1. How does body complexity differ across the 3 phyla (Platyhelmin.pdf

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1. How does body complexity differ across the 3 phyla (Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida)? What contributes to this increased complexity? Give 2 examples. 1. How does body complexity differ across the 3 phyla (Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida)? What contributes to this increased complexity? Give 2 examples. Solution Answer: The variable body complexity is differ across the 3 phyla such as platyhelminthes, nematoda, and annelida because these are multicellular eukaryotes evolved with morphological innovations including development of locomotors organs and development of various adaptations to survive in the nature for predation. These are phyla such as platyhelimthes and nematyhelmithes. The helminthes parasites and species have developed various morphological adaptations for their survival in the host along with strong scolex to attach to the host internal surfaces. Nematodes locomotion (round worms, hook worms) and body complexity is variable because the locomotion of nematodes involves the somatic muscles mainly located under the hypodermis and these muscle contractions promoted to apply sufficient high hydrostatic pressure laterally to the cuticle with dorso-ventral bending to move in a sinusoidal manner (C. elegans) as an evolutionary adaptations. Annelids have circulatory system, primitive neural systems, and primitive evolutionary features of invertebrates. Annelid\'s body complexity has increased from lower phyla, platyhelminthes and nematoda. The body complexity has symmetrical and coelomate & they possess specific “parapodia” for locomotion. In some species such as earthworms, they have specialized a hydrostatic skeleton surrounded by several layers of longitudinal and circular muscles to promote locomotion into the deeper layers of soil. High metaolic activity, reproductive activity and increased body size have led to this increased complexity, as part of evolutionary aspects Platyhelmethis (tape worms): These are mostly parasitic in internal cavities of vertebrate digestive system with complex asymmetrical body- complexity. The most prominent segmentation phenomenon has promoted them with sexual reproduction and they use circular and longitudinal muscle fibers of somatic region located within proglattids; used in locomotion. For example, Hymenolepis diminuta is also called as rat tapeworm, belongs to cestoda and possess scolex and proglattids as structural adaptations..

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HYPOTHESIS The evolution and conservation of left-right patterning mechanisms Martin Blum‡, Kerstin Feistel, Thomas Thumberger* and Axel Schweickert ABSTRACT Morphological asymmetry is a common feature of animal body plans, from shell coiling in snails to organ placement in humans. The signaling protein Nodal is key for determining this laterality. Many vertebrates, including humans, use cilia for breaking symmetry during embryonic development: rotating cilia produce a leftward flow of extracellular fluids that induces the asymmetric expression of Nodal. By contrast, Nodal asymmetry can be induced flow-independently in invertebrates. Here, we ask when and why flow evolved. We propose that flow was present at the base of the deuterostomes and that it is required to maintain organ asymmetry in otherwise perfectly bilaterally symmetrical vertebrates. KEY WORDS: Cilia, Evolution, Left-right asymmetry, Left-right organizer, Leftward flow Introduction Symmetry is a guiding principle for the construction of animal body plans. Apart from sponges, which are considered the most basal branch of the animal phylogenetic tree (see Box 1), all other phyla are characterized by one or several planes of symmetry along their longitudinal axis. In radially symmetrical cnidarians, such as the freshwater polyp Hydra, multiple planes of symmetry can be drawn. All other major animal phyla belong to the bilateria, which are marked by one plane of symmetry along the head to tail axis, perpendicular to the dorsal-ventral axis. It has been suggested that symmetry is used as a measurement of genetic fitness of a potential mate in sexual selection (Brown et al., 2005). Asymmetry, in that respect, is widely considered a defect. However, asymmetry is also ubiquitously encountered in nature. This ranges from the chirality of biomolecules, to functional asymmetries in symmetrical structures, to the overt morphological asymmetries of organs. In vertebrates, visceral and abdominal organs are asymmetrically positioned with respect to the two main body axes (Fig. 1). This arrangement, termed situs solitus (see Glossary, Box 2), is rarely altered. Only ∼1/10,000 humans shows a mirror image of the normal organ display (situs inversus; see Glossary, Box 2). Other vertebrate asymmetries, such as left and right handedness, vary with much higher frequencies in human populations and are not covered here. Asymmetric organ morphogenesis and placement is initiated during embryogenesis. In the early vertebrate neurula embryo, three genes – those encoding Nodal, its feedback inhibitor Lefty and the homeobox transcription factor Pitx2 – become asymmetrically expressed in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). This so-called Nodal cascade (see Box 3) is a conserved feature of vertebrate left- right (LR) axis formation. The functional importance of this asymmetric expression has been demonstrated in all classes of vertebrates (Yoshiba and Hamada, 2014). However, the mechanism of symmetry .

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What are the major evolutionary feats shared by all 3 phyla( Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida)? What are the implications of these evolutionary feats? What two additional evolutionary feats are exhibited by Nemotoda? And 2 feats by Annelida? Solution Answer: The major evolutionary feats shared by Platyhelminthes, Nematoda and Annelida are: 1. Level of Organization- Organ system level of organization The organisms possesses distinct organ systems which marks the evolution of organ systems in animals. 2. Symmetry - Bilateral This is often a result of moving in one direction, thus having a “head” end. 3. Triploblastic They share common body wall organization, consisting of 3 layers. Three germ layers are evidence of slowly adapting layers of developmental control during embryogenesis as cells specialized for greater efficiency. Two additional evolutionary feats exhibited by Nematoda are: 1. Coelom- Pseudocoelomate 2. Digestive system -Complete Two feats of Annelida are: 1. Segmentation - Presented 2. Circulatory system -Present.

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JAVA LAB #8 - ARRAY BASED LISTS The next exercise is based on this implemetation for an UnorderedArrayList of integers: //Interface: ArrayListADT //works for int public interface ArrayListADT { public boolean isEmpty(); //Method to determine whether the list is empty. public boolean isFull(); //Method to determine whether the list is full. public int listSize(); //Method to return the number of elements in the list. public int maxListSize(); //Method to return the maximum size of the list. public void print(); //Method to output the elements of the list. public boolean isItemAtEqual(int location, int item); //Method to determine whether item is the same as the item in the list at location. public void insertAt(int location, int insertItem); //Method to insert insertItem in the list at the position public void insertEnd(int insertItem); //Method to insert insertItem at the end of the list. public void removeAt(int location); //Method to remove the item from the list at location. public int retrieveAt(int location); //Method to retrieve the element from the list at location. public void replaceAt(int location, int repItem); //Method to replace the element in the list at location with repItem. public void clearList(); //Method to remove all the elements from the list. public int search(int searchItem); //Method to determine whether searchItem is in the list. public void remove(int removeItem); //Method to remove an item from the list. } //Class: ArrayListClass implements //Interface: ArrayListADT public abstract class ArrayListClass implements ArrayListADT { protected int length; //to store the length of the list protected int maxSize; //to store the maximum size of the list protected int[] list; //array to hold the list elements //Default constructor public ArrayListClass() { maxSize = 100; length = 0; list = new int[maxSize]; } //Alternate Constructor public ArrayListClass(int size) { if(size <= 0) { System.err.println(\"The array size must be positive. Creating an array of size 100.\"); maxSize = 100; } else maxSize = size; length = 0; list = new int[maxSize]; } public boolean isEmpty() { return (length == 0); } public boolean isFull() { return (length == maxSize); } public int listSize() { return length; } public int maxListSize() { return maxSize; } public void print() { for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) System.out.print(list[i] + \" \"); System.out.println(); } public boolean isItemAtEqual(int location, int item) { if (location < 0 || location >= length) { System.err.println(\"The location of the item to be compared is out of range.\"); return false; } return list[location]== item; } public void clearList() { for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) list[i] = 0; length = 0; System.gc(); //invoke the Java garbage collector } public void removeAt(int location) { if (location < 0 || location >= length) System.err.println(\"The location of the item to be removed is out of range.\"); else { for(int i = location; i < length - 1; i++) list[i] = list[i + 1.

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In the year 2000, a halophile was isolated from a 250 million year old salt crystal and grown up in a university laboratory in Westchester PA. What did the scientists isolate and why do you think it survived 250 million years? Solution Halophile is salt loving, They are extremophiles which live in high saline environment. They adapt different strategies to survive in the extreme salt conditions. These adaptations are- Hence the halophile survived 250 million years.

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In in the image seen here, in which direction would you expect water to move if the membrane is not permeable to the solute? It would move equally between both sides. Right to left Left to right Solution The process shown here is called as Osmosis.. According to which the movement of water molecules take place from the region higher concentration to a region of lower water concentration when separated by the semi - permeable Membrane.. In this the left side contains more water molecules concentration then right side as the right side contains more solute molecules... Soo, the movement will be from Left Side to Right side...!!!!.

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