Indian Ocean Trade Research Paper

Indian Ocean Trade Research Paper
The Indian Ocean has always been a power trading region, a passageway between regions of the
world that enfluenced the spread of languages, religion, and even people along with econmic views
and technology. During the rise and fall of important empires, trade routes have changed and
domination has changed hands plenty of times over history. While the goods traded have stayed
about the same, the traders and the powers behind them changed from 7th to 17th century. The
spread of many things such as culture and religion made its way through various parts of the trade
network. The Persians and the Arabs controlled trade at this time which helped spread their culture
and religion in different parts of the world because their many trade ports that people were required
to pass through. Both the Arabs and Persians were Muslim so they easily spread their Islamic belifes
to people who were willing to listen. While this was going on indain merchants bright Brahmin
priests and Arbic merchants bright scholars to spread knowlage and logic, and although it wasn't as
promnate christans sent out missinaries as well. Merchants spread their cultures to the foreign lands
they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
China produced silk, porcelain, and tea, while East Africa sent out ivory, gold, and slaves.
Merchants found new economic practices such as using credit and the uses bills of to exchange. The
Chinese were first to use this practice, then it spread to many reigons of the world. Many port cities
became important trade centers, such as cities of Indian, Southeast Asia, and, several European cities
created the Hanseatic League to counter Italian control of sea trade. Trade became much more
important in the economy of the empires and cities in the Indian Ocean Trade and even changing
many economic practices because of strong dependents for foreign
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Compare And Contrast Mediterranean And Indian Ocean Trade
In the early post–classical period, the Mediterranean Sea trade route and the Indian Ocean trade
route flourished. Although both the Mediterranean Sea trade route and the Indian Ocean Maritime
trade route persisted to deliver goods to diverse ports by way of sea, such as India's transmission of
manufactured goods, such as pottery produced by Burma, to several distinct ports, the volume and
whereabouts of each particular trade route and the development of people's characteristics due to
trade varied drastically. Both the post–classical Mediterranean Sea trade route and the Indian Ocean
Maritime System route transported goods to various ports by way of water. In the Indian Ocean
Maritime System, trade took place in three distinct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the post–classical Mediterranean Sea trade route, seafarers grasped the characteristics they
obtained from their homeland tightly and did not intermingle them at various sea ports, which was
due to their constant interaction with other people. Yet, in the post–classical trade routes taking place
in the Indian Ocean, the sight of other people was an extremely unlikely occasion to occur along the
journey due to distal location of land. Therefore, seafarers became intimate with foreign women at
port stops. These port wives introduced their homeland's customs and attitudes to their husbands,
mixing heritages, which would result in rich cultural diversity, commonly making children produced
by the couples multilingual, multicultural, and cosmopolitan. Since the Mediterranean Sea trade
route was proximal to land and the Indian Ocean trade route was more remote from land, sailors in
the Indian Ocean Maritime System would take up opportunities with woman from different regions,
whereas the seafarers in the Mediterranean Sea trade route preferred marriage to women from their
own homeland. The differences in culture in both the Mediterranean Sea trade route and the Indian
Ocean Maritime System are most likely due to how closely bound various

Brief Outline Of The Treaty Of Tordesillas (1492)
Political
1. Treaty of Tordesillas: (1492). The treaty was signed to avoid conflicts with Portugal and Spain. It
divided the trading empire between the two, Spain received much of the new world and the west
while Portugal received the east. The line of Demarcation slit the territories into 2 for the Spanish
and the Portuguese.
2. Audencia of Spain: (15th century). A miniature council that acted as a court of law and
administered royal justice. They were established in the Spanish Americas and were there to keep
order and take actions if generals were abusing their power in the new world.
3. Conquistadors: (15th–16th century). The Conquistadors were Spanish conquerors/explores that
sailed beyond Europe to the Americas. They conquered much of the world for both Spain and
Portugal. The two most popular were Hernando Cortes, who conquered the Aztec ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Destruction of the Indies: (1552) An account written by Bartolomé de las Casas about how
mistreated the indigenous people of the new were. He wrote it to the Spanish king, Charles I, for his
fear of Spain coming under divine punishment and his concern for the native people. Bartolomé de
las Casas really wanted just treatment for the indigenous people. Intellectual
1. Ethnocentrism:(late 15th century). Individuals judge other groups relative to their own based on
langue behavior customs and religion. When the Spaniards came to the new worlds they saw that the
natives were more advanced in agriculture. The natives also had a different customs and languages.
Ethnocentrism, or the idea of it, placed natives in forced labor and segregated them based on their
customs.
2. Celestial navigation: (early 15th century) the act of finding ones way by use of the sun, moon, and
stars. By using celestial navigation, it allowed explorers to travel beyond Europe and bring back
new ideas. This idea came from the ideas of humanism because they Europeans studied the use of
celestial navigation form the ancient

Social Classes In The 19th Century
If the lower classes are not controlled it will be hard to maintain the social structure and prevent
internal conflict. In most societies throughout World History, a small, rich ruling class has
dominated the social and political aspects of society. The large majority of the population has always
been in the lower classes of society, and controlling these classes through fear, brute force, economic
oppression or appeasement is instrumental to maintain order. Failing to maintain control often leads
revolts, social upheavals or violent class struggles. While in most societies the upper classes
attempted to control lower classes, some were not successful. In the Roman Empire slaves were
subjected to difficult work and conditions. This led to many slave revolts during the second and ...
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In the 10th century, Zanj slaves in Mesopotamia, after being forced to work in terrible conditions,
revolted and were not stopped for over 10 years. In the 18th century during the French Revolution,
the Third Estate revolted in order to get political and social reform and prevent unfair taxes. Later in
the 18th century slaves in Saint–Domingue revolted against the white planters and France, and
fought until they gained independence. In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo led a group of peasants against the
Imperial Spanish rule in Mexico and the rigid social structure in place. In the 20th century in Russia,
peasants and workers tired of unfair land distribution, serfdom, poor living standards and other
inequalities, started the Russian Revolution. In these cases, those with power and wealth, failed to
satisfy or control the masses of lower class people which led to revolts and unrest. In other
instances, civil order was maintained, due to those with power controlling the lower classes. An
example of this occurs in India, starting around 1000 B.C.E. The caste system helped to

Essay On The Columbian Exchange
1. The lateen sail was a technological advancement that allowed ships to sail into a headwind.
Initially used by the Arabs and later adopted by the Europeans whom combined the lateen sail with
other technologies, such as the compass, opened up trade opportunities and improved skills such as
mapmaking. The lateen sail was triangular and would allow for maximum sail. The lateen sail was
faster than previous inventions, expediting travel and trade. Additionally, the lateen sail could be
combined with bigger hulls and rigs, allowing sailors to navigate open water. Ultimately expanding
trade routes and allowing for an increase in cargo capacity. 2. The Plantation Complex refers to a
system based on African slavery that utilized forced labor to produce cash crops to benefit the
Europeans. This system took centuries to develop and spread across several continents. Beginning in
the Mediterranean islands, the system spread to the Atlantic ... Show more content on
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The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, people, and
technologies between Europe, Africa, South America and North America. The Columbian Exchange
began after Columbus discovered America. In addition to the transfer of biological and
technological ideas and resources, a network of trade and communication was established. This
exchange transformed each nation's way of life. American crops that were transported to Europe,
provided nutritional needs and helped to grow the population. Livestock brought over to the
Americas from Europe, changed the farming and economic landscape of many settlements. Slaves
brought over from Africa, created a labor force and mass food production that greatly benefited the
European economy. Additionally, pathogens brought to the Americas from Africa and Europe,
drastically increased mortality rates, transforming the population landscape. Ultimately, the
Columbian Exchange catapulted Europe into a top position of global power, surpassing Asia and
changing global

Christopher Columbus Research Paper
Columbus was an Italian explorer famed for discovering the "New World". Columbus set out on a
voyage on Aug 3rd, 1492 from Palos, Spain with three small ships including the Pinta, the Nina, and
the Santa Maria. Technology had quite a big impact on Columbus' voyage. If Columbus had the
technology that sailors have today then he would know where he was going. The technology in
Columbus' time was trivial compared to the technology sailors have today.
One item of technology that Columbus had on his voyage with three ships including the Pinta, the
Nina, and the Santa Maria was the quadrant. The quadrant was a metal plate in the shape of a fourth
of a circle. From the center hung a weight on a string the went across to the other edge of the circle.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another instrument that Christopher Columbus used on his long voyages was the sandglass to tell
what time of day it was. There was a designated person whose sole responsibility was to turn the
sandglass every half hour to measure the time until the watch changed. After midnight a different
tool was used to measure time. This device was called a nocturnal. A nocturnal told what time of
night it was by how the stars moved and aligned around the celestial pole. Christopher Columbus
also carried an Astrolabe which was somewhat similar to a quadrant, but slightly less accurate, in
telling the position, than its counterpart the quadrant. Another very important tool that Christopher
Columbus used on his voyage to the new world was the magnetic compass. The magnetic compass
was built with a magnetized metal needle that was put in a way that it could spin freely in a fully
complete 360 degree circle if need be. Christopher Columbus figured out which end was which by
the position of our lovely, warm hearted, giant sun, remembering that the sun rises in the East and
sets in the west. To find north at around noon in the day one would look down on the needle with the

Significance Of The Age Of Exploration
Why did exploration begin?
In the past Spain, age of exploration, spices and other imported goods from Asia was the symbol of
how wealth they were. Therefore, lots of traders seek for trading routes through land. However, It
wasn't easy because of the capability of Ottoman Empire. After they bewitched the Constantinople
in 1453, they blocked the route from Europe to Asia, which limited the amount of trading.
Subsequently traders were forced to search for another route, which is the sea route. Though,
exploring needed funding for ships, crews and supplies. Only countries that had strong monarchy
were able to take the risk of funding a big amount of money, even there was no guarantee that the
ship sufficiently returns to them. King and Queen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a trading of slave, which includes the participants from America, Europe and Africa. It occurred
in Atlantic Ocean between middle of 15th to end of 19th centuries. Africans were traded as a slave
in exchange of goods imported from other country, such as alcohol, iron, tobacco, rum, gunpowder,
clothes, beer and guns. Countries traded slaves due to their needs of workers in harvesting goods,
for instance sugar cane, raw material, cotton, tobacco, and coffee. Those slaves who worked for
farming or producing goods were called field slave. Some enslaved Africans were worked as house
slave, who did the task such as butler, maid, and chef. Around 12 to 15 millions of Africans were
traded during this period. However, lots died in the middle of unendurable voyage. Portuguese was
the first one to trade slave in Africa. They first enslaved Americans, although African slaves were
cheaper and had less risk to be escaped due to African's empty knowledge about geography in
Americas and Europe. Other European country and Americas follow after Portuguese, and then
England became advanced country for slave trade by 18th century. Africans that brought back to
Europe and Americas were sold in auction. Spanish, Portuguese, English, French and Dutch were
buying

The Discovery Of The New World
Ship Improvements
What were the events and improvements in ship design that lead to the discovery of the New World
and enabled the subsequent expansion in global trade? In this paper I will examine the changes and
improvements in European ship design that allowed for the first transatlantic voyage to the New
World. Though the Europeans were not the first to develop the concept of the ship, they were the
first to take this concept and use it to cross the Atlantic. Even before Columbus sailed across the
Atlantic to the New World, Europe had a long maritime history. Before the 15th and 16th century
European ship design had been relatively slow to advance from its initial stages. But during the 15th
and 16th century European ship design accelerated at break neck speeds to advance to the point of
enabling the Age of Exploration. Dr. Edwards states, "The major difference in father oceanic sailing
was the length of the voyages between landfalls. Longer voyages meant larger crews to man
watches through twenty–four hours, the need to carry larger stores of food, wood and water, and the
need for more spare equipment such as anchors and cables, sails, line for rigging, lumber, metal
work and gear for all kinds of repairs at sea or on distant shores where such things are unavailable"
(Edwards. 443). To accomplish this feat many improvements were required on earlier ship designs
that were used in maritime activities along the coast of Europe and in the Mediterranean. Though

Nomads In South American History
All along, history has been written through the eyes of Westerners. Indigenous inhabitants who did
not use the conventional way of recording events, that is, writing, has been overlooked from time
and time. Nomads for instance, orally passed information from one generation to another, but
without actual tangible evidence where information can be verified. It also does not help their case
that we tend to focus on history that are agricultural but most importantly, has resonance with the
modern world, which Nomads, both are not (Dickinson, January 2017). Other Natives like the Inca
in South America had no writing methods but meticulously kept record through tying knots on
strings (Daniels/ Hyslop, p. 145). As people tend to look for formal writings ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, some expert's claim that African Empires were contained within lands and their ship–based
exports were only to Europe, especially after colonization. However, contrary to popular belief,
Westerners were not the leaders of navigational progress and European ships of the 15th century,
were not superior than those centuries earlier. Navigational knowledge of Spaniards of this time was
elementary and seamen were considerably ignorant on navigation according to Columbus (Van
Sertima, p.57). Normally, I would not generalize and that there may be some exceptions, but
Columbus is said to have spearheaded trans–Atlantic navigation, thus, him saying that Europeans
were poor in navigation ought to have considerable weight. Europeans came into possession of such
skills during the Renaissance (Daniels/ Hyslop, p.) of the 14th century. Such maritime technologies
necessary to cross the Atlantic has been available to other non–Western "civilizations" suchlike the
system of longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates that has been available in China since 100 B.C.,
lateen sail hoisted by Spain and Portugal which came from the Arabs, and the astrolabe, which
originated in ancient Greeks, but was diffused and developed for years also came from the Arabs
(Van Sertima, pg.57). Zheng He, a successful and famous Chinese commander is said to have
navigated decades before Columbus, judging from the year Ma Huan's compilation finished in 1451
(Mills, p.137–141). Furthermore, Africans themselves navigated the Atlantic prior to Christ (Van
Sertima, p.57). This is proven by Thor Heyerdahl of Norway who tested the validity of previous
statement by building the exact replica of Egyptian ships, incorporating the same

Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human...
PERIOD 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies, c. 600 BCE to c. 600 CE
The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions I. Codifications and further
developments of existing religious traditions provided a bond among the people and an ethical code
to live by. A. The association of monotheism with Judaism was further developed with the
codification of the Hebrew Scriptures, which also reflected the influence of Mesopotamian cultural
and legal traditions. The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Roman empires conquered various Jewish states
at different points in time. These conquests contributed to the growth of Jewish diasporic
communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East. B. The core beliefs ... Show more content
C. The convergence of Greco–Roman culture and Buddhist beliefs affected the development of
unique sculptural developments.
The Development of States and Empires I. The number and size of key states and empires grew
dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states:
Southwest Asia–Persian Empires; East Asia–Qin and Han Empires; South Asia–Maurya and Gupta
Empires; Mediterranean region–Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city–states and colonies, and
Hellenistic and Roman Empires; Mesoamerica–Teotihuacan, Maya city–states; Andean South
America–Moche. II. Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based,
in part, on the success of earlier political forms. A. In order to organize their subjects, the rulers
created administrative institutions in many regions: centralized governments, elaborate legal
systems and bureaucracies–China, Persia, Rome, South Asia. B. Imperial governments projected
military power over large areas using a variety of techniques: diplomacy, developing supply lines;
building fortifications, defensive walls, and roads; drawing new groups of military officers and
soldiers from local populations or conquered peoples. C. Much of the success of the empires rested
on their promotion of trade and economic integration by building and maintaining roads and issuing
currencies.

My Grandmother
We sat in my grandparent's living room. The large white curtains were drawn to keep the sun from
shining through. My grandpa sat in a red chair with an extra pillow behind him to support his back
as I sat in the red wheelchair that had been given to him after he had broken his hip. His face was
tanned and his hair was the same as it always was; a halo of white around his head with wispy
strands on top that I remember playing with from my childhood.. He had crinkles at the corners his
eyes and smile lines near his mouth from years of laughter. My grandma was nestled in the corner to
my right with Hillary Clinton's biography in hand. The pictures of my family that my grandma had
taken added a homey feeling to the room. Before the interview there was confusion as to how we
would go about it. My grandma said, "Why don't you ask the question and then..." her voice fell as
she didn't finish her question. She looked at us and began to listen as I asked my first question. My
grandpa was first inspired to begin sailing when he bought a small twelve foot sailboat while he was
living in Syracuse, New York with my grandma, my dad, and aunt. It had a lateen sail, which meant
that it did not have a sail on the mast in front of the boat. When they moved to Durham, New
Hampshire he would sail it on the Oyster River. He bought his boat at a store that sold boats called
sunflowers. When I asked how old he was when he got his first boat, a long pause filled the air
before finally he said he

Similarities And Differences Between Native Americans And...
Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans
At first Native Americans, Europeans and Africans were separated by the vast oceans in between
their continents, but as technologies and trade in Europe advanced the three region's worlds collided.
There were various similarities and differences in policy, economy and religion amongst the three
regions but alas, contact between these empires reaped inevitable change among all these for the
better or worse.
Before Europeans landed in the Americas, Native Americans lived within various complex societies
across modern day North and South America. Two of the greatest empires that existed at the time
were the Aztecs located in modern central Mexico or at the time it was called Mesoamerica and the
Incas located in modern Peru, these societies were unique because they were ruled by kings, nobles
and warriors whereas most North American Natives were ruled by chiefdoms. North American
Native's religion consisted of animist quality– a belief that the natural world had spiritual powers.
They applied this belief to everyday life– praying to be exempt from disease, good crops, and plenty
of food. Some societies amongst many North American Natives were matriarchal for example in the
Iroquois society power and possessions were passed down through the female line of authority.
Most women were gatherers and watched over the towns and men hunted for food for their families,
maize agriculture was popular amongst the Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes Natives. The Native
Americans traded extensively before the Europeans arrived, for example there were annual trade
fairs between the Navajos, Apaches and the Pueblos. In 1521, Hernan Cortes arrived in
Mesoamerica and quickly overcame the Aztecs, not only by force but also disease. Europeans
unknowingly brought many diseases, such as smallpox, influenza and measles, that the Native
Americans were never exposed to and it was one of the biggest killers of the Natives. At first,
Europeans forced Native Americans to be slaves and work on their plantations but soon they were
replaced with the African slave.
In Africa there were three great empires, first the Ghana Empire who domesticated camels and
carved trade routes all across the Sahara then

Motivation For European Exploration In The 15th And 16th...
Exploration Essay European exploration wasn't only entirely based of one motivation in the 15th
and 16th century. Although many voyages of discovery were started in search of wealth, religion
was also a big reason for exploring other continents. Religion wasn't the main motivation for
European exploration in the 15th and 16th century. Instead, the main motivation was economic
motives, which was closely followed by religion, and to a lesser extent was technological
developments. The main motivation of European exploration was economic motives. People were
beginning to become more interested in traveling by sea to reach Asia and Africa and all their
riches(Duiker,494). The spice trade was what linked Europe to Asia, and the gold trade linked
Europe to Africa. Furthermore, in the 15th and 16th centuries, as the economy and purchasing power
of Europe developed and increased, the spice demand grew at a steady rate(Arnold,12). Therefore,
spices were one of the few things that made overseas trade possible. Europe did not have very much
gold to begin with, so ultimately the gold mines that they did possess were emptied. After 1400,
Europe started trading with the areas that produced gold, increasing their amount of gold. Gold was
very important to Europe, because not only was it used for decorations, but also their currency. In
1500, Portugal was controlling the flow of gold to Europe, making Portugal much
wealthier(Buckler,500). Eventually, slaves were included in the gold

Globalization And The Rise Of Globalization
There is controversy over when globalization began because there is no crystal clear start to
globalization. Some people believe that globalization started when the Buddhist leader
Chandragupta combined aspects of trade, religion, and military to create a protected trading area.
Others believe that globalization began under Genghis Khan's rule. The Mongolian warrior–ruler
created an empire that had trade integrated into it. There are also some experts that believe that the
rise of globalization was linked to 1492, the year Christopher Columbus made his first trip to the
New World.
2.
Phases/Rounds: Explanation:
First Round In this phase, ideas, knowledge, and goods are exchanged through trading and
encounters. The Arabs were one of the first people that transferred and exchanged their knowledge
of the world (medicine, mathematics, and sciences) with the Europeans.
Second Round ("Historical Globalization") The second round began in the 1400s, when technology
enabled more opportunities. The growth of globalization was also immensely linked to imperialism
since the capture of one country led to exploration of the ideas and cultures, and trading within said
country.
Third Round
("Contemporary Globalization") The modern world is in the third phase, which occurred post–World
War II. Globalization shifted from the second phase into third because of instant communications
and rapid growth of the world market.
The key element that caused modern globalization according to O'Rouke

The Western Bank Of The Bosporus
On the western bank of the Bosporus, just north of a sinuous waterway known by locals as the
Golden Horn, stood a bustling Genoese colony called Pera. With merchants from Genoa, Venice and
Tuscany overflowing its narrow streets, one could hardly tell that these Italian traders were in fact
no less than eight hundred miles away from their Apennine homeland. As a town of itinerants, Pera
of course hosted a great many places for lodging, and it was in the room of one such lodge where we
would find our weary cartographer – a mid–aged man by the name of Cristoforo Buondelmonti.
The time: late fall, 1422.
Appearing in front of Cristoforo was a piece of creased paper, empty and trivial, yet the sole focus
of his attention. He had received ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to receiving the commission, Cristoforo had been traveling extensively in the Aegean Sea.
Though born to an affluent Florentine family, he spent the last ten years mastering the Greek
language and documenting Greek islands. Accompanying him on his trip to Constantinople was a
Thessalonian fur trader and acquaintance named John Anagnostes, who offered to guide him
through the city before leaving for the trading post in Crimea. "What lie ahead will forever linger in
your mind." John mysteriously stated as they arrived at the city by cart from the south.
Already Cristoforo could make out a wall that stretched along the horizon, which only grew in
immensity as they drew closer. Its limestone blocks soaring into the sky, the Theodosian Wall (as
John informed him) appeared far more imposing than any fortification he had witnessed in the West.
When they approached its base, though, he soon noticed the heavy damage dealt to the rampart.
"The Ottomans laid siege to the city this spring." John said. "I heard they acquired cannons for the
first time, but the defenders were able to fend off their assault after a prolonged battle." While
entering the Golden Gate, the main entrance to the capital, Cristoforo could not help but ponder the
fashion of his mapping: should he emphasize the wall's massive scale, or its wounded state? What
exactly could be accomplished by either? ... His thoughts, however, were cut short by the awesome
view

Astrolabes During The Age Of Exploration
During the age of exploration there were many highly important inventions being made and also
being used. One of the inventions from this time period is the astrolabe. The astrolabe is an ancient
astronomical computer that was used mainly by navigators to solve problems in relation to not only
time, but also problems relating to the position of the sun and the stars ("Morrison"). Astrolabes
were historically used by astronomers, astrologers, and navigators. Astrolabes had many amazing
uses like finding the time of day or time of night, finding the time of a celestial event like a sunrise
or a sunset and could also be used as a reference of celestial positions and many more ("Morrison").
Astrolabes were also one of the most basic astronomy education tools in the late ... Show more
During this time period many things were invented like the astrolabe, sextant, and caravel. The
caravel was invented by the portuguese, was much less heavy so it could travel up rivers, was
quicker for the longer journeys, and had a triangular sail instead of a rectangular sail. The astrolabe
was an instrument that, in its earlier time, was used for astronomy and astrology but ended up
mainly being used as a tool of navigation and to solve problems involving trigonometry, problems
relating to time, and the position of the sun and stars. The astrolabe was invented by Hipparchus
who lived from 190 BC – 120 BC and also made major contributions to trigonometry. Trigonometry
is a type of math that involves the relations between a triangle's angles and sides. The sextant, which
superseded the astrolabe, is a tool that measures the angle between two objects in order to find a
person's location in the world. As you can see each invention during this very important time period
is very important and each made their own major contribution to the world we live in

Getting Into the Mind of a Late Medieval Peasant Essay
Getting Into the Mind of a Late Medieval Peasant
The middle Ages were dark and gloomy. People lived in castles and rode on horses. They constantly
fought each other with swords and shields. That mainly sums up the Middle Ages, right a world with
no technology sounds almost horrifying. However, there were many forms of "Medieval
Technology." Of course they didn't have electricity or batteries in the middle Ages, but that's not all
technology is. Technology is the application of science, especially in industry or commerce. So
basically, anything that improves or makes life easier is a form of technology. With that in mind, the
invention of those swords, shields, and castles of the middle ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, the windmill and water mill of the middle Ages were very important industrial
advancements.
Medieval Industrial Technology has also been characterized by many agricultural improvements.
Medieval farmers used the heavy plough to loosen soil for seed planting. It originated in Asia Minor,
but was later used in Northern Europe. These ploughs were normally mounted on two wheels, and
pulled by several horses or oxen. The heavy plough was also used to rid uncultivated land of weeds
and other vegetation. Even though it did not destroy most plant root systems, it did expose them to
the air, which inhibited their growth. The "ditches" created by the plough also slowed erosion caused
by heavy rains.
Before the heavy plough, most medieval farmers used a "lighter" plough. Unlike the heavy plough,
horses and oxen did not pull the light plough. This was a major difference in the effectiveness of the
light plough. The horse collar or horse harness was only used with the heavy plough. The collar puts
the workload on the horse's shoulders instead of the back or neck, such as in earlier models. The
horse collar allowed horses to use more power without straining their necks or backs. Medieval
Farming benefited immensely from these two important, agricultural inventions.
Medieval Construction and building also benefited from the invention of the horse collar. The

Umayyad vs Abbasid Dynasties
Umayyad vs. Abbasid Dynasties In the rise and spreading of the Islam religion, there were many
dynasties that were similar and different in their own way. The Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties can
be compared: culturally, through religious tolerations and cultural blending; politically, through
bureaucracy and misuse of government powers; and economically, through trade and advancements
of technology. Culturally through religious toleration and cultural blending, the Umayyad and
Abbasid dynasties can be compared. Umayyad practiced a fair degree of religious tolerance and they
hired Christians and Jews that belonged to the Levant to high ranks, but they weren't as open
minded when it came to race, and their leaders and officials of the ... Show more content on
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The Umayyad also used the silk roads for overland trade. The roads used for trade were also
inherited for military forces to cross. These roads for the Umayyad and Abbasid were said to be very
efficient and fast so a lot more money came into the Dynasty. Trading was very respectable and
important to both dynasties. While both dynasties were reliant to trade and advancements in
technology were also important to the economy. Advances were made in irrigation and farming,
using new technology such as the windmill to create more crops in dry times in the Abbasid dynasty.
Muslim engineers also developed pumps, employed gears in mills and water–raising machines, and
used dams to provide additional power to watermills and water–raising machines. Such advances
made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labor in ancient
times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. While the
Umayyad created saddles to ride camels through the brutal heat and carry heavy loads. The
Umayyad also used the compass from the Chinese and lateen sails from south Asian and Indian
mariners to engage in maritime trade and ran some of the first banks. Although the Umayyad
designed great inventions, the Abbasid improved their ideas and benefitted from it significantly. As
shown, the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties can be compared in many political, economical,

Voyages Of Columbus : The Voyage Of Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus had three ships on his first voyage, the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria.
Columbus sailed from Palos de la Frontera on 3 August, 1492. His flagship, the Santa Maria had 52
men aboard while his other two ships, the Nina and Pinta were each crewed by 18 men.
The Santa Maria was a nao, was a bit of a tub, and was not able to go near the coastline. But was
able to carry a lot of cargo, and it was able to stand up well in bad weather. The Niña, the Pinta were
caravels, with a shallower draft than a nao, did not have much cargo space, but were able to explore
shallow bays and the mouths of rivers. A carvel was square–rigged on its foremasts and mainmasts,
but used a lateen sail on the mizzen to help in tacking. A caravel had about twenty crew members,
who slept on the deck and would go below only if the weather was bad.
The crew were gathered by Martín Alonso Pinzón (captain of the Pinta). They were experienced
sea–men, and four of them had taken an offer from the Spanish throne for amnesty from prison if
they took the voyage. Many of these sailors were from the nearby towns of Lepe and Moguer.
Over several days, ships of Columbus's day would average a little less than 4 knots. Top speed for
the vessels was about 8 knots, and minimum speed was zero. These speeds were quite typical for
vessels of the period. So overall, 90 or 100 miles in a day would be typical, and 200 phenomenal. Of
the three ships on the first voyage, the Santa Maria was the slowest,

Spanish Exploration
Spanish and English Exploration From 1492–1648
Many explorers of the time had dreams of finding new and better routes to other lands and with the
help and finances of their home or neighboring countries they were able to find these routes and
convert to Christianity those they came in contact with. Spain and England of the fifteenth to
seventeenth centuries were two such countries who wanted to convert the world to Christianity as
well as find new resources or new routes to existing resources while also converting the natives of
the land to their religion.
The fifteenth century was challenging for the country of Spain. For example, towards the end of the
century, Spain was embroiled in a sustained battle with the last group of Muslims to ... Show more
For many years, ships that were used to navigate the Mediterranean were powered by men who
would row and be equipped with small sails in the shape of a triangle. Over the years Portugal
realized that, while these ships were good for small voyages, they would not be practical for an
Atlantic crossing. They soon designed a ship with bigger, stronger, and square sails capable of
harnessing the wind and carrying explorers longer distances. Columbus on his voyage saw the
advantage of these sails and used them on his own ships that carried him across the Atlantic. English
ships were very much like those of the Spaniards with square masts. However, English ships were
also equipped with lateen sails along with their square masts that were used through out the
sixteenth century, which helped it cut through the waters of the Atlantic. While obtaining a ship to
cross the Atlantic was important, the explorers also needed the backing of the wealthy to finance
their trips. These wealthy individuals were also venture capitalists that wanted a part of what they
believed would be found whether this was gold, silver or

Mariner's Influence To European Exploration
in fifteenth century , the use of lateen ships had been spread , shipbuilder begun to couple them
square sail to produce shop that can do two things like maneuverability and against the winds sailing
sails these ships were stronger , faster , and more efficient than before. the influence was significant
to european exploration to take up longer voyages.the mariner's astrolabe allowed western
civilization sailor to more easily enter and explore unknown territories while they still had
knowledge of their status, making exploration of the sea much easier. Furthermore with help of
accurate navigation equipment sailor had easier time following the trade route which decreased
shipping time and increased profit. By 1500 Europe was imperializing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Medici, alum , fugger and mercury played an important role. the rise in prices and rather than trade
on the mediterranean but on the atlantic trade The benefits of expansion were widespread and
permanent and help the rise of west with gold , silver , precious metal that helped economics
because of the riches. access to the ocean provided whale oil , seal oil vitalf or illiomation
lubrication another purpose. other resource such as sugar, indigo , tobacco , rice , fur , timber and
new plants like the potato and maize are support for growth of economics, later in the years were the
flow of gran and meat and cotton.Trade like fisheries provided jobs for many people to empoly, both
catching and in dirctributuon, which in future helped the market economy. in conclusion all these
factor were part of rise of western civilization with economic laissez–faire, political and military
pluralism and technology advancement . All these factor helped western civilization to imperialize
and also stand a the great civilization in that time also being open to explore and trade which helped
a lot into becoming the greats

Trade Networks Change Over Time Essay
In 300 CE the trade routes of Africa and Eurasia were increasing in complexity, as they became
major arteries for the exchange of goods and ideas over long distances. The trade networks of these
regions consistently enabled the spread of religious ideas far beyond their original homelands.
Networks like the Trans–Saharan, Indian Ocean, and Silk Road systems always brought wealth to
foreign products that enabled local producers to specialize in items best suited to their regions. Yet,
the risk of long distance trade decreased over this period as societies expanded and technology
increased. Furthermore, the amount of trade done on these networks was inconsistent between 300
CE and 1450 CE. Throughout this extensive time period, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The invention of the Dhow and Lateen sails made sea trade much easier and faster, and these
technologies eventually dominated sea trade from the Mediterranean to East Africa and the Indian
Ocean. As technology increased over this time period, trade became easier and thus it occurred more
often and over greater distances. Another reason why trade became more widespread was the
expansion of empires. When empires were compacted, the space between them was large and
nomadic societies presented more of a threat in the distance between them. In China, the expansion
in the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties gave China a wider reach and thus a farther extension of trade
to regions in the west. The same is true in Africa, when kingdoms like Ethiopia and Ghana
expanded, they became closer to the societies in North Africa and the Mediterranean and increased
trade in this way. Whether it was by the increase in technology, or the growth of societies to develop
safer and more protected trade routes, the trade networks in this period undoubtedly became more
widespread because of these factors. Another important inconsistency in this period was the
irregularity of trade levels from specific regions. While trade was increasing in China because of
technological advancement and expansion, it was decreasing in Europe in the centuries after 300 CE
because they were recovering from the fall of the Roman Empire. This created a scenario in which
the importer could no longer buy the good

Article Analysis: Things Not To Say To Latinos
For those who do not identify themselves as part of a minority group, it results very difficult to
understand the limits on the questions or the conversations when treating with people from different
ethnicity. The main mistake is asking them things that for no reason they should be asked, and
furthermore, underestimate or exclude them for no significant cause. The article Things not to say to
Latinos is a simple guide and an excellent tool to learn the proper way to approach to lateens in a
daily basis and in a work environment. This article summons the experiences of two leading
Latinos: Raymond Arroyo and Gilbert Casellas, who in one way or another have been victims of
racial discrimination when they have been interrogated with questions

Indian Ocean Continuities
Commerce in the Indian Ocean region was transformed between the years 650 CE and 1750 CE.
Multiple changes, as well as continuities shaped the Indian Ocean commercial trade, including the
continued use of overseas trade routes, which were constantly affected by the monsoon winds during
transit. In addition, certain key changes throughout the time period, involve the rise and fall of the
major powerful empires, such as the Delhi`, Sultanate, Tang, Song, Ming, and the Mongolian, which
all played significant roles in facilitating inter–regional trade. Not to mention, the increase of
maritime trade technology, which reshaped the way merchants traveled. All together, the Indian
Ocean trade network underwent numerous changes, as well as continuities, which improved the
commerce during this era.
The Indian Ocean area was an essential portion of trade during the years between 600 and 1750 CE.
A major continuity of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This constant exchange of ideas, spread of cultures, and mixing of societal beliefs played a major
role in developing the civilizations and trading states around the Indian Ocean. Similarly, the
sustained trade of sugar, spices, cotton, silk, textiles, porcelain, salt, and precious metals were
constantly exchanged using this trade network. In addition, the traders relied on seasonal monsoons
to enable travel across the ocean. These predictable winds, in conjunction with naval technology,
assisted the commerce tremendously.
Many changes transpired to the trade across the region of the Indian Ocean basin from 650 CE to
1750 CE. At the beginning of the period, Islam arose as a major religion,

Similarities Between The Odyssey And The Count Of Monte...
Alexandre Dumas, Homer, and Kenneth Branagh all have done things very similar to each other.
They used symbols and imagery to represent archetypal heroes. In Dumas's (The Count of Monte
Cristo), Homer's (The Odyssey), Branagh's (movie Thor), shows archetypal heroes by using
symbols and imagery. The Island of Monte Cristo from The Count of Monte Cristo, The Island of
Ithaca from The Odyssey, and Thor's hammer from the movie Thor. These are the main symbols and
imagery that are strong and represent the archetypal heroes in a unique and different way. Dumas the
author of The Count of Monte Cristo, writes a story about Edmond Dantes. This story shares
Edmond's quest about going to the Island of Monte Cristo. The Island Of Monte Cristo is a major
symbol in The Count of Monte Cristo.The main reason why Edmond wanted to go to the island is
because he wanted the treasure that was stored there. In chapter 85 it says, "A little corvette was
bobbing in a fairly large cove; it had a narrow hull and tall mast with a flag flying from the lateen
yard and bearing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Homer is the amazing writer and author of The Odyssey. In The Odyssey symbolism is shown
through the island of Ithaca. The island of Ithaca symbolizes home. In The Odyssey on pg.168 it
says, "Ithaca's rocky soil where they were bred and reared. And through their tears their words went
winging home: "You're back again, my king! How thrilled we are as if we'd reached our country,
Ithaca, at last! But come, tell us about the fate our comrades met." This quote really symbolize how
Ithaca is represented as home. The imagery shows the bright glow on the people's face when they
saw their king come back. Ithaca is truly represented as home because the way they describe how
they were bred and reared, showing the pride of living in the island of Ithaca. Homer is trying to
show how Ithaca symbolizes as home. Home can be anything but, Ithaca shows a truly placed called

Western Civilization Essay
Western Civilization: Beginnings to Present Although Western culture has been defined by both
Christian and secular values across the course of time, the West's primary goal is to achieve
economic supremacy, using Christian and secular philosophies, as well as colonization and
technological innovation as means to achieve this goal. Of the features that define western culture,
the most unique is democracy. Originating in ancient Athens, democracy created a sense of pride in
one's government which, in later centuries, would evolve into nationalism. In Athens, democracy
allowed the people to have a say in their government, furthering the unification of their empire and
thus strengthening it. Out of this democratic world came many of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This however ended as Emperor Constantine adopted Christianity in the fourth century A.D. As
emperor Constantine saw that it would be more beneficial to stop persecuting the Christians and
accept them to avoid another civil war, he became a Christian. This was only the start as Christianity
spread throughout the European continent and Emperor Theodosius established it as the official
religion of Rome in 380. This proved especially beneficial for the empire as it allowed Rome to be
governed during its greatest extent. When Rome official fell in 476 to the barbaric tribes of the
Germanic region, Christianity was the uniting factor as the chaos of local groups sought to hold
power. Out of this developed a complex feudal system comprised of lords, vassals, and serfs along
with the power and wealth of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church demanded enormous
amounts of money from the people as they sought redemption in times stricken with the Black
Death and famine thus allowing the monasteries to emerge as the source of riches and the Church as
the largest landholder in all of Europe. As the Church's power grew towards the first millennia, and
had sucked the wealth from nearly all of its local citizens, they desired to find the holy land. Despite
the first commandment of "thou shall not murder" and the Christian idea of "turn the other cheek,"
the Crusades were some of the bloodiest battles in European history. These crusades, although
against Christian

How Was The 15th Century Different From That Of Previous Eras
How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras? In
previous eras, most attention was given to the development of regional economies and cultural
zones, rather than a global network.
What land was claimed for Spain as the result of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the
globe beginning in 1519? Philippines
What Italian captain sailing for the monarchs of Spain reached the Americas in 1492? Columbus
Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the
later 16th century? The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing
faster ships than their Catholic rivals.
What was the purpose of the early English voyages to North America? To discover an Arctic route to
China
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lateen sails
In Asia, significant conversion to Christianity occurred only in the northern Philippines.
In which of the following regions was European settlement a significant factor in the establishment
of colonies? Dutch South Africa
Which of the following represents an impact on western Europe from the development of colonies?
The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe.
In which of the following colonies did a deeper appreciation of Western institutions and values take
place? French and British colonies of North America
As a result of what treaty did the French lose their colony in North America to the British? Treaty of
Paris, 1763
Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north?
Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there.
The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of

Marco Polo's Motives For Success In The Gilded Age
Chapter 14 Assignment #1 Ch 14.1 (Ryan Cho)
Marco Polo, "God, glory, and gold", portolani, Prince Henry, Columbus, Cortes, conquistador,
Pizarro, encomienda, Bartolome de las Casas
1. Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant traveler who went on many voyages across Asia and Africa.
On one of his travels to Asia, Marco met Kublai Khan and became good friends. His journey to Asia
lasted 24 years, and when he arrived back home, he found out that his country was at war with
Genoa. Polo then became a prisoner of war and wasn't released until 1299. Upon his release, Polo
became a wealthy merchant with a wife and two kids. Marco died in 1324 and was buried in the San
Lorenzo Church.
2. "God, glory, and gold" was known as the three main motives for further ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Aztecs were a huge Empire in Mexico, with many gold resources and other expensive
resources. Cortez was very smart and manipulative, whereas the Aztecs were gullible. The Aztecs
believed that Cortes was a god, and offered him a lot of money and gold. While Cortez accepted this
offer, the Aztecs soon realized that Cortez was not a god, just an explorer. Cortez was the downfall
of the empire because he brought in other Europeans to help him take the gold from the Aztecs. The
Aztecs were a successful, thriving empire before the Age of Exploration, but constant attacks and
tactics used by Cortez led to the decline of Aztec

Ancient Mesopotamia Research Paper
HST 101–201 World Civilization 1 Gairy Myers Professor James F. Smallman Jr. Assignment #2
July 27, 2015 Mesopotamia Ancient Mesopotamia is one of the earliest River Valley Civilizations to
emerge, dating back to 3500 BCE. The word 'Mesopotamia' is of Greek origin meaning "[place]
between two rivers" – the Tigris and the Euphrates. Mesopotamia is also called the "Fertile
Crescent", which includes all of modern–day Iraq and parts of Syria and southeastern Turkey. Its
people, the Sumerians, are said to have settled in the Fertile Crescent because of the rich top soil,
which was kept moist and fertile by the equally vital water from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Mesopotamia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
settlement of people who were mainly hunter–gatherers, and also allowed the Sumerians to partake
in animal husbandry. By settling, the Sumerians were able to constructively put their minds to use in
revolutionizing, through inventions, the world we live in today. Moreover, the inventions of ancient
Mesopotamia – such as: writing via the cuneiform script; formulation of the Code of Hammurabi
(1754 BCE), where modern day law stemmed; the creation of the wheel; the making of cloth,
pottery, coins, glass, beer, etc.; the invention of lateen sails for boats, among other innovative
establishments – have helped to shape the world that we live in today. Our world owes the
Sumerians everything: They divided time into minutes and seconds, which makes it easy for us to
divide our time accordingly; they tamed the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers by creating and
implementing the process of irrigation to bring water to effectively farm the lands; and they also
created invented a type of communication and a way of recording history by the use of the
cuneiform – a wedge shaped piece of clay that was written on using a pointed reed known as a
stylus. Writing may have first

Indian Ocean and Silk Road Trade
While the Indian Ocean and Silk Road were different as trade networks with respect to the spread of
Religion and the process of travel, they were similar in terms of the spread of disease through trade.
The Indian Ocean and Silk Road as trade networks were different in terms of the spread of Religion.
Along the Indian Ocean trade network, Islam was spread. This happened through Indian merchants
who brought Brahmin priests, Arab merchants who brought Muslim scholars and Christian
merchants who brought priests. Along with the Islamic religion came the 5 pillars which included
the (1) Shahada: testimony and declaration of faith, (2) Salah: prayer five times a day, (3) Zakat:
charity to the poor, (4) Sawm: fasting during the month of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
From the Mediterranean, the Bubonic plague spread along the Indian Ocean and from the Indian
Ocean, it spread to China. As the Bubonic plague spread to China, it became very easy to keep
spreading along the Silk Road, and eventually hit Europe where the deadliest "Black Death"
occurred in 1347. This plague killed approximately 25–35 million people, which made up a third of
the human population. This whole thing began when the Mongols launched an attack on the Italian
merchant's last trading station in the region. Then in 1346, plague broke out among the besiegers
and from them entered into the town. Later attempting to flee the plague, the Italian merchants fled
to their ships, unknowingly carrying the diseases with them. The diseases were also spread from
place to place by fleas on rats, or other kinds of rodents who traveled along these trade routes. The
Indian Ocean and Silk Road are similar in that the Bubonic Plague spread throughout both trade
networks because since trade was very popular and happened all the time, people unknowingly
would catch the disease from one place, only to be spreading it to their next stop, causing it to
spread across the regions very

Essay On The Convergence Of Transregional Networks Of...
2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange
Common Era trade networks reached distances and capacities that Ancient Era trade had never been
capable of reaching. Massive empires were involved in transregional trade in the Common Era.
These empires were after luxury goods that were shipped across long distances of trade routes both
on land and in water.
The appearance of large empires brought change to trade networks by encouraging many benefits
that trade provided. Empires could obtain luxury and foreign commodities. Influence through trade
could also create and spread new technological advancements, as well as help spread universalizing
religions.
The major trade routes of the Common Era were the Silk Road, Trans–Saharan route, Indian Ocean
network, Mediterranean Sea routes, and American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along caravan trade routes, sugar and some citrus fruits were able to spread from Southeastern and
South Asia to the Middle East to North Africa.
Epidemics caused by domesticated animals, the bubonic plague, and smallpox all devastated a
variety of countries through contact on trade routes. Domesticated animals carried and transferred
many disease pathogens without humans knowing, leaving them unable to find any treatments.
Smallpox first appeared in the Roman Empire and killed a large portion of the population. Trade
along the Silk Road resulted in contact with Romans, and the Han Dynasty of China suffered from
the epidemic. China was also infected with the bubonic plague from trading contact with
Constantinople, the Roman Empire capital.
Religions spread along trade routes as merchants carried their beliefs from trade port to trade port.
They spread their ideas and wished to bring new followers into their religions. By introducing new
religions to the growing empires, rulers wished to show their absolute value and prove their
legitimacy by using popular religious

Age Of Exploration Summary
Lilliana Alkovic
Age Of Exploration
The Age of Exploration began from about 1415 to about 1796. The goal was to get to Southeast
Asia, India and China to look for goods and riches. Jealously towards Italy's monopoly of money
and power caused other countries to expand themselves, so they could reach this height of
popularity. Various explorers set out to seek spices and other prizes such as gold. Others seek to
conquer new land. These explorers would follow The 3 G's Gold, Spices and Profit, Glory, and God
to discover territory and make history.
PORTUGUESE EXPLORER:
Vasco Da Gama was the first man that led four ships in a round trip from Portugal, around the Cape
of Good Hope of Africa, to India and back to Portugal. He established a stable trade which created
much profit and power for the Portuguese. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Portuguese developed this ship to help them explore the African coast. What made this ship
faster and bigger than the ones before was the lateen sails that gave it more speed and made it easier
to maneuver through tough winds.
THE CONQUEST OF THE AZTECS:
Hernan Cortés a Conquistador of Spain sailed to Central America to, gain wealth for Spain and the
Spanish King, Charles V. Increase Spanish territory. Gain personal wealth, glory, and power for
himself. Also to spread Christianity. In the midst of this, the Spanish and The Aztecs and Incas
fought in numerous battles, but in the end Spain had conquered their land. They took huge quantities
of gold, destroyed cities, and almost erased an entire civilization.
ENGLISH EXPLORER:
John Cabot (about 1450–1499) was an English explorer sent on a mission by King Henry the 8th to
search for a Northwest passage across North America to Asia (a seaway to Asia). Although he didn't
find India, he discovered parts of North America, finding new fishing grounds. He also claimed
parts of Canada to

Indian Ocean Region Research Paper
The Indian Ocean Region's commerce and countries were vastly connected with the Indian Ocean
Trade Network. During the time period of 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E., the Indian Ocean Region's
commerce experienced continuities in the people and regions involved in the Indian Ocean Trade
Network, the use of monsoon winds to facilitate commerce, and the intermarrying of people. The
Indian Ocean region, during this same time period, experienced changes in commerce, such as new
and improved technologies, the trading of new goods, and the involvement of new people.
Commerce in the Indian Ocean Region's experienced continuities. The first continuity in commerce
in the Indian Ocean Region from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E. was the people and regions involved in the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
to 1750 C.E. was the types of goods traded. At the start of the Indian Ocean trade, from 650 C.E.,
goods such as exotic animals, wood, and ivory were traded from Africa, Arabia traded scrubby trees
whose aromatic resins was valued as frankincense and myrrh, India traded spices and manufactured
goods, and finally, South East Asia traded more spices, manufactured goods, and pottery from
China. But, by the latter part of the 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E. time period, a slow transition occurred.
From 1200 C.E.– 1750 C.E., Africans mainly provided gold, Arabians provided horses and
European goods, the Indians provided Indian goods supplied by local merchants and trade like
spices, and finally, the South East Asians provided rubies, musk, tin, gold and cloves and nutmeg
from various countries in the region like Burma, Malay, Sumatra, and Moluccas. Although some
major items like spices and manufactured goods were still traded from the start of 650 C.E. to 1750
C.E., there were multiple changes in the items traded from 1200 C.E. to 1750 C.E., mainly due to
the changing needs of society and rise of interest in new products. Thus, the types of items traded
were changes in commerce in the Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean Basin Trade
Changes and Continuities of Indian Ocean Trade The Indian Ocean Basin trade was the most
significant trade after the collapse of the Mongols and the Silk Road. During the period circa 600 to
1450 CE the Indian Ocean Basin trade developed into the most important exchange of products and
ideas in the world. During the period the area had numerous technological and religious
developments, however the trade itself didn't change during this time as far as geography and
policies of trade.
To begin there were many changes during the eight–hundred–fifty years following 600 CE. In the
beginning Buddhism was reaching its height as a trade route religion but Islam began to surpass it
during the following centuries. The high point was reached when Buddhism ... Show more content
The trade of gold, ivory, gems, silver, and manufactured goods made this trade lucrative for
Portugal. The profit margin were so large that it was worth it to conquer the territory and ship it back
around the horn of Africa and all the way up the Western Coast of Africa into Portugal. Because of
the lack of a navy and policy controlling the trade Portugal was not only able to insert itself into the
trade but it was also able to take up glorified piracy in order to increase its already sizable profits.
Because of the continuities of the trade that allowed it to go on for more than eight centuries it was
also destroyed by the Portuguese.
In conclusion, the Indian Ocean was the definitive trading zone of the world from the early to mid
1000's. It continuously evolved from 600 to 1450 CE. Despite keeping the same framework the
trade had numerous religious changes and technological improvements during the period that made
it a constantly changing section of the

Continuity And Changes In The Western World Essay
The years of 1200–1750 were times of massive change in Western Europe and much of the world.
However, one of the most important turning points of the time period occurred when advances in
seafaring technology led the Americas to be discovered and trans–regional trade to intensify and
expand across the globe. This intensification of trade led to the beginnings of the African slave trade
and the destruction of the indigenous peoples of South and Central America, which changed the
course of history. Despite all of this change, however, trade still remained a profound source of
cultural diffusion, and the influence and power of China on world trade and politics did not waver.
This essay will be outlining the specific ways in which the world changed and stayed the same
during the age of exploration, with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the Middle Ages began winding to a close and stability was being established in the reason with
the rise of families ruling through heredity relatively unopposed such as the Habsburgs, Europe
entered a new age of exploration and enlightenment. With powerful European countries now
interested in expanding their global reach and newly invented seafaring technology such as the
sextant and lateen sail making this possible on a larger scale, overseas exploration became viable
and an endeavor worth investing in. Portuguese and Spanish explorers such as Magellan and
Columbus made the discoveries that the Earth was larger than anybody had thought before and that
there were more continents than just Europe, African, and Asia, uncovering brand new possibilities
that the monarchies of Western Europe were happy to take advantage of. The biggest turning point
of this time period was the discovery of the Americas in 1492 by Christopher Columbus who was
employed by the Spanish monarchy at the time, as it led to the continents' colonization by
Europeans in the ensuing years and everything that resulted from

Xebec Research Paper
This is a model of an 18th century Arabian chebec. Chebecs were originally Arab constructions that
were famous for their speed and maneuverability. They were primarily fast, light sailing warships,
but in calms could also be rowed by means of oars through smaller ports in the bulwarks between
each two adjacent guns. They are thought to have originated in Algeria, and were used by corsairs of
the Maghreb from the beginning of the 17th century. The chebec's proved very useful as fast raiders,
dispatch boats and merchant ships. The Barbary States of that time were to a large extent
autonomous outposts of the Ottoman Empire and attacked the ships of the merchant fleets of those
nations, which unlike England and France did not have strong navies. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Xebecs were similar to galleys used by Algerian corsairs and Barbary pirates having both lateen
sails and oars for propulsion. Early xebecs had two masts; later ones three. Xebecs featured a
distinctive hull with pronounced overhanging bow and rarely displaced more than 200 tons, making
them slightly smaller and with slightly fewer guns than frigates of the period. The Chebec was a
typical ship with roots in North African countries. It was the typical format for ships frequenting the
ports of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. The Chebec was armed with 24 cannons. This particular ship
model is based on the French Chebec design of the ship 'Le Requinto'. The French and Spanish both
copied the North African ship design for its speed. Le Requinto was one of eight chebecs built in
France between 1750 and 1762. Le Requinto was built by Joseph Caubet, a native of Majorca, and
the build lasted eight months. The amazing aerodynamic profile of this ship speaks for its speed
capabilities. Chebecs were used in the Mediterranean by French corsairs mainly for quick
interception and getaway. This is a fantastic plank on frame ship model of the chebec based on the
original plans with all its ornaments being hand carved pieces which took hours to

The European Impact on Native American Technology Essay
The European Impact on Native American Technology
When European exploration led to the populating of the Americas, it was described as the event with
one of the greatest ecological impacts in history. The force behind this impact was the mass
movement of people and their behavior's toward their "New World". It only stands to reason that a
clash would occur with the natives of these lands. One of the areas with the greatest conflict was the
field of technology.
Scientifically, when the cultures of 15th century Europe and the natives in the Americas are
concerned, the two are fairly alike. In Europe,a great deal of work was done in astronomy. Of course
this was because it was a necessity for navigation. From the studies of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, there was no real understanding of the human body and how it functioned. At this
period in time, such remedies as using leeches for blood–lettings were common practice in
Europe(McGovern, 75).
This is one area which contrasts greatly with the native cultures. The Indians of the Americas were
far ahead of the Europeans of their time. Because of the closeness and respect for nature, many
natural cures were used. The Aztecs had even gone as far as surgery to remove organs and even
work on the brain. The Indians also took much better care of themselves pysically. This was done by
a better diet and exercise. In some cultures a type of martial arts was taught beginning in adolesence,
to keep in shape both mentally and pysically. Despite all of these advancements, they were
powerless to the new and unfamilliar European diseases.
Another area in which the Indians thrived was that of agriculture and their understanding of the
earth. Europeans had little knowledge of agriculture, or chose not to use what they did have. Europe
was in a state of agricultural depression. Most of the soil was completely exhausted due to overuse
and general mistreatment of the land. Both activities which continued in America.
Agriculture served as the material foundation for the natives. Corn was the heart of this foundation
because it was so versatile. In

The Crusades
The precondition for discovering America consisted of events and circumstances occurring over
centuries altering the social, political, economic, and technological landscape of the world. Events
dating back as far as the crusades provided a global exchange of ideas and technology, which
overtime provided the tools necessary to discover the New World. Trade was essential to global
connectivity, growth within a nation, economic stability, and acquiring knowledge. The Europeans
were able to take full advantage of the existing trade networks that ran across AfroEurasia as well as
the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. These trade routes provided new resources, luxury goods,
and an exchange of cultural as well as technological ideas. Additionally, the Crusades opened up
trade routes with the east, aiding the west in importing eastern luxury goods and acquiring new
ideas. The Crusades led to Europe's discovery of sugar. The Crusades exposed the Europeans to ...
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Overland trade networks were successful under the Mongol Empire. Following the Red Turban
Movement, a religious movement mixed with militarism, the Mongol empire collapsed. The
collapse of the Mongol Empire led to trade delays and difficulties. New trade barriers increased the
importance of ocean trading routes to continue to trade with other civilizations. Additionally, when
Europe began to run low on gold deposits, explorers began searching West Africa for new gold
resources. The collapse of the Mongol Empire had a profound political effect as trade became more
difficult, the Ming dynasty was founded. War between the Ming dynasty and Mongols would
persist, changing Asia's overwhelming naval presence on the oceans and their trade relations with
the rest of the world. Trade with the East did improve with the rise of the Ottoman Empire, but
lacked the same fluidity as present with the

World Civ Quiz
APWH Ch. 23–25 Test Review
Ch. 23 1. The Portuguese mariner who sailed to Calicut in 1498 was A. Dias B. Columbus C. Cook
D. Vasco da Gama 2. Which of the following was not one of the main inspirations for European
exploration? A. The desire to conquer China and India B. The search for basic resourcesC. The
desire to establish new trade routes to Asian marketsD. The desire to spread Christianity 3. The first
European nation to dominate trade with Asia was A. EnglandB. Spain C. Portugal D. France 4. The
Portuguese viewed the Atlantic Ocean islands as the perfect location for the cultivation of A. Cotton
B. Sugarcane C. Indigo D. Maize 5. Which of the following was ... Show more content on
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Australia B. New Zealand C. Hawai`i D. Tahiti 21. In their attempt to control the spice trade in the
Indian Ocean, the Europeans during the period between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries A.
Achieved a monopoly B. Used an alliance with southern Indian princes to achieve successC. Were
never able to displace the Chinese monopoly D. Met with limited success because of a lack of
personnel 22. Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka were all seized in the early 1500s by A. Vasco da Gama B.
Afonso d 'Alboquerque C. Francis Drake D. Zheng He | 23. The Portuguese dominance of trade was
dependent on their ability to A. Force the native populations to convert to Christianity B. Form
alliances with Chinese princes to take advantage of the large Chinese navy C. Force merchant ships
to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties D. Conquer territories and bring them permanently
into their growing empire 24. Which of the following cities was not a Portuguese trading post? A.
Goa B. Hormuz C. Melaka D. Bombay 25. In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early
domination of trade because A. It was a small country with a small population B. A Chinese
resurgence of naval exploration forced the Portuguese outC. A late outbreak of the bubonic plague in
the seventeenth century killed half the

Indian Ocean Trade Research Paper

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Indian Ocean Trade Research Paper