Bonus Problem 3 Some people argued that the U.S. stock market crash on Black Monday was caused at least partly by the then popular strategy among institutional investors called as \"portfolio insurance\". Explain this strategy in detail. What is your opinion on the above argument on the cause of the stock market crash? Solution Portfolio Insurance : Portfolio insurance is an investment strategy where various financial instruments such as equities and debts and derivatives are combined in such a way that degradation of portfolio value is protected. It is a dynamic hedging strategy which uses stock index futures. It implies buying and selling securities periodically in order to maintain limit of the portfolio value. The working of portfolio insurance is akin to buying an index put option, and can also be done by using listed index options.We can also say that it is either a method of hedging a portfolio of stocks against market risk by short selling stock index futures, or it can also be brokerage insurance, such as that available from the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC). The SIPC was created as a non-profit membership corporation under the Securities Investor Protection Act. The SIPC oversees the liquidation of member broker-dealers that close when market conditions render a broker-dealer bankrupt, or puts them in serious financial trouble, and customer assets are missing. Stock market crash & portfolio insurance: The recent stock market collapse evokes memories of the infamous crash that surprised investors in October 1987, coming during a time of strong growth, full employment and rising inflation. Financial engineering via Portfolio Insurance in 1987 and Short Volatility today are the hallmarks leading to a price vacuum with sellers overwhelming absent buyers. Extraordinary stock market gains. Low levels of volatility. Full employment and rising growth prospects. Rising bond yields. Bullish market sentiment and record long portfolio holdings. Favorable corporate tax backdrop. Sound familiar? On Black Monday, October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 22.6% in the greatest one-day loss ever recorded on Wall Street. Billions went up in flames. In an event that permanently rattled and changed market psychology, this collapse occurred under blue skies with seemingly no worries in sight. With a historic-record return in January and record-low volatility to boot, very few investors saw this current collapse coming. Up until a couple weeks ago, Black Monday had been a lost remnant on many investors’ minds. Today, the similarities are too identical to ignore. Thanks.