, "humor
also breaks through barriers–laughter, can transcend age, race, gender and belief. Therefore, humor is a great tool employed to get closer to others, and
communicate in a more friendly

The Suez Canal Crisis: Events Of The Cold War
The Suez Canal Crisis was one of many events of the Cold War. The Canal opened in 1869, after 10 years of construction by Ferdinand de Lesseps of
France, connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. The canal held a neutral position, allowing access to all countries. The British –who had the
strongest naval force in the world– controlled the traffic going through it. They ensured that the Canal was open to all countries. In 1914, the traffic
control changed to include the French military. Problems arose when Egypt nationalized the Canal and began to charge for the passage of ships in
order to pay for the Aswan Dam that they wanted to construct. Egypt had previously arranged to receive a loan from Britain and The United States in
order ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His bias affects the interpretation of an event. Whether it is personal impact from the event that changes the way he wrote, or opinions that are
formed when researching. Using a single source for history will result in taking in what is said as the final truth. When researching the Suez Canal
Crisis and the motives behind each party's actions, I gained bias towards Egypt. I personally feel that Britain was abusing the power they had. I
acknowledge the reasoning behind what Britain did, but my own personal opinions and morals led me to see Britain's actions as unjust. If I had read
only Britain's side, I would have seen it as opposite. In conclusion, the only way to gain a reliable source of knowledge is by analysis multiple sources
that show multiple perspectives and reaching your own view on an

Doria Shafiq Research Paper
DORIA SHAFIQ AND HER CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ARAB WOMEN'S LITERATURE
Doria Shafiq was a feminist and a philosopher. She was also an editor and a poet, and one of the principal leaders of the women's liberation movement
in Egypt in the mid–1940s meaning that she was a women's rights activist. Through her efforts, she fought against women oppression in Egypt. Doria
Shafiq was born in Tanta in the Nile Delta of Northern Egypt and studied in a French mission school. She was the youngest Egyptian at the age of 16
years to earn the French Baccalaureate degree. She wrote two journals one focusing on the merely utilitarian ends generally associated with Ancient
Egyptian art and the second arguing that Islam amply recognized women's equal rights. One of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When she was in Paris, she met and married her husband Nour Al Din Ragai a law student who was working on his PhD. When she returned to
Egypt from Paris in 1940 upon the completion of her studies, she was more focused in contributing to the education of the youth in her society but
was denied a chance by the dean of faculty of literature in Cairo University with the claim that she was too modern. In 1945, Shafiq was offered an
opportunity to be the editor–in–chief of a French cultural and literary magazine addressing the country's elite by the wife of Egypt's then former King
Fuad I. After accepting the position, the King's wife died in 1947 and Shafiq took complete control of the union including its finances. Through her
direction, the magazine gained regional status and also during this period is when she decided to take the opportunity and publish an Arabic magazine
that was known as the 'Daughter of the Nile' with the intention to educate all women in Egypt and also help them have the most effective roles in their
society. Her intentions were to ensure that women's primary social problems are solved and included to the country's policies. Through the union to
help women, she also worked to eradicate illiteracy and in order to see this successful, she set up

Umm Kulthum Essay
The story behind a voice that touched the hearts of people across the world.
Umm Kulthum, born as Fatema Ibrahim Al–Sayyed Al–Baltagi, was the most celebrated and accomplished singer and public figure of the Arab world
during the 20th century. She is believed to have either been born in the late 19th century or in the early 20th century. Her exact birth date remains a
mystery, yet people speculate it to have either been December 8 ,1898 or May 9 ,1904.
Umm Kulthum was born to a poor family in a small rural village in Egypt called Tamayet el Zahayra. She was raised in a conservative Muslim
household, as her father, Shaikh Ibrahim Al–Sayyed Al–Baltagi, was the imam of the local mosque. She had two siblings, Sayyida and Khalid, who
were 10 years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This brought about the unique, personal and modern style in her singing.
In the 1930s, she began her tradition of concerts held on the frst Thursday of every month and broadcasted live over radio. Not only was the "Umm
Kulthum Night" prioritized by the public but also the government officials, who made a commitment to halt engagements and arrangements to attend
her concert. Umm Kulthum faced many health issues throughout her adult life including sensitivity of her eyes to light, forcing her to wear heavy
glasses, which eventually became a distinctive feature of her brand image. Her health began deteriorating in 1971, and the singer eventually died of
kidney failure in
February 1975 ,3. . Her funeral brought together more than 4 million people, exceeding the presence in
President Gamal Abdel Nasser's funeral.
Style
Umm Kulthum made a name for herself in the music industry using her strong, nuanced and expressive voice that captivated people across the world.
She adopted a classical music style with a modern touch, and she often sung compositions and poems in a colloquial dialect.
She possessed a remarkable ability in improvisation as she performed spontaneous compositions

The Role Of The Great Power Involvement In The Middle East
IntroductionThe Great Power involvement in the Middle East politics often creates and contributes to more conflicts and wars. The Middle East, a
region described by Victor Israelyan as 'one of sharp confrontation between the two superpowers unavoidably fell victim to such pressures. As forms
of involvement, the great powers support each respected ally with weapons, troops and even intelligence report, as demonstrated in 1967 war. History
has provided us a lesson about great power involvement in the Middle East. It is that, when superpowers drift away, peace, progress, moderation and
stability do not necessarily follow in their position. While the result pattern of Great power intervention is familiar, we never fail to be shocked by the...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper will be using historical analysis to observe and analyze the changes of great power intervention in the Middle East politics over time. To
understand how their involvement, seem to create more conflicts and wars in the region. It is important to look closely at the great power's incentives
to get involved. To elaborate more on the central argument, the paper will start with the heating up of 1956 war of attrition and ends with the explosion
of the 1973 Yom Kippur–Ramadan war. As evidence to support my claims, I will provide the consequences of each of these wars due to great power
intervention. Then, you should expect counter arguments followed by refutations. Lastly, I will conclude my paper with critical analysis.
Developing my argument The key questions that motivate my paper are: In what ways did the great powers got involved and what were the
consequences? In this paper, great powers mainly referring to the Unites States and the Soviet Union. Before we start, the definition of a great
power that will be used in the rest of the paper. Per the definition, a great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and
expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. They characteristically possess military and economic strength as well as diplomatic and soft power
influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before

British Control Over The Suez Canal
In 1882, Great Britain took over Egypt through military invasions, making it a protectorate in order to have control over the Suez Canal. The Suez
Canal connected the British Empire in the west to India in the east, making it significant trade route for Britain to control. During the Cold War, Egypt
became an area of great tension, challenging British control over the canal. There was an increase of nationalism, along with the rise of Gamal Abdel
Nasser to power. His rise to power lead to the Suez Canal Crisis and Egypt's independence from Britain in 1956. The Arab Spring began in Tunisia in
December, 2010, eventually spreading to Egypt in 2011. British control over parts of Africa during the nineteenth century lead to many crises in the
20th and 21st centuries, including the Suez Canal Crisis and the Arab Spring in Egypt. The Cold War began soon after the Second World War ended,
starting in 1947 and ending in 1991. The United States and the Soviet Union competed for nuclear superiority, beginning a nuclear arms race. Most
other countries were in debt because of the war, so the US and the USSR became superpowers that other countries became allies with (Kte 'pi, par. 4).
The American side was called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, and consisted of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United Kingdom (Kte'pi, par. 9). Albania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and
the Soviet

The Creation Of A Middle Eastern Identity
Centuries of cultural development, the establishment of Islam as the dominant religion in the region, conquest and expansion across the Arabian
Peninsula and North Africa all played pivotal roles in the creation of a Middle Eastern identity, but what truly defined nation states as we know them
today were individuals: political and religious leaders who acted through or even overthrew institutions to further their dreams for their people and the
region. Gamal Abdel Nasser, Mustafa Kemal AtatГјrk, and Ruhollah Khomeini all guided their nations towards what they believed was a promising
future, with Egypt pursuing a socialist, Pan–Arab state, Turkey a secular, modern state, and Iran a theocracy respectively. These leaders did not follow
the same path to seizing power, nor did they mimic one another in regards to the state's relationship with foreigners, faith, economics, or
ethno–nationalism. What did bind them was an undeniable impact on their respective countries and the creation of identities for said states in a
post–colonial world. Despite the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives in ensuing conflicts that grew out of the establishment of these states, or the
inevitable tensions that were exacerbated by these leaders, these three men were instrumental to dragging Egypt, Turkey, and Iran out of social,
economic and political strife and propelling them to greater roles both in the Middle East and on a global stage. All three paved the way for their
nations to ascend to

Eisenhower's Containment Through "Action by Inaction"...
Taylor Dukes
American Presidency
Richard Skinner
March 15, 2012
Eisenhower's Containment Through 'Action by Inaction' During the Suez Canal Crisis
The 1950's demanded a certain kind of American President: one tranquil enough to reside over a post–WWII society, and yet bold enough to propel the
country through the Cold War. Though a description of "Ike" Dwight D. Eisenhower as a strong central leader heavily contradicts the construed image
of a "kindly grandfather figure, a bit inarticulate and above politics, a man who enjoyed golfing and trout fishing over the routine chores of running the
government' (Neff 37), it is certainly apt. Eisenhower demonstrated a bold daringness in his time as President; one that was masked by a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eisenhower's view that the way to prevent the spread of communism to the Middle East was by promoting stability in the region between both the
Western powers and the Arab powers went on to guide his policy towards the Middle East. Eisenhower's goals for US involvement in the Middle East
"reflected the president's own cold war ideology and included promoting regional stability, guaranteeing the free flow of Middle Eastern oil to Western
Europe, supporting Arab nationalism and Israeli independence, improving relationships with the Arab states, hastening the decline of European
empires, maintaining the solidarity of the Western alliance, and avoiding an arms race betweenIsrael and its Arab neighbors, with the United States and
Russia the principal arms suppliers" (Ambrose 328–329). The President's commitment to these goals of maintaining relationships and containing
communism accounts for many of the trends that would characterize Eisenhower's conduct in the Middle East. Among these trends were: Eisenhower's
reliance on frequent–but–informal consultations with a small number of appointees; his tendency to try and delay the inevitable for as long as
possible as to allow for planning; his hesitation towards nearly any action, whether it be to take action or to cease taking action; his encouragement for
vagueness and secrecy pertaining to the Crisis; and finally, his ability to firmly and effectively communicate his full executive power. Eisenhower's

The Suez Canal Crisis of 1956
Clearly, this period was marked by political instability of which the communists sought to take advantage of. In 1954, Khalid Bakdash won a seat in
parliament as the first communist elected to an Arab parliament. The Suez Canal Crisis of 1956 strengthened the communist influence in Syria after
signing a pack with the Soviet Union in exchange for military equipment. Soviet support to Syria was part of the greater strategic battle playing out in
the Middle East between the Western and Eastern blocs. It was apparent that Syrian political power was likely to shift towards communism at this
point. The Communist Party of Syria was becoming highly organized and the army's chief of staff, Afif al–Bizri, was a Communist sympathizer
(Irvine, 2013).
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser pushed for a political union with Syria. Partially in support of Arab nationalism but also in part to block the
communist influence in Syria. Nasser himself was fearful of communist takeover and during his presidency the Egyptian Communist Party was banned.
Clearly, the growing Communist Party of Syria did not deem this unification desirable, but support for the unity was quite popular resulting from
Nasser's leadership and diplomatic victory in the Suez Canal Crisis. Therefore, they could not strongly oppose the creation of the United Arab Republic
in 1958. This union was short lived as Nasser refused to share significant power with Syria. Syria became independent once again after a military coup
in

The Causes Of The Suez Crisis
The Suez Crisis began on October 29,1956 when Egypt was invaded by 10 Israeli brigades, British and French troops followed two days later. The
invasion was the result of Egypt's President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalising the Suez Canal Company, Britain and France were concerned about their
influence over the flow of oil into Europe. In response to the nationalisation of the Suez Canal, English Prime Minister Anthony Eden, secretly
formulated a plan with his allies France and Israel in which they'd retake the canal from Nasser, reinstating British and French authority over the flow
of oil from the Middle East while allowing the newly created Israel passage through the canal which Egypt had blocked.
Gamal Abdel Nasser became President of Egypt in 1956, after a military coup. Prior to being President, Nasser was an officer in the Egyptian Army
when they were defeated by the newly established State of Israel in 1948 leaving him with strong anti–Israel sentiment. During his military service
Nasser founded the "Free Officers" group who sought to oust the occupying British forces from Egypt. In 1954 after frequent brutal attacks against
British troops by Egyptians, Britain signed an agreement stating that British troops would vacate Egypt completely within the next 20 months, the
agreement ended British rule in Egypt. Nasser was a staunch Arab nationalist, which made him extremely popular with the Egyptian public as they
were deeply unhappy with Britain's colonial rule that

The Themes Of The Six Day War
The Six–Day War is a conflict that occurred in 1967, it went on from the 5th of June to the 10th of the same month. The war involved Israel, a newly
established State, against the United Arab Republic (Egypt and Syria) and Jordan. After the war won by Israel, the Arab community, especially
communities of the countries involved, were devastated by the defeat. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser who had made many promises to his
people, later gave a speech informing them that they had lost the war. In his speech ("resignation address") given the 9th of June 1967, Nasser
announced his resignation from any official post concerning the country and explained some causalities that led to the defeat of the United Arab
Republic. We will discuss the themes that are omnipresent in this discourse such as conspiracy, justification, motivation and accusation, as well as other
defeats that Nasser faced which later caused the decline of Arab nationalism.
Since the day he and the Free Officers took the power in Egypt, Nasser was everything that Egypt and especially the Arab world needed2. He had
another vision of the future for the Arab community and was the first leader who wanted to introduce modern values into the Arab world, he wanted
to unify Arabs and to establish a United Arab Republic. He was a charismatic leader; he gave hope to his people by inspiring them and by giving
value to the Arab society. He adopted modern reforms such as giving equal rights to women and allowing them

Egypt before Imperialism
Egypt before Imperialism
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any nation in the world. Written history of Egypt dates back to about 5,000 years, the commencement of
civilization. While there is divergence in relation to Early Egyptian times, it is said that Egypt came to be around 3200 B.C., during the reign of a king
by the name of Menes and unified the northern and southern cities of Egypt into one government. In 1675 B.C., Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos,
people from the east, bringing along the very first of chariots and horses ever to come across Egyptian soil. Approximately 175 years later in 1500
B.C., the Egyptians had gotten rid of the Hyksos and driven them out. In 1375 B.C., Amenhotep IV had become the king of Egypt. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Egypt revolted in 1881 to put down the British, who occupied the country at the time. Although in 1914, Egypt was declared a British protectorate.
Most of Britain's interest in Egypt was financial. So they used the Suez Canal as a route to their other colony, India. Transportation was then shorter
and cheaper. This occurrence made Africa's port cities obsolete. A diamond mine was then discovered in 1870. At the time it was the home of the
Boers. Britain then seized it from 1871 to 1877. The Boers the revolted in 1881 and defeated the British and later were granted republic independence.
This loss compelled Britain to protect the Suez Canal but France then threatened to reroute the Nile River. With the exception of the Suez Canal, Egypt
would just be a large desert.
How Egypt Gained Independence
Furthermore, Egypt then gained its independence in 1922, it being granted by the British; but the much of the British remained in the northern region
of Egypt and in the duration of World War II, Egypt and the Suez Canal were fundamental connections in the empire of Britain. A government was
then under king Farouk in 1936 but the government was very inefficient and corrupt. Egypt was not very happy with Britain's control of the Suez
Canal. In the year of 1952, army officers commenced a revolution to overthrow King Farouk and in 1953 a republic was established in Egypt. The
leader of this revolution was Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser and became the

An Essay About My Partner
"There is a concept in Egypt called hamdullah, which means 'thank God.' Even if you are poor, you still thank God". It is a funny concept, to thank
God when you are poor. It creates a sort of tension within someone – why would anyone want to be poor? And more than that, why would anyone want
to thank God for being poor? This is one of the many ways that my partner, Nouran (Noonoo) Ghannam has portrayed to me the tension that is so
evident among young people in Cairo, Egypt. Noonoo is 22 years old, graduated from the American University in Cairo with a degree in political
science, and lives in Cairo with her family. She lived in Cairo for her entire life, except when she had to move to other countries around the Middle
East for her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though her family may disagree with her political stances, she fosters discussion with them and is able to make them think more critically and
make better informed decisions by majoring in political science. Second, I portray how her family's tension influences her internally, by strongly
aligning with Nasser but voting for the Muslim Brotherhood in the 2012 Elections – which she participated in and thus helped move along the
outcome. And third, I show how Noonoo tries to separate her private life from her public life – creating more tension in wanting to be involved in
politics, but not allowing herself to pursue a career in it as well. Nouran has lived her whole live in Cairo, except for the years when she moved
around the Middle East to accommodate for her father's job. She studied at the American University in Cairo and majored in political science. She
still lives with her family and loves going to the beach. It is important to recognize one of the first leaders of Egypt, Nasser, when exploring the
tensions that are prevalent in Egypt. Nasser regained control of the Suez Canal, which was "previously under the control of [France and Britain]" in
1956. Regaining the Suez Canal and nationalising it was a mark of his power, and he was thereafter an influential figure in Egypt's history. As stated
before, Noonoo strongly aligns with Nasser because she is in awe of him for standing up to the colonial powers and fighting for the

The Abdul Nasser : A Young Egyptian Army Officer
Gamal Abdul Nasser was a young Egyptian army officer who rose to power in Egypt in the 1950s. Nasser became President of Egypt in 1954 and
ruled Egypt till his death in 1970. Nasser dominated the Arab World, he became the most popular Arab leader before or since the 20th century.
Nasser's visions of Arab–Nationalism and the defiance of the West brought self–confidence and unity in the Arab World. Nasser's death in 1970
brought the end of his dream of a Arab–Nationalsm. Till this day Nasserism remains a faint memory of what could have been. Gamal Abdel Nasser was
born on the 15th of January 1918 in Alexandria. Nasser family lived a middle class life, they were one generation above the peasants. They kept in
close touch with the small village of Beni Moor near Assiut in Upper Egypt where Nasser as a boy spent his holidays. Nasser's father was a postal
worker and part of was part of the social stream. He ran a post office in Alexandria when Nasser was born and then was transferred to Khatataba, a
poor village. Nasser father was form upper Egypt which made him known as a Saidi who had a proud and prickly personality. Although Nasser's
family wasn't of the poorest of the peasants, he still had a good deal of experience of poverty conditions of rural Egyptians, that were massed together
along the Banks of the River Nile. These were the places that the entire country deepened on economically. The countryside society was still heavily
dominated by the Sheikhs and Omads,

The World And Caution Of The Arab World
As the Ottoman Empire's fall drew closer, the concept of Arab representation and its manifestation as both a valid state and successor rose as a strong
candidate towards a new rule. However, the Arab world is faced with two distinctive parties that wish to establish their own set of rules of national
identity. The first party belongs to the Pan–Arab movement that wishes to unite all the Arab people from the farthest east to its west of the Arabic
speaking world. Meanwhile, the second party involves advocates of separate national identities that are distinguishable between each nation instead of
one solid nationalist vision. Both parties contain an argument as to what is the most beneficial towards the Middle Eastern and North African region.
With Pan–Arab leaders, such as the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's Michel Aflaq and Salah al–Din al–Bitar, advocating a strong anti–imperialist
sentiment in the face of European involvement in the Arab world and caution of the Ottomans' gruesome history repeating. Additionally, Pan–Arab
nationalism and socialism was advocated by prominent leader Gamal Abdel Nasser. On the other hand, prominent state nationalists that wanted their
own independent countries to rise came forward with leaders such as Lebanese intellectuals like George SamnГ© and Antoun Saadeh, who recognized
the sovereignty of their own Syrian statehood and defied the concept of a more group inclusive ideal.
To begin with the Pan–Arab parties' movements and their push towards

Arab Nationalism Research Paper
At present, many Arabs have suspended their belief in the Arab nation, and now openly doubt whether there is a collective Arab mission. Those
recently swept up by Islamic activism prefer to think of themselves first and foremost as Muslims, and do so without apology. However, for a
significant period of time, Arab nationalism was considered the leading ideology in the Arab world. In the 20th century, Arab nationalism proved to be
a dominant and influential movement. However, the inability of the ideology to remain credible following the defeat of the Arab states in 1967, the
rise and growing significance of nation–state nationalism, and the rise of fundamentalism resulted in its eventual decline.
Nationalism, where it occurs, is a complex and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Arab nationalism would begin to gain popularity in the 1910s, as the power of the Ottoman Empire steadily decreased and Arab people were
increasingly enticed by the idea of an Arab unity. The development of Arab nationalism, especially in the 1910s and 1920s revolved around three
critical events and movements. The first major development in Arab nationalism was the emergence of the ideology itself from cities throughout the
Middle East, particularly in the Fertile Crescent where the movement gained popularity in reaction to changes that happened in 1908 in Istanbul, the
heart of the Ottoman Empire. Second, WWII made it possible for some Arabs, with the support and direction of a new ally, the British to fight against
the rule of the Ottomans. Thirdly, with the Ottoman Empire crumbling in the late 1910s, Arab nationalism was able to became the dominant ideology
and would subsequently became increasingly popular after the British backtrack on its promise to Sharif Husayn and the Hashemite family to form
an Arab kingdom (Khalidi, 1991, p 205). The British, for their part, incited the Sharif of Mecca to launch the Arab Revolt during the First World War.
The Ottomans were defeated and the rebel forces, loyal to the Sharif's son Faysal ibn al–Husayn entered Damascus in 1918. By now, Faysal along with
many Iraqi intellectuals and military officers had joined al–Fatat which would form the backbone of the newly created Arab state that consisted of
much of the Levant and the Hejaz.In addition to Arab revolt by Sharif Husayn in 1916, various revolts had significant influence in the spread of
nationalism in the Middle East. A number of Arab revolts against the European powers took place following the establishment of the British and French

Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and the West:...
The biography of Abd el– Kader as outlined by Chisholm and Hugh (1911)
It was on September 6, 1808 when Abd el–Kader was born in a place near Mascara in Algeria. At the time of his birth, Algeria had been under the
Turkish rule. Abd el–Kader is known as the founder of the Algeria state and a religious and military leader who led the Algerians in their struggle
against French domination. Even before joining military, Abd el–Kader had gained fame as an educated and religious person, capable of exciting his
fellow religion followers with poems. Moreover, he was well known for his physical handsomeness and simplicity
During his youth, in 1830, Algeria was invaded by France and the French colonial surpassed the Ottoman Empire. Abd el–Kader ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
He composed philosophical treaties and wrote a book on the Arabic horse.
While in Damascus, he saved several Christians from being killed by Druze. This was in 1860 after a conflict arose between the Druze and Maronites
of Mount Lebanon. The conflict resulted into several Christians being killed by Druze. Abd el–Kader and his personal guards saved many Christians,
offering them safety in his house. This action earned him honor and respect and the French increased his pension. He later died at Damascus on May
26, 1883 and was buried in Damascus.
The biography of Gamal Abdel Nasser as outlined by Witte 2004
On 15th January 1918 in Alexandria, Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser was born, being the first son of Abdel Nasser Hussein. During his childhood, he
attended a primary school for the children of railway employees until 1924 when he went to live with his uncle in Cairo. His mother died when he
was only eight years old. Thereafter, Gamal Abdel Nasser attended various schools in Alexandria, Cairo and Helwan.
His political interest developed and grew when doing his secondary education. During his teenage years, he was elected chairman of the Young
Egypt Society. On 12th November, 1935, Nasser was involved in a demonstration against the British where afterwards, he was arrested and detained
for two days. This, according to Witte (2004), was mainly developed by his attending schools in different cities because he was able to realize the
class divisions

The Golden Age Of Umm Kulthum: One Of The Apex And Poet
A village girl disguised as a small boy, she toured Egyptian villages with her father, delighting the locals. After a few years, everyone knew about her
and listened to her in villages, cities, cafes, theaters, homes and palaces. Many decades later, millions of people would crowd the streets to say
farewell at her funeral, knowing in their hearts that they would never forget her. For some, she was the voice that made them cry and smile on the first
Thursday of each month. For others, she was the voice that reflected the mind and heart of Egypt. Yet others saw her as the voice not only of Egypt, but
of the whole Arab world.
Umm Kulthum is considered one of the greatest Arab musicians who ever lived. For more than fifty years, she stunned the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was during this time that she released her most celebrated films, Sallama and Fatma. These works illustrated the issues and values of the Egyptian
society of the time, typically featuring unscrupulous rich antagonists who are brought to justice by the moral uprightness of common Egyptian people.
These immensely popular films celebrated the bonds of friendship between Egyptians, and extolled the value of personal virtue in the face of
temptation (108).
As she and her takht put poetry to music, Umm Kulthum achieved the unimaginable: she brought fine literature to the largely illiterate masses.
Because of her broadcasts, the young and the old, the rich and the poor now hummed the words to intricate Arabic poetry that used to be inaccessible
to most (122). In her monthly Thursday night concerts, her voice rode the radio waves across the Middle East. Her listeners sat attentively, noticing
every undulation, in awe of the vocal control for which she was renowned. The critiques and reviews of her performance, almost as anticipated as the
concerts themselves, would later permeate Egyptian daily life for days and weeks. She had earned herself the title "the voice of Egypt"

Britain's War with Egypt in 1956 Essay
Britain's War with Egypt in 1956
Britain formally declared war on Egypt on midnight of October the 30/31st 1956 three months after the nationalisation of the canal by the Egyptian
President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Britain went to war along with France under the pretext of protecting the canal and preserving international peace
which was endangered by an Israeli invasion of Egypt occurring at that time. Britain issued an ultimatum for both sides to withdraw to a 10–mile
exclusion zone outside the canal zone by midnight of October 30/31. This was caused by a number of factors the immediate excuse was that Britain
intervened as part of a "police action" to protect the canal although there is much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Suez could illustrate Beobachter's theory that individuals, not forces make history although this theory could also be questioned by the crisis. Eden,
as an individual was extremely hostile towards Nasser and this did take on a personal nature. It is written that he said he wanted Nasser " Destroyed,
not neutralised." and admitted publicly that Britain's quarrel was with Nasser not the Egyptian people. His desire to have Nasser removed probably
verged on obsession and could be one cause of the Suez crisis although other individuals were involved. Churchill's legacy also played a part in
contributing to the crisis, Eden was the first PM after Churchill so was under pressure to equal his predecessor especially in foreign affairs. Eden
could have felt that this was his first major test and he had to prove himself as the equal of his illustrious predecessor so he acted in an irrational
manner. This theory is supported (at least in part) by many especially those in the Conservative party notably Alan Clark and WF Deedes. Dulles (the
American secretary of state) and Eisenhower's relationship and also personal antagonism between Dulles, Eisenhower and Eden may have affected the
outcome of the

The Middle Eastern Country Of Yemen
In the Middle Eastern country of Yemen, a battle is being fought leaving much destruction to infrastructure and hundreds of lives lost. Actually it is not
so much of a battle as it is a total, one–sided bombardment of this country. This is an attempt from a U.N. sponsored, Saudi led coalition that is trying
to persuade Houthi rebels into thinking reasonably and diplomatically by bombing them back into the Stone Age. In order to fully understand what
brought the U.N. to a point of agreement on engagement of this operation, it is important to understand the recent history of Yemenand the events
leading up to this conflict. Equally important is the geographic location of Yemen, the main actors fighting over this country and who directly... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The city of Riyadh was eventually forced to recognize Yemen 's republican government.
Now as then, Riyadh sees the struggle in Syria as a defining moment. As the leader of the Sunni Muslim world, it perceives an opportunity to check
what it sees as Iranian plans to encircle the kingdom with hostile Shiite–dominated regimes. As the war has taken on a more sectarian character, the
usually reserved foreign minister, Prince Saud al–Faisal, has described Assad 's onslaught against his own people as ' 'genocide ' ' and Syrian lands as
being ' 'under occupation ' ' –– a clear reference to the presence of Iranian and Hezbollah forces.
It is no secret that the Saudis are supplying elements of the Syrian opposition with weapons. They all but admitted as much when the prince said a few
weeks ago that ' 'if the international community is not willing to do anything, then they must allow Syrians to defend themselves. ' '
The Saudis will use all tools available to oust Assad, while taking measures to ensure that the weapons they 're supplying to the rebels do not fall into
the hands of extremists. Nevertheless, following the chemical attack on civilians near Damascus last month, the Saudi foreign minister spoke candidly
about the inability of the Arab nations to put a stop to Assad 's campaign through force of arms, adding that any military effort to do so would likely
involve actors outside the region. Recent suggestions that the Arab League should assemble a military force

The Suez Canal Crisis
Though widely acknowledged as one of the smaller incidents of the Eisenhower Presidency, the Suez Canal Crisis did not only present one of the most
concerning existential threats during the 1950s, it became a crucial turning point for U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. Beyond that, this crisis
bucked the hundred–year–old status quo of Britain's monopoly of power in the region. Due to the large flow of cross currents occurring at the same
time, such as Egypt's engagements with the Soviet Union, the British and French reactive policy to losing a foothold in the region, and Israel's
unwillingness to agree to a cease–fire, U.S. foreign policy rather than military intervention expressed the genuine efforts of the Eisenhower
administration to combat the threat of "international communism" and the consequences of those efforts. In the past, the understanding of the Suez
Canal Crisis has largely been based from Egyptian and British viewpoints. However, in 2010 the Office of the Historian in the U.S. Department of State
released hundreds of recently declassified documents made available to the public. Leading expert on the Eisenhower Presidency, Dr. David Nichols,
meticulously combed through these to document the day by day, and often minute by minute, decisions made on behalf of the Eisenhower
administration during the duration of the Suez Crisis. After doing so, Dr. Nichols argues in his book, Eisenhower 1956: The President's Year of Crisis,
that these documents show the

Gamal Abdel Nasser
Joshua Jayasinghe Single Party State Under– Gamal Abdel Nasser It is important to first identify the most common definition of a single party state.
Single party, or one party states, usually arise during times of crisis. Crisis's include economic collapse, Military instability, Social and class conflicts
and ethnic differences. These conditions allow a single party leader to arise through the creation of a political ideology that provides a solution to one
or more of these crisis 's. The concept of a single party state is one that is unique to the 20th century. Before the 20th century, single party states were
most similar to absolute monarchies– where a monarch exercises all rights to govern and rule their country. There are many... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When it came to foreign affairs, Nasser dealt with issues such as Soviet–Egyptian relations, The Suez canal crisis, the Yemen War and Six
–Day War. As
previously stated, Nasser developed part of his ideology around the idea that Britain had to withdraw their control over much of the Arab world.
One of the first thing that Nasser did in 1954, even before he gained full power, was to make an agreement with Britain that saw their withdrawal
from the Suez canal. Later on in 1955, when the U.S. And world bank had agreed to fund $256 Million for the construction of the Aswan Dam,
however, in September of the same year, Nasser decided to negotiate an arms deal with the soviet union and Czechoslovakia. This deal outraged the
U.S. who then recalled their offer to finance the Aswan Dam. Nasser was left to find alternative methods of finance... what he did, announced the
nationalization of the Suez canal. The impact of such an act created a political tension between the middle east, west and non aligned nations that
could have potentially left the middle east as a cold war battleground. For one of the first times in history, the U.S.A. chose not to assist the British in
a week long war in October 1956, but instead protected their vested oil interests. The Soviet Union gained the image that they were defending the Arab
world against imperial powers such as Great Britain whilst Britain was left with colonies east of the suez pushing for

The Egyptian Syrian Attack Of September 1973
Assess the reasons for Israel's unpreparedness for the Egyptian Syrian attack of October 1973
The Egyptian Syrian attack that took place on Yon Kippur is a hugely significant event in the history of the Arab Israeli conflict. Often referred to as
'the trauma', the attack revealed a number of key issues with regards to Israeli defence and intelligence that ultimately resulted in a severe lack of
preparation. Israel was unprepared for a plethora of interlinking issues that resulted in a series of fatal mistakes with regard to intelligence and military
preparedness. With regards intelligence, an entrenched and overconfident conviction in 'the Concept' blinded the Israeli's to the concrete evidence and
forewarnings of the Egyptian Syrian mobilization. The ingenuity of the Egyptian's was also crucial to Israeli unpreparedness, especially the deployment
of the almost certain double agent – Ashraf Marwan.
The 'Concept' is the first significant reason why Israel was grossly unprepared for the attack – she did not expect it and this was blunder of her own
making. Upon official investigation into the errors of Israeli preparation, the 1975 Agranat Commission highlighted Israel's Military Intelligence
Directorate – Aman – had 'persistently adhered' to a single incorrect 'Concept' regarding Egypt's attack capabilities, disregarding other key intelligence
as a result. This 'Concept' was that Egypt would not wage war on the Israeli's before she had, firstly, acquired long range attack

Foreign Powers During The Middle East
The majority of Middle Eastern countries have suffered for decades under authoritarian regimes and have not succeeded at reforming their oppressive
policies or at democratizing. There have been arguments made stating that it is nearly impossible for the Middle East to democratize and that as a
region, democracy will not work. There was also another argument made stating that Islam does not allow for democracy to exist. Both these
arguments ignore the history of the region, in which foreign powers have had a lot of influence, and have created the oppressive regimes that are
present currently in the region. Foreign factors have played a great role in inhibiting any reforms from taking place in the region. Foreign powers
entered the Middle East for its resources, took what they needed from the region then abandoned it. These countries were required to build and
strengthen their economies suddenly after years of being controlled by foreign powers. The curse of oil in the Middle East has also played a role in
inhibiting political and economic reforms from taking place. Oil rich countries have had significantly less political reforms over the past decades, as
seen clearly in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, regional factors such as the Israeli occupation of Palestine, have also inhibited reform in that part of the
region. Foreign and regional factors have inhibited political and economic reform in the Middle East, however, each country in the Middle East has
had a different history

The Suez War or Crisis of 1956
The Suez War or Crisis of 1956 was a geopolitical conflict between Egypt with Israel, Great Britain, and France. Just War theory will be used to
assess the "just" qualities of the British's involvement in the war. Great Britain's role in the war does not fit within any of the categories of being a
just war in either "jus ad bellum" or in "jus in bello." A "just war" can be justified if it brings peace to a region however; in this case, the Suez War
was fought to retain the British's colonial powers among other reasons.
The Suez war began in 1956 when the President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal. Due to the canal's great importance to the British and
they colluded with Israel and France to regain control of the canal. The Suez Canal was especially important to the British because it connected the
Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea. (Milner) This strategic location allowed them to trade and move across the world giving
them control of their colonies. However, on July 26, 1956 President Nasser decided to nationalize the Suez Canal due to his anger at the British for
withdrawing their loan offer to Egypt. (Milner) Consequently, the nationalization of the canal was a strategic move to lessen the British's economic
and political control of Egypt, which had lasted since 1882. Many Egyptians were unhappy with British's occupation of their country so Nasser's
policies were popular in the Middle East. This was because the "expression of national

Gamal Nasser Research Paper

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