The horizontal blocks below help summarize functional features associ.pdf
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The horizontal blocks below help summarize functional features associated with a proteins amino acid sequence with the N-terminal at left and the C-terminal at right. For the two proteins displayed SP indicates a signal peptide, and GFP is green fluorescent protein. The single letters at the C-terminus of the constructs are amino acid abbreviations. Based on your understanding of protein secretion in eukaryotic cells, at the right of each protein predict all locations in the plant cell where you would expect to see fluorescence by GFP after expression in plant cells and examination for fluorescence. Solution Answer: (a) Because of its small size, GFP can enter nuclear pores. So, GFP protein not fused to other polypeptides can be seen in both cytoplasm and nucleus in plant cells when monitored under fluorescence microscopy. (b) Addition of ER-retension sequence, SEKDEL to a recombinant protein results in the retention of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). So, the above sequence containing the SEKDEL sequence can be predicted to be seen in the ER- derived vescicles/compartments and partial localization in protein storage vacuoles within the cell..
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1 At least 2 questions from this section will be on the .docx
1
At least 2 questions from this section will be on the final exam
SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR THE FINAL EXAM
Question 1. Ferritin is a protein involved in the storage of iron inside cells. To prevent toxic accumulation of
too much iron inside cells, the intracellular level of ferritin is tightly regulated. To study the regulation of
ferritin synthesis, mammalian cells are grown with or without iron in the culture medium. Note that iron in the
culture medium is rapidly transported inside cells.
a) Upon addition of iron to the culture medium, the intracellular concentration of ferritin mRNA is unchanged
but the concentration of ferritin protein increases. How do you think ferritin expression is regulated? Briefly
explain.
The regulatory sequence given below is found in the ferritin mRNA between the cap structure and the start
codon.
5’-GGGUUUCCGUUCAACAGUGCUUGGACGGAAACCC-3’
Mutations within in this sequence are used to study the regulation of ferritin expression. The following
observation are made:
• ferritin expression is high, independent of the iron concentration, when (i) the entire region is deleted, or
(ii) the region located upstream of the underlined sequence is deleted or (iii) the underlined sequence is
replaced with a random sequence.
• ferritin expression remains iron-dependent when this region is replaced by the following sequence:
5’-GGGCUCAGGUUCAACAGUGCUUGGACCUGAGCCC-3’.
Note that the sequence differences are indicated in bold.
b) Explain why these observations suggest that both sequence and structure of the 5’ end of ferritin mRNA are
important for the regulation of ferritin expression.
c) Ferritin translation becomes iron-independent when the regulatory sequence is moved from the 5’ side
(upstream of the open reading frame) to the 3’ side (downstream of the open reading frame) of ferritin mRNA.
Which step of ferritin translation do you think is affected by the intracellular level of iron?
d) IRP is a protein involved in the regulation of ferritin expression. Anti-IRP antibodies attached to sepharose
beads are added to a cell extract, then the extract is centrifuged to separate the pellet fraction (containing the
sepharose beads ) from the supernatant fraction.
If the cells are cultured in the absence of iron, ferritin mRNA is found together with IRP in the pellet. In
contrast when cells are cultured in the presence of iron ferritin mRNA remains in the supernatant fraction while
IRP alone is found in the pellet. Briefly explain the likely role of IRP in the regulation of ferritin expression.
Question 2. You are studying the development of a newly discovered insect. Like drosophila, it undergoes a
stage in early larval development where the eve gene is expressed in a pattern of 7 stripes. You are particularly
interested in stripes 2 and 5. The following figures show the organization of the cis-acting elements that control
the expression o ...
this is all of the information that I have please help Lab 5 In.pdf
this is all of the information that I have please help Lab 5 Introduction - Genetic mapping See
figure 5.1 for a schematic of the fly the cross you initially started with, you'll either crosses you
have been working on. Two labs ago, map the distance between the w gene and the m you set up
a pair of reciprocal parental crosses, gene, or between the w gene and the y gene. between mutant
and wild type flies (fig. 5.1a). You had one of two different mutant strains, each with two mutant
phenotypes - either white eyes all F2 individuals will receive only recessive (w) and miniature
wings (m), or white eyes (w) alleles from this parent (fig. 5.1d, orange and and yellow body (y).
The phenotypes of the F1 yellow chromosomes). Because of this, the flies should have indicated
to you that all mutant phenotype of each F2 fly will tell you which phenotypes in question are x-
linked recessive alleles (mutant or WT) were inherited from the (fig. 5.1b). heterozygous female
F1 parent (fig. 5.1d, dark and light blue chromosomes). The first F2 fly Last lab, you used the F1
flies from one of shown in figure 5.1d inherited 'a B' from the your parental crosses to set up an
F1 cross (fig. heterozygous parent and will end up with the consequence. After crossing two pure
breeding this F2, you observe a ABphenotype and parents, F1 offspring will be heterozygous for
therefore know that this fly received 'A B' from nearly all genes in question - the exception is X -
the heterozygous parent. linked genes in the male offspring. Since the Y chromosome is
equivalent to recessive alleles for The goal of genetic mapping is to X-linked genes, these F1
males are recessive for determine the likelihood of cross over between all X-linked genes and act
as a test cross. The two loci/genes. If we score the phenotypes of a heterozygous F1 females and
recessive F1 males large F2 population from our crosses, we can (test cross) can be used to map
the distance determine the recombination frequency of your between the genes causing the two
phenotypes two genes. of your parental mutant female. Depending on
e) F2 phenotype scoring: f) Recombination frequency: Eigure 5.1: Schematic of your Drosophila
crosses, See text of lab 5 intro for description.
For a given F1 gamete for the F2 individual it number of flies, it is easy to calculate the creates),
if no cross over occurs between the two recombinant frequency between your two genes genes in
question, the F2 phenotype will be the (fig. 5.1ef ). same as one of the original parents - either
fully WT or double mutant in this case. In figure 5.1d Recall from last time that a lower
recombinant these have blue chromosomes of a single colour. frequency is observed when
genetic map If a crossover does occur between the two genes, distances are small. When genes
are close to the F2 fly will have a phenotype unlike either of each other, there's a narrow range
on the the parents - a recombinant phenotype (shown chromosome for a random crossover to
land.
ONLY THE LAST QUESTION IS THE POINT OF POST. THE OTHER PAGES ARE B.pdf
ONLY THE LAST QUESTION IS THE POINT OF POST. THE OTHER PAGES ARE
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Lab: Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides
the ability for a cell or organism to respond to a constantly changing external environment. The
specific constellation of proteins required for optimal function and growth varies with cellular
age and environmental context. Thus, protein production is carefully regulated by multiple
mechanisms that modulate both transcriptional and translational pathways. Control of
transcription initiation by RNA polymerase is a predominant mechanism for regulating
expression of specific proteins, presumably because it provides maximal conservation of energy
for the cell. We can often observe the consequence of differential transcription due to the
presence or absence of particular proteins or the growth in particular environments. Control can
also occur at translation; the mRNA is synthesized, but only in certain circumstances is it
translated. Control can also occur at the level of protein function; the protein is inactive, or
activity is not observed due to the lack of the substrate. In this lab we will observe differential
expression of two different genes encoded on plasmids. We will analyze transcriptional activity,
translational activity, and protein function. Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA. Bacteria often
have plasmids and will replicate the plasmid and pass it to daughter cells (vertical transmission)
and to neighboring cells (horizontal). Plasmids are a mechanism of gene diversity. In order to
stably retain the plasmid, there needs to be some type of metabolic reason for the bacteria to
maintain the plasmid. In other words, the plasmid confers an advantage. Plasmids contain: 1. Ori:
the plasmid may present is low or high copy number. 2. Lab generated plasmids typically also
contain a selectable marker (antibiotic resistance), 3. Additional gene for ease of visual screening
4. Multiple cloning site
pUC19 is one of a series of plasmid cloning vectors created by Joachim Messing and co-workers.
The designation "pUC" is derived from the classical "p" prefix (denoting "plasmid") and the
abbreviation for the University of California, where early work on the plasmid series had been
conducted. It is a circular double stranded DNA and has 2686 base pairs. pUC19 is one of the
most widely used vector molecules as the recombinants, or the cells into which foreign DNA has
been introduced, can be easily distinguished from the non-recombinants based on color
differences of colonies on growth media. pUC18 is similar to pUC19, but the MCS region is
reversed. - pUC 19 has an origin of replication and is maintained at a high copy number. -
pUC19 encodes for an ampicillin resistance gene (amopR), via a -lactamase enzyme that
functions by degrading ampicillin and reducing its toxicity to the host. - It has an N-terminal
fragment of -galactosidase (lacZ) gene of E. coli which allows for visual screening of
recombinant.
ONLY THE LAST QUESTION IS THE POINT OF POST. THE OTHER PAGES ARE BAC.pdf
ONLY THE LAST QUESTION IS THE POINT OF POST. THE OTHER PAGES ARE
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Lab: Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides
the ability for a cell or organism to respond to a constantly changing external environment. The
specific constellation of proteins required for optimal function and growth varies with cellular
age and environmental context. Thus, protein production is carefully regulated by multiple
mechanisms that modulate both transcriptional and translational pathways. Control of
transcription initiation by RNA polymerase is a predominant mechanism for regulating
expression of specific proteins, presumably because it provides maximal conservation of energy
for the cell. We can often observe the consequence of differential transcription due to the
presence or absence of particular proteins or the growth in particular environments. Control can
also occur at translation; the mRNA is synthesized, but only in certain circumstances is it
translated. Control can also occur at the level of protein function; the protein is inactive, or
activity is not observed due to the lack of the substrate. In this lab we will observe differential
expression of two different genes encoded on plasmids. We will analyze transcriptional activity,
translational activity, and protein function. Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA. Bacteria often
have plasmids and will replicate the plasmid and pass it to daughter cells (vertical transmission)
and to neighboring cells (horizontal). Plasmids are a mechanism of gene diversity. In order to
stably retain the plasmid, there needs to be some type of metabolic reason for the bacteria to
maintain the plasmid. In other words, the plasmid confers an advantage. Plasmids contain: 1. Ori:
the plasmid may present is low or high copy number. 2. Lab generated plasmids typically also
contain a selectable marker (antibiotic resistance), 3. Additional gene for ease of visual screening
4. Multiple cloning site
pUC19 is one of a series of plasmid cloning vectors created by Joachim Messing and co-workers.
The designation "pUC" is derived from the classical "p" prefix (denoting "plasmid") and the
abbreviation for the University of California, where early work on the plasmid series had been
conducted. It is a circular double stranded DNA and has 2686 base pairs. pUC19 is one of the
most widely used vector molecules as the recombinants, or the cells into which foreign DNA has
been introduced, can be easily distinguished from the non-recombinants based on color
differences of colonies on growth media. pUC18 is similar to pUC19, but the MCS region is
reversed. - pUC 19 has an origin of replication and is maintained at a high copy number. -
pUC19 encodes for an ampicillin resistance gene (amopR), via a -lactamase enzyme that
functions by degrading ampicillin and reducing its toxicity to the host. - It has an N-terminal
fragment of -galactosidase (lacZ) gene of E. coli which allows for visual screening of
recombinant.
Epidermal growth factor and its receptor tyrosine kinase
about epidermal growth factor relation to cancer
Recommended
1 At least 2 questions from this section will be on the .docx
1
At least 2 questions from this section will be on the final exam
SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR THE FINAL EXAM
Question 1. Ferritin is a protein involved in the storage of iron inside cells. To prevent toxic accumulation of
too much iron inside cells, the intracellular level of ferritin is tightly regulated. To study the regulation of
ferritin synthesis, mammalian cells are grown with or without iron in the culture medium. Note that iron in the
culture medium is rapidly transported inside cells.
a) Upon addition of iron to the culture medium, the intracellular concentration of ferritin mRNA is unchanged
but the concentration of ferritin protein increases. How do you think ferritin expression is regulated? Briefly
explain.
The regulatory sequence given below is found in the ferritin mRNA between the cap structure and the start
codon.
5’-GGGUUUCCGUUCAACAGUGCUUGGACGGAAACCC-3’
Mutations within in this sequence are used to study the regulation of ferritin expression. The following
observation are made:
• ferritin expression is high, independent of the iron concentration, when (i) the entire region is deleted, or
(ii) the region located upstream of the underlined sequence is deleted or (iii) the underlined sequence is
replaced with a random sequence.
• ferritin expression remains iron-dependent when this region is replaced by the following sequence:
5’-GGGCUCAGGUUCAACAGUGCUUGGACCUGAGCCC-3’.
Note that the sequence differences are indicated in bold.
b) Explain why these observations suggest that both sequence and structure of the 5’ end of ferritin mRNA are
important for the regulation of ferritin expression.
c) Ferritin translation becomes iron-independent when the regulatory sequence is moved from the 5’ side
(upstream of the open reading frame) to the 3’ side (downstream of the open reading frame) of ferritin mRNA.
Which step of ferritin translation do you think is affected by the intracellular level of iron?
d) IRP is a protein involved in the regulation of ferritin expression. Anti-IRP antibodies attached to sepharose
beads are added to a cell extract, then the extract is centrifuged to separate the pellet fraction (containing the
sepharose beads ) from the supernatant fraction.
If the cells are cultured in the absence of iron, ferritin mRNA is found together with IRP in the pellet. In
contrast when cells are cultured in the presence of iron ferritin mRNA remains in the supernatant fraction while
IRP alone is found in the pellet. Briefly explain the likely role of IRP in the regulation of ferritin expression.
Question 2. You are studying the development of a newly discovered insect. Like drosophila, it undergoes a
stage in early larval development where the eve gene is expressed in a pattern of 7 stripes. You are particularly
interested in stripes 2 and 5. The following figures show the organization of the cis-acting elements that control
the expression o ...
this is all of the information that I have please help Lab 5 In.pdf
this is all of the information that I have please help Lab 5 Introduction - Genetic mapping See
figure 5.1 for a schematic of the fly the cross you initially started with, you'll either crosses you
have been working on. Two labs ago, map the distance between the w gene and the m you set up
a pair of reciprocal parental crosses, gene, or between the w gene and the y gene. between mutant
and wild type flies (fig. 5.1a). You had one of two different mutant strains, each with two mutant
phenotypes - either white eyes all F2 individuals will receive only recessive (w) and miniature
wings (m), or white eyes (w) alleles from this parent (fig. 5.1d, orange and and yellow body (y).
The phenotypes of the F1 yellow chromosomes). Because of this, the flies should have indicated
to you that all mutant phenotype of each F2 fly will tell you which phenotypes in question are x-
linked recessive alleles (mutant or WT) were inherited from the (fig. 5.1b). heterozygous female
F1 parent (fig. 5.1d, dark and light blue chromosomes). The first F2 fly Last lab, you used the F1
flies from one of shown in figure 5.1d inherited 'a B' from the your parental crosses to set up an
F1 cross (fig. heterozygous parent and will end up with the consequence. After crossing two pure
breeding this F2, you observe a ABphenotype and parents, F1 offspring will be heterozygous for
therefore know that this fly received 'A B' from nearly all genes in question - the exception is X -
the heterozygous parent. linked genes in the male offspring. Since the Y chromosome is
equivalent to recessive alleles for The goal of genetic mapping is to X-linked genes, these F1
males are recessive for determine the likelihood of cross over between all X-linked genes and act
as a test cross. The two loci/genes. If we score the phenotypes of a heterozygous F1 females and
recessive F1 males large F2 population from our crosses, we can (test cross) can be used to map
the distance determine the recombination frequency of your between the genes causing the two
phenotypes two genes. of your parental mutant female. Depending on
e) F2 phenotype scoring: f) Recombination frequency: Eigure 5.1: Schematic of your Drosophila
crosses, See text of lab 5 intro for description.
For a given F1 gamete for the F2 individual it number of flies, it is easy to calculate the creates),
if no cross over occurs between the two recombinant frequency between your two genes genes in
question, the F2 phenotype will be the (fig. 5.1ef ). same as one of the original parents - either
fully WT or double mutant in this case. In figure 5.1d Recall from last time that a lower
recombinant these have blue chromosomes of a single colour. frequency is observed when
genetic map If a crossover does occur between the two genes, distances are small. When genes
are close to the F2 fly will have a phenotype unlike either of each other, there's a narrow range
on the the parents - a recombinant phenotype (shown chromosome for a random crossover to
land.
ONLY THE LAST QUESTION IS THE POINT OF POST. THE OTHER PAGES ARE B.pdf
ONLY THE LAST QUESTION IS THE POINT OF POST. THE OTHER PAGES ARE
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Lab: Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides
the ability for a cell or organism to respond to a constantly changing external environment. The
specific constellation of proteins required for optimal function and growth varies with cellular
age and environmental context. Thus, protein production is carefully regulated by multiple
mechanisms that modulate both transcriptional and translational pathways. Control of
transcription initiation by RNA polymerase is a predominant mechanism for regulating
expression of specific proteins, presumably because it provides maximal conservation of energy
for the cell. We can often observe the consequence of differential transcription due to the
presence or absence of particular proteins or the growth in particular environments. Control can
also occur at translation; the mRNA is synthesized, but only in certain circumstances is it
translated. Control can also occur at the level of protein function; the protein is inactive, or
activity is not observed due to the lack of the substrate. In this lab we will observe differential
expression of two different genes encoded on plasmids. We will analyze transcriptional activity,
translational activity, and protein function. Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA. Bacteria often
have plasmids and will replicate the plasmid and pass it to daughter cells (vertical transmission)
and to neighboring cells (horizontal). Plasmids are a mechanism of gene diversity. In order to
stably retain the plasmid, there needs to be some type of metabolic reason for the bacteria to
maintain the plasmid. In other words, the plasmid confers an advantage. Plasmids contain: 1. Ori:
the plasmid may present is low or high copy number. 2. Lab generated plasmids typically also
contain a selectable marker (antibiotic resistance), 3. Additional gene for ease of visual screening
4. Multiple cloning site
pUC19 is one of a series of plasmid cloning vectors created by Joachim Messing and co-workers.
The designation "pUC" is derived from the classical "p" prefix (denoting "plasmid") and the
abbreviation for the University of California, where early work on the plasmid series had been
conducted. It is a circular double stranded DNA and has 2686 base pairs. pUC19 is one of the
most widely used vector molecules as the recombinants, or the cells into which foreign DNA has
been introduced, can be easily distinguished from the non-recombinants based on color
differences of colonies on growth media. pUC18 is similar to pUC19, but the MCS region is
reversed. - pUC 19 has an origin of replication and is maintained at a high copy number. -
pUC19 encodes for an ampicillin resistance gene (amopR), via a -lactamase enzyme that
functions by degrading ampicillin and reducing its toxicity to the host. - It has an N-terminal
fragment of -galactosidase (lacZ) gene of E. coli which allows for visual screening of
recombinant.
ONLY THE LAST QUESTION IS THE POINT OF POST. THE OTHER PAGES ARE BAC.pdf
ONLY THE LAST QUESTION IS THE POINT OF POST. THE OTHER PAGES ARE
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Lab: Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides
the ability for a cell or organism to respond to a constantly changing external environment. The
specific constellation of proteins required for optimal function and growth varies with cellular
age and environmental context. Thus, protein production is carefully regulated by multiple
mechanisms that modulate both transcriptional and translational pathways. Control of
transcription initiation by RNA polymerase is a predominant mechanism for regulating
expression of specific proteins, presumably because it provides maximal conservation of energy
for the cell. We can often observe the consequence of differential transcription due to the
presence or absence of particular proteins or the growth in particular environments. Control can
also occur at translation; the mRNA is synthesized, but only in certain circumstances is it
translated. Control can also occur at the level of protein function; the protein is inactive, or
activity is not observed due to the lack of the substrate. In this lab we will observe differential
expression of two different genes encoded on plasmids. We will analyze transcriptional activity,
translational activity, and protein function. Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA. Bacteria often
have plasmids and will replicate the plasmid and pass it to daughter cells (vertical transmission)
and to neighboring cells (horizontal). Plasmids are a mechanism of gene diversity. In order to
stably retain the plasmid, there needs to be some type of metabolic reason for the bacteria to
maintain the plasmid. In other words, the plasmid confers an advantage. Plasmids contain: 1. Ori:
the plasmid may present is low or high copy number. 2. Lab generated plasmids typically also
contain a selectable marker (antibiotic resistance), 3. Additional gene for ease of visual screening
4. Multiple cloning site
pUC19 is one of a series of plasmid cloning vectors created by Joachim Messing and co-workers.
The designation "pUC" is derived from the classical "p" prefix (denoting "plasmid") and the
abbreviation for the University of California, where early work on the plasmid series had been
conducted. It is a circular double stranded DNA and has 2686 base pairs. pUC19 is one of the
most widely used vector molecules as the recombinants, or the cells into which foreign DNA has
been introduced, can be easily distinguished from the non-recombinants based on color
differences of colonies on growth media. pUC18 is similar to pUC19, but the MCS region is
reversed. - pUC 19 has an origin of replication and is maintained at a high copy number. -
pUC19 encodes for an ampicillin resistance gene (amopR), via a -lactamase enzyme that
functions by degrading ampicillin and reducing its toxicity to the host. - It has an N-terminal
fragment of -galactosidase (lacZ) gene of E. coli which allows for visual screening of
recombinant.
Epidermal growth factor and its receptor tyrosine kinase
about epidermal growth factor relation to cancer
Lab Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides th.pdf
Lab: Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides the ability for a cell or
organism to respond to a constantly changing external environment. The specific constellation of
proteins required for optimal function and growth varies with cellular age and environmental
context. Thus, protein production is carefully regulated by multiple mechanisms that modulate
both transcriptional and translational pathways. Control of transcription initiation by RNA
polymerase is a predominant mechanism for regulating expression of specific proteins,
presumably because it provides maximal conservation of energy for the cell. We can often
observe the consequence of differential transcription due to the presence or absence of particular
proteins or the growth in particular environments. Control can also occur at translation; the
mRNA is synthesized, but only in certain circumstances is it translated. Control can also occur at
the level of protein function; the protein is inactive, or activity is not observed due to the lack of
the substrate. In this lab we will observe differential expression of two different genes encoded
on plasmids. We will analyze transcriptional activity, translational activity, and protein function.
Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA. Bacteria often have plasmids and will replicate the
plasmid and pass it to daughter cells (vertical transmission) and to neighboring cells (horizontal).
Plasmids are a mechanism of gene diversity. In order to stably retain the plasmid, there needs to
be some type of metabolic reason for the bacteria to maintain the plasmid. In other words, the
plasmid confers an advantage. Plasmids contain: 1. Ori: the plasmid may present is low or high
copy number. 2. Lab generated plasmids typically also contain a selectable marker (antibiotic
resistance), 3. Additional gene for ease of visual screening 4. Multiple cloning site
pUC19 is one of a series of plasmid cloning vectors created by Joachim Messing and co-workers.
The designation "pUC" is derived from the classical "p" prefix (denoting "plasmid") and the
abbreviation for the University of California, where early work on the plasmid series had been
conducted. It is a circular double stranded DNA and has 2686 base pairs. pUC19 is one of the
most widely used vector molecules as the recombinants, or the cells into which foreign DNA has
been introduced, can be easily distinguished from the non-recombinants based on color
differences of colonies on growth media. pUC18 is similar to pUC19, but the MCS region is
reversed. - pUC 19 has an origin of replication and is maintained at a high copy number. -
pUC19 encodes for an ampicillin resistance gene (amopR), via a -lactamase enzyme that
functions by degrading ampicillin and reducing its toxicity to the host. - It has an N-terminal
fragment of -galactosidase (lacZ) gene of E. coli which allows for visual screening of
recombinant plasmids. The transformed cells containing the plasmid with the gene of interest ca.
Lab Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides .pdf
Lab: Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides the ability for a cell or
organism to respond to a constantly changing external environment. The specific constellation of
proteins required for optimal function and growth varies with cellular age and environmental
context. Thus, protein production is carefully regulated by multiple mechanisms that modulate
both transcriptional and translational pathways. Control of transcription initiation by RNA
polymerase is a predominant mechanism for regulating expression of specific proteins,
presumably because it provides maximal conservation of energy for the cell. We can often
observe the consequence of differential transcription due to the presence or absence of particular
proteins or the growth in particular environments. Control can also occur at translation; the
mRNA is synthesized, but only in certain circumstances is it translated. Control can also occur at
the level of protein function; the protein is inactive, or activity is not observed due to the lack of
the substrate. In this lab we will observe differential expression of two different genes encoded
on plasmids. We will analyze transcriptional activity, translational activity, and protein function.
Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA. Bacteria often have plasmids and will replicate the
plasmid and pass it to daughter cells (vertical transmission) and to neighboring cells (horizontal).
Plasmids are a mechanism of gene diversity. In order to stably retain the plasmid, there needs to
be some type of metabolic reason for the bacteria to maintain the plasmid. In other words, the
plasmid confers an advantage. Plasmids contain: 1. Ori: the plasmid may present is low or high
copy number. 2. Lab generated plasmids typically also contain a selectable marker (antibiotic
resistance), 3. Additional gene for ease of visual screening 4. Multiple cloning site
pUC19 is one of a series of plasmid cloning vectors created by Joachim Messing and co-workers.
The designation "pUC" is derived from the classical "p" prefix (denoting "plasmid") and the
abbreviation for the University of California, where early work on the plasmid series had been
conducted. It is a circular double stranded DNA and has 2686 base pairs. pUC19 is one of the
most widely used vector molecules as the recombinants, or the cells into which foreign DNA has
been introduced, can be easily distinguished from the non-recombinants based on color
differences of colonies on growth media. pUC18 is similar to pUC19, but the MCS region is
reversed. - pUC 19 has an origin of replication and is maintained at a high copy number. -
pUC19 encodes for an ampicillin resistance gene (amopR), via a -lactamase enzyme that
functions by degrading ampicillin and reducing its toxicity to the host. - It has an N-terminal
fragment of -galactosidase (lacZ) gene of E. coli which allows for visual screening of
recombinant plasmids. The transformed cells containing the plasmid with the gene of interest ca.
Question e-Prepare a written description of the data in Figure 1- This.pdf
Question e.Prepare a written description of the data in Figure 1. This should be a summary
block of text that includes reference to the relevant data figure panels, their interpretation
and any conclusions that can be drawn as to the role of the 3 and 5 UTRs. (10 marks)
as this description answers below for question E chech editing, please?:
Part e)
The study described in the text aimed to examine the effect of the 3' and 5' UTRs of the BACE1
mRNA on its translation into protein. To do this, different expression constructs were introduced
into HEK 293 cells, including the BACE1 Open Reading Frame (ORF) and variants with
additional 5' UTR or 3' UTR flanking sequences. The level of BACE1 protein was measured in
the transfected cells using Western blot analysis and an anti-BACE1 antibody. Additionally, the
influence of the 5' UTR on expression was evaluated using a luciferase reporter gene, where the
5' UTR of BACE1 was fused to the luciferase ORF (Miller et al., 2021).
Transiently transfected HEK 293 cells expressing various forms of BACE1 are shown in
Western blot (A) in Figure 1 below. The data show that the BACE1 protein is expressed less
when the 5' UTR flanking region is included in comparison to when the BACE1 ORF is used
alone.
Western blotting study of BACE1 ORF and BACE1 variant with 5' UTR flanking sequence
transfected H4 and COS7 cells is depicted in Figure 1 (B). Reductions in BACE1 expression
were also seen in H4 and COS7 cells, suggesting that the phenomenon is not exclusive to HEK
293 cells.
HEK 293 cells were transfected with luciferase encoding the 5' UTR of BACE1 or with
luciferase as a control, and the results of the luciferase activity measurements are shown in
Figure 1 (C). According to the findings, the expression of the chimeric luciferase construct is
significantly influenced by the 5' UTR of BACE1, such that its activity is decreased in
comparison to the control. How mach the diiffrencecs between two results
Based on the data shown in Figure 1, it appears that the 5' UTR of the BACE1 mRNA
significantly affects the expression of BACE1 protein, decreasing it in comparison to the ORF
alone. The 5' untranslated region (UTR) has a substantial effect on chimeric luciferase
production. These findings support a critical role for the 5' UTR of the BACE1 mRNA in
controlling the level of BACE1 protein production.
In cell biology experiments, it is common to use different cultured cell lines, to ensure that the
observed results are real. In this study, three types have been used called HEK293, H4 and
COS7. For the purposes of this TMA, the specific type of cells is irrelevant. Transfection is the
technique by which DNA is introduced into cultured cells in the laboratory. When DNA is
introduced into such cells, expression is often monitored a short time after transfection, after the
cellular components have transcribed and translated the introduced gene. These short-term
experiments are called transient transfections. In this case, .
Investigating the role of zinc finger protein, ZF30C, in epigenetic repressio...
Investigating the role of zinc finger protein, ZF30C, in epigenetic repression of Drosophila engrailed gene
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - The new generation therapy
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - The new generation therapySwami Viekananda Institute of Modern Sciences
This presentation aims at giving a vivid knowledge about Nucleoli, a sub organelle of Nucleus, its role in protein formation. control, localization ad how specifically it is involved in Single Nucleotide polymorphism. The slide also discusses about the involvement of SNPs in Alzheimer’s Disease.
Protein sorting & targeting.pptx by SOMESH Govt. Nehru PG College
.pptx by SOMESH Govt. Nehru PG College Guided By Mr. AVINASH SINGH/Mr.PRABHAT BAIS
Role of normal and altered egfr
characteristic of EGFR in normal and cancerous cells and future perspective of EGFR
ShRNA-specific regulation of FMNL2 expression in P19 cells
This video encompasses all the steps and data produced for my graduation project in BSc in Biopharmaceutical science. During the course of the project we modified mammalian cells using Short Hairpin RNA to inhibit the correct function of the cytoskelleton. In this way we studied the importance of FMNL2 for the activation and regulation of actin fibers. Among the methods used are Flourescent microscopy, mamallian cell culture, cloning and flow cytometry.
Describe the role signal sequences play in protein localization. NES.pdf
Describe the role signal sequences play in protein localization. NES, NJS, Stop start, ER signal
sequences Describe the process of events involved in ligand production to exocytosis.
PowerPointslide 6 plus written details Post transcriptional modifications. Discuss 5\'capping,
splicing, poly A tail Describe three different mechanisms of signal termination Inhibitors -
extracellular, receptor inhibitors, internalization phosphorylation/dephosphorylation Give an
account of the role vesicle tethering plays in endocytosis. SNARES V and T, Rab effectors,
tethering docking fusion Protein glycosylation, discuss, its importance and the process of
glycosylation Occurs in ER, modified in Golgi, etc... Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine.
Discuss the differences between these signaling mechanisms. Write an account how signaling
can be terminated at the level of receptors Different cells can react differently to the same signal.
Discuss Example acetylcholine Outline the process of plasma membrane receptor production to
its final destination Two major populations of ribosome exist in our cells. Discuss
Solution
Ques-1:
The role of signal seqeunecs in protein localization:
ER signal sequences and stop-start:
Signal peptidase normally localized in the “endoplasmic reticulum” of eukaryotic cell. These
serine proteases digest the “nascent secretory polypeptides” after translation & post & co-
translational modifications. These signal peptidase enzymes are going to cleave signal peptides
of membrane proteins at their N-terminals.
Signal sequence of \"6 to 10 amino acid length\" normally cleaved by signal peptidases during or
after completion of translocation from ribosome & before entering into the endoplasmic
reticulum
Cotranslational translocation is mediated by signal recognition particle (SRP) & it is a 11S
ribonucleoprotien essential for translocation of nascent polypeptide to the “ER lumen”. This SRP
is formed of a nucleoprotein with 7S RNA, 11S & combines with several proteins to form the
eukaryotic signal recognition particle. The nascent polypeptide is emerged from the ribosomes,
followed by “recognition of signal sequence & bound by signal recognition particle(SRP), a
hydrophobic residue with 6 polypeptides 7SL RNA.
Therefore, when this SRP sequence exits from the ribosome, the nascent polypeptide stops being
translocated into the ER lumen. Signal recognition particle has bound by a signal sequence and
flowed by slow protein synthesis in the translation. This SRP further is going to bind to the
location near by endoplasmic reticulum followed by release of signal recognition particle but the
growing polypeptide is in the form of protein-ribosome complex that is at the exact location for
further protein translocation through Golgi-vesicle translocation channel.
The nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS) is mainly associated with “tags” in which amino
acids or proteins are imported into the nucleus using Ran-GTPases activity by nuclear transport.
So .
I need help answering these Summarize Madison’s central arguments i.pdf
I need help answering these: Summarize Madison’s central arguments in Federalist Paper 10 and
Federalist Paper 51 and Summarize Henry’s central arguments in his speech against ratification
of the Constitution. What do these excerpts reveal about each man’s assumptions about human
nature, power, and the best way to govern society and Were there points made by either author
that you especially resonated with or disagreed with? If so, which ones, and why did you feel this
way?
Solution
I need help answering these: Summarize Madison’s central arguments in Federalist Paper 10 and
Federalist Paper 51 and Summarize Henry’s central arguments in his speech against ratification
of the Constitution. What do these excerpts reveal about each man’s assumptions about human
nature, power, and the best way to govern society and Were there points made by either author
that you especially resonated with or disagreed with? If so, which ones, and why did you feel this
way?
Answer
James Madison, Jr. (March 16, [O.S. March 5] 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American
statesman, political theorist. He was the fourth President of the United States (1809–17). He is
hailed as the \"Father of the Constitution\" for being instrumental in the drafting of the U.S.
Constitution and as the key champion and author of the Bill of Rights. He served as a politician
much of his adult life.
Summarize Madison’s central arguments in Federalist Paper 10:
According to the Madison, a faction was a number of citizens, whether a majority or
minority, who were united and activated \"by some common impulse of passion, or of interest,
adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the
community.\"
There were two ways of removing the causes of factions, or political parties.
Woven into the fabric of all societies, deeply planted in the very nature of man, were conflicting
ideas, interests, and passions. The greatest source of factions had always been the various and
unequal distribution of property, said Madison:
Those who hold, and those who are without property, have ever formed distinct interests in
society. Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, . . . a landed interest, a
manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a monied interest, with many lesser interests, grow
up of necessity in civilized nations, and divide them into different classes, actuated by different
sentiments and views. The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the
principal task of modern Legislation.
The inference to which we are brought, is, that the causes of faction cannot be removed; and that
relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects.
Such effects could be better controlled in a large society under a representative form of
government than in a small society under a popular form of government. The proposed
constitution would check the power of factions by balancing one against the other. Factious
leaders might \"kindl.
if you want to conduct business in a country like somalia what are t.pdf
if you want to conduct business in a country like somalia what are the legal and political issues
you might face?Briefly research the country and develop the outlines for an International
company that moves there.
Solution
Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa.
Somalia has a population of around 10.8 million. Somalia is not politically and Economically
strong country which leads it towards a underdeveloped country. According to Human
Development Index (2012)”Out of 170 countries, Somalia is among the five least developed
country”.
There are some political and legal reasons, which an international company faces :
1. Corruption: Somalia is one of most corrupted country in “Transparency International’s
Corruption Perceptions Index”. Corruption is more of awkward and defaming condition than
being problematic. The people involved in corruption seem to be hiding themselves by blaming
others. However corruption affects business by Decrease in Foreign Investment, Delay in foreign
growth, lack of development.
2. Private Source loan funding: Because Islamic law prohibits interest payments on loans it will
be difficult for entrepreneurs to not able to finance debt. In the absence of any government
support, funding must come entirely from private sources. Pvt source funding is less likely in its
negative effects more for ex. (a)To cover all project costs and most do not cover indirect costs.
(b) Applicants have limited influence on the decision making process.
3.Terrorism : is also another problem in Somalia. Setting up in business in Somalia brings
dangers. On New Year\'s Day, the Jazeera Hotel in Mogadishu was bombed. A few months
earlier it had been the venue for a youth enterprise summit organised by the Iftiin
Foundation.Islamist militant group al-Shabab is battling the UN-backed government in
Somalia.Al-Shabab means The Youth in Arabic.
4. Certification: Somalia’s government does not have the capacity to participate in certification
schemes or to provide authenticity documentation that would enable businesses to sell goods
globally. Firms instead have to find unconventional, and often costly, workarounds.
5. Trade difficulties: Somalia is not a member of any regional economic blocs, and it has few
formal trade deals with other nations. The US and the European Union currently have no trade
agreements with Somalia, and the country is not a member of the World Trade Organization. It
also exports less than other countries: Somalia is the 171st largest exporter in the world, and it
has the fourth lowest GDP per capita.Businesses have to go to great lengths to trade with other
countries. This also means that businesses are less transparent.
6. Currency Reform: There were and still are several versions of the same currency (Shilling) in
circulation concurrently, and most of them are fake currencies. Since the early 1990s, no bank
notes have been printed officially. The collapsing of the Central Ban.
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both transcriptional and translational pathways. Control of transcription initiation by RNA
polymerase is a predominant mechanism for regulating expression of specific proteins,
presumably because it provides maximal conservation of energy for the cell. We can often
observe the consequence of differential transcription due to the presence or absence of particular
proteins or the growth in particular environments. Control can also occur at translation; the
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the substrate. In this lab we will observe differential expression of two different genes encoded
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copy number. 2. Lab generated plasmids typically also contain a selectable marker (antibiotic
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conducted. It is a circular double stranded DNA and has 2686 base pairs. pUC19 is one of the
most widely used vector molecules as the recombinants, or the cells into which foreign DNA has
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Lab Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides .pdf
Lab: Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides the ability for a cell or
organism to respond to a constantly changing external environment. The specific constellation of
proteins required for optimal function and growth varies with cellular age and environmental
context. Thus, protein production is carefully regulated by multiple mechanisms that modulate
both transcriptional and translational pathways. Control of transcription initiation by RNA
polymerase is a predominant mechanism for regulating expression of specific proteins,
presumably because it provides maximal conservation of energy for the cell. We can often
observe the consequence of differential transcription due to the presence or absence of particular
proteins or the growth in particular environments. Control can also occur at translation; the
mRNA is synthesized, but only in certain circumstances is it translated. Control can also occur at
the level of protein function; the protein is inactive, or activity is not observed due to the lack of
the substrate. In this lab we will observe differential expression of two different genes encoded
on plasmids. We will analyze transcriptional activity, translational activity, and protein function.
Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA. Bacteria often have plasmids and will replicate the
plasmid and pass it to daughter cells (vertical transmission) and to neighboring cells (horizontal).
Plasmids are a mechanism of gene diversity. In order to stably retain the plasmid, there needs to
be some type of metabolic reason for the bacteria to maintain the plasmid. In other words, the
plasmid confers an advantage. Plasmids contain: 1. Ori: the plasmid may present is low or high
copy number. 2. Lab generated plasmids typically also contain a selectable marker (antibiotic
resistance), 3. Additional gene for ease of visual screening 4. Multiple cloning site
pUC19 is one of a series of plasmid cloning vectors created by Joachim Messing and co-workers.
The designation "pUC" is derived from the classical "p" prefix (denoting "plasmid") and the
abbreviation for the University of California, where early work on the plasmid series had been
conducted. It is a circular double stranded DNA and has 2686 base pairs. pUC19 is one of the
most widely used vector molecules as the recombinants, or the cells into which foreign DNA has
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differences of colonies on growth media. pUC18 is similar to pUC19, but the MCS region is
reversed. - pUC 19 has an origin of replication and is maintained at a high copy number. -
pUC19 encodes for an ampicillin resistance gene (amopR), via a -lactamase enzyme that
functions by degrading ampicillin and reducing its toxicity to the host. - It has an N-terminal
fragment of -galactosidase (lacZ) gene of E. coli which allows for visual screening of
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Question e-Prepare a written description of the data in Figure 1- This.pdf
Question e.Prepare a written description of the data in Figure 1. This should be a summary
block of text that includes reference to the relevant data figure panels, their interpretation
and any conclusions that can be drawn as to the role of the 3 and 5 UTRs. (10 marks)
as this description answers below for question E chech editing, please?:
Part e)
The study described in the text aimed to examine the effect of the 3' and 5' UTRs of the BACE1
mRNA on its translation into protein. To do this, different expression constructs were introduced
into HEK 293 cells, including the BACE1 Open Reading Frame (ORF) and variants with
additional 5' UTR or 3' UTR flanking sequences. The level of BACE1 protein was measured in
the transfected cells using Western blot analysis and an anti-BACE1 antibody. Additionally, the
influence of the 5' UTR on expression was evaluated using a luciferase reporter gene, where the
5' UTR of BACE1 was fused to the luciferase ORF (Miller et al., 2021).
Transiently transfected HEK 293 cells expressing various forms of BACE1 are shown in
Western blot (A) in Figure 1 below. The data show that the BACE1 protein is expressed less
when the 5' UTR flanking region is included in comparison to when the BACE1 ORF is used
alone.
Western blotting study of BACE1 ORF and BACE1 variant with 5' UTR flanking sequence
transfected H4 and COS7 cells is depicted in Figure 1 (B). Reductions in BACE1 expression
were also seen in H4 and COS7 cells, suggesting that the phenomenon is not exclusive to HEK
293 cells.
HEK 293 cells were transfected with luciferase encoding the 5' UTR of BACE1 or with
luciferase as a control, and the results of the luciferase activity measurements are shown in
Figure 1 (C). According to the findings, the expression of the chimeric luciferase construct is
significantly influenced by the 5' UTR of BACE1, such that its activity is decreased in
comparison to the control. How mach the diiffrencecs between two results
Based on the data shown in Figure 1, it appears that the 5' UTR of the BACE1 mRNA
significantly affects the expression of BACE1 protein, decreasing it in comparison to the ORF
alone. The 5' untranslated region (UTR) has a substantial effect on chimeric luciferase
production. These findings support a critical role for the 5' UTR of the BACE1 mRNA in
controlling the level of BACE1 protein production.
In cell biology experiments, it is common to use different cultured cell lines, to ensure that the
observed results are real. In this study, three types have been used called HEK293, H4 and
COS7. For the purposes of this TMA, the specific type of cells is irrelevant. Transfection is the
technique by which DNA is introduced into cultured cells in the laboratory. When DNA is
introduced into such cells, expression is often monitored a short time after transfection, after the
cellular components have transcribed and translated the introduced gene. These short-term
experiments are called transient transfections. In this case, .
Investigating the role of zinc finger protein, ZF30C, in epigenetic repressio...
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This presentation aims at giving a vivid knowledge about Nucleoli, a sub organelle of Nucleus, its role in protein formation. control, localization ad how specifically it is involved in Single Nucleotide polymorphism. The slide also discusses about the involvement of SNPs in Alzheimer’s Disease.
Protein sorting & targeting.pptx by SOMESH Govt. Nehru PG College
.pptx by SOMESH Govt. Nehru PG College Guided By Mr. AVINASH SINGH/Mr.PRABHAT BAIS
Role of normal and altered egfr
characteristic of EGFR in normal and cancerous cells and future perspective of EGFR
ShRNA-specific regulation of FMNL2 expression in P19 cells
This video encompasses all the steps and data produced for my graduation project in BSc in Biopharmaceutical science. During the course of the project we modified mammalian cells using Short Hairpin RNA to inhibit the correct function of the cytoskelleton. In this way we studied the importance of FMNL2 for the activation and regulation of actin fibers. Among the methods used are Flourescent microscopy, mamallian cell culture, cloning and flow cytometry.
Describe the role signal sequences play in protein localization. NES.pdf
Describe the role signal sequences play in protein localization. NES, NJS, Stop start, ER signal
sequences Describe the process of events involved in ligand production to exocytosis.
PowerPointslide 6 plus written details Post transcriptional modifications. Discuss 5\'capping,
splicing, poly A tail Describe three different mechanisms of signal termination Inhibitors -
extracellular, receptor inhibitors, internalization phosphorylation/dephosphorylation Give an
account of the role vesicle tethering plays in endocytosis. SNARES V and T, Rab effectors,
tethering docking fusion Protein glycosylation, discuss, its importance and the process of
glycosylation Occurs in ER, modified in Golgi, etc... Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine.
Discuss the differences between these signaling mechanisms. Write an account how signaling
can be terminated at the level of receptors Different cells can react differently to the same signal.
Discuss Example acetylcholine Outline the process of plasma membrane receptor production to
its final destination Two major populations of ribosome exist in our cells. Discuss
Solution
Ques-1:
The role of signal seqeunecs in protein localization:
ER signal sequences and stop-start:
Signal peptidase normally localized in the “endoplasmic reticulum” of eukaryotic cell. These
serine proteases digest the “nascent secretory polypeptides” after translation & post & co-
translational modifications. These signal peptidase enzymes are going to cleave signal peptides
of membrane proteins at their N-terminals.
Signal sequence of \"6 to 10 amino acid length\" normally cleaved by signal peptidases during or
after completion of translocation from ribosome & before entering into the endoplasmic
reticulum
Cotranslational translocation is mediated by signal recognition particle (SRP) & it is a 11S
ribonucleoprotien essential for translocation of nascent polypeptide to the “ER lumen”. This SRP
is formed of a nucleoprotein with 7S RNA, 11S & combines with several proteins to form the
eukaryotic signal recognition particle. The nascent polypeptide is emerged from the ribosomes,
followed by “recognition of signal sequence & bound by signal recognition particle(SRP), a
hydrophobic residue with 6 polypeptides 7SL RNA.
Therefore, when this SRP sequence exits from the ribosome, the nascent polypeptide stops being
translocated into the ER lumen. Signal recognition particle has bound by a signal sequence and
flowed by slow protein synthesis in the translation. This SRP further is going to bind to the
location near by endoplasmic reticulum followed by release of signal recognition particle but the
growing polypeptide is in the form of protein-ribosome complex that is at the exact location for
further protein translocation through Golgi-vesicle translocation channel.
The nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS) is mainly associated with “tags” in which amino
acids or proteins are imported into the nucleus using Ran-GTPases activity by nuclear transport.
So .
Similar to The horizontal blocks below help summarize functional features associ.pdf (20)
Lab Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides th.pdf
Lab Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides th.pdf
Lab Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides .pdf
Lab Differential Expression Differential gene expression provides .pdf
Question e-Prepare a written description of the data in Figure 1- This.pdf
Question e-Prepare a written description of the data in Figure 1- This.pdf
Investigating the role of zinc finger protein, ZF30C, in epigenetic repressio...
Investigating the role of zinc finger protein, ZF30C, in epigenetic repressio...
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - The new generation therapy
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - The new generation therapy
Protein sorting & targeting.pptx by SOMESH Govt. Nehru PG College
Protein sorting & targeting.pptx by SOMESH Govt. Nehru PG College
ShRNA-specific regulation of FMNL2 expression in P19 cells
ShRNA-specific regulation of FMNL2 expression in P19 cells
Genetic Dna And Bioinformatics ( Accession No. Xp Essay
Genetic Dna And Bioinformatics ( Accession No. Xp Essay
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More from arvindarora20042013
I need help answering these Summarize Madison’s central arguments i.pdf
I need help answering these: Summarize Madison’s central arguments in Federalist Paper 10 and
Federalist Paper 51 and Summarize Henry’s central arguments in his speech against ratification
of the Constitution. What do these excerpts reveal about each man’s assumptions about human
nature, power, and the best way to govern society and Were there points made by either author
that you especially resonated with or disagreed with? If so, which ones, and why did you feel this
way?
Solution
I need help answering these: Summarize Madison’s central arguments in Federalist Paper 10 and
Federalist Paper 51 and Summarize Henry’s central arguments in his speech against ratification
of the Constitution. What do these excerpts reveal about each man’s assumptions about human
nature, power, and the best way to govern society and Were there points made by either author
that you especially resonated with or disagreed with? If so, which ones, and why did you feel this
way?
Answer
James Madison, Jr. (March 16, [O.S. March 5] 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American
statesman, political theorist. He was the fourth President of the United States (1809–17). He is
hailed as the \"Father of the Constitution\" for being instrumental in the drafting of the U.S.
Constitution and as the key champion and author of the Bill of Rights. He served as a politician
much of his adult life.
Summarize Madison’s central arguments in Federalist Paper 10:
According to the Madison, a faction was a number of citizens, whether a majority or
minority, who were united and activated \"by some common impulse of passion, or of interest,
adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the
community.\"
There were two ways of removing the causes of factions, or political parties.
Woven into the fabric of all societies, deeply planted in the very nature of man, were conflicting
ideas, interests, and passions. The greatest source of factions had always been the various and
unequal distribution of property, said Madison:
Those who hold, and those who are without property, have ever formed distinct interests in
society. Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, . . . a landed interest, a
manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a monied interest, with many lesser interests, grow
up of necessity in civilized nations, and divide them into different classes, actuated by different
sentiments and views. The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the
principal task of modern Legislation.
The inference to which we are brought, is, that the causes of faction cannot be removed; and that
relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects.
Such effects could be better controlled in a large society under a representative form of
government than in a small society under a popular form of government. The proposed
constitution would check the power of factions by balancing one against the other. Factious
leaders might \"kindl.
if you want to conduct business in a country like somalia what are t.pdf
if you want to conduct business in a country like somalia what are the legal and political issues
you might face?Briefly research the country and develop the outlines for an International
company that moves there.
Solution
Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa.
Somalia has a population of around 10.8 million. Somalia is not politically and Economically
strong country which leads it towards a underdeveloped country. According to Human
Development Index (2012)”Out of 170 countries, Somalia is among the five least developed
country”.
There are some political and legal reasons, which an international company faces :
1. Corruption: Somalia is one of most corrupted country in “Transparency International’s
Corruption Perceptions Index”. Corruption is more of awkward and defaming condition than
being problematic. The people involved in corruption seem to be hiding themselves by blaming
others. However corruption affects business by Decrease in Foreign Investment, Delay in foreign
growth, lack of development.
2. Private Source loan funding: Because Islamic law prohibits interest payments on loans it will
be difficult for entrepreneurs to not able to finance debt. In the absence of any government
support, funding must come entirely from private sources. Pvt source funding is less likely in its
negative effects more for ex. (a)To cover all project costs and most do not cover indirect costs.
(b) Applicants have limited influence on the decision making process.
3.Terrorism : is also another problem in Somalia. Setting up in business in Somalia brings
dangers. On New Year\'s Day, the Jazeera Hotel in Mogadishu was bombed. A few months
earlier it had been the venue for a youth enterprise summit organised by the Iftiin
Foundation.Islamist militant group al-Shabab is battling the UN-backed government in
Somalia.Al-Shabab means The Youth in Arabic.
4. Certification: Somalia’s government does not have the capacity to participate in certification
schemes or to provide authenticity documentation that would enable businesses to sell goods
globally. Firms instead have to find unconventional, and often costly, workarounds.
5. Trade difficulties: Somalia is not a member of any regional economic blocs, and it has few
formal trade deals with other nations. The US and the European Union currently have no trade
agreements with Somalia, and the country is not a member of the World Trade Organization. It
also exports less than other countries: Somalia is the 171st largest exporter in the world, and it
has the fourth lowest GDP per capita.Businesses have to go to great lengths to trade with other
countries. This also means that businesses are less transparent.
6. Currency Reform: There were and still are several versions of the same currency (Shilling) in
circulation concurrently, and most of them are fake currencies. Since the early 1990s, no bank
notes have been printed officially. The collapsing of the Central Ban.
If the U.S. population is 305.5 Million and each person was to recei.pdf
If the U.S. population is 305.5 Million and each person was to receive an equal portion of $319
Billion, how much money would each person get?
Solution
US population is 305,500,000. Money is 319,000,000,000. When numbers get this big it\'s
helpful to use scientific notation, so population is 3.055 * 10^8, and money is 3.19 * 10^11.
Then we can forget about exponents for the moment, and
1) 3.19 / 3.055 = 1.044
To divide exponents, just subtract, so
2) 10^11 - 10^8 = 10^3
So each person would get 1.044 * 10^3 dollars, or $1044..
If national savings remain unchanged and net capital outflow falls, .pdf
If national savings remain unchanged and net capital outflow falls, what will happen to domestic
investment (I)?
A) investment will fall
B) investment will remain unchanged
C) uncertain
D) investments will rise
Solution
Answer-D- Investment will rise
Here When domestic investment will rise then net capital outflow of the country will be falls.
We know that the net capital outflow means that the amount that domestic investors lend abroad
minus the amount that foriegn lenders lend in our country..
Identify the structures labeled in the following diagrams. Identify t.pdf
Identify the structures labeled in the following diagrams. Identify the bones by using the colors
indicated. Cervical vertebra = green Thoracic vertebra = red Lumbar vertebra = blue
Solution
35- Spinous process 36-Transeverse process 37- Body 38- Vertebral foramen 39-Transverse
foramen 40- Superior articular facet 41- Inferior articular facet 42- Lamina 43- Superior articular
process.
Darwins 4 postulates are basic rules for when a trait is likely to .pdf
Darwin\'s 4 postulates are basic rules for when a trait is likely to evolve by natural selection.
Please apply Darwin\'s postulates to evolution of antibiotic resistance in a Bacillus bacteria. Why
was the lack of understanding of the mechanism of heredity such a significant problem for
Darwin? Why was the age of the universe a challenge to Evolutionary thinking in Darwin\'s
time? Why is it not a challenge now? The vertebrate eye is sometimes given as an example of
irreducible complexity. How is our emerging understanding of eyes in a variety of animals
giving us insight into how simple eyes or partial eyes may have been selectively advantageous in
early animals?
Solution
Answer:
darwin\'s 4 postulates of evolution are:
1. Individual variation (phenotypes amongst individuals vary)
2. In every generation, the proportion of progeny that survives is less than the number of progeny
produced.
3. Survival and reproduction of individuals not random. With the current prevailing conditions,
individuals with some phenotypes produce more offspring, find more mates, survive better and
are naturally selected.
4. Some phenotypic variants passed on to offspring (heritable genetic information is passed on).
Thus, more fit phenotypes are better represented in the next generation.
therefore, microbacterial resistance of Bacillus tuberculosis is a classic example of darwinian
selection.
This is not a natural process, but a man-made situation superimposed on nature; there is perhaps
no better example of the Darwinian notions of selection and survival.
1. the bacterial populations are individually diverse.
2. the number of bacterial conies surviving is less than the total colonies produced.
3. survival is the result of many years of unremitting selection pressure from human applications
of antibiotics, via underuse, overuse, and misuse.
4. the surviving genotypes/traits are transffered to the progeny by conjugation, transfusion and
transformation.
part 2) Lack of understanding of heredity mechanism was a huge problem for Derwin as he could
not give conclusive evidence of natural selection. and may skeptics continued to question his
theory like Hugo de Vries, William Bateson till around the 1920s. After which the mechanisms
of genetics started coming into fore.
part 3) Age of universe was a fierce challenge for the success of theory of evolution
a) the age of earth then accepted was around 6000 years as estimated by readings of bibl by
Bishop Ussher.
b) Darwin proposed the age of earth to be several hundred million years so that were sufficient
for subtle canges in variation to happen for successful evolution
c) William Thompson argues that based on thermodynamics and the source od radiation (which
was mainly chemical and gravitational) the age of earth could never be more than 10s of million
years which was too less for the theory of evolution to sustain.
Hence age of universe was a major sore point for Darwin and his Theory of evolution.
Part 4) now it is not a .
Compare the grasshopper with the crayfish. Which characteristics mak.pdf
Compare the grasshopper with the crayfish. Which characteristics make the grasshopper well
adapted to the dry land
Solution
Comparison of grasshopper with the crayfish.
A)
3 number of leg pairs-grasshopper
4 number of leg pairs-crayfish
B)
spiracles/tubules/trachae are respiratory organ-grasshopper
gills are respiratory organ-crayfish
C)
malpighian tubules is excretory organ-grasshopper
green gland is excretory organ-crayfish
D)
no appendages on abdomen-grasshopper
yes appendages on abdomen-crayfish
characteristics make the grasshopper well adapted to the dry land:
legs: to hop with and walk with, clawed and powerful, not meant for movement in water.
wings\" to fly and flutter with, able to move great distances and escape form some dangers.
hard exoskeleton to keep internal organs damp even when it is dry around the hopper
.
Bonus Problem 3 Some people argued that the U.S. stock market crash o.pdf
Bonus Problem 3 Some people argued that the U.S. stock market crash on Black Monday was
caused at least partly by the then popular strategy among institutional investors called as
\"portfolio insurance\". Explain this strategy in detail. What is your opinion on the above
argument on the cause of the stock market crash?
Solution
Portfolio Insurance :
Portfolio insurance is an investment strategy where various financial instruments such as equities
and debts and derivatives are combined in such a way that degradation of portfolio value is
protected. It is a dynamic hedging strategy which uses stock index futures. It implies buying and
selling securities periodically in order to maintain limit of the portfolio value. The working of
portfolio insurance is akin to buying an index put option, and can also be done by using listed
index options.We can also say that it is either a method of hedging a portfolio of stocks against
market risk by short selling stock index futures, or it can also be brokerage insurance, such as
that available from the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC). The SIPC was created
as a non-profit membership corporation under the Securities Investor Protection Act. The SIPC
oversees the liquidation of member broker-dealers that close when market conditions render a
broker-dealer bankrupt, or puts them in serious financial trouble, and customer assets are
missing.
Stock market crash & portfolio insurance:
The recent stock market collapse evokes memories of the infamous crash that surprised investors
in October 1987, coming during a time of strong growth, full employment and rising inflation.
Financial engineering via Portfolio Insurance in 1987 and Short Volatility today are the
hallmarks leading to a price vacuum with sellers overwhelming absent buyers.
Extraordinary stock market gains. Low levels of volatility. Full employment and rising growth
prospects. Rising bond yields. Bullish market sentiment and record long portfolio holdings.
Favorable corporate tax backdrop. Sound familiar? On Black Monday, October 19, 1987, the
Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 22.6% in the greatest one-day loss ever recorded on Wall
Street. Billions went up in flames. In an event that permanently rattled and changed market
psychology, this collapse occurred under blue skies with seemingly no worries in sight. With a
historic-record return in January and record-low volatility to boot, very few investors saw this
current collapse coming. Up until a couple weeks ago, Black Monday had been a lost remnant on
many investors’ minds. Today, the similarities are too identical to ignore.
Thanks.
A positive relationship exists between two variables if one variable .pdf
A positive relationship exists between two variables if one variable has \"positively\" no effect
on the other variable a reduction in one variable is associated with an Increase in the other
variable. a reduction in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable both
variables are inflation-distorted
Solution
c) A reduction in one variable is associated with decrease in other variable.
Two variables are positvely correlated when both of them move in same direction i.e. if with
decrease in X, y decreases and with increase in X, y increases then X and y are positvely
correlated. for example, age and height..
Asse Place the following in chronological order as fluid flow Bloo.pdf
Asse Place the following in chronological order as fluid flow: Blood plasma - interstitial fluid -
lymph Lymph - interstitial fluid - blood Blood - Lymph - interstitial fluid Interstitial fluid -
blood - lymph
Solution
Blood plasma-interstitial fluid-lymph is the correct sequence.
The excess fluid in the blood escapes through the cappilaries into the extracellular or inerstitial
space and from there it travels to the lymphatic vessels.
Add the binary number Convert the following unsigned hexadecimal num.pdf
Add the binary number Convert the following unsigned hexadecimal number into a decimal
number Convert the following unsigned binary number into a decimal number Convert the
following decimal number a binary number. Convert the following hexadecimal number into a
binary number. Using 2\'s complement 8-bit integers. add the following numbers express the
result in binary form (+7)+(-15) Given a 8-bit binary number How many different binary number
can be represented? what is the range of values. if the number is an unsigned integer? What is the
range of values, if the number is a signed 2\'s complement integer? For the following
hexadecimal sequence into its ASCII characters representation
4A6F686E20616E64204D6172790A0D
Solution.
A wild-type chromosome has the following segments A B C middot D E F.pdf
A wild-type chromosome has the following segments: A B C middot D E F G H I An individual
is heterozygous for the following chromosome mutation: A B C middot D H I How would the
mutated and wild-type chromosomes pair in prophase I of meiosis? D E F G H of the wild-type
chromosome will form a deletion loop. E F G of the wild-type chromosome will form a deletion
loop. D E F G H of the wild-type chromosome will form an Inversion loop. E F G of the wild-
type chromosome will form an inversion loop. Red-green color blindness is a human x-linked
recessive disorder. A young man with a 47, XXY karyotype (Klinefelter syndrome) is color
Wind. His 46, XY brother also is color blind. Both parents have normal color vision. Where did
the no disjunction that gave rise to the young man with Klinefelter syndrome take place? Assume
that no crossing over took place In prophase I of meiosis. Mother - meiosis I Mother - meiosis II
Father - meiosis I Father - meiosis II Both parents Functional epidermal lies bull nose (JEB) Is a
severe skin disorder that results in blisters over the entire body. The disorder is caused by
autosomal recessive mutations at any one of three loci that help to encode lamina 5, a major
component In the dermal-epidermal basement membrane. Leena Pulicine and colleagues
described a male newborn who was born with JEB and died at 2 months of age (L. Pulkkinen et
al. 1997. American Journal of Human Genetics 61:611-619); the child had healthy unrelated
parents. Chromosome analysis revealed that the infant had 46 normal-appearing chromosomes.
Analysis of DNA showed that his mother was heterozygous for a JEB-causing allele at the
LAMB3 locus, which is on chromosome 1. The father had two normal alleles at this locus. DNA
fingerprinting demonstrated that the male assumed to be the father had, In fact, conceived the
child. Assuming that no new mutations occurred in this family, what might best explain the
presence of an autosomal recessive disease in the child when the mother is heterozygous and the
father Is homozygous normal? The infant inherited both copies of chromosome 1 from the
mother, which is an example of unit parental disomic. The infant is monatomic for chromosome
1, which he received from his mother but did not receive a chromosome 1 from his father.
Epitasis masked the disease phenotype in the father, but complementation of the parental alleles
gave rise to a child with functional epidermal lies bull nose. The infant has tiresome 1, where he
inherited two recessive alleles from his mother. A translocation between chromosome 1 and
chromosome 22 generated a recessive phenotype. Plasmid DNA, like bacterial DNA: is circular.
is single stranded. comes in homologous pairs. All of the above. None of the above.
Solution
10. Answer is B. EFG of the wild type will form a deletion loop. Because EFG in one
chromosome has no matching pair in other chromosome. So EFG loop will be formed and it will
be removed.
13. Answer is A. Plasmid DNA like bacte.
A laser range finder was used to sense the obstacles. What parameter.pdf
A laser range finder was used to sense the obstacles. What parameter will the microcontroller
record? If an obstacle is 5m away, what will be the recorded value?
Solution
The main function of the microcontroller is to record the time measurement from
the time-measuring unit, average the time measurements and calculate the distance. After the
distance is calculated, the data is transmitted to a PC. The microcontroller sends the signals to
start the counter for the time measurement unit and to send the laser light pulse. Also, the
microcontroller is used to initiate and set the parameters of the time measurement unit (speed,
mode, resolution, etc.) After the time measurement unit calculates the time, the microcontroller
reads and stores the time information. At least fifty time measurements are taken from each
distance to be measured. The more samples taken the most accurate the results are, but the more
time needed to obtain the distance measurement.
Once the microcontroller has obtained the values for the time and computes their
average, it calculates the distance value and transmits it to a PC using USART interface. Each
distance calculation should take less than 20ms. This time depends on the number of time
measurements taken and the duty factor of the pulse laser diode Laser Diode Driver
This section outlines the function of the laser driver. The main function of this driver is
to provide fast, high current pulses to drive the PLD. The PLD is operated in a short pulse mode
in order to achieve high peak powers with fast rise and fall times
The amount of current generated by the driver must be limited not to exceed the
maximum forward current of the PLD. In order to maximize the optical power of the PLD, a
collimating lens is used to minimize the divergence of the laser beam.
Receiving Channel Hardware
A small fraction of the light beam emitted by the PLD is received by an optical receiver and
focus
on the APD which photo-electrically convert the pulse of light received. The small pulse of
current
generated by the APD is converted into a TTL voltage level signal using a two-stage
transimpedance
amplifier. This voltage signal serves as the STOP signal for the time counter.
To measure the time of flight of the emitted pulsed of light, an ultra-fast counter as a TDC is
used.
TDCs are used to measure the time intervals between two events with a resolution of less than
one nanosecond. The accuracy of a pulsed TOF laser radar depends critically on the
performance of its
time measurement unit. Therefore, a high resolution and a high speed TDC is needed to
improve the system performance..
High Voltage Power Supply
To reach the proper gain and responsivity of the APD, a high voltage is used to reverse
bias the APD. This high voltage is generated and stabilized using a high voltage DC-DC
converter
which provides up to 400V output from a 5V input. The high voltage DC-DC converter must
provide a low voltage noise and low voltage ripple. Increasing the v.
5. Evaluate the following integral (t 2)cos Tut4)dt SolutionTh.pdf
5. Evaluate the following integral (t 2)cos Tut/4)dt
Solution
The Integral Calculator supports definite and indefinite integrals (antiderivatives) as well as
integrating functions with many variables. Interactive graphs/plots help visualize and better
understand the functions.
For more about how to use the Integral Calculator, go to \"Help\" or take a look at the examples..
Which of the following types of viruses can infect both boot sectors.pdf
Which of the following types of viruses can infect both boot sectors and program files?
A. File infector
B. Multipartite
C. Polymorphic
D. System infector
Solution
B. A multipartite virus can infect both boot sectors and program files. Answer A is incorrect
because file infector viruses infect files. Answer C is incorrect because a polymorphic virus is
one that has the capability to change. Answer D is incorrect because system infector viruses
infect system files.
Which one is NOT typical of a ceramic material low melting point h.pdf
Which one is NOT typical of a ceramic material? low melting point high hardness high
stiffness ionic bonding
Solution
ans : A
Ceramic materials have high melting point
Ceramics usually have a combination of stronger bonds called ionic (occurs between a metal and
nonmetal and involves the attraction of opposite charges when electrons are transferred from the
metal to the nonmetal); and covalent (occurs between two nonmetals and involves sharing of
atoms). The strength of an ionic bond depends on the size of the charge on each ion and on the
radius of each ion.
These types of bonds result in high elastic modulus and hardness, high melting points, low
thermal expansion, and good chemical resistance. On the other hand, ceramics are also hard and
often brittle (unless the material is toughened by reinforcements or other means), which leads to
fracture..
4. Define communication security, information security, network secu.pdf
4. Define communication security, information security, network security, physical security with
example.
Solution
Communication Security
The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of
value that might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications, or to mislead
unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession and study. Also
called COMSEC. Communications security includes: cryptosecurity, transmission security,
emission security, and physical security of communications security materials and information.
a. cryptosecurity--The component of communications security that results from the provision of
technically sound cryptosystems and their proper use. b. transmission security--The component
of communications security that results from all measures designed to protect transmissions from
interception and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. c. emission security--The
component of communications security that results from all measures taken to deny unauthorized
persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of compromising
emanations from crypto-equipment and telecommunications systems. d. physical security--The
component of communications security that results from all physical measures necessary to
safeguard classified equipment, material, and documents from access thereto or observation
thereof by unauthorized persons.
Physical Security
Physical security is the protection of personnel, hardware, software, networks and data from
physical actions and events that could cause serious loss or damage to an enterprise, agency or
institution. This includes protection from fire, flood, natural disasters, burglary, theft, vandalism
and terrorism.
Physical security has three important components: access control, surveillance and testing.
Obstacles should be placed in the way of potential attackers and physical sites should be
hardened against accidents, attacks or environmental disasters. Such hardening measures include
fencing, locks, access control cards, biometric access control systems and fire suppression
systems. Second, physical locations should be monitored using surveillance cameras and
notification systems, such as intrusion detection sensors, heat sensors and smoke detectors.
Third, disaster recovery policies and procedures should be tested on a regular basis to ensure
safety and to reduce the time it takes to recover from disruptive man-made or natural disasters.
Information Security
Information security (infosec) is a set of strategies for managing the processes, tools and policies
necessary to prevent, detect, document and counter threats to digital and non-digital information.
Infosec responsibilities include establishing a set of business processes that will protect
information assets regardless of how the information is formatted or whether it is in transit, is
being processed or is at rest in storage.
What ethical concerns do anthropologists confrontSolutionRace.pdf
What ethical concerns do anthropologists confront?
Solution
Race has little biological activity because humans have little actual genetic variation but have
superficial differences that we can observe mainly gathered by anthropologists. According to
American Anthropological Association’s Code of Ethics, the ethical concerns do anthropologists
have \"consultation of the maker who is the first user of anthropological object with his/her
ethnic race group in the society then only it is essential to display in the museums or exhibitions.
Therefore, it is essential to follow ethical aspects when describing these objects in public
presentation. Any genetic aspects of the objects must be kept under confidentiality under
government regulations.
What is the general location of the three different types of amino a.pdf
What is the general location of the three different types of amino acids in the typical soluble
protein?
In the typical nonsoluble membrane protein?
Solution
Aminoacids, the monomeric units that link together to form proteins, have a standard structure.
The carbon atom of each amino acid is bonded to four various compound groups and ergo is
asymmetric. The side chain have R group. Aminoacids could be classified into a few distinct
categories based primarily on their solubility in water, which can be influenced by the polarity of
their area chains. Proteins with polar side groups tend to be on the surface of proteins; by
connecting with water, they make proteins soluble in aqueous solutions. In comparison, amino
acids with nonpolar side groups avoid water and aggregate to make the water insoluble core of
proteins. The polarity of amino acid side chains thus is one of the forces responsible for shaping
the final three-dimensional structure of proteins. Hydrophilic or water-soluble, amino acids have
ionized or polar area chains. Hydrophobic amino acids have aliphatic side organizations, which
are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water..
3 Suppose V is finite-dimensional and v element of V with v is not eq.pdf
3 Suppose V is finite-dimensional and v element of V with v is not equals to 0. Prove that there
exists phi element of V? such that phi(v) = 1.
Solution
As V is finite dimensional, and non zero there exists v\' such that v *v\' =1
(since non zero elements in finite dimensional vector space have multiplicative inverse.)
Hence there exists phi in V\' such that phi(v) =1.
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
The horizontal blocks below help summarize functional features associ.pdf
- 1. The horizontal blocks below help summarize functional features associated with a proteins amino acid sequence with the N-terminal at left and the C-terminal at right. For the two proteins displayed SP indicates a signal peptide, and GFP is green fluorescent protein. The single letters at the C-terminus of the constructs are amino acid abbreviations. Based on your understanding of protein secretion in eukaryotic cells, at the right of each protein predict all locations in the plant cell where you would expect to see fluorescence by GFP after expression in plant cells and examination for fluorescence. Solution Answer: (a) Because of its small size, GFP can enter nuclear pores. So, GFP protein not fused to other polypeptides can be seen in both cytoplasm and nucleus in plant cells when monitored under fluorescence microscopy. (b) Addition of ER-retension sequence, SEKDEL to a recombinant protein results in the retention of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). So, the above sequence containing the SEKDEL sequence can be predicted to be seen in the ER- derived vescicles/compartments and partial localization in protein storage vacuoles within the cell.