1. How does body complexity differ across the 3 phyla (Platyhelmin.pdf
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1. How does body complexity differ across the 3 phyla (Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida)? What contributes to this increased complexity? Give 2 examples. 1. How does body complexity differ across the 3 phyla (Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida)? What contributes to this increased complexity? Give 2 examples. Solution Answer: The variable body complexity is differ across the 3 phyla such as platyhelminthes, nematoda, and annelida because these are multicellular eukaryotes evolved with morphological innovations including development of locomotors organs and development of various adaptations to survive in the nature for predation. These are phyla such as platyhelimthes and nematyhelmithes. The helminthes parasites and species have developed various morphological adaptations for their survival in the host along with strong scolex to attach to the host internal surfaces. Nematodes locomotion (round worms, hook worms) and body complexity is variable because the locomotion of nematodes involves the somatic muscles mainly located under the hypodermis and these muscle contractions promoted to apply sufficient high hydrostatic pressure laterally to the cuticle with dorso-ventral bending to move in a sinusoidal manner (C. elegans) as an evolutionary adaptations. Annelids have circulatory system, primitive neural systems, and primitive evolutionary features of invertebrates. Annelid\'s body complexity has increased from lower phyla, platyhelminthes and nematoda. The body complexity has symmetrical and coelomate & they possess specific “parapodia” for locomotion. In some species such as earthworms, they have specialized a hydrostatic skeleton surrounded by several layers of longitudinal and circular muscles to promote locomotion into the deeper layers of soil. High metaolic activity, reproductive activity and increased body size have led to this increased complexity, as part of evolutionary aspects Platyhelmethis (tape worms): These are mostly parasitic in internal cavities of vertebrate digestive system with complex asymmetrical body- complexity. The most prominent segmentation phenomenon has promoted them with sexual reproduction and they use circular and longitudinal muscle fibers of somatic region located within proglattids; used in locomotion. For example, Hymenolepis diminuta is also called as rat tapeworm, belongs to cestoda and possess scolex and proglattids as structural adaptations..
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Morphological asymmetry is a common feature of animal body plans,
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Red, long, smooth: 1
Green, long, smooth: 1
Green, short, smooth: 1
Red, short, hairy: 1
Red, long, hairy: 1
Green, long, hairy: 1
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Phenotype
Observed(O)
Expected (E)
O-E
(O-E)2
(O-E)2/E
Green, short, hair:
44
25
19
361.00
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Red, long, smooth
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25
17
289.00
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Green, long, smooth
20
25
-5
25.00
1.00
Green, short, smooth
5
25
-20
400.00
16.00
Red, short, hairy
20
25
-5
25.00
1.00
Red, long, hairy
7
25
-18
324.00
12.96
Green, long, hairy
30
25
5
25.00
1.00
Red, short, hairy
32
25
7
49.00
1.96
200
200
59.92
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d).
Explanation
Shorthand
Number of progeny
g sw hl
44
G Sw Hl
42
g Sw Hl
20
g sw Hl
5
G sw hl
20
G Sw hl
7
g Sw hl
30
G sw Hl
32
Imagine the order is
G SW Hl / g sw hl
1. If single cross over (SCO) occurs between G & Sw
Normal order= G---------Sw & g-----sw
After cross over= G-----sw & g------Sw
G-----sw recombinants are 20+ 32 = 52
g----- Sw recombinants are 20+ 30 = 50
Total recombinants = 102
RF = (102/200.)*100 =51%
2. If single cross over (SCO) occurs between Sw & Hl
Normal order= Sw---------Hl & sw----hl
After cross over= Sw-----hl & sw------Hl
Sw-----hl recombinants are 30 + 7 = 37
sw------Hl recombinants are 32+5 = 37
Total recombinants = 74
RF = (74/200)*100 = 37%
3. If single cross over (SCO) occurs between G & Hl
Normal order= G---------Hl & g------hl
After cross over= G-----hl & g------Hl
G-----hl recombinants are 20 + 7=27
g------Hl recombinants are 20+5=25
Total recombinants = 52
RF = (52/200)*100 = 26%
% RF = Map unit distance
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Observed(O)
Expected (E)
O-E
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= 6(2 +3((1+0)/2))
=6(2 +3(1/2))
=6(2 +(3/2))
=6(7/2)
=3*7
=21
the area under the curve over [2,5] is 21.
Fibroblasts are the typical cells of simple squamous epithelium. Dens.pdf
Fibroblasts are the typical cells of simple squamous epithelium. Dense connective tissue, cardiac
muscle tissue. skeletal muscle tissue. nervous tissue.
Solution
Answer :- option B
Explanation:- Fibroblast are the type of cells that synthesise extracellular matrix and collagen
and are part of connective tissue..
Explain the difference between an observational study and a designed.pdf
Explain the difference between an observational study and a designed experiment?
Solution
An observational study simply take down the properties of its subjects, without manipulating
them or interfering with their activities.
In a designed experiment, the researcher may change the environment or circumstances of some
of the sample in order to compare, say, a control and a treatment group..
Discuss the recruitment and selection procedure done by human resour.pdf
Discuss the recruitment and selection procedure done by human resource management?
Solution
The procedure of recruitment and selection done by the human resource management involves
five distinct and basic aspects which are as follows:
1. CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT: Those individuals which are involved in the process of hiring
should be trained enough to develop criteria , to conduct interview , to review the resumes , to
develop the questions for interview , to weigh the candidates.
In this step the basic thing is to plan the interview and develop the criteria as which of the
sources are to be used during interview and how to use these sources to score better in the
interview.The criteria should be job focussed and also the focus should be on the personality.
In this process the involvement of discussion of the skills, abilities and some personal
characteristics takes place that are required to have to the job.Before reviewing the resumes by
developing this criteria can be sure that he is fair in selecting the applicants to interview.The
application should include the details of the candidate , previous job experience certificates and
educational qualification certificates.
2. APPLICATION AND REVIEWING OF RESUME : After the completion of step 1 the
applications can now be reviewed. There are different ways to go through this process but there
are various computer based programs that can search for the keywords in the resumes and
shortlist the number of resumes that can b looked into.
3. INTERVIEW PROCESS : After shortlisting those applicants who have met the minimum
criteria.The HR manager selects these applicants for the interview.Due to lack of time sometimes
interview is being done on phone.
4. TEST ADMINISTRATION : Before the hiring decision is made any number of test are
administered. The tests may be physical tests ,drug tests, response test, credit report checks,
personality tests, etc.
5. OFFER MAKING PROCESS : This is the final step in which the choosen candidate is offered
the job position. The offer can b developed through email or through the job letter.All the
benefits and compensation are discussed in the offer letter..
Do The statement of stockholders equity explains changes in equity.pdf
Do The statement of stockholder\'s equity explains changes in equity from net income?
Solution
Statement of equity is a summary of changes in share holders equity during the reporting period.
The statemnt includes all changes including issue of new stocks, payment of dividend, issue of
bonus shares, buy back of shares. It also includes changes to retained earnings, reserves and
stock reserve.
Distribution of dividend from net income and transfer of remaining balance to reserves are
shown at the bottom of P&L account.
The remaining balance of profits transferred to reserves are reflected in Statement of changes in
equity as addition to retained earnings.
Hope I have answered the question, for any further clarification please comment..
Describe what is meant by “radical cure” and identify the drug that .pdf
Describe what is meant by “radical cure” and identify the drug that is produces a radical cure for
malaria.
Solution
Radical cure refers to the elimination of malaria parasites completely from the body.It
specifically refers to the elimination of hypnozoites of P.vivax and P. ovale which are the
parasitic stages in the liver and could result in relapse of the infection. A combination of two
drugs i.e chloroquine and primaquine produces a radical cure for malaria..
Describe the nutritional modes of organisms based upon where they obt.pdf
Describe the nutritional modes of organisms based upon where they obtain carbon energy.
Include an example of each.
Solution
Describe the nutritional modes of organisms based upon where they obtain carbon and energy.
Almost all organisms on the earth need energy to do their work, and carbon to use in building
their chemical structures. And these two (energy and carbon) has to be obtained from external
sources, based on the way they obtain energy and carbon, organisms are broadly classified into
four different groups.
Classification
Obtaining energy and carbon
Examples
Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
They get energy from sunlight and will not depend on other organisms for carbon. Use CO2 as a
carbon source.
All photosynthetic prokaryotes
Plants (eukaryotes)
Chemoautotrophs
These make use of inorganic chemicals as an energy source. For example, H2S, Fe2+ etc and
CO2 will serve as a carbon source.
Archaea living in hydrothermal vents.
Heterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Use light as an energy source and will use organic molecules as a carbon source. These type of
organisms are rare.
Heliobacteria, non-sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria etc
Chemoheterotrophs
Use organic molecules like sugars as an energy source.
Use organic molecules like proteins, sugars, fats, nucleic acids, etc. as a carbon source. This type
of nutrition is most common form of nutrition on Earth
Most of the prokaryotes, protists, fungi, and animals
Classification
Obtaining energy and carbon
Examples
Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs
They get energy from sunlight and will not depend on other organisms for carbon. Use CO2 as a
carbon source.
All photosynthetic prokaryotes
Plants (eukaryotes)
Chemoautotrophs
These make use of inorganic chemicals as an energy source. For example, H2S, Fe2+ etc and
CO2 will serve as a carbon source.
Archaea living in hydrothermal vents.
Heterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Use light as an energy source and will use organic molecules as a carbon source. These type of
organisms are rare.
Heliobacteria, non-sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria etc
Chemoheterotrophs
Use organic molecules like sugars as an energy source.
Use organic molecules like proteins, sugars, fats, nucleic acids, etc. as a carbon source. This
type of nutrition is most common form of nutrition on Earth
Most of the prokaryotes, protists, fungi, and animals.
Decasper and Spence (1986) measured babies sucking rates as they lis.pdf
Decasper and Spence (1986) measured babies sucking rates as they liscenced to a story they had
heard in the womb (the cat in the hat) and to a story they had not heard (the king, the mice, and
the cheese) the study concluded that:
a.) amniotic fluid blocks sound waves from reaching the fetus
b) increased heart rate showed that an infant can learn even before it is born
c) different sucking styles and rates showed that an infant can learn even before it is born
d) the cadence of the reading material not previous experience altered sucking style and rate
Solution
different sucking styles and rates showed that an infant can learn even before it is born.
Corhin Eckles and Connor Hayes have recieved walkie talkies for Chri.pdf
Corhin Eckles and Connor Hayes have recieved walkie talkies for Christmas. If they leave from
the same point at the same time, Corhin walking north at 2.5 mph and Connor walking east at 3
mph, how long will they be able to talk to each other if the range of the walkie-talkies is 4 mi?
Solution
Corhin DATA:
distance= x miles; rate=2.5 mph; time=d/r= x/2.5
Connor DATA:
distance= y miles; rate=3 mph; time=y/4
EQUATIONS:
1) x^2+y^2=4^2
2) x/2.5 = y/4
Using 2) you get y=4x/2.5
Substitute into 1) to get x^2+(4x/2.5)^2=16
x^2+(16x^2/6.25)=16
6.25x^2+16x^2=16(6.25)
22.25x^2=100
x^2=100/22.25=4.49...
x=2.12 hrs.
x/2.5= 0.85 hrs. = 50.87 minutes
This is Corhin\'s time, but it is the same for Connor..
Consider three genes in a hypothetical bird. One controls the color o.pdf
Consider three genes in a hypothetical bird. One controls the color of feathers on the top of the
head (red or brown), one controls the color of feathers on the chest (black or brown) and one
controls the number of syllables in the song (3 or 4). You notice that birds frequently have either
red heads and black chests or brown heads and brown chests, but very few have red heads and
brown chests or brown heads and black chests. However, there doesn\'t seem to be any
association between the syllables in the bird song and color. In other words, red heads are
equally likely to sing songs with 3 or 4 syllables, and the same goes for the brown heads. Based
on what you know about how the genome is organized and passed down to the next generation,
explain this observation.
Solution
The observation can be attributed to the mechanism of genetic linkage.
It is a well known fact that genes get passed from one generation to another. Mendel\'s second
law of inheritance states that during this process, the inheritance of one gene is independent of
the inheritance of another gene. Howeve, this law holds true only when the different genes are
sufficiently spaced apart from each other. Inother words, if the genes are close to each other, it is
difficult for them to be inherited in an independent manner. If one of the genes is inherited, then
the other gene (by virtue of its proximity to the first gene) also tends to get inherited. This
phenomenon is called as genetic linkage, and the genes involved are said to be Linked Genes.
The same mechanism is in action in the above case.
The genes for Red Head and Black Crest are linked, as are the genes for Brown Head and Brown
Crest. Therefore, these two genes are inherited in a linked manner, and not in an independent
manner. The two genes therefore behave as One Single Gene.
The gene for song syllable is at a sufficient distance from the linked genes, and follows
Mendel\'s law of independent assortment and is not dependent on the presence or absence of the
former two traits..
Answer the following questions What is the domain of logarithmic fun.pdf
Answer the following questions: What is the domain of logarithmic function What is the range
of Logarithmic function What is the value of e(approximate to 4 decimal places)
Solution
SOLUTION
===========
the domain of any logarithmic function is positive real numbers
1) Domain =(0,inf)
2) Range =(-inf,+inf)
3) e=2.7183.
are organic compounds that bind very tightly to iron ions for transp.pdf
are organic compounds that bind very tightly to iron ions for transport into cells.
Solution
Organisms like bacteria secrerte substances called siderophores which bind to iron for transport
inside the cell. Iron is one of the important micronutrients for the bacterial metabolism.
Ferrichrome,Desferrioxamine B and Desferrioxamine E are some of the important siderophores
secreted by various bacteria..
Book Business Its Legal, Ethical, Global Environment 10th Edition.pdf
Book: Business It\'s Legal, Ethical, Global Environment 10th Edition
Page 204-205
Question and Problems
# 2
#5
Solution
Ethical issues connect intimately with economic issues. Take the economic practice of doing a
cost-benefit analysis. You could spend one hundred dollars for a night on the town, or you could
donate that one hundred dollars to the reelection campaign of your favorite politician. Which
option is better? The night on the town increases pleasure. A politician’s successful campaign
may lead to more liberty in the long term. We regularly make decisions like this, weighing our
options by measuring their likely costs and likely benefits against each other.
This connects economics directly to a major issue in ethics: By what standard do we determine
what counts as a benefit or a cost? A list of competing candidates for the status of ultimate value
standard includes happiness, satisfying the will of God, long-term survival, liberty, duty, and
equality.
Economists implicitly adopt a value framework when beginning a cost-benefit analysis. Different
value commitments can lead to the same item being considered a cost from one perspective and a
benefit from another. For example, those whose standard of value is increasing human happiness
would count a new road to a scenic mountain vista as a benefit, while those whose standard is
maintaining an unchanged natural environment would count it as a cost.
The results of economic analysis also lead directly to ethical issues. For example, one result of
the nineteenth- and twentieth-century debate over capitalism and socialism is a general
consensus that capitalism is effective at producing wealth and socialism is effective at keeping
people poor. Advocates of capitalism use these results to argue that capitalism is good; others
might respond that “socialism is good in theory, but unfortunately it is not practical.” Implicit in
the capitalist position is the view that practical consequences determine goodness. By contrast,
implicit in the position of those who believe socialism to be an impractical moral ideal is the
view that goodness is distinct from practical consequences.
This connects economics to a second major issue in ethics: Is goodness or badness determined by
real-world practical consequences or by some other means, such as revelations from God, faith in
authorities or authoritative institutions, appeals to rational consistency, felt senses of empathy, or
an innate conscience? The point for economic analysis, most of which is a matter of
understanding and predicting the consequences of various actions, is that the relevance of
economic analysis to policymaking depends, in part, on what one believes is the final source of
value standards..
According the United States (U.S.) Centers for Disease Control and P.pdf
According the United States (U.S.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2015
influenza and pneumonia combined were the 8th leading causes of death (55,227 deaths in total)
and the only communicable diseases ranked among the top ten killers in the U.S. What were the
10 causes of mortality in the U.S. in 1900 and 2015? Since communicable disease caused a
relatively few deaths in the U.S. in 2015, why should public and public health professionals be
concerned about them anymore and devote resources in their prevention and control?
Solution
Top 10 leading causes of deaths in US: Hearts diseases Cancer Airway diseases which are non
infectious Cardio vascular disorders Accidents Alzheimer\'s disease Diabetes Pneumonia or
influenza Nephropathys Suicide. The period of communicability is less for the communicable
diseases, hence they are prevention of disease in early stages is possible. Prevention and control
of influenza: Good ventilation of public buildings Encouraging sufferers to cover their faces
with a handkerchief when coughing and sneezing Stay in home at the first sign of influenza
Vaccination against the influenza, may be killed or level attenuated vaccines Prevention of
exposure to influenza strains by hygiene practice Antiviral drugs like amantadine or rimantidine
used Prevention and control of pneumonia: Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination, PPV 23
AND PCV7. Education of mother to observe the sings of pneumonia. History taking and clinical
examination are very important for management Physical examination for, breath count, chest
indrawing, listen for stridor, wheezing and for severe malnutrition, cyanosis Any signs detected,
they are treated early by antibiotics and other measures Improving the primary medical care
services and development..
9. For some non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, the genotype of an i.pdf
9. For some non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, the genotype of an individual is not sufficient to
predict the phenotype. For the following traits, what else do you need to know to predict the
phenotype?
a) Snail coiling direction
b) Angelman syndrome due to deleted UBE3A gene
Solution
The inheritance mechanisms of both snail coiling and Angelman syndrome involve strong
maternal influences. Snail coiling direction is governed by the genotype of the oocyte, not of the
zygote, so much so that the snail coiling direction can be predicted from the maternal genotype
alone. Similarly, Angelman syndrome (due to deletions in ube3A) is governed by the maternal
copy of the gene alone. If the copy of the gene derived from the mother is functional, the
individuals are healthy. If the maternal copy is defective or deficient, the individual suffers from
the Angelman syndrome..
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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