The horizontal blocks below help summarize functional features associ.pdf

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arvindarora20042013

The horizontal blocks below help summarize functional features associated with a proteins amino acid sequence with the N-terminal at left and the C-terminal at right. For the two proteins displayed SP indicates a signal peptide, and GFP is green fluorescent protein. The single letters at the C-terminus of the constructs are amino acid abbreviations. Based on your understanding of protein secretion in eukaryotic cells, at the right of each protein predict all locations in the plant cell where you would expect to see fluorescence by GFP after expression in plant cells and examination for fluorescence. Solution Answer: (a) Because of its small size, GFP can enter nuclear pores. So, GFP protein not fused to other polypeptides can be seen in both cytoplasm and nucleus in plant cells when monitored under fluorescence microscopy. (b) Addition of ER-retension sequence, SEKDEL to a recombinant protein results in the retention of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). So, the above sequence containing the SEKDEL sequence can be predicted to be seen in the ER- derived vescicles/compartments and partial localization in protein storage vacuoles within the cell..

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Lab: Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides the ability for a cell or organism to respond to a constantly changing external environment. The specific constellation of proteins required for optimal function and growth varies with cellular age and environmental context. Thus, protein production is carefully regulated by multiple mechanisms that modulate both transcriptional and translational pathways. Control of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase is a predominant mechanism for regulating expression of specific proteins, presumably because it provides maximal conservation of energy for the cell. We can often observe the consequence of differential transcription due to the presence or absence of particular proteins or the growth in particular environments. Control can also occur at translation; the mRNA is synthesized, but only in certain circumstances is it translated. Control can also occur at the level of protein function; the protein is inactive, or activity is not observed due to the lack of the substrate. In this lab we will observe differential expression of two different genes encoded on plasmids. We will analyze transcriptional activity, translational activity, and protein function. Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA. Bacteria often have plasmids and will replicate the plasmid and pass it to daughter cells (vertical transmission) and to neighboring cells (horizontal). Plasmids are a mechanism of gene diversity. In order to stably retain the plasmid, there needs to be some type of metabolic reason for the bacteria to maintain the plasmid. In other words, the plasmid confers an advantage. Plasmids contain: 1. Ori: the plasmid may present is low or high copy number. 2. Lab generated plasmids typically also contain a selectable marker (antibiotic resistance), 3. Additional gene for ease of visual screening 4. Multiple cloning site pUC19 is one of a series of plasmid cloning vectors created by Joachim Messing and co-workers. The designation "pUC" is derived from the classical "p" prefix (denoting "plasmid") and the abbreviation for the University of California, where early work on the plasmid series had been conducted. It is a circular double stranded DNA and has 2686 base pairs. pUC19 is one of the most widely used vector molecules as the recombinants, or the cells into which foreign DNA has been introduced, can be easily distinguished from the non-recombinants based on color differences of colonies on growth media. pUC18 is similar to pUC19, but the MCS region is reversed. - pUC 19 has an origin of replication and is maintained at a high copy number. - pUC19 encodes for an ampicillin resistance gene (amopR), via a -lactamase enzyme that functions by degrading ampicillin and reducing its toxicity to the host. - It has an N-terminal fragment of -galactosidase (lacZ) gene of E. coli which allows for visual screening of recombinant plasmids. The transformed cells containing the plasmid with the gene of interest ca.

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Question e.Prepare a written description of the data in Figure 1. This should be a summary block of text that includes reference to the relevant data figure panels, their interpretation and any conclusions that can be drawn as to the role of the 3 and 5 UTRs. (10 marks) as this description answers below for question E chech editing, please?: Part e) The study described in the text aimed to examine the effect of the 3' and 5' UTRs of the BACE1 mRNA on its translation into protein. To do this, different expression constructs were introduced into HEK 293 cells, including the BACE1 Open Reading Frame (ORF) and variants with additional 5' UTR or 3' UTR flanking sequences. The level of BACE1 protein was measured in the transfected cells using Western blot analysis and an anti-BACE1 antibody. Additionally, the influence of the 5' UTR on expression was evaluated using a luciferase reporter gene, where the 5' UTR of BACE1 was fused to the luciferase ORF (Miller et al., 2021). Transiently transfected HEK 293 cells expressing various forms of BACE1 are shown in Western blot (A) in Figure 1 below. The data show that the BACE1 protein is expressed less when the 5' UTR flanking region is included in comparison to when the BACE1 ORF is used alone. Western blotting study of BACE1 ORF and BACE1 variant with 5' UTR flanking sequence transfected H4 and COS7 cells is depicted in Figure 1 (B). Reductions in BACE1 expression were also seen in H4 and COS7 cells, suggesting that the phenomenon is not exclusive to HEK 293 cells. HEK 293 cells were transfected with luciferase encoding the 5' UTR of BACE1 or with luciferase as a control, and the results of the luciferase activity measurements are shown in Figure 1 (C). According to the findings, the expression of the chimeric luciferase construct is significantly influenced by the 5' UTR of BACE1, such that its activity is decreased in comparison to the control. How mach the diiffrencecs between two results Based on the data shown in Figure 1, it appears that the 5' UTR of the BACE1 mRNA significantly affects the expression of BACE1 protein, decreasing it in comparison to the ORF alone. The 5' untranslated region (UTR) has a substantial effect on chimeric luciferase production. These findings support a critical role for the 5' UTR of the BACE1 mRNA in controlling the level of BACE1 protein production. In cell biology experiments, it is common to use different cultured cell lines, to ensure that the observed results are real. In this study, three types have been used called HEK293, H4 and COS7. For the purposes of this TMA, the specific type of cells is irrelevant. Transfection is the technique by which DNA is introduced into cultured cells in the laboratory. When DNA is introduced into such cells, expression is often monitored a short time after transfection, after the cellular components have transcribed and translated the introduced gene. These short-term experiments are called transient transfections. In this case, .

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Describe the role signal sequences play in protein localization. NES, NJS, Stop start, ER signal sequences Describe the process of events involved in ligand production to exocytosis. PowerPointslide 6 plus written details Post transcriptional modifications. Discuss 5\'capping, splicing, poly A tail Describe three different mechanisms of signal termination Inhibitors - extracellular, receptor inhibitors, internalization phosphorylation/dephosphorylation Give an account of the role vesicle tethering plays in endocytosis. SNARES V and T, Rab effectors, tethering docking fusion Protein glycosylation, discuss, its importance and the process of glycosylation Occurs in ER, modified in Golgi, etc... Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine. Discuss the differences between these signaling mechanisms. Write an account how signaling can be terminated at the level of receptors Different cells can react differently to the same signal. Discuss Example acetylcholine Outline the process of plasma membrane receptor production to its final destination Two major populations of ribosome exist in our cells. Discuss Solution Ques-1: The role of signal seqeunecs in protein localization: ER signal sequences and stop-start: Signal peptidase normally localized in the “endoplasmic reticulum” of eukaryotic cell. These serine proteases digest the “nascent secretory polypeptides” after translation & post & cotranslational modifications. These signal peptidase enzymes are going to cleave signal peptides of membrane proteins at their N-terminals. Signal sequence of \"6 to 10 amino acid length\" normally cleaved by signal peptidases during or after completion of translocation from ribosome & before entering into the endoplasmic reticulum Cotranslational translocation is mediated by signal recognition particle (SRP) & it is a 11S ribonucleoprotien essential for translocation of nascent polypeptide to the “ER lumen”. This SRP is formed of a nucleoprotein with 7S RNA, 11S & combines with several proteins to form the eukaryotic signal recognition particle. The nascent polypeptide is emerged from the ribosomes, followed by “recognition of signal sequence & bound by signal recognition particle(SRP), a hydrophobic residue with 6 polypeptides 7SL RNA. Therefore, when this SRP sequence exits from the ribosome, the nascent polypeptide stops being translocated into the ER lumen. Signal recognition particle has bound by a signal sequence and flowed by slow protein synthesis in the translation. This SRP further is going to bind to the location near by endoplasmic reticulum followed by release of signal recognition particle but the growing polypeptide is in the form of protein-ribosome complex that is at the exact location for further protein translocation through Golgi-vesicle translocation channel. The nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS) is mainly associated with “tags” in which amino acids or proteins are imported into the nucleus using Ran-GTPases activity by nuclear transport. So .

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I need help answering these: Summarize Madison’s central arguments in Federalist Paper 10 and Federalist Paper 51 and Summarize Henry’s central arguments in his speech against ratification of the Constitution. What do these excerpts reveal about each man’s assumptions about human nature, power, and the best way to govern society and Were there points made by either author that you especially resonated with or disagreed with? If so, which ones, and why did you feel this way? Solution I need help answering these: Summarize Madison’s central arguments in Federalist Paper 10 and Federalist Paper 51 and Summarize Henry’s central arguments in his speech against ratification of the Constitution. What do these excerpts reveal about each man’s assumptions about human nature, power, and the best way to govern society and Were there points made by either author that you especially resonated with or disagreed with? If so, which ones, and why did you feel this way? Answer James Madison, Jr. (March 16, [O.S. March 5] 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, political theorist. He was the fourth President of the United States (1809–17). He is hailed as the \"Father of the Constitution\" for being instrumental in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution and as the key champion and author of the Bill of Rights. He served as a politician much of his adult life. Summarize Madison’s central arguments in Federalist Paper 10: According to the Madison, a faction was a number of citizens, whether a majority or minority, who were united and activated \"by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.\" There were two ways of removing the causes of factions, or political parties. Woven into the fabric of all societies, deeply planted in the very nature of man, were conflicting ideas, interests, and passions. The greatest source of factions had always been the various and unequal distribution of property, said Madison: Those who hold, and those who are without property, have ever formed distinct interests in society. Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, . . . a landed interest, a manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a monied interest, with many lesser interests, grow up of necessity in civilized nations, and divide them into different classes, actuated by different sentiments and views. The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern Legislation. The inference to which we are brought, is, that the causes of faction cannot be removed; and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects. Such effects could be better controlled in a large society under a representative form of government than in a small society under a popular form of government. The proposed constitution would check the power of factions by balancing one against the other. Factious leaders might \"kindl.

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if you want to conduct business in a country like somalia what are the legal and political issues you might face?Briefly research the country and develop the outlines for an International company that moves there. Solution Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Somalia has a population of around 10.8 million. Somalia is not politically and Economically strong country which leads it towards a underdeveloped country. According to Human Development Index (2012)”Out of 170 countries, Somalia is among the five least developed country”. There are some political and legal reasons, which an international company faces : 1. Corruption: Somalia is one of most corrupted country in “Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index”. Corruption is more of awkward and defaming condition than being problematic. The people involved in corruption seem to be hiding themselves by blaming others. However corruption affects business by Decrease in Foreign Investment, Delay in foreign growth, lack of development. 2. Private Source loan funding: Because Islamic law prohibits interest payments on loans it will be difficult for entrepreneurs to not able to finance debt. In the absence of any government support, funding must come entirely from private sources. Pvt source funding is less likely in its negative effects more for ex. (a)To cover all project costs and most do not cover indirect costs. (b) Applicants have limited influence on the decision making process. 3.Terrorism : is also another problem in Somalia. Setting up in business in Somalia brings dangers. On New Year\'s Day, the Jazeera Hotel in Mogadishu was bombed. A few months earlier it had been the venue for a youth enterprise summit organised by the Iftiin Foundation.Islamist militant group al-Shabab is battling the UN-backed government in Somalia.Al-Shabab means The Youth in Arabic. 4. Certification: Somalia’s government does not have the capacity to participate in certification schemes or to provide authenticity documentation that would enable businesses to sell goods globally. Firms instead have to find unconventional, and often costly, workarounds. 5. Trade difficulties: Somalia is not a member of any regional economic blocs, and it has few formal trade deals with other nations. The US and the European Union currently have no trade agreements with Somalia, and the country is not a member of the World Trade Organization. It also exports less than other countries: Somalia is the 171st largest exporter in the world, and it has the fourth lowest GDP per capita.Businesses have to go to great lengths to trade with other countries. This also means that businesses are less transparent. 6. Currency Reform: There were and still are several versions of the same currency (Shilling) in circulation concurrently, and most of them are fake currencies. Since the early 1990s, no bank notes have been printed officially. The collapsing of the Central Ban.

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Which one is NOT typical of a ceramic material low melting point h.pdf

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4. Define communication security, information security, network security, physical security with example. Solution Communication Security The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession and study. Also called COMSEC. Communications security includes: cryptosecurity, transmission security, emission security, and physical security of communications security materials and information. a. cryptosecurity--The component of communications security that results from the provision of technically sound cryptosystems and their proper use. b. transmission security--The component of communications security that results from all measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. c. emission security--The component of communications security that results from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from crypto-equipment and telecommunications systems. d. physical security--The component of communications security that results from all physical measures necessary to safeguard classified equipment, material, and documents from access thereto or observation thereof by unauthorized persons. Physical Security Physical security is the protection of personnel, hardware, software, networks and data from physical actions and events that could cause serious loss or damage to an enterprise, agency or institution. This includes protection from fire, flood, natural disasters, burglary, theft, vandalism and terrorism. Physical security has three important components: access control, surveillance and testing. Obstacles should be placed in the way of potential attackers and physical sites should be hardened against accidents, attacks or environmental disasters. Such hardening measures include fencing, locks, access control cards, biometric access control systems and fire suppression systems. Second, physical locations should be monitored using surveillance cameras and notification systems, such as intrusion detection sensors, heat sensors and smoke detectors. Third, disaster recovery policies and procedures should be tested on a regular basis to ensure safety and to reduce the time it takes to recover from disruptive man-made or natural disasters. Information Security Information security (infosec) is a set of strategies for managing the processes, tools and policies necessary to prevent, detect, document and counter threats to digital and non-digital information. Infosec responsibilities include establishing a set of business processes that will protect information assets regardless of how the information is formatted or whether it is in transit, is being processed or is at rest in storage.

4. Define communication security, information security, network secu.pdf

arvindarora20042013

What ethical concerns do anthropologists confront? Solution Race has little biological activity because humans have little actual genetic variation but have superficial differences that we can observe mainly gathered by anthropologists. According to American Anthropological Association’s Code of Ethics, the ethical concerns do anthropologists have \"consultation of the maker who is the first user of anthropological object with his/her ethnic race group in the society then only it is essential to display in the museums or exhibitions. Therefore, it is essential to follow ethical aspects when describing these objects in public presentation. Any genetic aspects of the objects must be kept under confidentiality under government regulations.

What ethical concerns do anthropologists confrontSolutionRace.pdf

arvindarora20042013

What is the general location of the three different types of amino acids in the typical soluble protein? In the typical nonsoluble membrane protein? Solution Aminoacids, the monomeric units that link together to form proteins, have a standard structure. The carbon atom of each amino acid is bonded to four various compound groups and ergo is asymmetric. The side chain have R group. Aminoacids could be classified into a few distinct categories based primarily on their solubility in water, which can be influenced by the polarity of their area chains. Proteins with polar side groups tend to be on the surface of proteins; by connecting with water, they make proteins soluble in aqueous solutions. In comparison, amino acids with nonpolar side groups avoid water and aggregate to make the water insoluble core of proteins. The polarity of amino acid side chains thus is one of the forces responsible for shaping the final three-dimensional structure of proteins. Hydrophilic or water-soluble, amino acids have ionized or polar area chains. Hydrophobic amino acids have aliphatic side organizations, which are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water..

What is the general location of the three different types of amino a.pdf

arvindarora20042013

3 Suppose V is finite-dimensional and v element of V with v is not eq.pdf

arvindarora20042013

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